CN1639203A - 纳米颗粒制备和应用 - Google Patents
纳米颗粒制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1639203A CN1639203A CNA028195272A CN02819527A CN1639203A CN 1639203 A CN1639203 A CN 1639203A CN A028195272 A CNA028195272 A CN A028195272A CN 02819527 A CN02819527 A CN 02819527A CN 1639203 A CN1639203 A CN 1639203A
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- rubber
- polymer
- nano particle
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种包括聚(链烯基苯)核和聚(共轭二烯)或聚(亚烷基)表面层的纳米颗粒组合物。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。纳米颗粒可通过,例如,氢化或官能化而改性。该纳米颗粒可有利地被引入橡胶,弹性体,和热塑性塑料中。
Description
本发明的背景
本发明涉及聚合物纳米颗粒及其制备方法,和其作为例如用于橡胶(包括天然和合成弹性体)的添加剂的应用。本发明有利地提供几种为了提高橡胶,弹性体,和热塑性塑料的性能用于表面改性,官能化,和一般特性调整的机理。
聚合物纳米颗粒在过去几年中已在包括催化,组合化学,蛋白质载体,磁铁,和光子晶体的各种领域中不断受到关注。类似地,已经制备出乙烯基芳族(如聚苯乙烯)微颗粒以在校正各种仪器,在医学研究和在医学诊断试验中用作参考标准。这些聚苯乙烯微颗粒已通过阴离子分散聚合反应和乳液聚合反应而制成。
纳米颗粒可以是均匀分散在整个主体组合物中的离散微粒。纳米颗粒优选具有单分散的尺寸和均匀的形状。但难以控制纳米颗粒在聚合反应过程中的尺寸和/或这些纳米颗粒的表面特性。因此,实现对这些聚合物纳米颗粒的表面组成的较好控制也是理想的。
橡胶可有利地通过加入各种聚合物组合物而改性。橡胶可模塑性和粘结力方面的物理性能通常通过这些改性而改进。但向橡胶中简单和不加选择地加入纳米颗粒当然也会造成基质材料,即,橡胶特性的下降。另外,选择具有合适尺寸,材料组成,和表面化学,等的纳米颗粒预期明显提高基质特性。
在这方面,需要开发出一种具有与各种各样的基质材料相容的表面层的纳米颗粒,因为离散颗粒也可均匀地分散在整个主体中以提供均匀的基质组成。但开发能够可靠地生产可接受的纳米颗粒的方法已成为一种充满挑战性的努力。例如,各种单体在传统烷烃溶剂中的溶解度使得溶液聚合反应成为一种难以得到具有各种表面层的纳米颗粒的方法。另外,难以开发出一种生产可靠的纳米颗粒,尤其有利地用于橡胶组合物的纳米颗粒的溶液聚合反应方法。
本发明的综述
提供了一种包括聚(链烯基苯)核和聚(共轭二烯)表面层的纳米颗粒组合物。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
提供了一种包括聚亚烷基的纳米颗粒组合物。根据实施方案,这些纳米颗粒包括聚(链烯基苯)核,和包括至少一种亚烷基单体单元的聚亚烷基表面层。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
还提供了一种用于形成聚链烯基苯/核纳米颗粒的方法。该方法包括将链烯基苯单体和共轭二烯单体在烃溶剂中聚合以形成嵌段聚合物。在形成嵌段聚合物之后,形成包括嵌段聚合物的胶束的聚合反应混合物。至少一种交联剂被加入聚合反应混合物,由胶束形成具有聚(链烯基苯)核和外聚(共轭二烯)层的交联纳米颗粒。聚(共轭二烯)层视需要被氢化,形成包含聚(链烯基苯)核和聚结晶外层的纳米颗粒。
在另一实施方案中,提供了一种官能化聚合物纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒包括聚(链烯基苯)核,和具有选自共轭二烯和亚烷基的单体单元和连接到表面上或附近的官能团的表面层。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
还提供了一种用于形成官能化聚合物纳米颗粒组合物的方法。该方法包括将链烯基苯单体和共轭二烯单体在烃溶剂中聚合以形成嵌段聚合物。聚合反应在官能化引发剂的存在下进行。形成包括嵌段共聚物的胶束的聚合反应混合物并将至少一种交联剂加入聚合反应混合物以形成交联纳米颗粒。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
根据进一步实施方案,还提供了一种包括聚(链烯基苯)核和共聚物表面层的聚合物纳米颗粒。共聚物表面层包括至少链烯基苯单体单元和共轭二烯单体单元。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
还提供了一种用于形成具有共聚物表面层的聚合物纳米颗粒的方法。该方法包括将至少一种链烯基苯单体和至少一种共轭二烯共聚形成无规共聚物。在聚合反应至少基本上完成之后,另外加入链烯基苯单体并聚合到共聚物链端上以形成二嵌段共聚物。形成嵌段共聚物的胶束并将至少一种交联剂加入聚合反应混合物以形成交联纳米颗粒。该纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
根据其它实施方案,提供了一种包括热塑性弹性体,纳米颗粒,和增量剂的软凝胶组合物。该组合物可用于生产具有耐热性,高弹性,优异的阻尼和超阻尼性能的模塑产物。还提供了一种用于形成含纳米颗粒的软凝胶组合物的方法。
根据进一步的实施方案,提供了一种包括弹性体,纳米颗粒,炭黑填料和固化剂的橡胶组合物。这些组合物可用于生产胎面橡胶,轮胎壁,和其它类似材料。还提供了一种用于形成橡胶组合物的方法。
提供了一种具有低收缩率性能的包括弹性体,纳米颗粒,硅石和固化剂的硅石橡胶组合物。同样提供了一种用于制备硅石橡胶配混物的方法。
提供了一种用于发动机架用途的橡胶配混物组合物。这些配混物表现出较高滞后,良好的拉伸强度,强抗蠕变性,和耐高温性。同样提供了一种制造用于发动机架场合的橡胶配混物的方法。
提供了一种具有优异粘附性能的用于HDD垫圈的软配混物。还提供了一种制造用于HDD垫圈的软配混物的方法。
在整个本文中,除非具体地另有所指:
″乙烯基-取代的芳族烃″和″链烯基苯″可互换使用;和
″橡胶″是指橡胶配混物,包括天然橡胶,和包括苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶,乙烯丙烯橡胶,等的合成弹性体,这些是本领域已知的。
附图的简要描述
图1是按照实施例1形成的纳米颗粒的透射电子显微镜检查(TEM)照片。
图2是本发明纳米颗粒的DSC分析的图示。
图3是按照实施例8形成的聚结晶纳米颗粒的TEM照片。
图4是按照实施例24形成的胺-官能化纳米颗粒的TEM照片。
图5是按照实施例43-46的G′温度依赖性的图示。
说明性实施方案的详细描述
一般的纳米颗粒形成方法
本发明的一种示例性聚合物纳米颗粒由具有至少聚(共轭二烯)嵌段和聚(链烯基苯)嵌段的二嵌段聚合物链形成。聚(链烯基苯)嵌段可交联形成所需纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒的直径-表示为中值平均直径-优选低于约100nm,更优选低于约75nm,和最优选低于约50nm。纳米颗粒优选是基本上单分散的和具有均匀的形状。分散性表示为Mw与Mn的比率,其中比率1是基本上单分散的。本发明的聚合物纳米颗粒优选具有低于约1.3,更优选低于约1.2,和最优选低于约1.1的分散性。另外,纳米颗粒优选为球形的,但形状缺陷是可接受的,只要该纳米颗粒一般保持其离散性质,而颗粒之间较少或没有聚合反应。
纳米颗粒优选通过分散聚合反应而形成,但也可考虑乳液聚合反应。烃优选用作分散溶剂。合适的溶剂包括脂族烃,如戊烷,己烷,庚烷,辛烷,壬烷,癸烷,和类似物,以及脂环族烃,如环己烷,甲基环戊烷,环辛烷,环戊烷,环庚烷,环壬烷,环癸烷和类似物。这些烃可单独或组合使用。但正如以下更详细的描述,选择溶剂对于胶束形成是重要的,其中形成纳米颗粒的一种聚合物比形成纳米颗粒的另一聚合物更可溶于其中。
对于本文所确定的单体和溶剂,纳米颗粒通过保持温度有利于所选单体在所选溶剂中的聚合反应而形成。优选的温度是约-40至250℃,其中温度约0-150℃是尤其优选的。正如以下更详细描述,单体选择,温度,和溶剂的相互作用有助于形成嵌段聚合物,然后形成胶束和最终形成所需纳米颗粒。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,二嵌段聚合物由乙烯基芳族烃单体和共轭二烯单体在烃溶剂中形成。二嵌段聚合物包含至少一种可溶于分散溶剂的第一端嵌段,优选共轭二烯单体,和至少一种不太可溶于分散溶剂的第二端嵌段,优选乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体。另外,在一个优选实施方案中,选择一种乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体,其聚合物一般不可溶于分散溶剂。
正如本领域已知,这种二嵌段共聚物可通过活性阴离子聚合反应而形成,其中乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体被加入完全聚合的共轭二烯单体。形成基本上二嵌段聚合物的另一方法是单体,如共轭二烯单体和乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体的混合物在烃溶剂中,尤其,在不存在否则会影响单独构成的聚合物嵌段的聚合反应的某些极性添加剂,如醚,叔胺,或金属醇盐的情况下的活性阴离子共聚反应。在这些条件下,共轭二烯一般首先聚合,随后是乙烯基-取代的芳族烃的聚合反应。当然,如下所述的某些优点可通过聚合物的至少一种嵌段的无规聚合反应而实现。
但一般优选的是,乙烯基取代的芳族烃最后聚合,使聚合的聚合物的活性端位于乙烯基芳族嵌段上以有助于以后的交联。
通过任一方法形成的这些共聚物据信聚集形成胶束状结构,其中例如,乙烯基-取代的芳族嵌段指向胶束且共轭二烯嵌段作为尾从此处延伸。注意到,也可进一步加入烃溶剂或降低聚合反应混合物温度,而且这可能实际上是形成胶束所需的。另外,这些步骤可用于利用乙烯基-芳族嵌段的一般不溶性。用于胶束形成的示例性温度范围是约40-100℃,更优选约50-80℃。
在形成胶束之后,可根据需要将其它的共轭二烯单体和/或乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体加入聚合反应混合物中。
在形成胶束之后,交联剂被加入聚合反应混合物中。优选,所选的交联剂具有与乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体嵌段的亲和性并由于其与存在于胶束中心的单体单元和引发剂残基的相容性和其与存在于胶束外层的分散溶剂和单体单元的相对不相容性而迁移至胶束的中心。交联剂交联胶束的中心核(即链烯基苯)以形成所需纳米颗粒。因此,纳米颗粒由具有包括,例如,苯乙烯单体单元的核和包括,例如,丁二烯单体单元的表面层的胶束形成。
可用于嵌段共聚物的共轭二烯单体是可溶于非芳族烃溶剂的那些。C4-C8共轭二烯单体是最优选的。示例性共轭二烯单体包括1,3-丁二烯,异戊二烯,和1,3-戊二烯。
乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体包括苯乙烯,α-甲基苯乙烯,1-乙烯基萘,2-乙烯基萘,1-α-甲基乙烯基萘,2-α-甲基乙烯基萘,乙烯基甲苯,甲氧基苯乙烯,t-丁氧基苯乙烯,和类似物,以及其烷基,环烷基,芳基,烷芳基,和芳烷基衍生物,其中结合烃中的碳原子的总数一般不大于18,以及任何二-或三-乙烯基取代的芳族烃,和其混合物。
二嵌段聚合物,优选具有Mw约5,000-200,000,更优选约10,000-100,000。典型的二嵌段聚合物由5-95%重量共轭二烯和5-95%重量乙烯基-取代的芳族烃,更优选20-80%重量,和最优选40-60%重量的每种贡献单体类型组成。
通过乙烯基-取代的芳族烃和共轭二烯单体的聚合反应形成的胶束优选被交联以增加所得纳米颗粒的形状和尺寸的均匀性和永久性。优选的交联剂是二-或三-乙烯基-取代的芳族烃。但可以接受至少双官能的交联剂,其中两个官能团能够与乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体反应。优选的交联剂是二乙烯基苯(DVB)。
1,2-微结构控制剂或无规化改性剂视需要用于控制纳米颗粒的共轭二烯贡献单体单元,如1,3-丁二烯中的1,2-微结构。合适的改性剂包括六甲基磷酸三酰胺,N,N,N′,N′-四甲基亚乙基二胺,乙二醇二甲基醚,二乙二醇二甲基醚,三乙二醇二甲基醚,四乙二醇二甲基醚,四氢呋喃,1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷,二乙基醚,三乙基胺,三-n-丁基胺,三-n-丁基膦,p-二噁烷,1,2-二甲氧基乙烷,二甲基醚,甲基乙基醚,乙基丙基醚,二-n-丙基醚,二-n-辛基醚,茴香醚,二苄基醚,二苯基醚,二甲基乙基胺,二-氧戊烷基丙烷,三-n-丙基胺,三甲基胺,三乙基胺,N,N-二甲基苯胺,N-乙基哌啶,N-甲基-N-乙基苯胺,N-甲基吗啉,四亚甲基二胺,低聚物氧戊烷基丙烷(OOPs),2,2-二-(4-甲基二噁烷),和二四氢呋喃基丙烷。也可使用一种或多种无规化改性剂的混合物。改性剂与单体的比率可从低至0的最低值变化至高达约4000毫摩尔的最大值,优选约0.01-3000毫摩尔改性剂/100克正加料到反应器中的单体。随着改性剂加料的增加,1,2-微结构(乙烯基含量)在聚合物纳米颗粒的表面层中的共轭二烯贡献的单体单元中的百分数增加。共轭二烯单元的1,2-微结构含量优选为约1-99%,更优选约5-95%。
不愿局限于理论,示例性胶束据信由一千至五百个在交联之后得到具有Mw约5,000-10,000,000,优选约5,000-4,500,000的纳米颗粒的二嵌段聚合物组成。
结构改性
在另一实施方案中,聚合物纳米颗粒的表面层包括一种共聚物,其中包括至少一种链烯基苯单体单元和至少一种共轭二烯单体单元。共聚物可以是无规或有序的。因此,表面层可包括SBR橡胶。在整个本文中,有关聚(共轭二烯)表面层的内容要理解为包括本文所述类型的共聚物。
类似地,纳米颗粒的密度可通过在胶束中包括二嵌段和单嵌段聚合物链而控制。一种用于形成这些聚合物链的方法包括在烃溶剂中形成共轭二烯单体的第一聚合物。在形成第一聚合物之后,将第二单体与其它的引发剂一起加入聚合反应体系。第二单体聚合到第一聚合物上以形成二嵌段聚合物以及形成另外的第二聚合物(是一种单嵌段聚合物)。二嵌段聚合物包含至少一种可溶于分散溶剂的第一端嵌段,优选共轭二烯单体,和至少一种不太可溶于分散溶剂的第二端嵌段,优选乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体。在一个优选实施方案中,选择一种乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体,其聚合物一般不可溶于分散溶剂。
不愿局限于理论,纳米颗粒的核中的大量单嵌段聚合物链导致二嵌段链的共轭二烯尾的分离和较少缠绕。所得表面层因此可具有刷状结构。
多嵌段聚合物优选具有Mw约5,000-10,000,000更优选约10,000-200,000。典型的二嵌段聚合物由5-95%重量共轭二烯和5-95%重量乙烯基-取代的芳族烃,更优选20-80%重量,和最优选30-70%重量的每种贡献单体类型组成。每种嵌段优选具有Mw约1,000-10,000,000,更优选约2,000-5,000,000。
纳米颗粒的聚(共轭二烯)表面层的密度可通过控制二嵌段与单嵌段聚合物链的比率而控制。该比率可通过改变在聚合反应工艺每个步骤过程中加入的引发剂的量而控制。例如,在共轭二烯单体聚合反应过程中加入比在链烯基苯单体聚合反应过程中加入更大量的引发剂有利于二嵌段形成而不是单嵌段形成,得到高密度表面层。例如,在共轭二烯单体聚合反应过程中加入比在链烯基苯单体聚合反应过程中加入更大量的引发剂有利于单嵌段形成而不是二嵌段形成,得到低密度表面层。单嵌段与二嵌段的比率可以是1-99,优选10-90,更优选20-80。
纳米颗粒表面层的氢化
在胶束形成之后,或另外,在交联之后,聚二烯嵌段可被氢化以形成改性的表面层。氢化步骤可通过本领域已知用于氢化聚合物,尤其聚二烯的方法而进行。优选的氢化方法包括将交联纳米颗粒在催化剂的存在下放在氢化反应器中。在催化剂已被加入反应器之后,将氢气(H2)加料到反应器以开始氢化反应。压力通过加入H2而被调节至所需范围,优选约10-3000kPa,更优选约50-2600kPa。H2可连续加料或各个加料,直至实现所需转化率。优选,氢化反应达到至少约20%转化,更优选大于约85%的转化。转化反应可通过H1NMR而监控。
优选的催化剂包括已知的氢化催化剂如Pt,Pd,Rh,Ru,Ni,和其混合物。催化剂可以是细分散的固体或被吸收在惰性载体如碳,硅石,或矾土上。尤其优选的催化剂由辛酸镍,乙基己酸镍,和其混合物制成。
通过可有可无的氢化步骤形成的表面层因为用于形成纳米颗粒表面层的单体单元,尤其聚(共轭二烯)嵌段的特性而不同。例如,如果聚(共轭二烯)嵌段包含1,3-丁二烯单体单元,所得纳米颗粒层在氢化成为结晶聚(乙烯)层。在另一实施方案中,如果非氢化聚(共轭二烯)嵌段包含异戊二烯单体单元,层在氢化之后可包括亚乙基和亚丙基单元两者。应该注意,非氢化聚(共轭二烯)嵌段可包含共轭二烯单体单元,或甚至链烯基苯单元的混合物,在氢化之后得到单体单元的混合物。
引发剂和官能化纳米颗粒
本发明工艺优选通过加入本领域已知例如可用于二烯单体和乙烯基芳族烃的共聚反应的阴离子引发剂而引发。示例性有机锂催化剂包括具有结构式R(Li)x的锂化合物,其中R表示C1-C20烃基基团,优选C2-C8烃基基团,和x是整数1-4。典型的R基团包括脂族基团和环脂族基团。R基团的具体例子包括伯,仲,和叔基团,如n-丙基,异丙基,n-丁基,异丁基,t-丁基,等。
示例性引发剂的具体例子包括乙基锂,丙基锂,n-丁基锂,仲-丁基锂,叔-丁基锂,和类似物;芳基锂,如苯基锂,甲苯基锂,和类似物;链烯基锂如乙烯基锂,丙烯基锂,和类似物;亚烷基锂如四亚甲基锂,五亚甲基锂,和类似物。其中,n-丁基锂,仲-丁基锂,叔-丁基锂,四亚甲基锂,和其混合物是优选的。其它合适的锂引发剂包括一种或多种:p-甲苯基锂,4-苯基丁基锂,4-丁基环己基锂,4-环己基丁基锂,锂二烷基胺,锂二烷基膦,锂烷基芳基膦,和锂二芳基膦。
官能化锂引发剂也可用作本发明共聚反应。优选的官能团包括胺,甲酰基,羧酸,醇,锡,硅,甲硅烷基醚和其混合物。
尤其优选的引发剂是胺-官能化引发剂,如作为胺,有机锂和增溶组分的反应产物的那些。引发剂具有通式:
(A)Li(SOL)y
其中y是约1-约3;SOL是选自烃,醚,胺或其混合物的增溶组分;和,A选自烷基,二烷基和下式的环烷基胺基团:
和下式的环状胺:
其中R1选自具有1-约12个碳原子的烷基,环烷基或芳烷基,和R2选自具有约3-约16个亚甲基基团的亚烷基,取代的亚烷基,氧基-或N-烷基氨基-亚烷基基团。尤其优选的官能化锂引发剂是六亚甲基亚胺丙基锂。
锡官能化锂引发剂也可优选用于本发明。合适的锡官能化锂引发剂包括三丁基锡锂,三辛基锡锂,和其混合物。
阴离子引发剂一般可以约0.01-60毫摩尔/100克单体加料的量使用。
包括用官能化引发剂引发的二嵌段聚合物的纳米颗粒可包括在纳米颗粒表面上的官能团。例如,如果嵌段聚合物通过六亚甲基亚胺丙基锂而引发,那么留在聚合体链开始处的引发剂残基包含胺基团。一旦聚合物链已经聚集并被交联,所得纳米颗粒在纳米颗粒表面上或附近会包含胺基团。
由通过官能化锡锂引发剂引发的共聚物形成的示例性纳米颗粒形成共聚物可具有交联链烯基苯核,例如聚苯乙烯,和包括至少聚(共轭二烯),例如1,3-丁二烯的表面层。表面层还在各个链端处包括官能化引发剂残基(如,锡)。
聚合物纳米颗粒应用
各种场合可与本发明纳米颗粒结合使用。另外,本文用于改性纳米颗粒的几种机理使得它们适用于不同的场合。所有形式的本发明纳米颗粒当然可用于每个示例性场合和本领域熟练技术人员可以想见的所有的其它场合。
一般橡胶
在已经形成聚合物纳米颗粒之后,它们可与橡胶共混以改进橡胶组合物的物理特性。纳米颗粒是可用于橡胶的改性剂,因为它们是能够均匀分散在整个橡胶组合物中的离散微粒,带来物理特性的均匀性。另外,某些本聚合物纳米颗粒是有利的,因为聚(共轭二烯),尤其乙烯基改性的聚(共轭二烯)的表面层由于聚(共轭二烯)中的双键的可及性而能够与橡胶基质键接。
本聚合物纳米颗粒适用于改性各种橡胶,包括,但不限于,无规苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物,丁二烯橡胶,聚(异戊二烯),腈橡胶,聚氨酯,丁基橡胶,EPDM,和类似物。有利地,包含本纳米颗粒已经使得橡胶的拉伸和撕裂强度相对用非球形共聚物改性橡胶提高至少约30%。
另外,具有氢化表面层的纳米颗粒可表现出与特定橡胶的改进相容性。例如,包括氢化聚异戊二烯表面层的纳米颗粒可由于氢化异戊二烯与EPDM橡胶的相容性而表现出与EPDM橡胶基质的优异的键接性和在其中的改进的分散性。
另外,具有共聚物表面的纳米颗粒可表现出与橡胶的改进的相容性。具有该纳米颗粒的表面层的共聚物尾可形成刷状表面。主体组合物随后能够在尾之间扩散,这样改善主体和纳米颗粒之间的相互作用。
硬盘技术
按照本发明制成的氢化纳米颗粒也可用于硬盘技术。
用于计算机的硬盘驱动器组件通常包括同轴安装在以超过数千转数每分钟(RPM)旋转的转轴装置周围的磁储存圆盘。硬盘驱动器组件还包括在磁盘旋转时写入信息至磁储存圆盘和从中读取信息的磁头。磁头通常位于启动器的末端并位于磁盘之上的空间中。启动器臂可相对磁圆盘运动。硬盘驱动器组件安装在圆盘底(支撑)板上并用盖板密封以形成外壳,它保护硬盘驱动器组件不受外壳之外的环境污染物的影响。
严重的磁圆盘损坏,包括有价信息的丢失,可因为向硬盘驱动器组件外壳中引入气态和颗粒污染物而造成。为了基本上防止或减少向硬盘驱动器外壳中引入气态和颗粒污染物,将柔性密封垫圈设置在硬盘驱动器安装底(支撑)板和硬盘驱动器组件外壳或盖板之间。密封垫圈通常通过从固化弹性体片材中冲孔出环状垫圈而制成。所得弹性体垫圈通常机械地,如将垫圈用螺杆固定,或用粘合剂连接到硬盘驱动器组件的底板上。氢化纳米颗粒在与聚亚烷基和橡胶配混时表现出与硬硬盘驱动器组合物所需值相当的拉伸强度。
热塑性凝胶
无论氢化或非氢化,按照本发明制成的纳米颗粒也可与各种热塑性弹性体,如SEPS,SEBS,EEBS,EEPE,聚丙烯,聚乙烯,和聚苯乙烯共混。例如,具有氢化异戊二烯表面层的纳米颗粒可与SEPS热塑性塑料共混以提高拉伸强度和热稳定性。热塑性弹性体和纳米颗粒的这些共混物通常被填充,这是本领域已知的。例如,合适的增量剂包括增量剂油和低分子量化合物或组分。合适的增量剂油包括本领域熟知的那些如环烷酸,芳族和链烷酸石油油和硅氧烷油。
可用作本发明组合物中的增量剂的低分子量有机化合物或组分的例子是数均分子量低于20,000,优选低于10,000,和最优选低于5000的低分子量有机材料。尽管并不限定可以使用的材料,但以下列举合适的材料的例子:
(1)软化剂,即用于橡胶或树脂的芳族环烷酸和链烷酸软化剂;
(2)增塑剂,即由包括邻苯二甲酸,混合邻苯二甲酸,脂族二元酸,二醇,脂肪酸,磷酸和硬脂酸酯的酯组成的增塑剂,环氧增塑剂,用于塑料的其它增塑剂,和用于NBR的邻苯二甲酸酯,己二酸酯,癸二酸酯,磷酸盐,聚醚和聚酯增塑剂;
(3)增粘剂,即香豆素树脂,香豆素茚树脂,萜烯苯酚树脂,石油烃和松香衍生物;
(4)低聚物,即冠醚,含氟低聚物,聚丁烯,二甲苯树脂,氯化橡胶,聚乙烯蜡,石油树脂,松香酯橡胶,聚亚烷基二醇二丙烯酸酯,液体橡胶(聚丁二烯,苯乙烯/丁二烯橡胶,丁二烯-丙烯腈橡胶,聚氯丁二烯,等),硅氧烷低聚物,和聚-α-烯烃;
(5)润滑剂,即烃润滑剂如石蜡和蜡,脂肪酸润滑剂如高级脂肪酸和羟基-脂肪酸,脂肪酸酰胺润滑剂如脂肪酸酰胺和亚烷基-二脂肪酸酰胺,酯润滑剂如脂肪酸-低级醇酯,脂肪酸-多元醇酯和脂肪酸-聚二醇酯,醇润滑剂如脂肪醇,多元醇,聚二醇和聚甘油,金属皂,和混合润滑剂;和,
(6)石油烃,即合成萜烯树脂,芳族烃树脂,脂族烃树脂,脂族或脂环族石油树脂,不饱和烃的聚合物,和氢化烃树脂。
其它合适的低分子量有机材料包括胶乳,乳液,液体晶体,沥青组合物,和磷腈。一种或多种这些材料可用于作为增量剂。
轮胎橡胶
含纳米颗粒的橡胶配混物的一个应用场合是轮胎橡胶配方。
本发明的可硫化弹性体组合物通过将橡胶,纳米颗粒组合物,与包含硅石,或炭黑,或两者混合物的增强填料,处理助剂和/或偶联剂,固化剂和有效量的硫混合而制成,以实现该组合物的令人满意的固化。
优选的橡胶是共轭二烯聚合物,共轭二烯单体和单乙烯基芳族单体的共聚物或三元聚合物。这些橡胶可在胎面原料配混物中用作100份橡胶,或它们可与包括天然橡胶,合成橡胶和其共混物的任何常规采用的胎面原料橡胶共混。这些橡胶是本领域熟练技术人员熟知的和包括合成聚异戊二烯橡胶,苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR),苯乙烯-异戊二烯橡胶,苯乙烯-异戊二烯-丁二烯橡胶,丁二烯-异戊二烯橡胶,聚丁二烯,丁基橡胶,氯丁橡胶,丙烯腈-丁二烯橡胶(NBR),硅氧烷橡胶,氟弹性体,乙烯丙烯酸橡胶,乙烯-丙烯橡胶,乙烯-丙烯三元聚合物(EPDM),乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,表氯醇橡胶,氯化聚乙烯-丙烯橡胶,氯磺化聚乙烯橡胶,氢化腈橡胶,四氟乙烯-丙烯橡胶,和类似物。
可用于可硫化弹性体组合物的增强硅石填料的例子包括湿硅石(水合硅酸),干硅石(无水硅酸),钙硅酸盐,和类似物。其它合适的填料包括硅酸铝,硅酸镁,和类似物。其中,沉淀无定形湿工艺,水合硅石是优选的。硅石的用量可以是约1-约100份/100份弹性体(phr),优选约5-80phr和,更优选约30-约80phrs。有用的上界受限于这种类型填料所产生的高粘度。可以使用的一些市售硅石包括,但不限于此,由制成PPGIndustries(Pittsburgh,PA.)的HiSil190,HiSil210,HiSil215,HiSil233,HiSil243,和类似物。许多有用的商品级的不同硅石也可得自DeGussa公司(如,VN2,VN3),Rhone Poulenc(如,Zeosil1165MP0,和J.M.Huber公司。
包括在含硅石的橡胶组合物中的表面官能化纳米颗粒已经能够降低这些含硅石的橡胶组合物的收缩率。官能化纳米颗粒可在硅石组合物中以总组合物的最高约30wt%,更优选最高约40wt%,最优选最高约50wt%的浓度配混。
橡胶可与所有形式的炭黑,视需要另外与硅石配混。炭黑的存在量可以是约1-约100phr。炭黑可包括任何通常可得,市售炭黑,但具有表面是至少20m2/g和,或优选,至少35m2/g最高200m2/g或更高的那些是优选的。有用的炭黑是炉黑,槽法炭黑,和灯黑。两种或多种以上黑色的混合物可用于制备本发明的炭黑产品。典型的合适炭黑是例如由ASTM D-1765-82a命名的N-110,N-220,N-339,N-330,N-352,N-550,N-660。
可以使用某些其它的填料,包括矿物填料,如粘土,滑石,铝水合物,氢氧化铝和云母。前述其它的填料是可有可无的和用量可以是约0.5phr-约40phr。
许多偶联剂和增容剂已知的可用于结合硅石和橡胶。硅石-基偶联和增容剂包括包含聚硫化物组分的硅烷偶联剂,或在聚硫化物桥中包含约2-约8个硫原子的结构如,例如,三烷氧基有机硅烷聚硫化物,例如,二-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物(Si69),二-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)二硫化物(Si75),和烷基烷氧基硅烷如辛基三乙氧基硅烷,和己基三甲氧基硅烷。
本领域熟练技术人员容易理解,橡胶组合物可通过橡胶配混物领域中一般已知的方法而配混,如将各种可硫化聚合物与各种常用的添加剂材料如,例如,固化剂,活化剂,延迟剂和促进剂处理添加剂,如油,树脂,包括增粘树脂,增塑剂,颜料,其它的填料,脂肪酸,氧化锌,蜡,抗氧化剂,抗臭氧剂,和胶溶剂混合。正如本领域熟练技术人员已知,上述添加剂根据硫可硫化和硫硫化材料(橡胶)的预期用途而选择和通常以常规量使用。
具体地,包含上述纳米颗粒的橡胶配混物可由于本纳米颗粒的增加的增强能力而作为橡胶配混物用于制备轮胎胎面和侧壁。较高动态模量(G′)和其较低温度依赖性以及在高温下的较低滞后值导致所得轮胎组合物的改进的转角,使用,干,雪,和湿牵引,耐滚动性,分散,和老化性能。改进的老化性能,热老化(高温),或机械老化(静态或动态变形周期),包括G′模量的保留,滞后,机械强度,等。锡官能化纳米颗粒尤其适用于轮胎组合物。包括共聚物表面层的纳米颗粒也适用于这些轮胎组合物,因为表面层中的较长共聚物链导致主体橡胶组合物较多地扩散到纳米颗粒的表面层中。当然,具有共聚物表面层的官能化纳米颗粒,即,两种可选物的组合可能是最有益的。
工程塑料及其它
类似地,纳米颗粒可被加入典型的塑料材料,包括聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚苯乙烯,聚碳酸酯,尼龙,聚酰亚胺,等例如增加冲击强度,拉伸强度和阻尼性能。
当然,本发明纳米颗粒也适合纳米颗粒的其它现有用途,包括医学领域,如药物传输和血液场合,信息技术,如量子计算机和点,航空和空间研究,能量,如,炼油,和润滑剂。
发动机架,等
这些橡胶的另一用途是在需要优异的阻尼性能的情形,如发动机架和软管(如空气调节软管)。具有高机械强度,超阻尼性能,和强抗蠕变性的橡胶配混物是发动机架制造商所需要的。在发动机架中,橡胶由于它在其大多数使用期内处于填充和热状态而需要非常良好的特性。采用在所选橡胶配方内的纳米颗粒可提高橡胶配混物的特性。
本发明现根据非限定性例子进行描述。以下实施例和表仅用于说明且不能在限定意义上进行理解。
实施例
St-Bd纳米颗粒的制备
除非另有规定,将配有外部夹套加热和内搅拌的8L反应器用于所有的聚合反应。1,3-丁二烯作为在己烷中的22.0或21.1%重量溶液(Bridgestone/Firestone Polymer Co.,Akron,OH)使用。苯乙烯作为在己烷中的33.0wt.%溶液(Bridgestone/Firestone Polymer Co.,Akron,OH)使用,和n-丁基锂作为在己烷中的15wt%溶液(Bridgestone/FirestonePolymer Co.,Akron,OH)使用。抗氧化剂丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)(Aldrich Chem.C0.,Milwaukee,WI)作为在己烷中的约17wt%溶液使用。技术级二乙烯基苯(DVB),(80%,异构体混合物形式,Aldrich)在使用之前在N2下经过一个抑制剂去除剂柱。净二-氧戊烷基丙烷(OOPs)(Aldrich)进行类似处理并作为在己烷中的1.6M溶液使用,在氢化钙上储存。
实施例1-3
PS-PBd纳米颗粒的形成
二嵌段聚合物的制备:
向反应器中装入在己烷中的1.03kg 22%丁二烯,0.55kg己烷,和在己烷中的0.70kg苯乙烯(33wt%)。该批料被加热至57℃,随后使用在30mL己烷中稀释的5.0mL n-BuLi(1.6M)引发聚合反应。温度在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃。
实施例1
颗粒形成:
在二嵌段聚合物制备之后,将反应器夹套设定为26℃向反应器中装入用另外0.90kg己烷稀释的1.36kg苯乙烯(33wt%),随后装入包含1.0mL OOPs的50mL DVB。反应器夹套设定为50℃放热在加入DVB/OOPs混合物之后约30分钟时在54℃出现峰值。将约一半的批料滴加到无水的N2清洗的瓶中,然后将聚合反应用约1mL异丙醇终止并用约3mL BHT溶液处理。对于透射电子显微镜检查(TEM)分析,从批料中取出约10mL溶液并进一步用己烷溶剂稀释至约10-4wt%。将一滴稀释溶液随后沉积在聚乙酸甲基乙烯酯-碳涂覆微网格上。在溶剂蒸发之后,将网格用OsO4沾污,并随后用TEM检查。结果表明,平均颗粒直径是约50nm,且多分散性是约1.1。
实施例2
二嵌段聚合物如上所述制成。颗粒形成也如上所述进行,只是使用在1.0kg己烷中的1.22kg苯乙烯(33wt%),和包含1.0mL OOPs溶液的100mL DVB。夹套温度升至57℃,随后65℃过夜,因为没有观察到放热。将一半的批料滴加到瓶中并上述进行终止。颗粒占混合物的约18%重量。向剩余批料中加入2.27kg 21.6%丁二烯,但没有发生聚合反应。使用2.5mL n-BuLi(1.6M溶液)的加料引发进一步聚合反应且该批料随后凝胶。
实施例3
分散剂如上所述制成,只是使用1.8kg丁二烯(22wt%)。活性分散剂用0.91kg己烷稀释,并将0.453kg DVB在0.91kg己烷中的溶液加入反应器。反应器温度控制由57℃的批料控制切换为57℃的夹套。在约4小时之后,将批料投入瓶中并如上所述进行终止。颗粒占混合物的约11%重量。GPC分析表明,颗粒具有Mn约976,000。从本公开内容可以注意到,有关纳米颗粒通过GPC分析测定分子量的内容不能被认为是精确的,因为本发明的纳米颗粒并不严格地与线性聚合物特别相关。分子量多分散性是1.11。纳米颗粒通过TEM而检查和具有平均颗粒尺寸约15nm,和分散性颗粒尺寸约1.1(图1)。
实施例4-7
纳米颗粒1-3在橡胶配混物中的应用
四种橡胶组合物根据表1和2所示的配方通过选择性地使用合成颗粒替代配混物配方中的聚合物(聚丁二烯)的量而制成。这些组合物的物理细节在表3中给出。使用两个对照物(实施例4和5)以提供与试验配混物(实施例6和7)的比较,其中纳米颗粒来自实施例3。在每个样品中,各成分的共混通过描述于表4的方法而捏合。最终原料在160℃下压片和模塑30分钟。
表3所示的橡胶配混物的物理特性通过本领域接受的标准测定。拉伸强度在ASTM-D 412的条件下在22℃下测定。试验试样几何取为宽度0.127cm和厚度0.197cm的环的形式。试样在特定计量长度2.54cm下测试。撕裂强度在ASTM-D 624的条件下在170℃下测定。试验试样几何取为裂口环的形式(ASTM-624-C)。试样在特定计量长度11.29cm下测试。滞后损失使用Dynastat粘弹分析仪测定。试验试样几何取为长度30mm和宽度15mm的条的形式。在2%应变下采用频率5Hz。湿牵引的测量在英国便携式滑动测试仪上进行。用于试验的样品几何是2.54×7.6×0.64cm的长方形棒。
如表3所示,实施例6和7的橡胶组合物具有平衡的物理性能。改性的橡胶配混物的拉伸强度和撕裂强度比相同模量下的对比配混物约30%。
表1
主批料的组成
组分 | 浓度(pbw) |
橡胶 | 100 |
炭黑 | 50 |
芳族油 | 15 |
氧化锌 | 3 |
烃树脂(增粘剂) | 2 |
抗氧化剂 | 0.95 |
硬脂酸 | 2 |
蜡 | 1 |
表2
最终批料的组成
组分 | 浓度(pbw) |
硫(固化剂) | 约1.30 |
环己基-苯并噻唑亚磺酰胺(促进剂) | 1.4 |
二苯基胍(促进剂) | .2 |
表3
橡胶配方的物理特性
实施例 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
纳米颗粒(pbw) | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
丁二烯橡胶(pbw) | 100 | 100 | 90 | 90 |
炭黑(pbw) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
芳族油(pbw) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
硫(pbw) | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
门尼粘度 | 89.2 | 86.8 | 82.98 | 82.9 |
CB分散指数 | 96.3 | 97.2 | 99 | 98.5 |
Shore A | ||||
22℃(3sec) | 64.1 | 66.4 | 67.2 | 68.3 |
100℃(3sec) | 62.7 | 64.6 | 63.3 | 64.9 |
环拉伸(23℃) | ||||
Tb(kPa) | 12,786 | 13,158 | 16,598 | 13,138 |
Eb(%) | 444 | 373 | 502 | 382 |
Tb*Eb(断裂能) | 5,676,984 | 4,907,934 | 8,332,196 | 5,018,716 |
在300%伸长率下的模量(kPa) | 6,807 | 8,557 | 7,689 | 9,191 |
在50%伸长率下的模量(kPa) | 1,295 | 1,509 | 1,481 | 1,654 |
环撕裂(170℃) | ||||
强度(kg/cm) | 33.5 | 27.8 | 39.7 | 37.2 |
移动(%) | 320 | 175 | 358 | 291 |
Tg(℃) | -76 | -75 | -76 | -75 |
温度扫描(2%应变) | ||||
tanδ@50℃ | 0.1343 | 0.1171 | 0.1721 | 0.1695 |
tanδ@20℃ | 0.1559 | 0.1422 | 0.1874 | 0.1881 |
tanδ@0℃ | 0.1698 | 0.1598 | 0.1961 | 0.2002 |
表4
混合条件
混合器 | 300g Brabender |
搅拌速度 | 60rpm |
主批料阶段 | |
起始温度 | 110℃ |
0分钟 | 加入聚合物 |
0.5分钟 | 加入油和炭黑 |
5.0分钟 | 投料 |
最终批料阶段 | |
起始温度 | 75℃ |
0秒 | 加入主原料 |
30秒 | 加入固化剂 |
75秒 | 投料 |
实施例8
氢化纳米颗粒的合成
反应器首先装有0.51kg己烷,随后装有1.04kg包含21.6wt%丁二烯的丁二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应用5.4mL丁基锂在己烷中的1.5M溶液引发。批料温度在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入0.68kg包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应期之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷和50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃保持另外2小时,并取出少量产物用于GPC分析。产物的GPC分析表明,该聚合物具有数均分子量826,559。多分散性是1.10。反应转化率是约100%。
将2.04kg产物随后转移至4L氢化反应器。然后,向反应器中装入75mL根据以下步骤制成的Ni催化剂溶液:
将111mL辛酸镍(8wt%,在己烷中),37mL己烷,和60mL环己烯装入1升N2清洗的瓶。然后,将瓶放在干冰浴中。将266.4mL三丁基铝(0.68M在己烷)的加料在保持冷却的同时慢慢加入瓶中。
包含聚合物产物和催化剂的氢化反应器随后被加热至120℃在温度稳定之后,氢化通过将高压力H2气体加入反应器至约792kPa而引发。在约15分钟之后,压力下降,因为H2开始反应。反应器被再次加料至约792kPa。随后重复该步骤,直至丁二烯氢化转化率达到约95%,基于H1NMR分析。反应器随后被冷却并将产物投入异丙醇溶剂中。所得聚合物颗粒在真空中在23℃下干燥2天。
将少量所得聚合物颗粒放在DSC铝盘中。热分析在TA仪器调制的DSC 2920上使用N2-清洗的测定池中在流速80mL/min下进行。热流动信号在5℃/min的加热速率下记录。分析表明,该材料具有在100℃左右的熔化峰,即这是聚乙烯所常见的。图2显示了结果。
对于透射电子显微镜检查(TEM)分析,将少量(~3mg)所得聚合物颗粒使用超声振动分散到约40mL己烷溶剂中。将一滴溶液随后涂覆到描图铜微筛网上。在溶剂蒸发之后,筛网通过TEM进行检查。结果表明,平均颗粒尺寸是约30nm,和颗粒尺寸的分散性是约1.1。图3给出了结晶聚合物纳米颗粒的TEM图像。
实施例9
向反应器中首先装入1.5kg包含14.8wt%异戊二烯的异戊二烯/己烷共混。批料随后被加热至58℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应用5.4mL丁基锂在己烷中的1.5M溶液引发。批料温度在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入0.68kg包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷和50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器温度在57℃下保持另外2小时,随后出料。将产物投入丙酮/异丙醇(~95/5)共混物中并干燥。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒具有数均分子量(Mn)1,078,089。分子量的多分散性是1.14。
实施例10
向反应器中首先装入的3.8L包含10wt%在实施例9中制成的产物的纳米颗粒/己烷溶液。反应器随后装入50mL根据实施例8的步骤制成的Ni催化剂溶液:
随后重复该步骤,直至异戊二烯氢化转化率达到92%,基于H1NMR分析。GPC分析显示出氢化颗粒的Mn约1,174,420,和多分散性约1.13。
TEM分析显示出平均颗粒尺寸约30nm,和多分散性约1.1。
实施例11-18
氢化纳米颗粒在橡胶配方中的用途
八种橡胶组合物根据表5所示的配方,选择性地使用合成聚合物颗粒(即,实施例10)替代EPDM(Vistalon 6505,Exxon Chemicals)或石蜡油(PW380)在配混物配方中的量而制备。在每个样品中,各成分的共混通过表5所列举的方法而捏合。最终原料在160℃下压片和模塑30分钟。
如表6所示,试验配混物具有平衡非常良好的物理性能。包含本发明纳米颗粒的橡胶的拉伸强度优于对比配混物。
表5
橡胶配方
实施例 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
EPDM(g) | 40 | 35 | 30 | 35 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
纳米颗粒(来自实施例8) | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | |||
石蜡油(g) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
硫(g) | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 |
氧化锌(g) | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
硬脂酸(g) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
苯并噻唑基二硫化物(g) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
混合步骤:在75℃下
主批料
0sec | 加入聚合物(EPDM) |
30sec | 加入油和纳米聚合物 |
5min | 投料 |
最终批料 | |
0sec | 加入主批料 |
30sec | 硫和其它颜料 |
1.5min | 投料 |
表6
实验结果
实施例 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
拉伸强度Tb(kPa) | 1524 | 2808 | 4755 | 3084 | 4388 | 3218 | 3417 | 1286 |
断裂伸长率(%) | 674.6 | 923.1 | 1487.6 | 743.2 | 772.7 | 964.5 | 217.5 | 376.0 |
在35%伸长率下的模量(kPa) | 171 | 228 | 362 | 314 | 518 | 276 | 179 | 185.2 |
滞后tanδ(23℃) | 0.13507 | 0.14365 | 0.15493 | 0.13145 | 0.11847 | 0.12255 | 0.13406 | 0.1301 |
门尼粘度 | 23.3 | 24 | 26.3 | 23.5 | 23.9 | 26.4 | 24.9 | 24.1 |
实施例19
EPR-ST纳米颗粒的合成
4L聚合反应器用于制备。向反应器中首先装入的3.8L实施例9的纳米颗粒/己烷溶液。该溶液包含10wt%在实施例9中制成的产物。向反应器中装入50mL根据实施例8的步骤制成的Ni催化剂溶液:
重复该步骤,直至异戊二烯氢化转化率达到69%,基于H1NMR分析。GPC分析表明,氢化颗粒的数均重量是约1,216,800,和分散性指数是约1.12。
实施例20
重复用于实施例19的步骤。与实施例19相比,加入更多的H2,得到基于NMR分析的氢化转化率约89%。GPC分析表明颗粒的数均分子量是约122,700,和分散性指数约1.13。
实施例21-23
EPR-ST纳米颗粒在凝胶配混物中的应用
四种凝胶组合物根据表7所示的配方,通过选择性地使用合成颗粒实施例20替代SEPS(Septon 4077,Kuraray Chemicals,Tokyo JP)在配混物配方(即,实施例22和23)中的量而制备。使用一个对照物(即,实施例21)用于与试验配混物进行比较。在每个样品中,各成分的共混通过表8所列举的方法而捏合。最终原料在160℃下压片和模塑30分钟。
表7
实施例19 | Stepton 4077 | ||||||
重量(g) | 重量(g) | 重量(g) | 总和 | ||||
实施例21 | 0% | 0 | 25% | 12.5 | 75% | 37.5 | 100% |
实施例22 | 10% | 5 | 23% | 11.25 | 68% | 33.75 | 100% |
实施例20 | Stepton 4077 | PW380 | |||||
重量(g) | 重量(g) | 重量(g) | 总和 | ||||
实施例23 | 10% | 5 | 23% | 11.25 | 68% | 100% |
表8
混合步骤:1)Septon,颗粒和油首先用手混合,随后将混合物在室温下浸渍过夜。2)第二天将混合物通过使用辊叶片加料到55g N2-清洗brabender混合器中。将混合物的温度设定为180℃,和速度是60rpm。另外,将0.5g抗氧化剂(Santoflex 13)加入混合物。3)材料随后在那些条件下混合20分钟;在此之后,停止搅拌并将混合物从混合器中取出。 |
如表9所示,试验实施例22和23具有平衡的物理性能。拉伸强度优于对比配混物(即,实施例21),但试验配混物包含较少的基质聚合物。还可注意到,试验配混物具有较高tanδ和较好的压缩变形值。
表9
实验结果
实施例 | 在100℃下的C.S | Tb/Eb(kPa%) | Tan 8(在25℃) | Shore A(在25℃) |
实施例21 | 73.5% | 1,212/1223 | 0.0590 | 4 |
实施例22 | 48.0% | 2,274/1220 | 0.1279 | 4 |
实施例23 | 54.2% | 1,585/1206 | 0.1352 | 4 |
实施例24
官能化纳米颗粒的合成
向反应器中首先装入508g己烷。然后,反应器装入1.04kg包含21.6wt%丁二烯的丁二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应使用6.3mL HMI-Pr-锂在己烷中的1.3M溶液而引发。反应器批料温度随后在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入680g包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷,随后装入50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃下保持另外2小时,随后将反应器出料。将产物投入丙酮/异丙醇(约95/5)共混物中并干燥。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒聚合物的分子量(Mw)是1,226,900。链段的多分散性是1.09。颗粒另外通过透射电子显微镜检查(TEM)而检查。结果表明,平均颗粒尺寸是约35nm,和颗粒尺寸的分散性是约1.1(参见图4)。
实施例25
实施例24的实验和步骤。在该实验中,向反应器中装入8.53mlHMI-Pr-锂在己烷中的0.95M溶液。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒聚合物的分子量(Mw)是1,259,000。链段的多分散性是1.12。颗粒另外通过透射电子显微镜检查(TEM)而检查。结果表明,平均颗粒尺寸是约40nm,和颗粒尺寸的分散性是约1.1。
实施例26
向反应器中首先装入508g己烷。然后,反应器装入1.03kg包含21.8wt%丁二烯的丁二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应使用5.53mL HMI-Pr-锂在己烷中的0.95M溶液而引发。反应器批料温度随后在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入340g包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷,随后装入50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃下保持另外2小时,随后将反应器出料。将产物投入丙酮/异丙醇(约95/5)共混物中并干燥。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒聚合物的分子量(Mw)是1,475,600。链段的聚分散性是1.11。颗粒另外通过TEM检查,结果平均颗粒尺寸是约40nm,和分散性是约1.1。
实施例27
向反应器中首先装入517g己烷。然后,反应器装入517g包含21.8wt%丁二烯的丁二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应使用8.53mL HMI-Pr-锂在己烷中的0.95M溶液而引发。反应器批料温度随后在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入680g包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷,随后装入50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃下保持另外2小时,随后将反应器出料。将产物投入丙酮/异丙醇(约95/5)共混物中并干燥。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒聚合物的分子量(Mw)是1,079,000。链段的多分散性是1.10。TEM分析表明,平均颗粒尺寸是30nm,和颗粒尺寸的分散性是约1.1。
实施例28
向反应器中首先装入227g己烷。然后,向反应器中装入1.5kg包含15wt%丁二烯的异戊二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应使用5.4mL HMI-Pr-锂在己烷中的0.95M溶液而引发。反应器批料温度随后在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃2小时后(反应完毕),反应器中加入680克苯乙烯/己烷混合物(其中含33wt%苯乙烯)。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷,随后装入50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃下保持另外2小时,随后将反应器出料。将产物投入丙酮/异丙醇(约95/5)共混物中并干燥。产物的GPC分析表明,颗粒聚合物的分子量(Mw)是1,552,600。颗粒尺寸的多分散性是约1.1。
实施例29-30
纳米颗粒在硅石配方中的用途
两种橡胶组合物根据表10和11所示的配方,通过选择性地将合成聚合物颗粒(即,实施例24)加入橡胶配混物配方而制备。在每个样品中,各成分的共混通过表12所列举的方法而捏合。最终原料在160℃下压片和模塑15分钟。
如表13所示,试验配混物具有平衡的物理性能。试验配混物的收缩率优于对比配混物。
表10
主批料的组成
组分 | pbw |
乳液SBR 0120(35%St,37.05%芳族油) | 96.25 |
乳液SBR 1712(23%St,37.05%芳族油) | 41.25 |
炭黑 | 41.00 |
AQ硅石 | 34.00 |
硬脂酸 | 2.00 |
蜡 | 1.50 |
N-(1,3-二甲基-1-丁基)-N′-苯基-p-苯基胺(抗氧化剂) | 1.00 |
二硫化物聚硫烷(偶联剂Si75) | 2.60 |
表11
最终批料的组成
在主批料形成之后加入的其它组分 | pbw |
硫 | 1.80 |
氧化锌 | 2.00 |
聚合2,2,4-三甲基-1,2-二氢喹啉(抗氧化剂) | 0.20 |
二苯基胍(促进剂) | 1.00 |
N-环己基-2-苯并噻唑基-亚磺酰胺(促进剂) | 1.00 |
二硫化四辛基秋兰姆(促进剂) | 0.50 |
表12
混合条件 | |
主批料阶段 | |
混合器:300g Brabender | 搅拌速度:60rpm |
起始温度 | 110℃ |
0分钟 | 加入聚合物 |
0.5分钟 | 加入油和炭黑 |
5.0分钟 | 投料 |
再研磨阶段 | |
混合器:双辊磨机 | 速度:70rpm |
起始温度 | 110℃ |
0秒 | 主原料 |
60秒 | 投料 |
最终批料阶段 | |
混合器:300g Brabender | 搅拌速度:60rpm |
起始温度 | 80℃ |
0秒 | 加入主原料,固化剂和促进剂 |
60秒 | 投料 |
表13
实验结果
实施例 | 29 | 30 | |
测试的聚合物 | 实施例24 | 4.2 | |
收缩率(%) | |||
1min | 26.7 | 25.0 | |
3min | 26.7 | 25.0 | |
30min | 28.3 | 25.8 | |
17小时 | 30.8 | 27.5 | |
Shore A硬度 | 62 | 63 | |
拉伸强度(在23℃下) | |||
Tb(Pa) | 25.5 | 24.2 | |
Eb(%) | 564 | 543 | |
在300%下的模量(Pa) | 10.1 | 10.4 | |
在100%下的模量(Pa) | 1.9 | 1.9 | |
拉伸强度(在100℃下) | |||
Tb(Pa) | 9.6 | 9.3 | |
Eb(%) | 342 | 342 | |
在300%下的模量(Pa) | 8.1 | 7.8 | |
在100%下的模量(Pa) | 1.6 | 1.6 | |
动态模量 | |||
在50℃下的G′(在10Hz和0.3%应变下测试)(单位:Pa) | 6.82 | 6.98 | |
tanδ | 0.129 | 0.133 |
实施例31
结晶纳米颗粒的合成
向反应器中首先装入508g己烷,随后装入1.0kg包含21.6wt%丁二烯的丁二烯/己烷共混物。批料随后被加热至57℃在温度稳定之后,聚合反应用5.4mL丁基锂在己烷中的1.5M溶液引发。批料温度在聚合反应过程中保持在57℃。在2小时(当反应结束时)之后,向反应器中装入680g包含33wt%苯乙烯的苯乙烯/己烷共混物。在另外2小时反应之后,向反应器中装入1.8kg己烷和50mL二乙烯基苯。反应器在57℃保持另外2小时,并取出少量产物用于GPC分析。产物的GPC分析表明,该聚合物具有数均分子量(Mn)826,559。分子量的多分散性是1.10。反应转化率是约100%。
实施例32
4L氢化反应器用于制备。2.04kg实施例31的产物被转移至反应器。向反应器中装入75mL根据以下实施例8的步骤制成的Ni催化剂溶液:
重复该步骤,直至丁二烯氢化转化率达到95%,基于H1NMR分析。反应器随后被冷却并将产物投入异丙醇溶剂。纳米颗粒随后在真空中在23℃下干燥2天。将少量聚合物材料放在DSC铝盘中。热分析在TA仪器调制的DSC 2920上使用N2清洗的测定池在流速80mL/min下进行。热流动信号在5℃/min的加热速率下记录。分析表明,该材料具有在100℃左右的熔化峰,表示典型的聚乙烯熔化峰。TEM分析表明,平均颗粒尺寸是约20nm和颗粒尺寸的分散性是约1.1。
实施例33-38
结晶纳米颗粒在软橡胶配混物中的用途
软配混物配方在下表中列举。Septon 4077与油预混并随后设定为室温过夜。配混工艺使用50g Brabender混合器进行。混合器安装有辊叶片和N2清洗体系。温度设定为180℃在加入所有的组分之后,混合器在60rpm下操作。混合继续20分钟,然后取出产物,该材料随后在约160℃下模塑成片材和圆柱钮扣。从这些片材中切出环样品用于拉伸测量。圆柱钮扣用于压缩变形(CS)测量。
获得在凝胶基质中分散良好的实施例32,这可在光学显微镜检查检查中看出。这些配混物具有硬硬盘驱动器场合所需的平衡良好的性能。尤其,与对比例33相比,CS值(如实施例34和36)得到极大提高。实施例35和38的结果表明,单独使用实施例32的产物或单独使用聚丙烯(pp)不能获得所需性能。
表18
实验结果
实施例 | Septon4077(g) | Ex.32 | pp(g) | PW380(g) | Tb/Eb(kPa/%) | CS(100℃) | tanδ(23℃) | Shore A |
33 | 12.50 | 0 | 0 | 37.50 | 1,213/1223 | 73.8% | 0.06 | 4 |
34 | 1.25 | 5.00 | 0 | 33.75 | 3039/1121 | 51.9% | 0.12 | 14 |
35 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 0 | 30.00 | 3197/896 | 75.2% | 0.20 | 27 |
36 | 11.25 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 33.75 | 3314/1135 | 35.3 | 0.11 | 17 |
37 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 30.00 | 3121/899 | 48.9% | 0.18 | 38 |
38 | 10.00 | 0 | 10.00 | 30.00 | 3094/605 | 55.9% | 0.16 | 50 |
实施例39-42
SBR-PS纳米颗粒的合成
所有的聚合物通过在己烷中的阴离子聚合反应通过三个阶段而制成。在第一阶段中,丁二烯(BD)和苯乙烯(ST)被装入反应器,聚合反应用丁基锂(BuLi)引发并通过加入低聚物氧戊烷基丙烷极性无规化剂(OOPS)而控制微结构。聚合物分子量(MW)通过调节单体的比率和引发剂的用量而控制。在几乎所有的单体在第一阶段中被消耗之后,加入另外的苯乙烯用于一段时间的聚合反应,在第二阶段中形成胶束核。对于在此列举的每种胶束聚合物,核的Mw被调节为约25,000。50ml二乙烯基苯(DVB)随后在第三阶段中被加入反应器以交联该胶束核。用于制备这些胶束聚合物的引发剂,改性剂,单体,和DVB的化学计量在表19中具体给出。聚合反应温度在整个聚合反应中保持在约57℃所有的聚合物通过加入体积比率95%-5%的丙酮和异丙醇的混合物而分离。t-丁基-2-羟基甲苯(BHT)随后作为抗氧化剂被加入聚合物。
表19
用于聚合反应工艺的引发剂,改性剂,单体,和DVB的化学计量
聚合反应阶段 | 第一阶段 | 第二阶段 | 第三阶段 | |||
15M BuLi(mL) | 1.6M OOPS(mL) | 22wt%BD,在己烷中(kg) | 33wt%ST,在己烷中(kg) | 33wt%ST,在己烷中(kg) | DVB(mL) | |
SRR-PS-1(实施例40) | 5.4 | 2.1 | 0.17 | 1.03 | 0.68 | 50 |
SBR-PS-2(实施例41) | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.17 | 1.03 | 0.34 | 50 |
SBR-PS-3(实施例42) | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.17 | 1.03 | 0.25 | 50 |
包括Mw,多分散性,聚合物微结构,和Tg的这些聚合物的表征在表20中列举。
表20
胶束SBR-PS聚合物的表征数据
实施例 | 39对比 | 40 | 41 | 42 |
聚合物的Mw | 53,900 | 102,400 | 115,720 | |
胶束硬核中的单个PS链的Mw | N/A | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 |
多分散性 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.10 | |
PS域的尺寸 | N/A | 35nm | 35nm | 35nm |
%苯乙烯 | 23.5 | 60.6 | 46.5 | 42.4 |
%乙烯基 | 47 | 19.4 | 26.8 | 22.5 |
Tg℃ | -36 | -36和65 | -35和74 | -45和86 |
实施例43-46
SBR-PS胶束聚合物的配混
橡胶配混物制备
四种橡胶使用表21和22所示的配方和混合条件而制成。10phrSBR Duradiene 715(Firestone Polymer Company)用于制备实施例44,对照原料。在实施例44-46中,10phr Duradiene 715被替代为SBR-PS胶束聚合物。用于所有的实施例的聚合物的组成在表23中列举。最终实施例被压片并随后在171℃下模塑15分钟。
表21
用于制备橡胶配混物的配方
组分 | phr |
SBR(Duradiene 715) | 变化 |
SBR-PS纳米颗粒 | 变化 |
炭黑(SAF) | 41.00 |
蜡 | 1.00 |
抗氧化剂[N-(1,3二甲基丁基)-N′-苯基-p-亚苯基-二胺] | 0.95 |
硫 | 1.30 |
硬脂酸 | 2.00 |
促进剂[N-环己基-2-苯并噻唑-亚磺酰胺] | 1.70 |
二苯基胍 | 0.20 |
氧化锌 | 2.50 |
表22
用于制备橡胶配混物的混合条件
混合器 | 310g Brabender |
搅拌速度 | 60rpm |
主批料阶段 | |
起始温度 | 100℃ |
0sec | 加入聚合物和胶束聚合物(如果加入) |
30sec | 加入炭黑和所有的颜料 |
5min | 投料 |
投料温度 | 170℃ |
再研磨1个批料阶段 | |
起始温度 | 70℃ |
0sec | 加入再研磨的原料 |
投料温度 | 145℃ |
最终批料阶段 | |
起始温度 | 90℃ |
0sec | 加入再研磨的原料 |
30sec | 加入固化剂和促进剂 |
投料温度 | 105℃ |
表23
用于制备实施例43-46的SBR和SBR-PS
实施例 | SBR phr | 40(phr) | 41(phr) | 42(phr) |
43(对照物) | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
44 | 90 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
45 | 90 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
46 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
处理评估:
橡胶配混物的处理通过检查配混物门尼和烤焦数据以及固化特性数据而评估。未固化原料的门尼粘度和固化特性在表24中给出。门尼粘度测量在130℃下使用大转子进行。门尼粘度记录为当转子已旋转4分钟时的扭矩。样品在130℃下预热1分钟,然后启动转子。T5是在门尼-烤焦测量如挤塑工艺过程中增加5个门尼单位所需的时间。T52和T90是当扭矩在固化表征实验过程中在171℃下升至2%和90%总扭矩增加值时的时间。它们用于预测在固化工艺过程中粘度增加有多快(T52)和固化速率。
表24
未成熟原料的门尼烤焦和固化特性
原料No. | ML1+4 130℃ | T5烤焦@130℃分钟 | T52@171℃分钟 | T90@171℃分钟 |
43(对照物) | 50 | 20.8 | 2.64 | 5.13 |
44 | 49 | 22.3 | 2.80 | 5.34 |
45 | 49 | 22.1 | 2.75 | 5.36 |
46 | 50 | 21.9 | 2.73 | 5.20 |
实施例44-46的配混物ML1+4,烤焦T5,T52和固化特性被发现与对照实施例(43)相当。加入橡胶配混物中的SBR-PS聚合物显然不影响处理。因此对于包含SBR-PS纳米颗粒的这些实施例,预期不会遇到明显的处理问题。
机械性能:
1.拉伸机械性能
实施例43-46的拉伸机械性能在表25中列举。拉伸机械性能使用描述于ASTM-D-412的标准步骤在25℃下测定。拉伸试验试样是尺寸为0.127cm(0.05英寸)宽度和0.19cm(0.075英寸)厚度的圆形环。特定计量长度2.54cm(1.0英寸)用于拉伸试验。
表25
在25℃下的拉伸机械性能
实施例 | M50(kPa) | M300(kPa) | 强度,Tb(kPa) | 断裂伸长率,Eb,% | 韧性(kPa) |
43(对照物) | 1,226 | 12,829 | 13,780 | 316 | 17,714 |
44 | 1,598 | 14,152 | 17,501 | 353 | 26,623 |
45 | 1,530 | 15,034 | 18,079 | 344 | 25,796 |
46 | 1,323 | 12,988 | 17,507 | 371 | 26,974 |
通过用SBR-PS部分替代SBR,明显改进了拉伸机械性能,包括50%模量,M50,(8%-30%),断裂伸长率(9%-17%),拉伸强度(19%-31%),和拉伸韧性(30%-52%)。得自哑铃状样品的拉伸机械性能也证实了以上的环拉伸机械性能结果。(参见表26)。
表26
在25℃下得自哑铃状样品的拉伸试验的拉伸机械性能
实施例 | M50(kPa) | M300(kPa) | 强度,Tb(kPa) | 断裂伸长率,Eb,% | 韧性(kPa%) |
43(对照物) | 1,585 | 10.769 | 15,372 | 414 | 30,006 |
44 | 1,888 | 12,188 | 15,613 | 374 | 27,753 |
45 | 1,729 | 11,844 | 17,390 | 418 | 33,506 |
46 | 1,695 | 11,417 | 18,203 | 448 | 37,743 |
2.热老化之后的拉伸机械性能
进一步检查热老化样品的拉伸机械性能。样品在100℃下热老化24小时。这些导致表27中给出。尽管所有的机械性能在老化之后下降,加入有SBR-PS的原料的机械性能被发现仍优于对照原料。
表27
在25℃在热老化之后的拉伸机械性能
实施例 | M50(kPa) | M300(kPa) | 强度,Tb(kPa) | 断裂伸长率,Eb,% | 韧性(kPa%) |
43(对照物) | 1,350 | N/A | 14,283 | 283 | 16,143 |
44 | 1,640 | N/A | 16,150 | 298 | 20,704 |
45 | 1,454 | 15,709 | 16,240 | 300 | 20,064 |
46 | 1,474 | 16,426 | 17,563 | 314 | 22,737 |
3.撕裂机械性能
在温度23℃下测定的橡胶的撕裂强度以及断裂伸长率(Eb)数据在表28中列举。硫化原料的撕裂强度使用ASTM-D 624所要求的步骤在23℃下测定。试验试样具有尺寸0.635cm(0.25英寸)宽度,0.254cm(0.10英寸)厚度,和44mm和57.5mm内外径的裂口圆形环。试样在特定计量长度4.445cm(1.750英寸)下测试。通过用SBR-PS部分替代SBR,撕裂强度提高约10%。
表28
在25℃下的测定撕裂性能
实施例 | 撕裂强度(kPa-m) | 断裂伸长率,Eb,% |
43(对照物) | 37.9 | 243 |
44 | 40.76 | 219 |
45 | 43.97 | 242 |
46 | 40.94 | 240 |
4.基于测定动态机械性能预测的轮胎性能
固化原料的动态粘弹性能在表29中列举,其中0℃和50℃tanδ数据得自温度扫描实验。温度扫描实验在频率31.4rad/sec下使用0.5%应变(对于-100℃至-10℃的温度),和2%应变(对于-10℃至100℃的温度)进行。Payne效应([Δ]G′)和在5%应变下的tanδ得自应变扫描实验。频率3.14rad/sec用于在65℃下进行的应变扫描从0.25%至14.75%的应变扫描试验。
表29
通过0.25%-14.75%的温度和应变扫描而测定的粘弹性能
实施例 | tanδ@0℃(TS) | tanδ@50℃(TS) | G′MPa@-20℃(TS) | G′MPa@-50℃(TS) | ΔG′MPa65℃ | tanδ@5%应变65℃(SS) |
43(对照物) | 0.3987 | 0.1735 | 53 | 3.0 | 0.64 | 0.1297 |
44 | 0.3980 | 0.2032 | 72 | 4.6 | 1.28 | 0.1594 |
45 | 0.3996 | 0.1834 | 63 | 3.8 | 0.82 | 0.1365 |
46 | 0.3916 | 0.1769 | 54 | 3.6 | 0.70 | 0.1289 |
包含SBR-PS的橡胶配混物在测定的整个温度范围内具有增加的G′(20%-53%)。这些导致图5中描绘。这些包含PS-SBR的原料(只是实施例44)的G′温度依赖性与对照物43相似。但这种G′增加作用随着SBR-PS聚合物中的SBR链的Mw的增加而下降,减少了硬核的存在。尽管如此,在G′在包含具有最高Mw SBR刷的胶束聚合物的配混物(实施例46)中观察到20%的提高。轮胎胎面的较高G′预期提供具有较好的转弯和使用性能的轮胎。尽管具有较短SBR链的实施例更有效地增加配混物G′,其高温滞后还增加。这是由于,用于配混物的PS-SBR纳米颗粒中的较长的SBR链导致较好的混合或缠绕以及聚合物基质和纳米颗粒之间的较高程度的共固化,导致较低的高温滞后。包含在此列举的PS-SBR的最长SBR链的实施例42提供具有G′增加作用而没有损害其它性能如雪牵引(-20℃G′),湿牵引(0℃tanδ),和耐滚动性(50℃tanδ和65℃tanδ)的橡胶配混物。
5.填料分散和耐湿滑性:
橡胶性能的一个主要内容是填料的分散。我们将填料分散指数与耐湿滑性数据一起在表30中制表。分散等级使用联邦表面体系2000进行评估,它基于描述于试验方法C(ASTM-D 2663-89中的微粗糙度测量)的步骤。使用新鲜剃刀切出具有尺寸约3.5cm长,2cm宽,和0.2cm深的长方形固化橡胶。样品表面的表面粗糙度用指示笔进行描绘,并记录表面轮廓如峰的高和低点,粗糙度的数目(峰数/cm),F,平均粗糙度峰高度,H,和粗糙度因素,F2H。分散指数(DI)随后根据等式1计算。
等式1
DI#=100-exp[log10(F2H)×A+B]
其中A=0.568225;B=1.08002:A和B是得自ASTM-D 2663-89中的方法B的常数。
橡胶的湿牵引使用英国便携式滑动测试仪(BPST)评估。BPST的细节描述于ASTM E-303,Vol.04.03。它是一种便携式设备,其中试样连接到摆臂的底部并在摆摆动时接触相对的表面。加重的摆头在摆臂上自由运动,这样摆动幅度由橡胶相对路面表面的摩擦而决定。摆在接触表面之后摇摆的幅度越低(记录为测试仪刻度上的较高值),橡胶对该表面的摩擦越高。该仪器非常适用于测试橡胶的湿牵引。
表30
分散指数(DI)和耐湿滑性(BPST)数据
实施例 | DI | BPST |
43(对照物) | 92.7 | 63 |
44 | 91.3 | 61 |
45 | 98.2 | 63 |
46 | 95.3 | 63 |
通过在橡胶配混物中使用SBR-PS聚合物,填料分散和BPST相当于或优于对照原料。
SBR-PS纳米颗粒在橡胶配混物中的使用增加了机械性能。这些包括拉伸模量,断裂伸长率,拉伸强度,和韧性,和拉伸撕裂。动态储存模量G′也得到改进而没有增加其G′温度依赖性。但SBR-PS纳米颗粒中的SBR链的Mw显然必须足够高以与聚合物基质缠绕或共固化,这样降低高温滞后和实现有利的轮胎性能如湿牵引,雪牵引,耐滚动性。
实施例47
Sn-官能化纳米颗粒的合成
8L反应器用于制备PS-BR-Sn纳米颗粒。在己烷中的丁二烯(共混物22,21.8wt%丁二烯),在己烷中的苯乙烯(33wt%苯乙烯),己烷,三丁基锡锂(0.77M)和BHT按照供应时使用。技术级二乙烯基苯(80%,异构体的混合物,购自Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI)在矾土珠粒(以去除抑制剂)和氢化钙上在N2下储存。
向反应器中装入544g己烷和1.06kg丁二烯共混物B-22。反应器夹套被加热至74℃如果批料达到70℃,加入用约20mL己烷稀释的9.0mL 0.77M三丁基锡锂。聚合反应在反应4分钟之后在94℃放热。在1小时之后,投入200mL样品用于分析。将680g苯乙烯共混物加入反应器,同时保持夹套温度在74℃下。放热峰在4分钟之后在92℃下观察到。在20分钟之后,加入1.8kg己烷,这样有利于形成胶束。反应随后显得浑浊。在投入用于分析的另一样品之后,将50mL二乙烯基苯加入反应混合物,这样影响交联。没有能够观察到放热。在1小时反应之后,将反应混合物冷却并投入包含BHT的异丙醇/丙酮溶液(约500mL/2L)中。固体随后通过干酪包布过滤并圆筒干燥。
实施例48-50
颗粒在橡胶配混物中的用途
三种橡胶组合物根据表31和32所示的配方制备,其中所用的聚丁二烯和聚合物胶束的总和等于100。制备出两种对比物,一种没有聚合物胶束(实施例48),另一种具有未官能化聚合物胶束(实施例50),这样用于对比。每种样品按照表33所述而制备。最终原料在160℃下压片和模塑30分钟。
测定实施例48-50的硫化橡胶配混物的拉伸强度,撕裂强度,滞后损失,结果示于表34。拉伸强度根据ASTM-D 412的条件在22℃下测定。试验试样几何取为宽度0.13cm和厚度0.2cm的环的形式。试样在特定计量长度2.54cm下测试。撕裂强度根据ASTM-D 624的条件在170℃下测定。试验试样几何取为缺口环的形式(ASTM-624-C)。试样在特定计量长度4.4cm下测试。滞后损失使用Dynastat粘弹分析仪测定。试验试样几何取为具有直径30mm和长度15mm的圆筒的形式。采用以下试验条件:频率1Hz,动态质量1.25mPa,和静态质量2.00mPa。
从表34可以看出,实施例48-50具有相当的门尼粘度,硬度和拉伸强度。于对照物(实施例48)相比,含聚合物胶束的样品具有改进的撕裂强度和弹性模量。含锡的聚合物胶束与非官能化(实施例49对实施例50)相比具有较好的动态模量,而在tanδ上没有明显差异。该性能对于提高橡胶配混物在用于轮胎场合时的雪/湿牵引和使用是重要的。
表31
主批料的组成
组分 | pbw |
聚合物 | 100.00 |
碳嵌段 | 50.00 |
芳族油 | 15.00 |
氧化锌 | 3.00 |
烃树脂(增粘剂) | 2.00 |
Santoflex 13(抗氧化剂) | 0.95 |
硬脂酸 | 2.00 |
蜡 | 1.00 |
表32
最终批料的组成
加入主批料的其它组分 | pbw |
硫 | 约1.30 |
环己基-苯并噻唑亚磺酰胺(促进剂) | 1.40 |
二苯基胍(促进剂) | 0.20 |
表33
混合条件
混合器:300g Brabender | 搅拌速度:60rpm |
主批料阶段起始温度 | 110℃ |
0min | 加入聚合物 |
0.5min | 加入油和炭黑 |
5.0min | 投料 |
最终批料阶段起始温度 | 75℃ |
0sec | 加入主原料 |
30sec | 加入固化剂和促进剂 |
75sec | 投料 |
表34
实验结果的综述
实验 | 实施例48 | 实施例49 | 实施例50 |
纳米颗粒PS-BR-Sn | 10 | ||
PS-SBR | 10 | ||
HX 301(Diene 40 NF BR橡胶)(Firestone Polymer) | 100 | 90 | 90 |
炭黑 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
芳族油 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
130℃ML4粘度 | 40.22 | 44.12 | 39.99 |
炭黑分散指数 | 99.5 | 98.6 | 99.6 |
Shore A 22℃(3sec) | 58.7 | 62.8 | 60.2 |
100℃(3sec) | 56.7 | 56.8 | 55.5 |
环拉伸 | |||
23℃Tb(kPa) | 15.185 | 14.910 | 15.585 |
Eb(%) | 447 | 483 | 513 |
M300 | 1191 | 1100 | 1042 |
M50 | 175 | 186 | 176 |
环撕裂强度(kg/cm)移动 | 32.4 | 37.1 | 39.6 |
(%)170℃ | 366 | 431 | 434 |
配混物的Tg(tanδ) | -74 | -73 | -74 |
Stanley London(混凝土) | 52 | 53 | 53 |
Dynstat M′50℃(mPa) | 7.2122 | 9.9998 | 8.4778 |
M′23℃ | 8.07500 | 12.605 | 10.432 |
M′0℃ | 10.075 | 17.628 | 12.887 |
M′-20℃ | 12.519 | 21.948 | 16.665 |
tanδ50℃ | 0.17659 | 0.23439 | 0.23018 |
tanδ0℃ | 0.23174 | 0.26266 | 0.2661 |
tanδ-20℃ | 0.25449 | 0.27052 | 0.28281 |
实施例51
具有受控密度的纳米颗粒的制备
向反应器中装入545g己烷和544g丁二烯共混物B-22。反应器的夹套被加热至74℃如果批料达到69℃,加入用约20mL己烷稀释的5.4mL 1.6M n-丁基锂。聚合反应在反应3分钟之后在86℃下放热。在2小时之后,投入200mL样品用于分析。向反应器中加入更多的丁基锂(5.4mL)和苯乙烯共混物(680g),同时保持夹套温度为74℃在3分钟之后在85℃下观察到放热峰。在15分钟之后,加入816g己烷,这样有利于形成胶束。实际上,反应随后显得浑浊。在投入用于分析的另一样品之后,将50mL DVB加入反应混合物,这样影响交联。没有能够观察到放热。在1.5小时反应之后,将反应混合物冷却并投入包含BHT的异丙醇/丙酮溶液(约500mL/2L)中。固体随后通过干酪包布过滤并圆筒干燥。
实施例52-54
纳米颗粒在橡胶配混物中的用途
三种橡胶组合物根据表35和36所示的配方制备,其中所用的聚丁二烯和聚合物胶束的总份数等于100。使用两种对照物,一种根本没有聚合物胶束(实施例52),另一种具有完全由二嵌段聚合物形成的聚合物胶束(实施例54),这样进行对比。实施例53包括实施例51的纳米颗粒。每种样品按照表37所述进行制备。最终原料在160℃下被压片和模塑3分钟。
测定实施例52-54的硫化橡胶配混物的拉伸强度,撕裂强度,滞后损失,结果示于表38。拉伸强度根据ASTM-D 412的条件在22℃下测定。试验试样几何取为宽度0.13cm和厚度0.2cm的环的形式。试样在特定计量长度2.54cm下测试。撕裂强度根据ASTM-D 624的条件在170℃下测定。试验试样几何取为缺口环形式(ASTM-624-C)。试样在特定计量长度4.4cm下测试。滞后损失使用Dynastat粘弹分析仪测定。试验试样几何取为长度30mm和宽度15mm的条的形式。采用以下试验条件:频率1Hz,动态质量1.25Mpa,和静态质量2.00Pa。
从表38可以看出,实施例52-54具有相当的门尼粘度,硬度和拉伸强度。含聚合物胶束的样品与对照物(实施例52)相比具有改进的撕裂强度和弹性模量。包含二嵌段和单嵌段聚合物链两者的聚合物纳米颗粒与包含仅二嵌段聚合物的纳米颗粒(实施例53对实施例54)相比具有较好的动态模量,但在tanδ方面没有明显差异。
表35
主批料的组成
组分 | pbw |
聚丁二烯 | 100.00 |
炭黑(N343) | 50.00 |
芳族油 | 15.00 |
氧化锌 | 3.00 |
烃树脂(增粘剂) | 2.00 |
Santoflex 13(抗氧化剂) | 0.95 |
硬脂酸 | 2.00 |
蜡 | 1.00 |
表36
最终批料的组成
pbw | |
硫 | 约1.30 |
环己基-苯并噻唑亚磺酰胺(促进剂) | 1.40 |
二苯基胍(促进剂) | 0.20 |
表37
混合条件
混合器:300g Brabender | 搅拌速度:60rpm |
主批料阶段起始温度 | 110℃ |
0min | 加入聚合物 |
0.5min | 加入油和炭黑 |
5.0min | 投料 |
最终批料阶段起始温度 | 75℃ |
0sec | 加入主原料 |
30sec | 加入固化剂和促进剂 |
75sec | 投料 |
表38
实验结果的综述
实验 | 实施例52 | 实施例53 | 实施例54 |
试验聚合物二-嵌段和单嵌段纳米颗粒 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
二-嵌段纳米颗粒 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Diene 40 NF BR橡胶,FirestonePolymer | 100 | 90 | 90 |
炭黑 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
芳族油 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
130℃ML4粘度 | 40.22 | 44.12 | 39.99 |
炭黑分散指数 | 99.5 | 98.6 | 99.6 |
Shore A 22℃(3sec) | 58.7 | 62.8 | 60.2 |
100℃(3sec) | 56.7 | 56.8 | 55.5 |
环拉伸 | |||
23℃Tb(kPa) | 15.186 | 14.951 | 15.585 |
Eb(%) | 447 | 483 | 513 |
M300 | 1191 | 1100 | 1042 |
M50 | 175 | 186 | 176 |
环撕裂强度(kg/cm)移动 | 32.4 | 37.1 | 39.6 |
(%)170℃ | 366 | 431 | 434 |
配混物的Tg(tanδ) | -74 | -73 | -74 |
Stanley London(混凝土) | 52 | 53 | 53 |
Dynstat M′50℃(mPa) | 7.2122 | 9.9998 | 8.4778 |
M′23℃ | 8.07500 | 12.605 | 10.432 |
M′0℃ | 10.075 | 17.628 | 12.887 |
M′-20℃ | 12.519 | 21.948 | 16.665 |
tanδ50℃ | 0.17659 | 0.23439 | 0.23018 |
tanδ0℃ | 0.23174 | 0.26266 | 0.2661 |
tanδ-20℃ | 0.25449 | 0.27052 | 0.28281 |
本发明已根据示例性实施方案进行描述。在阅读和理解说明书之后,可以对其它实施方案进行改性和改变。本发明意味着包括这些改性和改变,只要它们在公开内容和权利要求的范围内。
Claims (43)
1.一种纳米颗粒组合物,包含:
a.聚(链烯基苯)核,和
b.表面层,它包含聚(共轭二烯),聚(亚烷基),其中所述纳米颗粒的中值平均直径低于约100nm。
2.一种中值平均直径低于约100mn的聚合物纳米颗粒,包含:
a.聚(链烯基苯)核,
b.包括选自共轭二烯,亚烷基,和其混合物的单体单元的表面层,和
c.连接到该表面上或附近的官能团。
3.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述聚(共轭二烯)包括选自1,3-丁二烯,异戊二烯,1,3-戊二烯,和其混合物的单体单元。
4.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述亚烷基包括选自聚乙烯,聚丙烯,和其混合物的单体单元。
5.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述表面层进一步包括乙烯基-取代的芳族烃单体单元。
6.权利要求1,2,或5的组合物,其中所述链烯基苯和所述乙烯基取代的芳族烃单体单元选自苯乙烯,α-甲基苯乙烯,1-乙烯基萘,2-乙烯基萘,1-α-甲基乙烯基萘,2-α-甲基乙烯基-萘,乙烯基甲苯,甲氧基苯乙烯,t-丁氧基苯乙烯,以及其烷基,环烷基,芳基,烷芳基,和芳烷基衍生物,其中组合烃中的碳原子的总数不大于约18,二-或三-乙烯基取代的芳族烃,和其混合物。
7.权利要求5或6的组合物,其中所述表面层包含二嵌段聚合物。
8.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述核被交联。
9.权利要求1,2或7的组合物,进一步其中所述核基本上包含单嵌段聚合物。
10.权利要求9的组合物,其中所述单嵌段聚合物和所述二嵌段聚合物被交联。
11.权利要求10的组合物,其中所述单嵌段聚合物和所述二嵌段聚合物通过多官能有机化合物被交联。
12.权利要求7的组合物,其中所述二嵌段聚合物包含共轭二烯单元和所述乙烯基-取代的芳族单元。
13.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述共轭二烯单元占所述表面层中单体单元总数的约80%以下。
14.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述纳米颗粒具有Mw约5,000-10,000,000。
15.权利要求1或2的组合物,其中所述表面层由聚亚烷基组成。
16.权利要求2的组合物,其中所述官能团选自羧酸,醇,胺,甲酰基,锡,硅,甲硅烷基醚,和其混合物。
17.权利要求2的组合物,其中所述官能团是组分引发剂残基。
18.权利要求17的组合物其中所述引发剂是六亚甲基亚胺丙基锂。
19.一种橡胶组合物,包含:
a.橡胶,和
b.来自前述权利要求之一的聚合物纳米颗粒。
20.权利要求19的橡胶组合物,进一步包括无机填料。
21.权利要求19的组合物,其中所述橡胶选自无规苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物,丁二烯橡胶,聚异戊二烯,腈橡胶,聚氨酯,丁基橡胶,EPDM,和其混合物。
22.一种热塑性弹性体组合物,包含:
a.热塑性弹性体;和
b.来自前述权利要求之一的聚合物纳米颗粒。
23.权利要求22的组合物,进一步包括增量剂以形成凝胶。
24.权利要求22的组合物,其中所述热塑性弹性体选自SEPS,SEBS,SEPE,SEBE,EEBE,EEPE聚丙烯,聚乙烯,聚苯乙烯,和其混合物。
25.一种橡胶组合物,包含:
a.橡胶;
b.硅石;和
c.来自前述权利要求之一的聚合物纳米颗粒。
26.一种轮胎,包括权利要求25的组合物。
27.一种硬硬盘驱动器垫圈组合物,包含:
a.橡胶;
b.聚亚烷基;和
c.来自前述权利要求之一的聚合物纳米颗粒。
28.权利要求27的组合物,进一步包括增量剂。
29.一种基质组合物,包含:
a.主体;和
b.中值平均直径低于约100nm且包括聚(链烯基苯)核和表面层的聚合物纳米颗粒,所述表面层包括选自共轭二烯,亚烷基,和其混合物的单体单元。
30.一种可硫化弹性体组合物,包含:
橡胶;
来自前述权利要求之一的纳米颗粒;
由炭黑,硅石或其混合物组成的增强填料;
包含有效量的硫的固化剂以实现足够的固化。
31.一种发动机架,由权利要求30的组合物组成。
32.一种轮胎,包括权利要求30的组合物。
33.一种用于形成聚合物纳米颗粒的方法,包括:
a.在烃溶剂溶剂中聚合链烯基苯单体和共轭二烯单体以形成二嵌段聚合物;
b.形成包括所述二嵌段聚合物的胶束的混合物;和
c.将至少一种交联剂加入聚合反应混合物以从所述胶束中形成交联纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒包含聚(链烯基苯)核和聚(共轭二烯)表面。
34.一种用于形成聚合物纳米颗粒的方法,包括:
a.在烃溶剂中聚合链烯基苯单体和共轭二烯单体以形成二嵌段聚合物;
b.形成包括所述二嵌段聚合物的胶束的聚合反应混合物;
c.将至少一种交联剂加入聚合反应混合物以从所述胶束中形成交联纳米颗粒;和
d.氢化所述纳米颗粒的聚(共轭二烯)层以形成包含聚(链烯基苯)内层和聚结晶外层的纳米颗粒。
35.权利要求33或34的方法,其中所述氢化步骤导致至少约20%转化率。
36.权利要求33或34的方法,其中步骤在官能化锂引发剂的存在下进行。
37.权利要求33或34的方法,其中在步骤a之后,进一步将烃溶剂加入聚合反应混合物。
38.权利要求33或34的方法,其中所述交联剂是多官能有机化合物。
39.权利要求33或34的方法,包括另一步骤,其中包含聚(链烯基苯)的单嵌段聚合物在步骤b之前形成。
40.权利要求33或34的方法,其中所述烃溶剂选自戊烷,己烷,庚烷,辛烷,壬烷,癸烷,环己烷,甲基环戊烷,环辛烷,环戊烷,环庚烷,环壬烷,环癸烷,和其混合物。
41.权利要求33或34的方法,其中聚合反应步骤a在温度约-40℃至约200℃下进行。
42.权利要求33或34的方法,进一步包括在官能化引发剂存在下进行一个步骤,以形成二嵌段聚合物;
43.权利要求39的方法,其中所述单嵌段聚合物与所述二嵌段聚合物的比率通过选择加入引发剂和视需要进一步加入单体而控制。
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- 2002-10-04 WO PCT/US2002/031817 patent/WO2003085040A2/en active Application Filing
- 2002-10-04 CN CNB028195272A patent/CN100500705C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-04 AU AU2002367717A patent/AU2002367717A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2005
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CN100500705C (zh) | 2009-06-17 |
AU2002367717A1 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
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JP4242782B2 (ja) | 2009-03-25 |
JP2005537341A (ja) | 2005-12-08 |
US20030149185A1 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
US20090048390A1 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
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WO2003085040A2 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
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US20070238836A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
WO2003085040A3 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
US7553909B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
US6872785B2 (en) | 2005-03-29 |
JP5232583B2 (ja) | 2013-07-10 |
US20050192408A1 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
JP2009108304A (ja) | 2009-05-21 |
US20060084722A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 |
US20030198810A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
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