CN1873836A - 制造半导体器件的方法以及用于该方法的导电组合物 - Google Patents
制造半导体器件的方法以及用于该方法的导电组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1873836A CN1873836A CNA2006100748075A CN200610074807A CN1873836A CN 1873836 A CN1873836 A CN 1873836A CN A2006100748075 A CNA2006100748075 A CN A2006100748075A CN 200610074807 A CN200610074807 A CN 200610074807A CN 1873836 A CN1873836 A CN 1873836A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种厚膜导电组合物,其含有:(a)导电银粉;(b)含锌添加剂,其中所述含锌添加剂的粒径为7纳米-小于100纳米;(c)玻璃料,其中所述玻璃料的软化点为300-600℃;(d)有机介质,其中(a)、(b)、(c)分散在(d)中。本发明还涉及一种半导体器件和从结构构件制造半导体器件的方法,所述结构构件由具有p-n结的半导体和形成于所述半导体主表面上的绝缘膜组成,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)将上述的厚膜组合物施加于所述绝缘膜之上;和(b)烧制所述半导体、绝缘膜和厚膜组合物以形成电极。
Description
技术领域
本发明主要涉及一种硅半导体器件。具体而言,本发明涉及一种用于太阳能电池器件前侧的导电银糊浆。
发明背景
虽然本发明在光接收构件(例如,光电二极管和太阳能电池)中尤为有效,但其可应用于广范围的半导体器件中。下文将以太阳能电池作为现有技术的具体实例来对本发明的背景进行描述。
具有p型基极的传统太阳能电池结构的负极通常位于电池的前侧或向阳侧,而正极则在背侧上。众所周知,落于半导体主体的p-n结上的适当波长的辐射可作为外部能量源,在该主体中形成空穴-电子对。由于p-n结所存在的电位差,空穴和电子以相反的方向移动穿过该结,从而产生能向外电路提供能量的电流。大多数太阳能电池都是以金属化(即,具有导电性的金属触点)的硅片形式存在。
目前,地球上的大部分发电太阳能电池都是硅太阳能电池。批量生成中工艺流程的目标通常是获得最大化的简易性和最小化的制造成本。电极具体而言是通过使用例如丝网印刷等方法形成金属糊浆来制造的。这种生产方法的例子结合图1如下所述。图1所示为p型硅基片10。
在图1(b)中,通过磷(P)等的热扩散形成反向(reverse)导电类型的n型扩散层20。通常将三氯氧化磷(POCl3)用作磷扩散源。在不进行任何特殊的修饰下,形成覆盖硅基片10整个表面的扩散层20。这一扩散层具有接近几十欧姆/方(Ω/□)的薄膜电阻,且其厚度为约0.3-0.5μm。
在用抗蚀剂等保护此扩散层的一个表面后(如图1(c)所示),将扩散层20通过蚀刻从大部分表面上去除,从而使得扩散层仅保留在一个主表面上。然后用有机溶剂等去除抗蚀剂。
其后,以图1(d)所示的方式,通过诸如等离子体化学气相沉积(CVD)的方法,在n型扩散层20之上形成作为抗反射涂层的氮化硅薄膜30,其厚度约为700-900。
如图1(e)所示,在氮化硅薄膜30上丝网印刷上用作前电极的银糊浆500并进行干燥。此外,在该基片的背侧丝网印刷上银或银/铝糊浆70和铝糊浆60,并随后将其干燥。然后在红外加热炉中进行烧制,温度约为700-975℃,时间为几分钟到几十分钟。
然后,如图1(f)所示,在烧制过程中铝作为掺杂物从铝糊浆扩散入硅基片10,形成含有高浓度铝掺杂物的p+层40。这一层通常被称为背场(back surface field,BSF)层,其有助于提高太阳能电池的能量转换效率。
通过烧制,将铝糊浆从干燥状态60转变成铝背电极61。同时烧制背侧的银或银/铝糊浆70,使其成为银或银/铝背电极71。在烧制过程中,背侧铝和背侧银或银/铝的边界呈现合金状态,且是电连接的。铝电极占据背电极的主要区域,其部分原因是形成p+层40所需。由于不可能焊接至铝电极上,因此银背电极位于部分背侧上作为通过铜带等使太阳能电池间相互连接的电极。此外,形成前电极的银糊浆500在烧制过程中被烧结并渗透氮化硅薄膜30,从而能与n型层20形成电接触。此类方法通常被称为“烧渗”(fire through)。这一烧渗状态在图1(f)中的层501中很明显。
授予Shuichi等的JP-A 2001-313400中教述了一种太阳能电池,它是通过在半导体基片的一个主表面上形成显示另一类导电性的区域,并在该半导体基片的这一主表面上形成抗反射涂层而获得的。所得的太阳能电池具有涂覆于抗反射涂层上并经烧制的电极材料。该电极材料包括,例如,铅、硼和硅,且还包含位于软化点为300-600℃的玻璃料中的一种或多种选自以下的粉末:钛、铋、钴、锌、锆、铁和铬。这些粉末的平均粒径为0.1-5μm。Shuichi等人教述了具有小于0.1μm粒径的粉末在电极中将会具有不良的可分散性,并且该电极将显示出不适宜的粘附强度(拉伸强度)。
虽然存在各种用于形成太阳能电池的方法和组合物,目前仍致力于在太阳能电池应用中提高电性能并同时改善焊接粘附性。本发明的发明人意图创造一种新的组合物和用于制造半导体器件的方法,使其能同时提高电性能和焊接粘附性。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种厚膜导电组合物,其含有分散在有机介质(d)中的:(a)导电银粉;(b)含锌添加剂,所述含锌添加剂的粒径为7纳米-小于100纳米;(c)玻璃料,所述玻璃料的软化点为300-600℃。
本发明还涉及一种半导体器件和从结构构件制造半导体器件的方法,所述结构构件由具有p-n结的半导体和形成于所述半导体主表面上的绝缘膜组成,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)将上述的厚膜组合物施加于所述绝缘膜之上;和(b)烧制所述半导体、绝缘膜和厚膜组合物以形成电极。
附图概述
图1所示为半导体器件制造的工艺流程图。
对图1中所示的标号解释如下:
10:p型硅基片
20:n型扩散层
30:氮化硅薄膜、氧化钛薄膜或氧化硅薄膜
40:p+层(背场,BSF)
60:形成于背侧上的铝糊浆
61:铝背电极(通过烧制背侧铝糊浆获得)
70:形成于背侧上的银或银/铝糊浆
71:银或银/铝背电极(通过烧制背侧银糊浆获得)
500:形成于前侧上的银糊浆
501:银前电极(通过烧制前侧银糊浆形成)
发明详述
所述厚膜导体组合物的主要成分是分散于有机介质中的电功能性银粉、含锌添加剂和玻璃料。其它添加剂可包括金属、金属氧化物或在烧制过程中能产生这些金属氧化物的任何化合物。下文将就这些成分进行讨论。
I.无机成分
本发明的无机成分包括:(1)电功能性银粉;(2)一种或多种含锌添加剂;和(3)玻璃料;以及任选地(4)其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂,其选自:(a)金属,选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(b)金属氧化物,MOx,其中M选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(c)经烧制能产生金属氧化物(b)的任何化合物;以及(d)它们的混合物。
A.电功能性银粉
通常而言,厚膜组合物包含赋予该组合物适当的电功能性的功能相(functional phase)。所述功能相包括分散在有机介质中的电功能性粉末,所述有机介质作为形成组合物的功能相的载体。该组合物经烧制烧除有机相、活化无机粘合相并赋予电功能特性。
组合物的功能相可以是具有导电性的涂覆或不涂覆银颗粒。当银颗粒是涂覆的时,它们至少部分涂覆有表面活性剂。所述表面活性剂选自但不限于:硬脂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸盐、棕榈酸盐及其混合物。其它可使用的表面活性剂包括:月桂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、癸酸、肉豆蔻酸和亚油酸。平衡离子可为但不限于:氢、铵、钠、钾及其混合物。
银的粒径不受任何特殊的限制,虽然比较理想的平均粒径为不超过10微米,优选为不超过5微米。银粉占所述糊浆组合物的70-85wt%,通常占该组合物中固体(即,将有机载体排除在外)的90-99wt%。
B.含锌添加剂
本发明的含锌添加剂可选自:(a)Zn;(b)Zn的金属氧化物;(c)经烧制可形成Zn的金属氧化物的任何化合物:以及(d)它们的混合物。
此外,所述含锌添加剂的平均粒径为小于0.1μm。具体而言,含锌添加剂的平均粒径为7纳米-小于100纳米。
C.玻璃料
可用于本发明的玻璃料组合物的例子包括无定形、可部分结晶的铅硅玻璃组合物,以及其它相容的玻璃料组合物。在另一实施方式中,这些玻璃料是不含镉的。在下表1中描述了适用于本发明的一些玻璃料组合物。
表1:玻璃料组成(在总玻璃组合物中所占的重量百分数)
ID# | SiO2 | Al2O3 | PbO | B2O3 | CeO2 | ZnO | Na2O | Bi2O3 | Li2O | TiO2 | CaO | CdO |
123456 | 28.0026.0623.3722.9723.001.50 | 4.706.690.411.540.40 | 55.9050.9659.7560.6258.80 | 8.108.947.938.407.8014.90 | 0.10 | 2.792.312.46 | 1.0 | 81.5 | 0.041.0 | 3.304.566.204.026.10 | 3.90 |
用重量%表示的玻璃组分如表1所示。实施例中优选的无镉玻璃组合物,以重量百分比组成范围表示,包括以下氧化物组分:SiO2 21-29、Al2O3 0.1-8、PbO 50-62、B2O3 7-10、ZnO 0-4、Li2O 0-0.1、TiO2 2-7。更为优选的玻璃组成为:SiO2 28.00重量%、Al2O3 4.70重量%、PbO 55.90重量%、B2O3 8.1重量%、TiO2 3.30重量%。
此外,在另一实施方式中,所述玻璃料组合物是不含铅的组合物。适用于本发明中的某些不含铅的玻璃组合物,按玻璃组合物中所占重量百分数计,包括以下组成范围的氧化物组分:SiO2 0.1-8、Al2O3 0-4、B2O3 8-25、CaO 0-1、ZnO 0-42、Na2O 0-4、Li2O 0-3.5、Bi2O3 28-85、Ag2O 0-3、CeO2 0-4.5、SnO2 0-3.5、BiF3 0-15。
在实际应用中,本发明的玻璃料的平均粒径为0.5-1.5μm,优选平均粒径为0.8-1.2μm。玻璃料的软化点(Tc:DTA中的第二转变点)应为300-600℃。在总组合物中玻璃料所占的量小于总组合物4wt.%。
本文所述的玻璃是通过传统的玻璃制造技术生产的。更具体而言,所述玻璃可如下制备。通常以500-1000g的量制备所述玻璃。通常而言,称取所述组分,然后以所需的比例混合并在下部加料炉(bottom-loading furnace)中加热,以在铂合金坩锅中形成熔体。通常加热至峰值温度(1000-1200℃)并保温一定时间,从而使得熔体变为完全的液态且均一。然后将玻璃熔体浇注在反向旋转不锈钢辊的表面上进行淬火,形成10-20mil的厚玻璃小片或者将玻璃熔体倒入水槽中进行淬火。将所得玻璃小片或经水淬火的料碾碎以形成50%体积分布为1-5微米间的粉末。将所得玻璃粉末与填料和介质调配成厚膜糊浆或可浇铸的介电组合物。
D.其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂
本发明的其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂可选自:(a)金属,所述金属选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(b)金属氧化物,MOx,其中M选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(c)经烧制能产生金属氧化物(b)的任何化合物;以及(d)它们的混合物。
虽然其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂的理想平均粒径为不超过10微米,优选不超过5微米,但对于其粒径没有任何特殊限制。
在一个实施方式中,金属/金属氧化物添加剂的粒径为7纳米(nm)-125nm。具体而言,可将平均粒径范围(d50)为7纳米(nm)-125nm的MnO2和TiO2用于本发明。
在总组合物中金属/金属氧化物添加剂和含锌添加剂的量占0.1-6重量%。
氧化物例如MnOx和Cu/CuOx以及其它氧化物也在一定程度上有助于粘附。
E.有机介质
通常通过机械混合将无机成分与有机介质混合以形成被称为“糊浆”的粘稠组合物,这种组合物具有适于印刷的稠度和流变学。可将各种惰性粘稠材料用作有机介质。有机介质必须能使无机成分以适当程度的稳定性分散于其中。该介质的流变学特性必须使其能为组合物带来良好的应用特性,包括:固体的稳定分散性、用于丝网印刷的适宜粘度和搅溶性、对基片和糊状固体适当的可湿性、良好的干燥速率以及良好的烧制特性。用于本发明的厚膜组合物中的有机介质优选为非水性惰性液体。可使用各种有机介质,其可含有或不含有增稠剂、稳定剂和/或其它普通添加剂。有机介质通常为聚合物在溶剂中形成的溶液。此外,可将少量的添加剂(例如,表面活性剂)作为有机介质的一部分。用于这一目的最常用的聚合物是乙基纤维素。聚合物的其它例子包括:乙基羟乙基纤维素、木松香、乙基纤维素和酚醛树脂的混合物、低级醇的聚甲基丙烯酸酯和乙二醇单乙酸一丁醚均可使用。在厚膜组合物中最广泛使用的溶剂是酯醇和萜,例如α-或β-萜品醇或其与其它溶剂的混合物,所述其它溶剂可为例如煤油、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、丁基卡必醇、丁基卡必醇乙酸酯、己二醇及高沸点醇类和醇酯。此外,用于施加于基片上之后促进快速硬化的挥发性液体可包含在介质中。可调配这些和其它溶剂的各种组合以获得符合所需的粘度和挥发性。
存在于有机介质中的聚合物占总组合物的8wt.%-11wt.%。可用有机介质将本发明的厚膜银组合物调节到预设的、可丝网印刷的粘度。
厚膜组合物中的有机介质和分散液中无机成分的比例取决于施涂所述糊浆的方法和所用有机介质的种类,并且该比例是可变的。通常,分散液中会含有70-95wt.%的无机成分和5-30wt.%的有机介质(载体)以获得良好的湿润性。
制造半导体器件方法的描述
本发明提供一种新的组合物,其可用在半导体器件的制造中。所述半导体器件可通过下述方法由结构构件制得,该结构构件由带结的半导体基片和形成于所述半导体基片主表面上的氮化硅绝缘膜组成。所述半导体器件的制造方法包括以下步骤:将本发明具有渗透绝缘膜能力的厚膜组合物以预定的形状施加(通常为涂覆和印刷)于绝缘膜的预定位置上;然后进行烧制以使导电厚膜组合物熔化并透过绝缘膜,与硅基片形成电接触。该导电性厚膜组合物是一种厚膜糊浆组合物,如本文所述,它是由分散在有机介质中的银粉、含锌添加剂、具有300-600℃的软化点的玻璃或玻璃粉末混合物和任选的其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂制成的。
该组合物中玻璃粉末含量少于总组合物的5重量%,任选的其它金属/金属氧化物加上含锌添加剂的含量少于总组合物的6重量%。本发明还提供了一种用该方法制造的半导体器件。
本发明的特征还体现在将氮化硅薄膜或氧化硅薄膜用作绝缘膜。通常通过等离子体化学气相沉积(CVD)或热CVD工艺形成氮化硅薄膜。通常通过热氧化作用、热CFD或等离子体CFD形成氧化硅薄膜。
制造半导体器件的方法的特征还体现在由结构构件制造半导体器件,该结构构件由带结的半导体基片和形成于所述半导体基片一个主表面上的绝缘膜组成,其中所述绝缘层选自氧化钛氮化硅、SiNx:H、氧化硅和氧化硅/氧化钛薄膜,该方法包括步骤:在该绝缘膜上的预定位置形成预定形状的金属糊浆材料,该金属糊浆材料具有与绝缘膜反应和渗透过该绝缘层的能力,从而形成与硅基片的电接触。通常通过在半导体基片上涂覆含钛有机液体材料并烧制、或通过热CVD来形成氧化钛薄膜。通常通过PECVD(等离子体增强化学气相淀积来形成氮化硅薄膜。本发明还提供了用本方法制造的半导体器件。
由本发明的导电厚膜组合物形成的电极通常在优选由氧气和氮气的混合气体组成的气氛中进行烧制。这一烧制过程去除了导电厚膜组合物中的有机介质并将玻璃料和Ag粉末烧结在一起。半导体基片通常为单晶或多晶硅。
图1(a)显示了如下步骤:提供单晶硅或多晶硅基片,其通常带有能降低光反射的带纹理的表面。在太阳能电池的情况下,基片通常由经拉制或铸造而成的结晶块切片而成。通常可通过用水性碱溶液(例如水性氢氧化钾或水性氢氧化钠)或使用氢氟酸和硝酸的混合液进行蚀刻以去除约10-20μm厚的基片表面,从而消除由工具(例如用于切片的钢丝锯)造成的基片表面损伤以及薄片切片步骤产生的污染。此外,可增加用盐酸和过氧化氢混合液洗涤基片的步骤来去除附着在基片表面上的重金属(例如铁)。有时还会在其后使用例如水性碱溶液(例如水性氢氧化钾或水性氢氧化钠)来形成抗反射的带纹理表面。由此得到基片10。
然后,参照图1(b),当所使用的基片是p型基片时,形成n型层以产生p-n结。用于形成这种n型层的方法可为使用三氯氧化磷(POCl3)的磷(P)扩散。在这种情况下,扩散层的深度可通过控制扩散温度和时间来进行变化,且通常为约0.3-0.5μm厚。用这种方法形成的n型层在图中用标号20表示。然后,可通过在本发明的背景中所描述的方法来进行前侧和背侧的p-n分离。当将含磷液体涂料(例如磷硅酸盐玻璃,PSG)通过例如旋涂的方法仅施加在基片的一个表面上且在适宜条件下通过退火进行扩散时,这些步骤并非总是必需的。当然,当存在在基片的背侧也形成n型层的风险时,采用发明背景中详细描述的步骤可提高本发明方法的完整性(completeness)程度。
然后,如图1(d)中,在上述n型扩散层20之上形成起抗反射涂层作用的氮化硅薄膜或其它绝缘膜30,该绝缘膜包括SiNx:H(即,该绝缘膜包括用于钝化的氢)薄膜、氧化钛薄膜和氧化硅薄膜。氮化硅薄膜30降低了太阳能电池对入射光的表面反射,从而能极大地提高所产生的电流。氮化硅薄膜30的厚度取决于其折射率,虽然对于约1.9-2.0的折射率宜选用约700-900的厚度。该氮化硅薄膜可通过例如低压CVD、等离子体CVD或热CVD方法来形成。当使用等离子体CVD时,起始材料通常为二氯甲硅烷(SiCl2H2)和氨气(NH3),而薄膜则是在至少700℃的温度下形成的。当使用热CVD时,高温下原料气体的热解导致了在氮化硅薄膜中基本上不存在氢,得到基本上为化学计量的Si3N4的硅和氮之间的组成比。折射率基本上落于1.96-1.98的范围内。由此,此类氮化硅薄膜是一类非常致密的薄膜,即使在后续步骤中受热处理,其特性(例如厚度和折射率)仍能保持不变。当采用等离子体CVD来成膜时,常用的原料气体是SiH4和NH3的混合气体。原料气体被等离子体分解,并且成膜的温度为300-550℃。由于通过这种等离子体CVD法成膜是在低于热CVD法的温度下进行的,因此所得的氮化硅薄膜中也存在原料气体中的氢。同样,由于等离子体导致了气体分解,这种方法的另一突出特征在于能极大地改变硅和氮之间的组成比。具体而言,通过改变成膜过程中的例如原料气体流量比和压强和温度等条件,可形成具有不同硅、氮和氢之间组成比且折射率为1.8-2.5的氮化硅薄膜。当将具有此特性的薄膜在后续步骤中进行热处理时,由于电极烧制步骤中诸如氢消除的效果,折射率可在成膜前或成膜后变化。在这种情况下,在考虑到后续步骤中由热处理引起的薄膜质量变化的前提下,通过选择成膜条件可获得太阳能电池中所需的氮化硅薄膜。
在图1(d)中,可在n型扩散层20上形成代替氮化硅薄膜的氧化钛薄膜30作为抗反射涂层。通过将含钛有机液体材料涂覆在n型扩散层20上然后烧制或通过热CVD来形成氧化钛薄膜。也可以如图1(d)中所示,在n型扩散层20上形成代替氮化硅薄膜的氧化硅薄膜30以作为抗反射层。可通过热氧化作用、热CVD或等离子体CVD来形成氧化硅薄膜。
然后,采用类似图1(e)和1(f)所示的那些步骤形成电极。即,如图1(e)所示,将铝糊浆60和背侧银糊浆70丝网印刷到基片10的背侧上,然后将其干燥。此外,使用在基片10背侧上印刷的同样方法,将形成前电极的银糊浆丝网印刷到氮化硅薄膜30上,然后在红外加热炉中通常在700-975℃的温度下,在将氧气和氮气的混合气体通过加热炉的同时,进行几分钟-大于10分钟的干燥和烧制。
如图1(f)所示,在烧制过程中,背侧上的铝作为杂质从铝糊浆扩散到硅基片10中,从而形成含有高浓度铝掺杂物的p+层40。通过烧制将干燥的铝糊浆60转化为铝背电极61。与此同时背侧银糊浆70受到烧制,形成银背电极71。烧制过程中,背侧铝和背侧银间的边界呈现合金状态,从而获得电连接。部分由于对形成p+层40的需要,背电极的大部分区域被铝电极占据。同时,由于不可能焊接至铝电极上,因此银或银/铝背电极在背侧有限的区域中形成,以作为通过铜带等相互连接太阳能电池的电极。
在前侧上,本发明的前电极银糊浆500由银、含锌添加剂、玻璃料、有机介质和任选的金属氧化物组成,并能在烧制过程中与氮化硅薄膜30反应,并透过氮化硅薄膜30,与n型层20电气相连(烧渗)时。这一烧渗状态,即前电极银糊浆熔化并透过氮化硅薄膜30,的程度取决于氮化硅薄膜30的厚度和质量、前电极银糊浆的组成以及烧制条件。太阳能电池的转化效率和抗潮性很大程度上取决于这一烧渗状态。
实施例
本发明的厚膜组合物如下实施例1-25中所描述。
玻璃的制备:
用于实施例中的玻璃组合物详细描述于表2,并标识在表3中。
表2:玻璃组分在总玻璃组合物中所占的重量百分数
玻璃成分的重量百分数 | ASTM软化点(℃) | TMA开始(℃) | ||||||||||
SiO2 | Na2O | Li2O | Bi2O3 | CeO2 | Al2O3 | PbO | B2O3 | TiO2 | ZnO | |||
玻璃I | 28.00 | 4.70 | 55.90 | 8.10 | 3.30 | 600 | 502 | |||||
玻璃II | 6.00 | 80.50 | 12.00 | 1.50 | 430 | 365 | ||||||
玻璃III | 1.64 | 1.73 | 85.76 | 10.86 | 362 | 322 | ||||||
玻璃IV | 9.10 | 1.40 | 77.0 | 12.50 | 395 | 361 | ||||||
玻璃V | 1.77 | 82.32 | 8.73 | 1.18 | 6.00 | --- | 340 | |||||
玻璃VI | 1.50 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 81.50 | 0.10 | 14.90 | --- | --- |
糊浆的制备:
通常,糊浆的制备可通过以下方法完成:称取适量的溶剂、介质和表面活性剂,然后在混合罐中混合15分钟,加入玻璃料和金属添加剂并再混合15分钟。由于Ag是本发明固体中的主要部分,将其逐渐加入以确保更好的润湿。当充分混合后,以从0逐渐增大到400psi的压力将糊浆反复通过3-辊轧机。将辊的间距调整到1mil。通过磨粉细度(FOG)来测定分散程度。用于导体的典型FOG值通常等于或低于20/15。
表3:实施例1-25中银和玻璃组合物在总组合物中的重量百分数
实施例编号 | Ag(wt%) | 玻璃I(wt%) | 玻璃II(wt%) | 玻璃III(wt%) | 玻璃IV(wt%) | 玻璃VI |
1 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 80.95 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 80 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
4 | 80.95 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 79.5 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | 80.45 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 80.45 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | 80.35 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | 80.75 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13 | 79.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | 79.0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | 79.45 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | 80.35 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
17 | 81.95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
18 | 84.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
19 | 80.0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | |
20 | 80.45 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 |
22 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
23 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
24 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | 80 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
*实施例1-25中各自含有12wt.%的溶剂(Texanol),
1.1wt.%的乙基纤维素和0.8wt.%的表面活性剂(大豆卵磷脂)。
表4:实施例1-20中金属、金属树脂酸盐组分在总组合物中的重量百分数
实施例编号 | ZnO | ZnO细粒 | Zn金属 | TiO2 | TiO2细粒 | MnO2 | Tyzor | 树脂酸锰 | 树脂酸锌 | Cu | Eff% | 粘附性 |
1 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.3 | 良好 |
2 | 0 | 3.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.6 | 良好 |
3 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 良好 |
4 | 0 | 3.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 良好 |
5 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 良好 |
6 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.3 | 适宜 |
7 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 良好 |
8 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 15.1 | 良好 |
9 | 0 | 3.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.4 | 很好 |
10 | 0 | 3.50 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | >15.6 | 良好 |
11 | 0 | 3.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 15.6 | 优秀 |
12 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | >15.3 | 良好 |
13 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | >15 | 良好 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | >15 | 良好 |
15 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~15 | 很好 |
16 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | >10 | 适宜 |
17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~4 | 未测 |
18 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~15 | 良好 |
19 | 0 | 4.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.7 | 适宜 | |
20 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 15.7 | 很好 |
21 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~15 | 很好 |
实施例1-20中各自含有12wt.%的溶剂(Texanol),1.1wt.%的乙基纤维素和0.8wt.%的表面活性剂(大豆卵磷脂)。
**ZnO细粒购自US Zinc Corporation,其平均粒径为7nm和30nm。
***树脂酸锌购自OMG Americas,商品名为ZINC TEN-CEM。
表5:实施例22-25中金属氧化物组分占总组合物中的重量百分数以及它们的太阳能电池的性质
实施例 | TiO2 | Co3O4 | Fe2O3 | Cr2O3 | Eff% | 粘附性 |
22 | 4.45 | <5 | NT | |||
23 | 4.45 | <5 | NT | |||
24 | 4.45 | <5 | NT | |||
25 | 4.50 | <5 | NT |
NT:未测试
测试方法—效率
将根据上述方法制成的太阳能电池置于市售的IV测试器中,以测定效率。用IV测试器中的灯泡模拟具有已知强度的阳光并照射电池的前表面,将印刷在电池前表面上母线与IV测试器的多个探针相连,并使电信号从探针传递到计算机以计算效率。
测试方法—粘附性
烧制后,将焊条(涂覆62Sn/36Pb/2Ag的铜)焊接到印刷在电池前侧的母线上。焊接条件通常为345℃、5秒钟。所用的助熔剂是轻度活化的Alpha-611或未活化的multicore 100。焊接面积约为2mm×2mm。通过与电池表面成90°角牵引焊条来测得粘附强度。将粘附强度评价为适宜、良好、很好或优秀,这一评价基于以下假定:粘附强度小于400g,则认为不好;400g至小于600g,则评估为具有适宜的粘附强度;等于或大于600g,则认为具有良好、很好或优秀的粘附强度。
对于使用不含Pb料的组合物,我们用不含Pb的焊料和含Pb的焊料测试了粘附性。所用的不含Pb的焊料是96.5Sn/3.5Ag。对不含Pb的焊料所用的焊接温度为375℃,焊接时间为5-7s。所用的助焊剂是MF200。所得的粘附性通常为大于600g。
此外,在牵引后,在显微镜下检查焊接点以观察断裂方式。如果大于50%的焊接面积显示出Si断裂,则认为这是一个很好的断裂方式。
Claims (11)
1.一种厚膜导电组合物,其包含分散于d)有机介质中的:
a)导电银粉;
b)含锌添加剂,所述含锌添加剂的粒径为7纳米-小于100纳米;
c)玻璃料,所述玻璃料的软化点为300-600℃。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其还包括其它金属/金属氧化物添加剂,它选自:(a)金属,所述金属选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(b)金属氧化物,MOx,其中M选自:Ti、Mn、Sn、Pb、Ru、Co、Fe、Cu和Cr;(c)经烧制能产生金属氧化物(b)的任何化合物;以及(d)它们的混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述含锌添加剂是ZnO。
4.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述玻璃料组合物包括,以玻璃料组合物的重量百分数计:SiO2 21-29、Al2O3 0.1-8、PbO 50-62、B2O3 7-10、ZnO0-4、Li2O 0-0.1和TiO2 2-7。
5.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述玻璃料为不含铅的玻璃料,以总玻璃料组合物的重量百分数计,它包括:SiO2 0.1-8、Al2O3 0-4、B2O3 8-25、CaO 0-1、ZnO 0-42、Na2O 0-4、Li2O 0-3.5、Bi2O3 28-85、Ag2O 0-3、CeO2 0-4.5、SnO2 0-3.5和BiF3 0-15。
6.一种基片,在其上淀积有权利要求1所述的组合物,所述组合物已经过加工去除了所述有机介质,并烧结了所述玻璃料和银粉。
7.一种电极,所述电极由权利要求1所述的组合物形成,所述组合物已经过加工去除了所述有机介质,并烧结了所述玻璃料和银粉。
8.一种由结构构件制造半导体器件的方法,所述结构构件由具有p-n结的半导体和形成于所述半导体主表面上的绝缘膜组成,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)将权利要求1所述的厚膜组合物施加于所述绝缘膜之上;和(b)烧制所述半导体、绝缘膜和厚膜组合物以形成电极。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述绝缘膜选自:氮化硅薄膜、氧化钛薄膜、SiNx:H薄膜、氧化硅薄膜和氧化硅/氧化钛薄膜。
10.一种半导体器件,所述器件通过权利要求8所述的方法形成。
11.一种半导体器件,所述器件包含权利要求1所述的组合物,所述组合物已经过加工去除了所述有机介质,并烧结了所述玻璃料和银粉。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2006201556A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
EP1713091A3 (en) | 2007-03-07 |
US7556748B2 (en) | 2009-07-07 |
JP2006302890A (ja) | 2006-11-02 |
US20060231804A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
US20080223446A1 (en) | 2008-09-18 |
KR20060108547A (ko) | 2006-10-18 |
TW200735126A (en) | 2007-09-16 |
TWI342568B (en) | 2011-05-21 |
US8394297B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 |
EP1713091B1 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
KR100775733B1 (ko) | 2007-11-09 |
EP1713091A2 (en) | 2006-10-18 |
US20110155240A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
DE602006017138D1 (de) | 2010-11-11 |
JP5349738B2 (ja) | 2013-11-20 |
CN1873836B (zh) | 2012-06-06 |
US7906045B2 (en) | 2011-03-15 |
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