CN1780585A - X射线扫描系统 - Google Patents

X射线扫描系统 Download PDF

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CN1780585A
CN1780585A CN200480011227.0A CN200480011227A CN1780585A CN 1780585 A CN1780585 A CN 1780585A CN 200480011227 A CN200480011227 A CN 200480011227A CN 1780585 A CN1780585 A CN 1780585A
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爱德华·J.·摩顿
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Abstract

一种X射线扫描器，包括：X射线检测器(16)的阵列(12)，被安排在绕着成像体积(28)的圆柱状结构中；和多焦点X射线源(20)，其以螺旋状绕着检测器阵列(12)的外侧延伸。检测器阵列(12)中的螺旋状开口(24)允许来自源(20)的X射线穿过成像体积(28)中的病人(26)，并到达扫描器的对面上的检测器(16)。控制源(20)以使X射线从沿着螺旋状轨迹(23)的一些源点被产生，从而产生断层图像。当病人静止并且源点根据电变化时，扫描速率足以产生可被显示为实时三维视频图像的一系列图像。

Description

X射线扫描系统
技术领域
本发明涉及X射线扫描。尽管它可以同样被使用在其它适合的应用中，但是它具有在医疗计算断层(CT)扫描中的特别应用。
背景技术
X射线计算断层扫描器已被用于医疗成像多年。传统的系统包括X射线管，该X射线管相对于一个轴旋转，同时弓形X射线检测器阵列也以相同的速度绕着相同的轴旋转。病人被放置为其重心接近于旋转轴，并且当管旋转时病人沿着所述轴移动。X辐射的扇形束从源通过病人到达X射线检测器阵列。
X射线检测器阵列在沿其长度方向的每一位置记录穿过病人的X射线的强度。如果一套投影数据被在每个源角度记录，根据这些记录的X射线强度，典型地通过滤波的后投影算法，则可形成断层(横截面)图像。为了产生目标(诸如病人的一部分)的弓形断层图像，可显示出这样的要求，X射线源穿过通过该目标的每一个平面。在上述安排中，这是通过X射线源的旋转扫描和病人的纵向移动而被实现的。
在这种系统中，X射线断层扫描可被收集的速度取决于拥有X射线源和检测器阵列的台架的旋转速度。在现代的医疗台架中，整个管-检测器套间和台架将完成每秒两次旋转。这允许了每秒最多至四次的断层扫描被收集。
随着技术水平的发展，单环X射线检测器已被多环X射线检测器取代。这允许了许多片(典型地最多至8个)被同时扫描，并使用从单扫描机改动而来的滤波的后投影方法被重建。在此处理的进一步改进中，病人的位置可以沿着扫描器的轴这样移动，从而源关于病人进行螺旋状运动。这允许了应用更精密的圆锥束图像重建方法，该方法原则上可提供更精确的体积图像重建。病人的物理运动和源关于病人的旋转的组合(当被与多环X射线检测器组合时)，允许病人的体积图像经过几秒的时间就被获得。
在进一步的发展中，扫描电子束扫描器已被演示，籍此消除了X射线源和X射线检测器的机械扫描运动，其被X射线检测器的连续环(或多个环)取代，这些X射线检测器围绕着病人，同时一个移动的X射线源作为将电子束扫过一个弓形阳极的结果而被产生。这允许了图像比在传统的扫描器中获得的更迅速。通过病人沿着扫描器的轴同时移动，体积图像数据可以以秒的数量级时间量程被获得。
发明内容
本发明提供一种X射线成像系统，包括：多焦点X射线源，其绕着将由系统成像的一个成像体积延伸，并限定源点的轨迹，从源点X射线可被引导通过成像体积；和X射线检测器阵列，其也绕着成像体积延伸并被安排检测来自源点的已穿过成像体积的X射线，其中，所述源点被安排沿绕着成像体积的三维轨迹而行，从而来自检测器阵列的数据可被用于产生成像体积内的一个静止目标的三维断层图像。
最好检测器阵列是大体上圆筒状的并且所述轨迹覆盖该圆筒的至少半个圆周，覆盖整个圆周以及圆筒的整个长度就更好了。该轨迹是大体上螺旋的就更好了。
然而，应该理解的是，其它轨迹配置同样可被使用，这将使得成像体积中的目标能够被完整地断层成像。最好该轨迹基本上穿过通过成像体积的每一个平面。
该系统最好还包括：控制装置，被安排通过激活每个X射线源点来扫描成像体积并收集各个图像数据集；和成像装置，被安排从该数据集中产生成像体积的三维图像。最好该控制装置被安排重复扫描成像体积以产生成像的体积的连续图像。更好的是该系统还包括显示装置，该显示装置被安排显示该连续图像以产生成像体积的实时视频图像。
最好该控制装置还被安排激活源点之一以产生目标的平面图像，并为了显示而存储该平面图像。更好的是控制装置被安排重复激活所述源点之一从而产生一系列平面图像，并按顺序显示这些平面图像以产生平面视频图像。更好的是控制装置被安排在第一模式和第二模式之间交替，在第一模式下它产生平面图像数据集，在第二模式下它产生断层图像数据集，并且控制装置被安排处理这些数据集以产生用于产生组合显示的组合图像数据集。
平面图像可包括荧光透视图像。尤其当被用于产生实时视频图像时，这样的平面图像被用于多个目的，包括监控医疗手术，在医疗手术中病人体内诸如导尿管的器具可被实时监控。
事实上本发明还提供一种X射线成像系统，包括：X射线源，限定绕着成像体积的多个源点，从这些源点X射线可被引导通过成像体积；X射线检测器阵列，绕着成像体积延伸并被安排检测来自源点的已穿过成像体积的X射线；和控制装置，被安排在第一模式和第二模式之间交替，在第一模式下它控制源从源点之一产生X射线以产生平面图像数据集，在第二模式下它控制源从每个源点产生X射线以产生断层图像数据集，并且控制装置被安排处理这些数据集以产生用于产生组合显示的组合图像数据集。
取代只产生一个平面图像，多个源点可被使用以产生不同平面中的多个平面图像。
控制装置可被安排以激活接近于多个源点的所述之一的又一个，籍此一对数据集被产生，并且控制装置可被安排组合这些数据集以使该平面图像或这些平面图像中的每个为立体图像。
最好控制装置被安排通过将来自数据集之一的特征映射到另一数据集上来处理这些数据集，从而增强从所述另一数据集产生的图像。
附图说明
现在将仅参照附图通过示例描述本发明的优选实施例，附图中：
图1是根据本发明第一实施例的X射线扫描器的示意性透视图；
图2是通过图1的扫描器的横截面；
图3是包括图1的扫描器的扫描器系统的系统图；
图4是根据本发明第二实施例重新配置的图1的扫描器的示意性透视图；
图5是通过根据本发明第三实施例重新配置的图1的扫描器的横截面；
图6是根据本发明第二实施例的X射线扫描器的示意性透视图；
图7是根据本发明第三实施例的X射线扫描器的示意性透视图；和
图8是根据本发明第四实施例的X射线扫描器的示意性透视图。
具体实施方式
参照图1，X射线扫描器10包括圆筒状多部件检测器阵列12，其由检测器部件16的成百个单个的环14形成。每个环14可典型地宽1-3毫米，同时在环中的单独的检测器部件之间的中心到中心的间距为1-3毫米。检测器阵列12的直径典型地在60-80厘米的范围内。单独的检测器部件16最好应具有检测X射线的高效率并可以用例如高密度闪烁体、半导体材料或者增压气体电离室制造。检测器阵列12具有纵向的中心轴Z，并被安排以使得病人18能够被放置阵列12内近似于中心轴Z上。
多焦点X射线源20绕着X射线检测器阵列12的外侧被以如图2所示的螺旋状的方式包裹。源20允许X射线从沿着源20被隔开的多个源点22中的每个被发射。来自多焦点X射线源20的X射线穿过存在于检测器阵列12中并与源点22对齐的一个畅通螺旋状开口24，从而对于每个源点22，X射线照射在检测器阵列12的对面的一组X射线检测器部件16。
检测器阵列12中的开口24以这样的方式被割开从而导致了如图1所示的源点22的轨迹23。该螺旋状开口24以及所得到的螺旋状源轨道意味着在X射线透射通过病人26后所收集的数据集在数学上足以形成真三维图像重建。这是因为源点22的轨迹23穿过通过扫描体积28的每一个平面，该扫描体积28实质上被限定为传感器阵列12内的体积，即径向上位于阵列12内并在它的两个纵向端30和32之间。
多焦点X射线源20包括连续的阳极，其保持有相对于多个栅格控制的电子发射器的较高的正电势。每一发射器被轮流“开启”并且对应的电子束照射目标，因此产生来自各个源点22的X辐射。通过改变激活的栅格控制的电子发射器，可获得绕着病人移动X射线源的效果。X射线源20被收纳在厚外壳中以避免照射X射线检测器16和系统中接近X射线源20的其它组件。适合的源的示例在我们的同时待决的第0309383.8号UK专利申请“X-Ray Tube Electron Sources”中被描述。
为了最小化对于病人的辐射剂量，来自源20的X射线的校准很重要。源20因而包括校准器，该校准器被安排将X射线束仅限制到病人26的一部分，病人26直接躺在源和对应的检测器之间。一些适合的校准系统被公开在我们的同时待决的第0309374.7号题目为“X-Ray Sources”的UK专利申请中并且也被公开在第0216891.2号题目为“Radiation Collimation”的UK专利申请中。
为了形成病人26的图像，病人被放置在这样的位置，即他们的身体要被成像的部分位于扫描体积28内。然后，在病人保持静止的情况下，每个X射线源点被轮流操作以扫描病人，并且对于每个源点22，来自与该源点22相对的那组检测器部件16的数据被用来形成图像帧。如在下面将更详细地描述的，在一次扫描中产生的所有图像帧随后被处理以形成病人的三维断层X射线图像。
参照图3，完整的X射线系统包括多焦点X射线管22和由一些传感器块24组成的检测器阵列12。每个传感器块包括检测部件16的阵列，典型地为8×4或16×8像素，其被电连接到适合的放大器、采样及保持放大器、模拟复用器、和模数转换器。每个传感器块34被连接到各自的数据获取电路(DAQ)36，该DAQ电路36提供增益和偏置矫正，并且在适当的地方提供线性化以用于到图像重建处理的输入。为了应对由检测器阵列12产生的高数据率，多个硬连的图像重建电路38被用来并行地处理来自DAQ电路36的数据。图像重建电路经由求和电路40被连接到视觉化电路42，视觉化电路被依次连接到显示器44。系统控制器46被连接到X射线管20和检测器块34以及其它电路36、38、40、42和显示器44，并控制它们的操作。用户接口48被连接到控制器46以允许用户控制系统的操作，该用户接口可包括例如键盘、手持式控制器、和特定行为控制按钮。
在每次扫描期间，X射线管20被控制以使每个源点22轮流产生一束X射线。激活源点22的顺序可以是顺序的，或者可被排序以减少管阳极上的热负荷，如同在我们的同时待决的第0309387.9号题目为“X-Ray Scanning”的UK专利申请中所描述的。对于每次扫描，来自每个检测器块34的数据在各自的DAQ 36和图像重建电路38中被处理。来自每个重建电路38的重建图像被求和并传递到视觉化单元42，该视觉化单元42创建3D断层图像。来自随后得扫描得图像被组合以形成被显示在显示器44中的实时3D视频图像。
对于相等的图像质量，扫描时间越快，X射线管的电流越高。例如，5毫秒的扫描时间对于高质量的医疗诊断成像要求超过500毫安的电流。
应该理解的是，螺旋状轨道多焦点X射线管20与具有螺旋状开口24的多环X射线检测器12的组合允许了在没有X射线源、X射线检测器或病人的机械运动的情况下真正完整的体积断层图像数据被收集。由于不包括机械运动，所以可非常快速地产生体积图像，唯一的限制是X射线管的输出功率。使用微秒时间量程上的精确的圆锥束三维重建算法，所描述的扫描器可因而提供完整的三维X射线断层扫描。
在操作的该模式下的扫描器的应用包括体积心脏成像(单循环)，在这里心脏的运动的电影可在单个循环上被产生。假定心脏循环时间为800毫秒并且断层扫描时间为4毫秒，则单心脏循环电影将包含200幅体积断层图像。该扫描器的优选的用途是在心脏血管照相中，在其中碘对比试剂穿过心脏及其周围的血管。
参照图4，在操作的第二模式下，图1至3的扫描器系统为了在荧光透视中使用而被设置。这可以是单平面、双平面或多平面荧光透视。对于单平面荧光透视，单个源点22a被使用，来自该源点22a的X射线束穿过病人到达一组17检测器部件16。来自检测器部件16的数据被用来形成图像帧数据集，其表示成像体积的二维X射线投影图像。在连续的成像周期中该处理被重复，该周期可以为5毫秒的数量级。应该理解的是，这比传统的荧光透视显然更快，对于传统的荧光透视，对应的周期为40毫秒或更多的数量级。在此情况下，图像帧数据集从DAQ 36被直接输出到帧存储器50，从帧存储器50中它们可被轮流显示在显示器44上以提供病人的实时2D视频图像。
由于大量的X射线源点22存在于系统中，可以容易地控制在绕着病人隔开的两个、三个或更多源点22b、22c之间交替。对于源点22a、22b、22c中的每个，对应的一组检测器部件16将被用来产生各个系列的荧光透视图像帧。通过在源点22a、22b、22c之间循环，可产生一些平面的同时的视频图像。这些荧光透视图像可简单地被同时显示在显示器44上或者可被处理以产生组合了来自每个平面视频图像的特征的单视频图像。通过切换电子发射源的位置，平面之间的角度可被电动地调整。在该模式下使用的系统的应用是神经辐射和神经照相。
产生的荧光透视图像通过使用在第0216893.8号题目为“ImageColouring”的UK专利申请和第0216889.6号题目为“Image Control”的UK专利申请中描述的方法可被改进。
参照图5，在操作的又一模式下，系统被设置以提供成像体积28的立体成像。在此设置中，两个互相靠近的源点22d、22e被使用。它们每个被轮流激活以从位于成像体积28的对面的对应的一组检测器部件16产生各自的透射图像数据集。这些图像数据集被存储在帧存储器50中。分别来自每个源点22d和22e的一对图像帧数据集被组合以产生表示成像的体积的图像的立体图像数据集，并且连续的立体图像可被显示以产生成像的体积28的实时立体观看视频图像。两个源22d和22e之间的角度以及因此产生的视差的程度可被动态地调整以适合病人或者被成像的器官的大小。
因为将被使用的源点22以及它们被使用的顺序可由控制器46以任何适合的顺序或者组合进行控制，所以扫描器也可在上述操作的三种模式的任何两个之间迅速地切换。对于每种模式，这将减少数据可被收集的速率，但是使得在每种模式下产生的图像能够被组合。例如，在一种模式下，扫描器被安排重复扫描目标以产生该目标的3D断层图像，但是，在扫描的每一连续对之间，扫描器被安排使用源点22之一以产生该目标的2D荧光透视图像。断层图像随后被视觉化单元42分析以识别特定的特征，这些特征随后使用荧光透视图像上的对应特征而被识别。通过使用软件指针将来自3D图像的特征映射到2D图像上，荧光透视图像随后被增强以更清楚地显示映射的特征。这可以是有利的，例如在2D图像中一个或更多的特征模糊的情况，或者在两个或更多的特征不能彼此区分的情况。另一方面，在荧光透视图像中识别的特征可被直接映射到三维断层图像上。应该理解的是，荧光透视图像和体积断层数据的自动配准可以是主要的临床的优势。
类似的组合可由立体观看成像数据和断层成像数据组成，或者事实上可由所有三种成像方法组成。在一个在空间上配准的成像系统中，体积实时断层成像、实时多平面荧光透视和实时立体观看成像的组合可导致临床过程的缩短、增强的诊断、以及在某种程度上病人剂量的降低。
应该理解的是，X射线源的确切形状可被相当大地修改。上述实施例是最简单的，在许多情况下用作规则螺旋，一个单圈产生易于分析的数据。然而，其它形状的源可被使用。例如，参照图6，在本发明的第二实施例中，X射线源点62的螺旋状轨迹60被再次使用，但是在此情况下螺旋具有绕着检测器阵列的多个圈。参照图7，在第三实施例中，源点68的轨迹66不是螺旋而是由两个阶梯状的轨迹70和71组成，每个轨迹绕着圆筒状检测器阵列72的圆周延伸一半并沿着其全长延伸。最后，参照图8，在第四实施例中，检测器阵列74不是直的圆筒状，而取而代之的是其中心线76具有比其纵向端78、79更大的圆周的部分球形。源点81的轨迹80从检测器阵列74的一端78延伸到另一端79同时沿绕其圆周的一个单圈而行。

Claims (14)

1、一种X射线成像系统，包括：多焦点X射线源，其绕着将由系统成像的一个成像体积延伸，并限定源点的轨迹，从源点X射线可被引导通过成像体积；和X射线检测器阵列，其也绕着成像体积延伸并被安排检测来自源点的已穿过成像体积的X射线，其中，源点被安排沿绕着成像体积的一个三维轨迹而行，从而来自检测器阵列的数据可被用于产生成像体积内的一个静止目标的三维断层图像。
2、一种根据权利要求1的系统，其中，检测器阵列基本上是圆筒状并且所述轨迹覆盖圆筒的至少半个圆周和基本上圆筒的整个长度。
3、一种根据权利要求1或权利要求2的系统，其中，轨迹基本上是螺旋状。
4、一种根据任何前述权利要求的系统，其中，轨迹基本上穿过通过成像体积的每一个平面。
5、一种根据任何前述权利要求的系统，还包括控制装置，其被安排通过激活每个X射线源点来扫描成像体积并收集各个图像数据集，并且成像装置被安排从这些数据集中产生成像体积的三维图像。
6、一种根据权利要求5的系统，其中，控制装置被安排重复扫描成像体积以产生成像体积的连续图像。
7、一种根据权利要求6的系统，还包括显示装置，其被安排显示连续图像以产生成像体积的实时视频图像。
8、一种根据任何前述权利要求的系统，其中，控制装置还被安排激活源点之一以产生目标的平面图像，并存储该平面图像用于显示。
9、一种根据权利要求8的系统，其中，控制装置被安排重复激活源点的所述之一从而产生一系列平面图像，并顺序地显示这些平面图像以产生平面视频图像。
10、一种根据权利要求8或权利要求9的系统，其中，控制装置被安排在第一模式和第二模式之间交替，在第一模式下它产生平面图像数据集，在第二模式下它产生断层图像数据集，并且控制装置被安排处理这些数据集以产生组合图像数据集，用于产生组合显示。
11、一种X射线成像系统，包括：X射线源，限定绕着一个成像体积的多个源点，从这些源点X射线可被引导通过成像体积；X射线检测器阵列，绕着成像体积延伸并被安排检测来自源点的已穿过成像体积的X射线；和控制装置，被安排在第一模式和第二模式之间交替，在第一模式下它控制源从源点之一产生X射线以产生平面图像数据集，在第二模式下它控制源从每个源点产生X射线以产生断层图像数据集，并且控制装置被安排处理这些数据集以产生组合图像数据集，以用于产生组合显示。
12、一种根据权利要求10或权利要求11的系统，其中，控制装置被安排激活接近于所述源点之一的又一个源点，籍此一对数据集被产生，并且控制装置被安排组合所述数据集以使该平面图像或这些平面图像中的每一个为立体图像。
13、一种根据权利要求10至12中任何一个的系统，其中，控制装置被安排通过将来自数据集之一的特征映射到另一数据集上来处理这些数据集，从而增强从所述另一数据集产生的图像。
14、一种基本上如参照附图的图1和2、图1至3、图4、图5、或图1至图5而在此描述的X射线成像系统。
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