CN1950308A - 高表面积的陶瓷涂层纤维 - Google Patents
高表面积的陶瓷涂层纤维 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1950308A CN1950308A CNA2005800149829A CN200580014982A CN1950308A CN 1950308 A CN1950308 A CN 1950308A CN A2005800149829 A CNA2005800149829 A CN A2005800149829A CN 200580014982 A CN200580014982 A CN 200580014982A CN 1950308 A CN1950308 A CN 1950308A
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- fiber
- coated fibers
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- pottery
- ceramic
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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Abstract
一种制造陶瓷涂层纤维的方法,包括对包含液体形式的陶瓷前体的活性炭涂层纤维进行热处理,以形成陶瓷涂层纤维。
Description
背景技术
在美国(Stachka和Pontius,1984)和其它国家,超过700种有机化合物已经确定存在于饮用水源中。许多自来水公司、企业和政府机构在地下水作为饮用水使用之前,必须从污染的地下水中去除或破坏有机化合物。此外,许多饮用水公司面临消毒副产物在备好的水中的形成。消毒副产物是水处理过程中作为消毒过程的结果而形成的化合物。该过程中,消毒剂如氯加入水源中,与存在于水源中的部分背景有机物质(background organic matter)(BOM)反应生成消毒副产物。BOM的反应部分被称作消毒副产物前体。
相当多的研究是针对使消毒副产物的产生最小化的有效和经济的处理策略。高级氧化过程(advanced oxidation processes)(AOPs)是可选择的方法,它破坏有机化合物并将它们转变为无毒形式,如二氧化碳和水。AOPs包括产生高反应性的自由基,如羟基(OH·),这导致有机化合物的破坏。AOPs可以区分为两个主要组:AOPs包括单独使用或组合使用过氧化氢(H2O2)、臭氧(O3)、氯、和紫外(UV)光的均相反应;和AOPs使用光活化催化剂(如半导体状二氧化钛(TiO2)和掺杂氮的二氧化钛(TiO2-xNx))的多相反应。后者情况(光催化氧化过程)下,光活化半导体催化剂浸入充氧水溶液(oxygenated aqueoussolution)中,并用UV或可见辐射照射,以生成反应性氧物质(species),导致有机化合物的氧化。
担负水溶液中有机化合物光催化氧化反应的主要氧化剂被认为是高反应性羟基(OH·),尽管也有报导吸附有机化合物与表面物质如空穴的直接反应(Vlz等,1981;Ceresa等,Matthews,1984;和Turchi和Ollis,1990)。当光活化半导体用半导体的带隙能光子或更大照射时,光子使电子由价带激发,克服带隙的能量到导带,并在该价带中留下电子空位或空穴。例如,TiO2的锐钛矿形式具有约3.2eV的带隙能,这等价于387nm波长的UV光能量。因此,TiO2的锐钛矿形式可以由低于387nm的波长辐射而活化。激发的电子和导致的空穴可以参予与吸附物质(如水固界面的H2O、OH-、有机化合物和O2)的氧化还原过程。空穴可以参予与吸附的H2O或OH-的氧化半反应以形成羟基。电子参予与吸附的O2的还原半反应以生成超氧化物自由基O2 -,它也可以依次生成H2O2和OH·(Okamoto等人,1985)。
为了高光催化效率,具有大表面积的中孔TiO2是高度希望的,它首先使用磷酸盐表面活性剂通过改性溶胶-凝胶过程制备。该产物是不纯的TiO2,因为明显量的残留磷,并且在通过煅烧去除模板的过程中,其中孔性结构遭受部分坍塌(collapse)。另一个方法是在非水溶液中,自两性聚(亚烷基)嵌段共聚物作为结构导向剂(structure-directing agent)和有机钛盐作为前体生成中孔TiO2。然而,反应条件的轻微变化经常导致非常不同的结果,使得该方法难于再现。第三种方法,使用十二烷胺作为导向剂和异丙氧基钛作为前体,通过萃取弄空孔隙,产生的多孔结构在300℃干空气热处理之后没有残留。因此,迄今为止难以生成高度结晶的用于光催化所需的TiO2。
现有TiO2光催化技术的第二个问题是需要紫外光活化。因为TiO2带隙的大能量(Eg=3.2eV,锐钛矿),它作为光催化剂的用途限于波长低于380nm的辐射。当暴露于大于380nm波长的可见光下时,材料催化活性能够在光强度低的环境(例如户内或车辆内)中获得令人满意的光催化。
现有技术的另一个主要问题是粉末形式的光催化剂难以处理,并且太细以至于不能从光反应器回收。因此,开发了TiO2在各种基材和载体上的几种膜以用于光催化应用。然而,颗粒烧结和结块极大地减少了光催化剂的表面积。
TiO2对基材的结合也是问题的来源。TiO2膜通过导向生长和后合成晶体附着得以装配在基材上。两种方法均依赖于化学粘合剂固定TiO2到基材表面。不幸地是,有机粘合剂敏感,在UV光下易分解。因此,TiO2膜从基材上松开,容易分离。
TiO2的粉末、纤维和膜已经报导,许多光催化的TiO2粉末制剂是市场上可买到的。然而,这些粉末难以应用于水的净化,并且这些粉末的表面积低,导致低催化活性和只有少量催化部位。
相反,TiO2纤维具有很高的表面积、高耐磨性和机械强度以及高热稳定性。此外,当用于化学反应器时,TiO2纤维仅引起小的压降并可以作为增强材料和作为各种形状和尺寸的基质。
TiO2纤维可以由各种制造方法制备。例如,TiO2纤维由纤维状K2Ti4O9前体的溶剂热反应(solvothermal reaction)制备、由K2O·4TiO2纤维的离子交换反应制备和H2Ti4O9的热分解制备。
活性炭纤维(ACF)传统上通过加热有机前体直到碳化,然后活化该碳化材料而生成。活化典型地由氧化环境下加热碳化材料获得。可选择地,碳可以是化学活化的。该过程包括用例如磷酸、氯化锌或氢氧化钾浸渍该碳前体,随后碳化。
然而,以上方法产生脆且易碎的ACF,限制了它们对包括一些机械载体的体系的用途。该问题通过制备其中在基材纤维上形成活性炭作为涂层的纤维而得到缓和。
例如,美国专利No.5,834,114描述了涂有活性炭的玻璃或矿物纤维。它们通过以树脂对纤维基材进行涂覆来制备,交联该树脂,加热该涂层纤维基材和树脂以碳化该树脂,并且暴露该涂层纤维基材于蚀刻剂下,以活化该涂层纤维基材。
美国专利No.6,517,906描述了用包含有机聚合物材料和化学活化剂的混合物对基材纤维进行涂覆,其中化学活化剂如路易斯酸或碱。该混合物在低于较早方法要求的温度下碳化,允许形成在低熔点纤维如HEPA纤维上的活性炭涂层。
发明内容
本发明的第一个方面是制造陶瓷涂层纤维的方法,包括对包含陶瓷前体的活性炭涂层纤维进行热处理,以形成陶瓷涂层纤维。
本发明的第二个方面是陶瓷涂层纤维,包括(a)纤维,和(b)涂覆在该纤维上的陶瓷。该陶瓷具有至少60m2/g的BET表面积,并且该陶瓷包括结晶陶瓷。
本发明的第三个方面是制造用于制作陶瓷涂层纤维的中间体的方法,包括对包含陶瓷前体的活性炭涂层纤维进行加热,以固化该前体。
本发明的第四个方面是陶瓷涂层纤维,包括(a)纤维,和(b)涂覆在该纤维上的陶瓷。该陶瓷具有至少50m2/g的BET表面积,且该陶瓷包括选自Al2O3、ZrO2和MgO中的至少一种。
附图说明
图1说明了根据实施例1方法生成的陶瓷纤维的表面电子显微照片(SEM)。
图2说明由实施例1的纤维催化的硬脂酸光降解(图2A),和由作为参比的市售TiO2光催化剂催化的硬脂酸光降解(图2B)。
图3说明由实施例1的纤维催化的硬脂酸光降解(图3A),和由作为参比的市售TiO2光催化剂催化的硬脂酸光降解(图3B)。
图4说明由实施例(3)的TiON纤维催化腐殖酸的光降解。
图5说明用实施例(3)的TiON纤维和用实施例(5)的Ag-TiON纤维进行的大肠杆菌细菌培养物的温育。
图6说明ACF对表面积和Al2O3纤维产率的影响。
图7说明第二次加热的温度对表面积和Al2O3纤维产率的影响。
图8说明第二次加热的温度对表面积和MgO纤维产率的影响。
具体实施方式
在氧化气氛下,活性炭不能抵抗高于573K的温度。因此,人们认为使用活性炭作为基材纤维用于需要高温煅烧的制造工艺(如陶瓷涂层纤维制造)是不适用的。本发明基于如下发现:尽管活性炭在高温下不稳定,但是它可以作为陶瓷涂层纤维形成过程中的模板使用。
活性炭涂层纤维首先通过以活性炭或如美国专利No.6,517,906描述的活性有机涂层的对基材纤维进行涂布而制备。基材纤维的实例包括HEPA过滤器、用于衣物的合成纤维、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、尼龙6、尼龙66、聚丙烯、KEVLARTM、TEFLONTM、液晶聚酯、和间同立构的聚苯乙烯。玻璃纤维如E型玻璃纤维;矿物纤维如石棉和玄武岩;陶瓷纤维如TiO2、SiC和BN;金属纤维(或线)如铁、镍、金、银、铝和铂;聚合物纤维如TYVEKTM;及其组合。一些优选的基材纤维列于下表中。
公司 | 生产线 | 说明 |
CRANE&CO. | Crane 230(6.5μm)Crane 232(7.5μm) | 无纺纤维玻璃毡(mats)无纺纤维玻璃毡 |
FIBRE GLAST | 519(0.75oz.)573(9oz.) | 织物织物 |
HOLLINGSWORTH&VOSE | BG05095HE1021 | 玻璃纸或毡制品(felts) |
JOHNS MANVILLE | 7529(11μm) | 无纺纤维玻璃毡 |
LYDALL MANNING | MANNIGLAS | 无纺纤维玻璃毡 |
DUPONT | TYVEK | HDPE纺黏纸(spun bonded paper) |
基材纤维可以任何形式存在。实例包括散纤维、织物和无纺布、纸、毡制品和毡。基材纤维可以由已经以特定形式存在的基材纤维制造,或基材纤维可以首先从疏松(loose)基材纤维制备,并做成特定形式。基材纤维的长度没有限制,例如可以是长度为0.01mm到超过100m,但是优选至少3微米。基材纤维可以由较长基材纤维制备,然后切断或切碎。此外,基材纤维的直径也没有限制,例如可以是直径为100到1mm。优选,纤维具有至少10的长径比。
如果基材纤维对氧化敏感,在纤维上形成活性炭之前,用防氧化层对它们进行涂覆是有利的。防氧化层的实例包括水玻璃和磷酸盐玻璃。
通过浸渍在一种或多种陶瓷前体在挥发性溶剂中形成的溶液中,使活性炭涂层纤维渗透有陶瓷前体。一般,陶瓷前体是存在于陶瓷中的一种或多种元素和挥发性组分的化合物,如卤化物、硝酸盐、氮化物、硝酸盐、氢氧化物、有机酸盐和有机金属配合物。当经受高温处理时,陶瓷元素和一些氧(anyoxygen)留下作为陶瓷沉积,而其余前体挥发。
陶瓷前体是第一族、第二族、第三族、第四族、过渡金属、镧系和锕系元素、N、O、Se、Te和Po的可溶性化合物。陶瓷前体的实例包括Ti(t-BuO)4、Ti(i-Pro)4、Si(OEt)4、ZnCl2、ZrOCl2、ZrO(OH)Cl、Zr(COOCH3)4、MgCl2、Mg(COOCH3)2和MgSO4。例如,如果想要二元、三元或四元陶瓷化合物,可以使用两种或多种前体的混合物。氧氮化物陶瓷涂层可以由添加氮掺杂剂如四烷基铵盐而获得。同样地,氧硫化物涂层可以由添加硫掺杂剂如硫脲获得。
去除过量的前体,渗入的前体可以通过暴露于空气湿度下水解,产生碳和前体或水解前体的复合物。
陶瓷前体优选聚积在模板的孔隙中,以形成相互连接的固体或凝胶。然后该体系经受可以去除剩余溶剂、固化该前体、以及去除活性炭、并结晶该陶瓷的热处理。例如,热处理可以包括在250℃~600℃,或在250℃~400℃下的第一次加热,任选在惰性气氛下,以去除剩余溶剂并固化陶瓷前体。随后进行第二次加热,例如在400℃~1000℃,在氧化性气氛下,去除碳基材并结晶陶瓷,如有必要,氧化该固化前体。碳基材也可以通过纤维辐射、或通过化学氧化剂处理而进行氧化。
该获得的纤维可以通过添加一种或多种另外的前体例如AgNO3或Pd(acac)2,随后进行另外的加热循环,进行进一步改性。这种加热可以在还原性气氛中进行,如包括H2的气氛。
例如,活性炭涂层纤维可用来制备Al2O3涂层纤维。为此,ACF可以浸渍在AlCl3水溶液中,干燥,并在N2下通常在500℃~700℃温度下进行热处理。第二次热处理,这次在氧化性气氛下去除碳。然后煅烧该材料,产生热稳定的Al2O3涂层纤维。
当第二次热处理温度为约500℃或以上时,与纯O2相反,优选空气作为氧化性气氛。对于较低温度,如450℃,纯O2是优选的。一般来说,温度越低,所需要的用于完全去除碳模板的加热时间也越长。例如,在500℃,烧尽(burn off)该模板通常花费超过24小时,而在900℃,加热只需要几秒。较低温度也产生具有较高Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)表面积和较差晶体结构的Al2O3涂层纤维。相反,较高温度产生具有较低BET表面积的纤维,并且陶瓷更多结晶。
陶瓷涂层可以存在于基材纤维表面上的分离区域上,可以完全密封(enclose)基材纤维,或密封除了基材纤维的末端以外的整个基材纤维。例如,如果基材纤维是由陶瓷涂层完全密封的,则切碎将导致纤维末端暴露。
在陶瓷涂覆产生的纤维中,陶瓷涂层和基材纤维之间的重量比没有限制,但是影响最终性能。例如,如果陶瓷涂层的量相对于基材纤维的量非常的大,则陶瓷涂层的脆性可降低制得的陶瓷涂层纤维的柔韧性。优选,该制得的陶瓷涂层纤维包括10~90重量%的纳米微孔有机硅(nanoporousorganosilica)陶瓷涂层,更优选20~80重量%的陶瓷涂层,包括30重量%,40重量%,50重量%,60重量%和70重量%的陶瓷涂层。
陶瓷涂层纤维可具有至少50m2/g的BET表面积,优选超过50m2/g,更优选至少60m2/g,包括60-2000m2/g,和100-500m2/g的BET表面积。优选,陶瓷涂层纤维的陶瓷包含结晶陶瓷,且也可以包括无定形相。陶瓷的微晶(或颗粒)优选2nm~50nm的平均粒径。尽管用于形成陶瓷涂层纤维的温度可以似乎不足以进行本体陶瓷(bulk ceramic)的结晶,但存在结晶材料。一个可能的解释是活性炭催化陶瓷的结晶。此外,涂层保持纤维而不需要任何粘合剂。
本发明的陶瓷涂层纤维可能用来催化光化学反应,例如用于不需要的有机和生物化合物的光降解或细菌消毒。因此,纤维可以用于水和空气的纯化和杀菌,或工具如医用房间用具(medical room utensils)的消毒。其它用途包括用于催化材料(例如铂)的基材和磨蚀性材料。本发明的纤维也可以采用导电性纤维如金属纤维制造。因此,可以形成具有金属芯和催化氧化物表面的产物纤维并用作传感器,例如作为监测燃烧的氧传感器。
实施例
(1)TiO2纤维
通过在活化之前,以PAN树脂涂覆玻璃纤维来制备碳模板。在以H2O进行活化之后,碳表面积为1800m2/g,孔径为1nm~10nm。然后通过室温下(20-22℃)湿浸渍24小时,以四异丙氧基钛(TTIP)浸渍碳模板的孔体系。通过乙醇洗涤去除TTIP之后,经由暴露于空气水分(air moisture)中引发前体水解。然后,通过TiO2在250~400℃、氮气氛下4小时结晶或聚合,随后在空气中以1℃/分钟的加热速率去除碳,获得中孔无机颗粒。最终产物纤维的表面积是500m2/g,基于TiO2重量。
图1说明产物纤维的表面电子显微照片(SEM)。
(2)TiO2纤维
活性炭涂层纤维通过活化前用酚醛树脂涂覆玻璃纤维制得。随后用N2活化,碳的表面积为约1200m2/g,孔径为1~3nm。通过室温下湿浸渍24小时,以正丁氧基钛浸渍活性炭涂层纤维的孔隙体系。通过乙醇洗涤去除过量的正丁氧金属后,经由暴露于空气水分中引发前体水解。然后,通过TiO2在300℃空气中4小时结晶或聚合,随后在550℃空气中2小时去除碳,获得平均粒径约2nm~约50nm的中孔无机颗粒。表面积为230m2/g,基于TiO2重量。
(3)TiON纤维
通过在活化之前,以PAN树脂涂覆玻璃纤维制得活性炭涂层纤维。在以H2O进行活化之后,碳表面积为约1800m2/g,孔径为约1nm。通过室温下湿浸渍24小时,以100∶2的四异丙氧基钛和氮掺杂剂四甲基铵盐混合物浸渍活性炭涂层纤维的孔隙体系。表面用乙醇洗涤,通过暴露于空气水分引发前体水解。然后,通过TiON在300℃空气中1小时结晶或聚合,随后在500℃空气中3小时去除碳和氮掺杂剂,获得中孔无机球。
(4)TiOS纤维
2g硫脲溶于20g的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,并加入到10gTTIP中,并将2g乙醇加入混合物中,以获得透明溶液。活性炭涂层纤维通过活化前用PAN或酚醛树脂涂覆玻璃纤维制得。在以H2O进行活化之后,碳表面积为约1800m2/g,孔径为约1nm。通过室温下湿浸渍24小时,以上述溶液浸渍活性炭涂层纤维的孔隙体系。用丙酮洗涤碳表面,通过暴露于空气水分引发前体水解。然后,通过TiOS在500℃空气中3小时结晶或聚合,随后在500℃空气中1小时去除碳和硫掺杂剂,获得中孔无机球。
(5)Ag-TiON纤维
在室温下,将根据实施例(3)方法制备的TiON纤维浸渍在10%(重量)硝酸银溶液中12小时。然后用去离子水洗涤该纤维并在300℃加热2小时。
(6)Pd-TiON纤维
在室温下,将根据实施例(3)方法制备的TiON纤维浸渍在1%(重量)的Pd(acac)2甲苯溶液中12小时。然后纤维在400℃加热1小时,并在H2中在200℃还原3小时。
(7)以TiO2纤维和254nm的光进行的光降解
硬脂酸的光降解速率一般用于测定半导体膜的光催化活性。因此,通过在硬脂酸的0.02M甲醇溶液(methanolic solution)中对纤维进行浸涂,将硬脂酸沉积在10mm×10mm的纤维样品上。将该光催化活性与参比光催化剂膜的光催化活性相比较,参比光催化剂膜通过以浸涂沉积市售TiO2(Hombikat UV100)浆料、随后在蒸馏水中洗涤、80℃空气干燥1小时而获得。硬脂酸的降解速率通过测量硬脂酸在红外光谱2700~3000cm-1之间的整体吸光度(integrated absorbance)而计算。持续暴露于254nm波长和2.8mW/cm2强度的光源下2小时后,对于本发明中孔TiO2纤维来说,降解的硬脂酸百分比为39%,如图2A所表明的,且对于参比光催化剂来说,降解的硬脂酸百分比为27%,如图2B所表明的。
(8)以TiO2纤维和365nm光进行的光降解
按照实施例(7)的方法,持续暴露于365nm波长和2.4mW/cm2强度的光源下12小时。对于本发明中孔TiO2纤维来说,降解的硬脂酸百分数为73%,如图3A所表明的,且对于参比光催化剂来说,降解的硬脂酸百分数为42%,如图3B所表明的。
(9)以TiON纤维进行的腐殖酸光降解
通过在0.25%(重量)的腐殖酸水溶液中进行浸涂,使腐殖酸沉积在10mm×10mm的实施例(3)的TiON纤维样品上。然后,在1.9mW/cm2强度的可见光源下进行根据实施例(7)的方法的降解试验。腐殖酸的降解通过UV-Vis分光光度计监测腐殖酸溶液在400nm的吸收强度而计算。如图4所表明的,暴露于该光源8小时后,本发明的TiON纤维已经降解了43%的腐殖酸,而实施例(7)的参比光催化剂无论怎样也没有显示光催化活性。
(10)细菌培养物的消毒
在37℃下,使大肠杆菌细菌的培养物在试管中有氧生长18小时。然后,通过在可见光、室温下温育5小时,对该培养物,以实施例(3)的TiON纤维和实施例(5)的Ag-TiON纤维作为消毒剂进行测试。随着温育,消毒样品中和对照样品中的活细胞数目通过连续稀释、随后37℃温育24小时测定。如图5所表明的,TiON纤维破坏超过80%的细菌,而Ag-TiON破坏全部细菌。
(11)Al2O3纤维
将市场上可买到的具有各种表面积的由Nippon Kynol(Kansai,Japan)制造的活性炭涂层纤维用作模板。用于该实施例的活性炭涂层纤维是指定为ACF7、ACF10、ACF15、ACF20和ACF25,各自的BET表面积为690、738、1390、1590和1960m2/g。
活性炭涂层纤维用AlCl3水溶液浸渍,约150℃热干燥,然后在N2下约600℃热处理。然后在600℃空气中应用第二次热处理,以去除碳模板,该产物的煅烧获得热稳定、白色Al2O3纤维。碳模板的去除通过热重量分析(TGA)证实。
产物Al3O2纤维的N2吸收等温线、BET表面积和孔径分布用Autosor-1(Quantachrome Corp.,Boynton Beach,FL)容积吸附分析器(volumetric sorptionanalyzer)测量。如图6所说明的,看来Al3O2纤维的BET表面积和产率与ACF模板的孔隙率成正比。在77K的N2吸收等温线显示Al2O3纤维是中孔材料,孔隙分布分析显示中孔峰值在3.5nm~3.8nm之间。
(12)模板去除温度对产物Al2O3纤维的影响
以AlCl3水溶液浸渍ACF23(表面积=1730m2/g),约150℃热干燥,然后N2下温度约600℃热处理。应用空气中第二次热处理以去除碳模板,热处理温度选自450℃~900℃之间。然后,通过煅烧,获得热稳定的、白色Al2O3纤维。碳模板的去除由热重量分析(TGA)证实,且存在于纤维中的晶相通过粉末X射线衍射以Rigaku D/max-VA(Rigaku/MSC,The Woodlands,TX)进行鉴别。
图2(7)中说明的是碳氧化温度对产物纤维表面积的影响。较低温度,例如500℃,模板完全去除通常需要超过24小时。较高温度,例如900℃,几秒内模板完全去除。Al2O3纤维的BET表面积越高,模板去除温度越低,且当该温度为500℃和以上时,空气中加热的效果较O2中好。然而,当温度低到450℃时,只有O2可用于全部去除所有碳模板,获得具有超过500m2/g的非常高的BET表面积的产物。
N2吸收等温线显示,在不同模板去除温度获得的Al2O3纤维全部是中孔材料。X-射线衍射显示,在450℃模板去除温度下获得的纤维为无定形结构,且模板去除温度越高,晶体结构越多。
(13)MgO纤维
ACF23(表面积=1730m2/g)浸渍于Mg(Ac)2水溶液中,该溶液通过将1g的Mg(Ac)2溶解于2mL水中而获得,约150℃热干燥,然后在约600℃、N2下热处理。应用空气中第二次热处理以去除碳,热处理温度选自450℃~900℃之间。产物煅烧产生热稳定的、白色MgO纤维。产物Al3O2纤维的N2吸收等温线、BET表面积和孔径分布用Autosor-1(Quantachrome Corp.,BoyntonBeach,FL)容积吸附分析器测量。碳的去除由热重量分析(TGA)证实,且存在于纤维中的晶相通过粉末X射线衍射以Rigaku D/max-VA(Rigaku/MSC,The Woodlands,TX)进行鉴别。
图3(8)中说明的是碳去除温度对表面积的影响,以及MgO纤维产物的产率。较低碳去除温度,例如400℃,去除碳需要较长时间,获得至多250m2/g的表面积。碳去除温度越高,导致具有越低表面积的纤维。N2吸收等温线显示,产物MgO纤维全部是中孔材料。纤维的X-射线衍射显示出立方晶系MgO晶体结构。
(14)ZrO2纤维
以Zr(NO3)4水溶液浸渍ACF23(表面积=1730m2/g)的两个样品,该溶液通过将1g的Zr(NO3)4溶解于5mL水中而获得,约150℃热干燥,然后约600℃、N2下热处理。然后,第一个样品空气中450℃热处理,且第二个样品空气中600℃热处理。然后煅烧纤维,生成热稳定的、白色ZrO2纤维。
产物ZrO2纤维的N2吸收等温线、BET表面积和孔径分布用Autosor-1(Quantachrome Corp.,Boynton Beach,FL)容积吸附分析器测量。由第一个样品获得的纤维的BET表面积为50m2/g,由第二个样品获得的纤维的BET表面积为60m2/g。纤维的X射线衍射显示出正方晶系ZrO2晶体结构。
Claims (30)
1.一种制造陶瓷涂层纤维的方法,包括:
对包含陶瓷前体的活性炭涂层纤维进行热处理,以形成陶瓷涂层纤维。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中该热处理包括:
在至少250℃温度下的第一次热处理,以固化该前体,和
氧化气氛中,在至少400℃温度下的第二次热处理,以去除碳。
3.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该第一次热处理在惰性气氛下进行。
4.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该陶瓷包括具有锐钛矿结构的TiO2和/或TiON。
5.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该陶瓷前体进一步包括氮或硫掺杂剂。
6.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该氮源是氢氧化四甲铵。
7.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,进一步包括:
用含银化合物接触该陶瓷涂层纤维,和
第三次加热该陶瓷涂层纤维。
8.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,进一步包括:
用含钯化合物接触该陶瓷涂层纤维,
第三次加热该陶瓷涂层纤维,和
在包括H2的气氛中第四次加热该陶瓷涂层纤维。
9.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该陶瓷包括结晶陶瓷且具有至少50m2/g的BET表面积。
10.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中该陶瓷包括选自TiO2、TiON、TiOS、Al2O3,ZrO2和MgO中的至少一种。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法制造的陶瓷涂层纤维。
12.一种产生自由基物质(species)的方法,包括照射权利要求11的纤维,其中该陶瓷包括具有锐钛矿结构的TiO2和/或TiON。
13.一种纯化和消毒空气或水的方法,包括将空气或水与权利要求11的纤维相接触,并照射该纤维。
14.一种包括权利要求11的纤维的光化学反应器,其中该陶瓷包括具有锐钛矿结构的TiO2和/或TiON。
15.一种陶瓷涂层纤维,包括:
(a)纤维,和
(b)涂覆在该纤维上的陶瓷,
其中该陶瓷具有至少60m2/g的BET表面积,并且该陶瓷包括结晶陶瓷。
16.根据权利要求15的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷包括具有锐钛矿结构的TiO2和/或TiON。
17.根据权利要求15或16的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷包括选自TiO2、TiON、TiOS、Al2O3,ZrO2和MgO中的至少一种。
18.根据权利要求15-17中任一项的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷的B.E.T.表面积为60m2/g~300m2/g。
19.根据权利要求15-18中任一项的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷包括10~90重量%的该陶瓷涂层纤维。
20.根据权利要求15-19中任一项的陶瓷涂层纤维,进一步包括银和/或钯。
21.一种产生自由基物质的方法,包括照射权利要求15-20中任一项的纤维。
22.一种纯化和消毒空气或水的方法,包括将空气或水与权利要求15-20中任一项的纤维相接触,并照射该纤维。
23.一种包括权利要求15-20中任一项的纤维的光化学反应器。
24.一种制造用于制备陶瓷涂层纤维的中间体的方法,包括对包含陶瓷前体的活性炭涂层纤维进行加热,以固化该前体。
25.根据权利要求24的方法,其中该加热是在惰性气氛下进行。
26.根据权利要求24或25的方法制造的用于制作陶瓷涂层纤维的中间体。
27.一种陶瓷涂层纤维,包括:
(a)纤维,和
(b)涂覆在该纤维上的陶瓷,
其中该陶瓷具有至少50m2/g的BET表面积,且该陶瓷包括选自Al2O3、ZrO2和MgO中的至少一种。
28.根据权利要求27的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷的B.E.T.表面积为60m2/g~300m2/g。
29.根据权利要求27或28的陶瓷涂层纤维,其中该陶瓷包括10~90重量%的该陶瓷涂层纤维。
30.根据权利要求27-29的陶瓷涂层纤维,进一步包括银和/或钯。
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- 2005-03-10 AU AU2005222413A patent/AU2005222413A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-10 EP EP05725270A patent/EP1732859A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-03-10 CA CA002558720A patent/CA2558720A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-10 MX MXPA06010223A patent/MXPA06010223A/es unknown
- 2005-03-10 CN CN2005800149829A patent/CN1950308B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-10 KR KR1020067020422A patent/KR20070004800A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-03-10 WO PCT/US2005/008008 patent/WO2005087679A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-03-10 BR BRPI0508566-7A patent/BRPI0508566A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2010
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103771475A (zh) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种γ-氧化铝粉体的制备方法 |
CN103771468A (zh) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-05-07 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种纳米γ-氧化铝粉体的制备方法 |
CN103771468B (zh) * | 2012-10-24 | 2015-07-22 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种纳米γ-氧化铝粉体的制备方法 |
CN103771475B (zh) * | 2012-10-24 | 2016-03-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种γ-氧化铝粉体的制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MXPA06010223A (es) | 2007-03-07 |
JP2007528454A (ja) | 2007-10-11 |
US8241706B2 (en) | 2012-08-14 |
US20050202241A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
AU2005222413A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
BRPI0508566A (pt) | 2007-08-14 |
EP1732859A1 (en) | 2006-12-20 |
WO2005087679A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
CA2558720A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
CN1950308B (zh) | 2010-05-26 |
US20110064609A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
KR20070004800A (ko) | 2007-01-09 |
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