CN1802476A - 碎片接纳系统及其制造方法 - Google Patents

碎片接纳系统及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1802476A
CN1802476A CNA2004800157252A CN200480015725A CN1802476A CN 1802476 A CN1802476 A CN 1802476A CN A2004800157252 A CNA2004800157252 A CN A2004800157252A CN 200480015725 A CN200480015725 A CN 200480015725A CN 1802476 A CN1802476 A CN 1802476A
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布鲁斯·S·霍尔
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Abstract

一种用于接纳碎片的系统，包括板(100)。所述板由弹性体材料制成。所述板是防爆的。

Description

碎片接纳系统及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及安装在建筑物墙内部用于接纳(contain)爆炸碎片的系统，以及用于产生这种系统的方法。
背景技术
在近来的以建筑物为破坏目标的恐怖袭击后，已经逐渐注意到，如果进一步的袭击将到来，应提高这种建筑物内的工作者的安全性。已经确定，在袭击中物品损坏和建筑物内部的人受伤的主要原因不一定是建筑物的冲击或爆炸的最初爆炸，而是爆炸产生的飞扬碎片(建筑物墙碎片)。
已经确定，通过喷涂聚合衬料(polymeric liner)到建筑物的结构墙的内表面，可实现对接纳所述碎片的改进。为此应用提出的聚合体是直接喷涂到结构墙的内表面上的聚亚安酯材料。在现有建筑物中，通过除去任何内部装饰墙面(例如干饰面内墙)、应用喷涂、和重新安装装饰墙面，应用这种衬料。在新建筑物中，在进行内部精加工之前，将衬料喷涂到结构墙的内部上。
这种衬料的原地喷涂是较昂贵的工艺，并且要求熟练的设备操纵者和对其中正在执行喷涂的区域的仔细接纳。此外，聚亚安酯材料具有非常快的凝固或固化时间，约为仅几秒钟。这样，当聚亚安酯无意喷涂到上面不打算有衬料的表面上时，从这种表面去除所述材料是非常困难的。
已知聚脲涂层材料通常用于需要或想要耐蚀性或耐磨性的应用中，或某些防水应用中。某些聚脲涂层也是抗撕扯和耐冲击的。
因此，本发明的一个主要目的是提供一种通过提供碎片吸收和接纳提高建筑物的安全性的系统，所述系统也改善了对由于建筑物墙的冲击或爆炸产生的碎片的接纳。
发明内容
通过产生预制板实现本发明的上述和其它目的，其中所述预制板根据需要被切割成适当大小，并且安装在建筑物的结构墙的内表面上。在产生伸长和抗张强度性能改善的材料中，通过喷射专门选择为便于生产工艺和完成的板的性能的聚脲或其它弹性体材料，产生所述板。可选地，聚脲材料或其它弹性体材料可被直接应用和粘合到结构墙或建筑物的内表面。
在构造所述板中或在将一层或多层材料粘到所述墙中，可将例如聚硅氧烷、聚亚安酯、和聚脲/聚亚安酯混合物等弹性体用作聚脲的备选物。
本发明也涉及用于产生抗振板的方法，包括：喷涂由两部分组成的高含固量聚脲弹性体材料到可松开的衬底上，形成理想厚度，其中所述衬底具有或不具有纤维或织物加强件，接着允许所述材料固化；以及从衬底去除固化板。接着将板传送至建筑工地，并且安装在建筑物的结构墙的内部。
附图说明
通过阅读以下结合附图给出的说明，将更好地理解本发明，其中在附图中，相同元件用相同附图标记表示，其中：
图1示意性地示出根据本发明的一个优选实施例的板生产设备。
图2是根据本发明的一个优选实施例碎片接纳板安装在建筑物的结构墙内部的主要示意图。
图3示出根据本发明的一个优选实施例的碎片接纳板。
图4是在其周缘紧固有槽式构件(channel member)的板的截面图。
图5是根据本发明的一个优选实施例的两个邻接板的截面图，这两个邻接板在其边缘通过板紧固件结合。
图6是根据本发明的研究进行的测试布置(test layout)的大致示意性俯视图。
具体实施方式
如图1中所示，板衬底10优选设置为型面(mold surface)，在产生根据本发明的优选实施例的防爆或碎片阻止板100中，聚脲弹性体材料可喷涂到所述型面上。衬底10可根据需要用脱模剂处理，以便于从衬底去除固化板。
利用已知的标准喷涂应用设备，将由两部分组成的高含固量聚脲弹性体材料以液体(未固化)形式喷涂到衬底10上。用于说明目的的喷涂设备可包括喷嘴20，所述喷嘴经由挠性管22连接至喷涂泵24。容器或贮槽26可用于通过供给管路28、30供给组成弹性体成分的组分，其中在所述供给管路处，组分在阀32处混合。喷嘴20可以被人工操纵，以在生产板中涂覆聚脲材料到整个衬底上。可选地，喷嘴(可使用多于一个的喷嘴)可被安装到具有已知构造的机架(未示出)上，以确保组分以均匀厚度涂覆到整个衬底上，其中所述机架具有用于横向或水平和垂直移动喷嘴20的驱动装置。也存在其它喷射涂覆布置，图1中所示的只是一个实例。可想到，对于大规模生产，将计算机控制和机器人元件用于控制喷涂设备，喷涂工艺将大体上全部自动化，其中所述喷涂工艺包括喷雾器的移动和待被喷涂的材料的运送、以及板的处理。然而，相同的基本工艺可能保持相同。
在一个特别优选的实施例中，通过包括加强层102可进一步增强所述板，所述加强层可设置在板100的外表面或内表面处，或可设置在所述板内部。产生所述板(具有位于板内部的加强层)的方法可优选包括靠着衬底10放置加强织物材料、以及喷涂聚脲或其它可喷射的弹性体到织物上，形成约为完成的板的厚度的一半的厚度。具有喷涂上的聚脲的织物102接着旋转或翻转，使得聚脲面对衬底，织物102面对喷射设备。接着实现聚脲的第二涂覆或喷射到织物102的相对侧上，以产生具有理想的最终或完成厚度的板。
可应用对此优选工艺顺序的修改。在想要在板100的外表面具有加强层时，可将所述层放置为与衬底10紧密接触，并且可将弹性体喷涂到所述层上，直到获得理想的板厚度。在层102将位于板100内部的地方，利用通过所述层喷射以密封所述层102的聚脲，所述层可与衬底10隔开。可选地，可将所述板的部分喷涂到所述衬底上，接着导入所述层102，接着喷涂具有剩余厚度的板，以完成所述板。
一旦喷涂工艺完成，并且聚脲材料部分或完全固化，则所述层与衬底10分开，从而形成板100。
因此，可以经济的方式大规模制造所述板100。如果发现由于某一原因是较经济或理想的，则这可在真实的工厂环境中实现，或在建筑工地建造的便携式或临时生产设备中实现。接着将板100传输到装配有这些防爆板的建筑物。
板待紧固到的建筑物的内部结构墙104或者在初始构造中暴露，或者在建筑物翻新中，去除装饰内墙面，以暴露结构墙的内表面。根据需要将板100切割成适当尺寸，并且优选使用任何适当的粘合剂或通过机械连接固定到墙104的内表面。由于结构墙104通常由建材或灌浇混凝土制成，所以适当的机械连接形式包括螺纹混凝土墙锚、或螺钉和锚固件固定、或用适当的水泥钉钉牢。
图3示出准备安装的板100的优选实施例。在此实施例中，板100的周缘通过槽式构件120限制，所述槽式构件将板100的边沿保持在位于板的相对侧(例如，前侧和后侧)的两个横杆(rail)122、124之间。(参看图4)优选由不锈钢制成的槽式构件有助于结构上加强板的边沿，增加其硬度。另外，在将板紧固到建筑物墙期间，在板边沿处使用槽提高了例如混凝土墙锚等机械紧固件的可靠性。
图5示出另一板紧固件126，所述板紧固件适于在两个板结合以横越比单个板的宽度宽的距离时使用。使用适合的机械紧固件将两个板的相邻边沿紧固到所述板紧固件的两个横杆128、130。横杆128、130通过网状物(web)132偏移，使得紧固件以大体上边沿邻接的关系保持这两个板。除了或代替槽式构件120，可在以待被结合的边沿处使用紧固件126。紧固件也可通过适当的机械紧固件紧固到建筑物墙。
建筑物外部的爆炸冲击波或其它类型的冲击力可使得结构墙断裂，并且产生各种大小的墙碎片，这些墙碎片通常也称为碎片。具有改善的伸长和抗张强度的板100将用以有效地吸收施加给碎片的动能的大部分。这种动能吸收将防止碎片飞过建筑物内部。在爆炸冲击波也使得板100断裂的情形下，由板吸收或消耗的动能将显著减少可能进入建筑物内部的碎片的量和/或速度。因此，更好地保护建筑物内的人免受由于对建筑物的袭击造成的伤害。
也相信板有助于墙自身的结构完整性，特别是通过机械紧固件将板的周缘紧固到墙时。
为了使得吸收或消耗可能来自爆炸或其它震动事件的潜在的高能级动能是有效的，优选的是，板厚度在约100到约250mil的范围内。甚至更优选地，板厚度将约为180mil。然而，也可使用比250mil更厚的板，期望在成本/利益分析中，由较厚的板提供的碎片接纳或防爆力的可能的增量增加超过成本(材料成本)的增加。
在碎片接纳板中使用的弹性体材料优选在其固化状态下具有物理或其它材料特性的特别组合。特别重要的是断裂伸长率和抗张强度。弹性体将优选具有范围在约100-800％内的断裂伸长率，更优选地具有范围在例如400-800％内的较高端伸长率。弹性体的抗张强度优选最小为2000psi。
此外，认为弹性体的粘附性是重要的，无论板单独构成还是在建筑物或其它待被保护的结构的墙上的适当位置中形成。优选的是，弹性体呈现最小为300psi的混凝土粘力(或在混凝土失效)，以及最小为1200psi的钢粘力。
如前所述，聚脲、聚硅氧烷、聚亚安酯和聚脲/聚亚安酯混合物可产生理想的物理和材料性能。目前，市场上出售的特别优选的弹性体是EnvirolasticAR425，一种100％固含量的喷制芳香聚脲材料，由GeneralPolymers division of Sherwin-Williams Company出售。这种材料可以由两部分组成的(异氰酸盐准聚合物；具有色素的胺混合物)可喷射材料得到，所述可喷射材料主要设计为柔性耐冲击防水涂层和衬料系统。
已经在所产生的具有织物加强层的板中测试了EnvirolasticAR425系统。织物加强层提供了框架，其中在形成板形状中未固化弹性体将粘附至所述框架。织物增强也将优选有助于在防爆中和在接纳碎片中板的结构完整性，特别有助于在吸收爆炸或其它冲击的能量时限制弹性体的伸长量。
到现在，已在产生测试用板中使用的织物由芳族聚酰胺或涤纶纱或纤维制成，其中翘曲和填充纱之间的自由栅开口约为0.25in×0.25in、或0.5in×0.25in，然而，认为较小或较大的栅开口尺寸是适于使用的。在目前测试用板中使用的织物的抗张强度约为1200psi×1200psi。由Technora andTwaron-brand聚芳基酰胺线制成的织物或由Teiiin纤维产生的纤维特别适于在此应用中使用。
本发明的碎片接纳系统和方法也可呈弹性体材料层的形式，所述弹性体材料层涂覆和直接粘到待被加强的墙或其它结构。在此情形下，所述墙将优选被清除掉松散的杂质，同时以类似于在将所述板喷涂到板衬底上的方式，通过喷涂涂覆弹性体。如上所述，弹性体将优选被选择为具有最小为300psi的混凝土粘合强度或粘力，且混凝土将通常具有数量充分多的小的表面不平度，从而弹性体将找到机械连接增强粘力的区域。
当所述系统将具有织物或纤维加强件时，也优选用这样设置的加强件部分涂覆弹性体，接着涂制弹性体层的剩余部分。可选地，加强件首先靠着墙放置，接着将弹性体层的整个厚度涂覆到其上。
实例
已经进行了对根据本发明的防爆/碎片接纳板的测试。在图6的示意性俯视图中示出物理测试布局(不是按比例尺绘制的)。在图6中，爆炸装药200位于四(4)个相同构造的混凝土砌块砖石目标墙202的中央，这些目标墙分布在炸药的半径为30′的圆周上。砖石目标墙202具有两个加强腿204，这两个加强腿与目标墙一起形成方形倒“U”形，使得面对爆炸装药的目标墙202通常在建筑物中时具有某种程度的结构加强。
板A、B、和C(厚度不是与墙厚度按比例尺绘制的)安装在三个墙的内部，而第四个墙没有安装板或衬料。所述板包括围绕其周缘的不锈钢槽120，并且使用混凝土锚固件紧固到墙202的内部。
所有板A、B、和C以聚脲材料(Envirolastice AR425)的标称厚度180mil产生，其中所述聚脲材料中设置有织物加强层。所述板的进一步的结构细节如下：
表I
  板ABC   弹性体AR425，180milAR425，180milAR425，180mil   织物加强Technora T200织物，0.5×0.25″栅开口Technora T200织物，0.5×0.25″栅开口Twaron T1000fT200织物，0.25×0.25″栅开口
爆炸装药(explosive charge)200包括42块(52.5Ibs.)C-4炸药，配置为在每个目标墙202的面上产生均匀的爆炸过压。这种C-4炸药的量等于67.2磅的TNT。提升装药(charge)使其高于地面四英尺，以使其与每个墙的中心点对准(墙202高8英尺)。爆炸装药被静态引爆，产生17.67psi的峰值瞬时超压以及51.22psi的反射压力。
最初的爆炸后的观察表明，未受保护的墙(没有紧固到内部的板)经受灾难性的结构损坏，实际上没有目标墙202或加强腿204的混凝土留在墙座上方的位置。发现由于爆炸造成的墙的碎片或碎片直到墙后面54英尺(即，到墙内部)。
与此相反，具有安装在内表面处的板的三个目标墙仍直立，对混凝土砌块造成不同程度的损坏。由于爆炸在这些连接点处引起的应力，目标墙202连接至加强腿204的区域看起来经受最大损坏。目标墙自身包含不同程度的破裂和断裂。
对板的检查表明，大概由于爆炸期间撞击板相对侧的混凝土碎片，板的内表面上的标志漆涂层已经碎裂或敲落。观察到板很少有或没有塑性变形，并且没有碎裂或穿孔。在板后面(到内部)没有发现混凝土碎片。
在去除所述板后，在每个试验板后面发现目标墙的碎片。表2-5表示试验后发现的与墙碎片(碎片)相关的数据。应注意，对于有板紧固到其上的墙，没有提供“离墙的距离”，因为没有碎片穿过所述板。
表1：在基线目标墙后面发现的碎片
  碎片编号   质量(盎司)   离墙的距离(英尺)
  1   1.0   49
  2   .4   45.2
  3   .3   54
  4   .1   41.5
  5   .3   41
  6   1.7   33
  7   13.0   30
  8   1.5   24.4
  9   1.1   19
  10   3.4   19
  11   .5   18.5
  12   6.7   19
  13   .1   19
表2：通过试验板T1402得到的碎片
  碎片编号   质量(盎司)
  1   .9
  2   1.1
  3   1.1
  4   .2
  5   .1
表3：通过试验板T1403得到的碎片
  碎片编号   质量(盎司)
  1   .5
  2   .2
  3   1.2
  4   .3
  5   .1
  6   .1
  7   2.1
  8   .6
表4：通过试验板T1403得到的碎片
  碎片编号   质量(盎司)
  1   .8
  2   1.3
  3   5.2
因此可看到，本发明提供了极大地提高建筑物或其他结构内部的工人和/或设备或其它对象的安全性的经济的装置，其中所述建筑物或其他结构经受爆破冲击波或其它形式的大冲击，否则，这些爆破冲击波或其它形式的大冲击将使得墙碎片穿过所述结构内部。本发明的系统可易于装入现有建筑物和机构，特别是利用预喷射的板型式时，或可装在任何正在建造的新建筑物或结构中。完成的内墙可能具有与未装有本发明的系统的内墙大体相同的外观，从而不影响工作场所的美观性。
尽管本发明的系统和方法主要以用于屏蔽墙内部和包含爆炸或其它冲击下从墙产生的碎片作了披露，但是认为，本发明的系统和方法，特别是呈板形式的系统，在更集中或局部化的冲击情况下提供了对穿透的高阻力。这样，期望所述板或系统适于在要求能量吸收和对例如由来复枪和其他火器和枪发射的通常较小的射弹的穿透阻力的应用中用作装甲“板”，包括用在战胜或抵御设计为本质上是“刺穿装甲”的射弹中。这里描述的这种特性被认为是用术语“防爆”概括，并且如这里所使用的术语，用作“碎片接纳”。
前面的描述是为了说明目的而提供的。在本领域的技术人员阅读此披露物后，将对这里描述的实施例作出的改变和修改一目了然，其中这些改变和修改不偏离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (27)

1.一种用于提高结构墙内部的防爆性的方法，包括：
喷涂一层具有预定厚度的弹性体材料；以及
将所述层紧固到所述墙内部。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料选自包括聚脲、聚硅氧烷、聚亚安酯、和聚脲/聚亚安酯混合物的组。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料是聚脲材料。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约100-800％范围内的断裂伸长率，并且具有大于约2000psi的抗张强度。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约400-800％范围内的断裂伸长率。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料层以固化板形式产生，并且随后紧固到所述内部或所述墙。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料选自包括聚脲、聚硅氧烷、聚亚安酯、和聚脲/聚亚安酯混合物的组。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料是聚脲材料。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约100-800％范围内的断裂伸长率，并且具有大于约2000psi的抗张强度。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约400-800％范围内的断裂伸长率。
11.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述喷涂弹性体材料层的步骤进一步包括喷涂所述弹性体材料到织物加强层上。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述喷涂弹性体材料层的步骤包括直接喷涂所述层到结构的墙表面上。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中所述喷涂弹性体材料层的步骤进一步包括喷涂所述弹性体材料到织物加强层上。
14.一种防爆板，包括：
一层具有预定厚度的弹性体材料；以及
紧固件，用于将所述弹性体材料紧固到建筑物的墙。
15.根据权利要求14所述的防爆板，其中所述弹性体材料层是选自包括聚脲、聚硅氧烷、聚亚安酯、和聚脲/聚亚安酯混合物的组的材料。
16.根据权利要求15所述的防爆板，其中所述弹性体材料是聚脲。
17.根据权利要求14所述的防爆板，进一步包括绕其周缘的至少部分紧固到所述板的槽式件。
18.根据权利要求14所述的防爆板，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约100mil到约250mil的范围内的厚度。
19.根据权利要求18所述的防爆板，其中所述弹性体材料具有约180mil的厚度。
20.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约100-800％范围内的断裂伸长率。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有在约400-800％范围内的断裂伸长率。
22.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其中所述弹性体材料具有大于约2000psi的抗张强度。
23.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述板进一步包括织物加强层。
24.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中所述板进一步包括织物加强层。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法，其中所述织物加强层由芳纶纤维构成。
26.根据权利要求24所述的方法，其中所述织物加强层由聚酯纤维构成。
27.一种用于提高结构的防爆力的系统，包括：
一个或多个板，由弹性体材料构成，喷涂到织物加强层上，
所述一个或多个板具有绕其周缘紧固的钢槽；
多个紧固件，适于将所述钢槽和所述一个或多个板紧固到所述结构的墙。
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