CN1554144A - 风力发电机 - Google Patents

风力发电机 Download PDF

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CN1554144A
CN1554144A CNA02817867XA CN02817867A CN1554144A CN 1554144 A CN1554144 A CN 1554144A CN A02817867X A CNA02817867X A CN A02817867XA CN 02817867 A CN02817867 A CN 02817867A CN 1554144 A CN1554144 A CN 1554144A
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rotor
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马泰奥·卡撒扎
安德列亚斯·马伊尔
奥托·帕布斯特
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High Technology Industries SpA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/08—Structural association with bearings
    • H02K7/086—Structural association with bearings radially supporting the rotor around a fixed spindle; radially supporting the rotor directly
    • H02K7/088—Structural association with bearings radially supporting the rotor around a fixed spindle; radially supporting the rotor directly radially supporting the rotor directly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/40—Ice detection; De-icing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/70—Bearing or lubricating arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838—Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7066—Application in combination with an electrical generator via a direct connection, i.e. a gearless transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7068—Application in combination with an electrical generator equipped with permanent magnets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05B2230/60—Assembly methods
    • F05B2230/601—Assembly methods using limited numbers of standard modules which can be adapted by machining
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/40—Use of a multiplicity of similar components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Frames (AREA)
  • Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

一种风力发电机具有：一个支承(2)，一个固定在支承(2)上的定子(3)，一个能相对于定子(3)旋转的转子(4)，一个连接到转子(4)上的毂盘(5)，和至少两个从毂盘(5)伸出的桨叶。按照本发明，定子(3)和转子(4)由两个同心的管状段制成，在其相对的两个表面上分别设有永久磁铁(7)和绕组(8)，并且这两表面都延伸到磁铁和绕组之外，为的是可在其间的至少一端设置减摩轴承。

Description

风力发电机
本发明涉及一种风力发电机，如权利要求1前言内所述。
从国际申请WO 01/29413中知道，有所谓多极风力发电机A1存在，其中被风驱动的转子与一发电机相联而发电机被安装在一塔的上端以便旋转。转子被固定在一根轴的端头而该轴被这样安装使它可在两个轴承内旋转。这两轴承又被容纳在一个套壳内，该套壳还包括有发电机的定子。转子本身由多根辐条构成，在辐条所支承的环上固定着多个电磁铁。当转子旋转时，这些电磁铁走到与多个绕组相对的位置而这些绕组被容纳在壳体内。
人们注意到在该申请中环型发电机被这样描述，其中转子轴可旋转地被壳体内多个按辐射线状型式延伸的轴承支承着。在另一方面，被风能驱动的转子轴本身还起到发电机转子轴的作用，在该轴上设有沿径向布置的辐条设计用来支承环和电磁铁。
必须注意到按这种方式设计发电机时在塔的内部和从转子毂盘伸出的桨叶的内部之间没有通道。因此，转子桨叶的内部通风特别是桨叶本身的防冻工作难以完成。另外，已知型式的风力发电机就转子在定子体内的支承而言，构造复杂。而且，由于转子轴本身的支承，转子不易被接近。
与此对立，在德国专利说明书DE 44 02 184中曾描述一种风力发电厂用的、具有水平轴的多极同步发电机，其中发电机为一个单独的结构单元，由定子和转子构成而这两者被一设在发电机内的浮动支承连接在一起。另外，这个单独的结构单元支承转子的旋转运动并接受从极端引入的力和力矩。在这情况下转子的结构变得非常复杂，因为转子和定子的两个表面必须被设计成位于离开转子减摩轴承距离相当远的地方。
因此，本发明的目的是要避免发生传统风力发电机的这些缺点，提出一种风力发电机，其中由于发电机的各个构件具有程度大的可接近性，因而可保证能有最大的通风，同时可保证结构刚度的高水平。
上述这些目的可由具有权利要求1特征部分的风力发电机来完成。
在一较优的实施例中，空心的多极同步发电机和永久磁铁具有外部绕组。在这例中，多极同步无齿轮的发电机和永久磁铁设有一个管状元件，该元件被用作一根接纳轴承的轴，同时被用作固定磁铁体的结构。这样在轴和支承永久磁铁的环之间的辐条就可被省掉。
发电机为支承结构的整体构件，负载可从毂盘直接传送到发电机的转子轴上，转子轴通过两个分别被设置在发电机始端和终端的轴承将负载引入到定子体内。
这样造成的空心结构允许人们进入到发动机舱的前部，可使其他子系统的维修工作容易进行。另外，该系统使毂盘能从内侧安装。
空心结构还可使塔内功率电子器件释出的热和发电机本身释出的部分热被利用来加热毂盘内的空气，并将该热空气引导到转子叶片内。这样使可造成一个特别有效的防冻系统，在操作时可以加热转子叶片而不需外加任何能量。
插入到发动机舱内其余部分的发电机的空心结构可用来接纳电工和电子的子系统，这样便可根据法拉第笼的原理构成一个良好的防雷击的装置。
在一个变型中，该空心的多极同步发电机和永久磁铁设有内部绕组。由于上述较优实施例的概念被反转，人们就能提供一种定子单元在内而转子在外的发电机。磁铁被连结在转子的内表面上而绕组被连结在转子轴的外表面上。
这个方案的优点是具有较大的比输出，防冻系统能够利用发电机释出的总热量，从发电机将电流传导到塔的电缆的定位可简化。
在另一个变型中，定子的管状段在毂盘的方向上成为钟状而延伸，其钟状头有一在中心的圆孔，而转子的管状段也以钟状在定子的管状段内延伸并与定子的钟状同心；转子的钟状头同样有一中心孔，该孔并合到一个穿透定子钟状头中心孔的管状凸台的，从而形成可用来接纳减摩轴承的设施而轴承的外周可用来支承毂盘。
在一较优的实施例中所用减摩轴承为一带锥度的具有两个座圈的滚柱轴承。
为了实用的目的，转子的管状段在其面对支承机架的一端设有一个制动的支承结构和一个锁定制动器。
因此在这型式中，后轴承被省略，而前轴承被一单独的特殊轴承如带锥度的具有两个座圈的滚柱轴承所替代，该轴承有一较小的直径并被接纳在定子结构前部内的一个实际上变窄的部分内。这个变窄的部分是由增强的、夹层的喇叭状元件构成的，只是部分降低毂盘的可接近性。
与上述使用两个轴承的第一变型相比，使用单一带锥度的具有两个座圈的滚柱轴承可有下列优点：
1.可使发电机的安装工艺简化(只须在一侧适应轴承即可)；
2.可消除发电机内的危险涡流，这种涡流在定子壁、转子壁和设在工作部分(绕组)两端的两个轴承的滚柱体之间形成暂时电路时可能发生；
3.可使轴承的调节过程简化(带锥度的滚柱必须被预加应力，因此在发电机两端采用两个轴承的型式会给设计带来构造公差和热变形的问题)；
4.只须在发电机的前部区域内集中设置一个单独的密封和润滑系统即可。
5.所使用的轴承布局还可有高度精确的滚动(由于预加应力可消除跳动)和低的滚动阻力(可显著增加发电机的产出率)。
另外一些特点和细节被包含在权利要求和说明书内，较优实施例还用附图示出。
图1为按照本发明的风力发电机沿垂直的轴平面切开的剖视图；
图2和3分别为变型的类似图1的剖视图。
在图1中，风力发电机用标号1一般地示出。这个发电机用一空心的转接元件2安装在没有示出的塔的上端。风力发电机1具有一个定子3和一个转子4。转子4按常见的方式连接到毂盘5，在本例中有三个未被示出的桨叶被连结到毂盘5的突缘6上。转子4由管状段制成，其外壳上设有永久磁铁7。磁铁7的位置正好与固定在定子3管状段内表面上的绕组8相对。在定子3管状段两端区域内各设有一个减摩轴承9和10，用来可旋转地支承着转子4的管状段。这两个轴承中至少有一个必须是止推轴承。它们这样布置使永久磁铁7和绕组8被夹持在其间。
毂盘5以其突缘11被连结到转子4管状段的一端上。突缘11被螺栓13连结到转子4管状段的环状颈圈12上。
在面向毂盘5一侧的外表面上，转子4管状段有一凹陷14可接纳减摩轴承9的内圈15，而同一管轴承的外圈16可自由地在定子3管状段的外表面上滑动。而且，减摩轴承9被夹持在凹陷14和角形环元件17之间。
在背离毂盘5的一端，定子3管状端被连接到转接元件2的突缘19上，该突缘19被螺钉21连结到定子3管状段的加厚边缘20上。减摩轴承10内的外圈被一定子段3的径向突起和一直接与突缘19对接的间隔件18保持在位，而同一减摩轴承的内圈24被接纳在转子4管状段外表面上制出的凹陷带25上。内圈24还被一个具有L形横截面的角形元件26保持在位。
在图2的第一变型中，风力发电机100具有一个位于定子3外侧的转子104。转子4以与图1相似的方式被定子3支承着。在本例中，绕组108位于定子103的外表面上而永久磁铁107位于转子104的内表面上。
在图3的较优实施例中，本发明的风力发电机作为整体以标号200指出。它被固定在只是部分被示出的塔212上端的机架上。在本例中，风力发电机200的由管状段203制成的定子的一端用螺钉连接固紧到机器201上。
在外侧制有多个从管状段203伸出的径向冷却肋204而定子绕组206则被容纳在内侧。在背离螺钉连接204的一侧，管状段203的端头成为一个具有钟状孔、环状体、夹层结构的头207。该钟状头在其孔内支承着一个外圈208，该外圈连同另一个被支承的内圈组成一个带锥度的滚柱轴承210，该轴承用来支承管状段213环状底212的管状凸台211，管状段213与管状段203同心，在管状段213的外表面上载有转子的永久磁铁214，其位置正好与定子的绕组206相对。
管状段211用具有一个盖或罩217的螺钉连接215连接到毂盘216上。
在背离管状凸台211的一侧，管状段213的端头面向一个制动支承结构，该结构能制止转子管状段213甚或桨叶的运动。

Claims (13)

1.一种风力发电机，具有：一个支承(2)，一个固定在支承(2)上的定子(3)，一个能相对于定子(3)旋转的转子(4)，一个连接到转子(4)上的毂盘(5)，和至少两个从毂盘(5)伸出的桨叶，其特征在于，定子(3)和转子(4)由两个同心的管状段制成，在其相对的两个表面上分别设有永久磁铁(7)和绕组(8)，并且这两表面都延伸到磁铁和绕组之外，为的是可在其间的至少一侧设置减摩轴承。
2.根据权利要求1的发电机，其特征在于，在两个管状段的每一端各设有一个减摩轴承，而永久磁铁和绕组位于所说两个轴承之间。
3.根据权利要求1的发电机，其特征在于，定子位于相对于转子(4)的内侧。
4.根据权利要求1的发电机，其特征在于，定子(3)位于转子(4)的外侧。
5.根据权利要求1到3的发电机，其特征在于，永久磁铁位于转子上。
6.根据以上权利要求的发电机，其特征在于，轴承中至少有一个为止推型滚柱轴承。
7.根据以上权利要求的发电机，其特征在于，在发电机的内部形成一条从支承塔的内部到毂盘和桨叶内部的通道。
8.根据以上权利要求的发电机，其特征在于，由于烟囱效应，空心结构可促使暖空气供向桨叶，因此能改进各种电工和电子装置构件所产生废热的利用。
9.根据权利要求1的发电机，其特征在于，只设一个单独的减摩轴承(210)。
10.根据权利要求1和9的发电机，其特征在于，减摩轴承(219)为带锥度的滚柱轴承。
11.根据权利要求1、9和10的发电机，其特征在于，定子的管状段(203)在毂盘(216)的方向上成为钟状而延伸，所说钟状头有一中心圆孔，而转子的管状段(213)也以钟状在定子的管状段(203)内延伸，并与定子的钟状同心，转子的钟状头同样有一中心孔，该孔并合到一个穿透定子钟状头中心孔的管状凸台(211)内，从而形成可用来接纳减摩轴承(211)的设施，而轴承的外周可用来支承毂盘(216)。
12.根据权利要求1、9、10和11的发电机，其特征在于，减摩轴承为带锥度的、具有双座圈的滚柱轴承。
13.根据权利要求1、9、10和11的发电机，其特征在于，在其面向支承机架的一端，转子的管状段(213)设有一个制动的支承结构和一个锁定制动器。
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CN102089521B (zh) * 2008-07-07 2014-01-08 西门子公司 风力涡轮机
CN102089517B (zh) * 2008-07-07 2014-03-19 西门子公司 风力涡轮机
CN102257270A (zh) * 2008-12-18 2011-11-23 风力导向有限公司 用于风能设备的发电机和制造该发电机的方法
CN102459890A (zh) * 2009-06-04 2012-05-16 尤尼深株式会社 前部设置有发电机的风力涡轮机
CN102459890B (zh) * 2009-06-04 2014-06-04 尤尼深株式会社 前部设置有发电机的风力涡轮机

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US20070222227A1 (en) 2007-09-27
BR0211869A (pt) 2004-09-21
US7893555B2 (en) 2011-02-22
US7385306B2 (en) 2008-06-10
US7687932B2 (en) 2010-03-30
US20040232704A1 (en) 2004-11-25
ES2346413T3 (es) 2010-10-15
NO20041444L (no) 2004-04-07
US7385305B2 (en) 2008-06-10
BR0211869B1 (pt) 2014-11-25
EP1425840B1 (de) 2010-05-19
NO331377B1 (no) 2011-12-12
EP2230750A2 (de) 2010-09-22
JP2005503098A (ja) 2005-01-27
WO2003023943A3 (de) 2003-10-02
DK1425840T3 (da) 2010-09-13
US7205678B2 (en) 2007-04-17
ITBZ20010043A1 (it) 2003-03-13
EP1425840A2 (de) 2004-06-09
EP2230750B1 (de) 2019-10-30
DE50214445D1 (de) 2010-07-01
EP2230750A3 (de) 2016-10-26
US20070222226A1 (en) 2007-09-27
US20080315594A1 (en) 2008-12-25
US20100140955A1 (en) 2010-06-10

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