CN1504968A - 以物理方式激活和/或无效的射频识别标记 - Google Patents
以物理方式激活和/或无效的射频识别标记 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一个电子安全系统采用一组预先限定的RFID标记(10),每个标记与一个物品或物品的包装相联系,并附着在其上,每个标记包括唯一的标记信息,该标记信息作为一个记录被记录进一个计算机化的数据库(200)。当询问器(22)在一个检测地带检测到一个标记时,用比较器(37)将数据库记录与标记信息进行比较,并输出一个适当的数据库响应。当获得对被标记物品的合法取得时,可以对标记进行电子、物理或虚拟无效。
Description
本申请是申请日为1998年7月15日、申请号为98807581.4、发明名称为“以虚拟方式再激活和/或无效射频识别标记”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
发明背景
用于检测和防止从零售公司和/或其他机构、例如图书馆偷窃或未授权取走物品或货物的电子物品安全(EAS)系统已经变得很广泛。一般地,这种安全系统采用一个安全标记,该安全标记对于一个物品(或其包装)、一般是潜在顾客或机构用户容易得到的、因此容易被未授权地取走的物品是可靠的或是与其相联系的。一般地,采用这样的EAS系统来检测安全标记的存在(或不存在),从而检测在受监视安全区域或检测地带内的一个受保护物品。在大多数情况下,检测地带位于该机构或机构的一部分的出口或入口处或其周围。
已经获得广泛采用的一种类型的EAS系统使用了包括自主式无源谐振电路的安全标记,该自主式无源谐振电路采取小的、一般为平面印制电路的形式,在一个检测频率范围内的一个预定检测频率上谐振。采用一个也调谐到该检测频率的发射机来将电磁能量或询问信号发射到该检测地带。将一个调谐到该检测频率的接收机放在检测地带附近。一般地,发射机和发射机天线位于出口或通道的一侧,接收机和接收机天线位于出口或通道的另一侧,这样则一个人为了离开该机构必须在发射机和接收机天线之间通过。当带有安全标记的物品进入或经过该检测地带时,安全标记暴露于发射的能量之下(安全标记被询问),导致标记的谐振电路谐振,提供一个可由接收机检测到的输出信号。接收机检测到这样一个输出信号表明在检测地带内有带有安全标记的物品存在,接收机激活报警,以警告保安或其他人。
已经表明,上述类型的和其他类型的现有EAS系统在防止偷窃或未授权取走物品上是很有效的。
在特定商店或连锁店使用的所述类型的安全标记一般是相同的。于是,包括安全标记的所有物品、不管其尺寸或价值,都向接收机返回同一个信号。近来,开发出返回唯一或半唯一的识别代码的无源谐振安全标记。美国专利No.5,446,447(Carney等)、5,430,441(Bickley等)和5,347,263(Carroll等)公开了这样的安全标记的三个例子。这些安全标记一般包括一个产生识别代码的集成电路。这种“智能”安全标记提供关于在询问器的地带内检测到的物品的附加信息。
当希望使安全标记无效时,例如当一个被标记的物品被购买时,现有技术中的EAS系统的通常的作法是在物理上无效或在物理上禁止该安全标记,以使得当标记通过检测地带时该标记不对询问器或发射机发出的询问信号作出响应。在物理上无效安全标记的一个常用技术是破坏谐振电路的某些部分、例如电容器。另一个技术涉及在永久或临时的基础上用挡板覆盖该标记,从而防止标记暴露给询问信号。第三个技术涉及用可磁化的和不可磁化的金属元件包围标记线圈的一部分,该金属元件改变标记的Q,使它变得能由询问器检测到或不能由询问器检测到,这取决于该元件是磁化的还是未磁化的。
尽管这种安全标记、最近是RFID标记已经被广泛使用,但仍然需要扩展采用RFID标记的EAS和其他系统的功能。具体地说,希望生成与询问器和RFID程序设计设备相互作用的数据库,以便识别和跟踪单个被标记物品的状态。还希望能以允许标记被方便地再激活的方式“无效”RFID标记。还希望能以不需要在物理上或在电子上改变标记本身的方式无效和再激活RFID标记。本发明提供了一种方法,解决了这些需要,该方法使用可被数据库追踪的、可无效和可再激活的RFID标记,以使得被标记物品的状态可以在其生命周期内被追踪。
发明概述
这里提供了一种电子安全系统,包括一组预先规定的射频识别标记、一个询问器、一个包含标记组中的每个标记的记录的计算机化数据库、以及将从询问器获得的标记信息与标记的数据库记录进行比较的计算机。标记组中的每个标记包括一个天线和一个集成电路。天线通过接收询问信号并返回一个响应信号,检测物品的存在。集成电路与天线相连。集成电路存储标记信息,并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息。每个标记与一个物品或物品的包装相联系,并附着在其上,并以唯一的标记信息编程。询问器监视用于检测干扰的检测地带,其中干扰为由于该地带内出现标记而引起的响应信号的形式。当在地带内检测到一个标记时,询问器输出一个询问器输出信号。每个询问器输出信号包括存储在集成电路中的标记信息。计算机化的数据库中的每个记录包括标记信息。计算机包括用于接收数据库记录和来自询问器的标记信息的比较器,并将数据库记录与标记信息进行比较,并输出一个适当的响应。
此外,提供了一种在电子RFID安全系统中使用预先规定的标记组的方法。每个标记与一个物品或物品的包装相联系,并附着在其上。每个标记包括一个通过接收询问信号并返回响应信号而在检测物品的存在中使用的天线,以及与该天线相连的用于存储标记信息和在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息的集成电路。该方法包括下列步骤:用唯一的标记信息对每个标记编程,建立一个包含标记组中的每个标记的记录的计算机化数据库,其中每个记录包括标记信息和关于具有与其相联系的标记的物品的其他信息,以及,用询问器监视一个检测地带,用于检测由于该地带内存在标记而引起的响应信号形式的干扰。当在该地带内检测到标记时,询问器输出一个询问器输出信号。每个询问器输出信号包括存储在集成电路中的标记信息。然后将数据库记录与该标记信息进行比较,并输出适当的数据库响应。当对被标记物品取得合法获得时,可以在标记上执行一个无效事件。该无效事件可以是电子的、物理的或虚拟的。
本发明的另一个实施例提供了一种射频识别标记,包括天线和与天线相连的集成电路。天线接收一个询问信号,并返回一个响应信号。集成电路存储标记信息,并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息。标记包括至少一个电路元件,该电路元件具有一个使标记能返回一个响应信号的在物理上被激活的状态,以及一个防止标记返回一个响应信号的在物理上被无效的状态。
本发明的又一个实施例提供了一种电子安全系统,包括一组预先规定的射频识别标记和一个询问器。每个标记与一个物品或物品包装相联系,并附着在其上。每个标记包括一个通过接收一个询问信号并返回一个响应信号来检测物品的存在的天线,以及一个与天线相连的、用于存储标记信息并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息的集成电路。用唯一的标记信息对标记进行编程,并且至少标记信息的一部分是可电改变的,以便允许该标记被电激活和无效。询问器监视一个检测地带,并检测由于在该地带内出现标记而引起的响应信号形式的干扰。当在该地带内检测到一个标记时,询问器输出一个询问器输出信号。每个询问器输出信号包括存储在集成电路中的标记信息。询问器包括用于检测标记信息的可电改变的部分并从其确定一个适当的响应的电路。
附图简要说明
结合附图,上述概述以及下面对本发明的最佳实施例的详细说明将更容易理解。出于显示本发明的目的,在附图中显示了目前的最佳实施例。然而,应该理解,本发明并不限于所示的精确结构和实施方式。在附图中:
图1是适于用于本发明的RFID标记的原理方框图;
图2是适于用于本发明的询问器的的功能方框图;
图3是用于启动本发明的第一实施例的步骤的流程图;
图4是与本发明的第一实施例一起使用的所产生的样本数据库;
图5是依据本发明的第一实施例的“电子无效”、“物理无效”或“虚拟无效”的无效事件选择的流程图;
图6A是适于用于本发明的物理再激活标记的第一实施例的原理方框图;
图6B是图6A的标记的一个最佳实施方式的等效电路图;
图7A是适于用于本发明的物理再激活标记的第二实施例的原理方框图;
图7B是图7A的标记的一个最佳实施方式的等效电路图;
图7C是适于用于本发明的物理再激活标记的第三实施例的原理方框图;
图7D是图7C的标记的一个最佳实施方式的等效电路图;
图8是依据本发明的第一实施例的用于再激活事件的判决过程的流程图;
图9是依据本发明的第一实施例的对使用电子无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图;
图10是依据本发明的第一实施例的对使用虚拟无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图;
图11是执行图9和10中步骤的元件的原理方框图;
图12是用于启动本发明的第二实施例的步骤的流程图;
图13是与本发明的第二实施例一起使用的所产生的样本数据库;
图14是依据本发明的第二实施例的“电子无效”、“物理无效”或“虚拟无效”的无效事件选择的流程图;
图15是依据本发明的第二实施例的对使用电子或虚拟无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图;
图16是将多个实体连接在一起的本发明的大规模应用的原理方框图;以及
图17是依据本发明的第三实施例的对使用电子无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图。
发明的详细说明
这里所用的某些术语只是为了方便起见,并不作为对本发明的限制。在附图中,相同的标号用于指示几个附图中相同的元件。
图1显示了适于用于本发明的样本RFID标记10的总体细节。当用在标记10附着在物品上的实施例中时,RFID标记10变为一个智能安全标记。标记10包括一个本领域公知的无源谐振射频(RF)电路12,用于在标记10处于一个由阅读器或询问器监视的地带内时进行检测。一种公知的电路12具有环形天线14和电容器16,二者一起形成一个具有预定谐振频率、即由线圈和电容值确定的选定射频的谐振电路。标记10的功率以常规方式从天线14导出。此外,标记10包括一个向标记10提供“智能”的集成电路(IC)18。IC18与谐振电路12电连接。(电容器16可以在IC18外部,也可以在IC18内部,这取决于所想要的电路12的实施方式。)IC18包括用于存储识别数据的比特的可编程存储器20,例如一个20比特存储器。当来自天线14的足够的功率提供给IC18时,IC18输出一个包括所存储的数据的数据流(即本发明中的20比特)。在本发明的一个实施例中,该数据流通过在数据脉冲的持续期在环形天线14上切换一个外部电容(未显示)而生成一系列数据脉冲。附加的外部电容改变了RF电路12的谐振频率,使其离开了操作频率。于是,RF电路12不是返回一个简单的单个频率响应信号,而是返回一个包含预先编程的信息包的信号。该信息(数据脉冲)包由询问器接收电路接收和处理,并进行译码(如果需要的话),以便提供出关于靠标记10变得安全的物品的识别信息。使用IC存储器20中的数据来从标记10输出识别数据的其他方法都在本发明的范围之内。IC18最好也是一个无源器件,并以与RF电路12相同的方式供电(即,通过使用来自询问器发射机信号的在天线14接收的能量)。因此,标记10就是所谓的“射频识别(RFID)标记”(RFID标记)。其他类型的RFID标记也可以用在本发明中。适于用作标记10的其他RFID标记的例子如美国专利No.5,446,447(Carney等)、5,430,441(Bickley等)和5,347,263(Carroll等)所示。RFID标记一般不是在物理上可无效的。换句话说,没有物理变化或磁状态变化出现在线圈、电容器或包括这种RFID标记的天线电路的其他任何元件的状态上。非物理可无效的RFID标记比物理可无效的磁性安全标记和/或现有技术中的物理可无效的RF安全标记具有相当大的优势,现在广泛使用物理可无效的RF安全标记是因为这种RFID标记更难以通过。在本发明的一些实施例中,使用了非物理可无效的RFID标记。而在本发明的另一些实施例中,使用了物理可无效RFID标记。
RFID标记的最佳实施例包括一个具有环形天线和电容器的谐振电路和一个IC。然而,本发明的范围包括只具有环形天线和IC的RFID标记。
图2是适于与图2中所述的标记10一起使用的阅读器或询问器22的原理方框图。如同本领域所公知的,询问器22和标记10通过电感耦合进行联系。询问器22包括发射机2.4、接收机26、天线组件28以及数据处理和控制电路30,每个部分都具有输入端和输出端。发射机24的输出与接收机26的第一输入端相连,并与天线组件28的输入端相连。天线组件28的输出端与接收机26的第二输入端相连。数据处理和控制电路30的第一和第二输出端分别连接到发射机24的输入端和接收机26的第三输入端。此外,接收机26的输出端连接到数据处理和控制电路30的输入端。具有这个总体结构的询问器可以用美国专利No.3,752,960、3,816,708、4,223,830和4,580,041中描述的电路来实现,所有这些专利都是颁给Walton的,在这里作为参考。询问器22可以在物理上实施,例如实施为一对支座(未显示)、一个结帐台或一个便携式RFID扫描器(未显示),所有这些都能够与RFID标记进行通信,这取决于特定应用的需要。
图3是用于启动本发明的第一实施例的步骤的流程图,图4是与第一实施例一起使用的所生成的样本数据库。参看图3,准备一组预先规定的标记10,运用到一组预定的物品(未显示),将唯一的标记信息分配给标记组中的每个标记10,并因此用一个标记编程器对每个标记进行编程(步骤100)。这个步骤包括将唯一的识别信息和初始状态分配给每个标记,这将在后面详细说明。接着,为该组标记10建立一个数据库(步骤102)。最后,将一个标记10直接附着在每个物品或每个物品的包装上(步骤104)。在公开的实施例中,一个标记10与每个物品相联系。步骤100和102或全部三个步骤100、102和104都可以在一个工厂或在取物品处进行。图3中的步骤可以以任何顺序进行。
图4显示了在图3的步骤102建立的样本数据库200。数据库200中的每个编号的记录包括用于标记信息202的字段,其中标记信息202包括标记识别信息204和以一个或多个状态位206(此后称为“状态位”)的形式出现的可变信息。可选地,可以有用于关于该记录的其他信息208的附加字段,例如物品状态210和物品识别信息212。将标记信息202存储在标记10中。可选地,也将一些或所有其他信息208存储在标记10中。
标记信息202的一个例子是对数据库200中的该组标记10唯一的序号。最好在数据库200中没有一个序号用在其他使用可由相同的询问设备阅读的标记10的实体的数据库或EAS系统中。这样,则不会出现由另一个实体(例如,另一个连锁店)使用的标记会被数据库200中的任何标记10所混淆的情况。
物品状态210的一个例子是表明状态位的意思的可由人阅读的字符串。如果被标记物品是零售商品,则物品状态210表明该物品是己销售的、未销售的、退回的还是再次销售的。如果被标记物品是被借阅并归还的书、录象带或其他类型的物品,则物品状态210表明该物品是己登记的还是已结算的,还可以表明该物品是否被允许从该处拿走。在本发明的最佳实施例中,物品状态210是状态位206的可由人阅读的形式。如果不存在物品状态字段,则可以通过对状态位206译码来获得物品状态信息。
物品识别信息212是以可由人阅读的形式对与记录相联系的物品的描述(例如,SONY 19”TV,型号为KV1926;PERTShampoo/Conditioner,16 oz.)。
一旦所有物品都被标记上并且建立了数据库200,则在预定环境内客户或顾客可以拿到这些物品。预定环境具有一个或多个出口,该出口具有由询问器22监视的检测地带,询问器2用于检测由于该地带内出现未被无效的标记10而引起的响应信号形式的干扰。当在该地带内检测到一个未在物理上被无效的标记10时,询问器22输出一个询问器输出信号。每个询问器输出信号包括存储在集成电路18中的标记信息202。后面将结合图9和10详细说明出口询问/标记询问过程。
当对具有与其相联系的标记10的物品获得合法取得时,在将被标记物品从预定环境取走之前,使标记10无效。图5是显示与一个无效事件相联系的各种选项的流程图。无效的特征可以为如下定义的“电子”、“物理”或“虚拟”的:
电子无效-标记10中的一个或多个状态位被电改变或重新编程,并且可选地,可以在数据库200中改变一个或多个安全标记状态位206。在图4所示的零售环境例子中,应该将标记状态位从“01”变为“00”,以表明该物品己被销售。电改变可以在现金出纳机或在商品付帐区由任何合适的设备进行。如果物品随后被顾客退回,则商店可以将标记状态位变为另一个代码、例如“10”,直到该物品被进一步处理,如果该物品被立即放回货架上接着销售,也可以将状态位变回“01”。对标记状态位进行电改变或重新编程的设备可以与最初用于对标记信息202编程的设备(例如,标记编程器)相同或进行修改。
物理无效-标记10在物理上被改变或禁止,以使得它在通过检测地带时不输出在检测频率范围内的询问器输出信号(即,它不对询问器22发出的询问信号作出响应或不以可检测的方式作出响应)。标记10可以以可逆的或不可逆的方式被物理禁止。通过破坏标记10内的接收询问信号或对询问信号作出响应所需要的一个或多个电路元件或电路连接,可以不可逆地禁止标记10。一个例子是例如采用介电击穿装置击穿谐振电路12的电容器16,从而使电容器16短路,防止标记10谐振。或者,可以可逆地禁止标记10。例如,参看图6A、6B和7A-7D,标记10可以包括一个与谐振电路12相连的内置电子开关32,其连接方式使得当开关32的状态改变时禁止谐振或接受谐振。
图6A和6B显示了可逆物理可无效标记10的第一个实施例,其中,电子开关32可以串联在谐振电路12和IC18之间,以使得当开关32断开时谐振电路12断开连接。
或者,开关32可以并联在电容器16或环形天线上,以便当开关32闭合时不会出现谐振。图7A和7B显示了这样的一个实施例,其中,开关32并联在电容器16上,从而将电容器16短路,防止出现谐振。
图7C和7D显示了一个可逆物理可无效标记10的第三个实施例,其中,开关32被放在谐振电路12的串联回路中。当开关32断开时,没有谐振出现。图7A和7C中的标记要比图6A中的标记好,因为加在7A和7C的标记中的开关32上的电感电压要比图6A的标记中的小。
电子开关32可以是任何合适的器件,例如场效应晶体管(FET)。开关32最好具有一个存储器34,这样则无论是否有功率加在标记10上,都可以保持开关32的状态。这种开关32的一个例子是具有与其栅极相联系的与EEPROM存储单元中所用的类似的电荷存储机构的FET。可以采用与最初用来对安全标记信息编程的设备相同的设备或其变形来改变这个开关的状态。
虚拟无效-在数据库200中改变一个或多个标记状态位206,但不改变标记10中的状态位,也不对标记10作任何其他改变。对数据库200中的状态位206的改变的类型与上述关于标记10中状态位的改变相同。虚拟无效的一个优点是在EAS系统中不需要使用可无效或可再编程的标记10或执行这些功能的设备。
图5是对一个无效事件的判决过程的流程图。如果无效事件是电子无效(从步骤106输出YES),则改变标记10中的一个或多个标记状态位(步骤107),并且,可选地,改变数据库200中的一个或多个标记状态位(步骤108)。如果在数据库200中存在一个物品状态字段,则物品状态210也改变(步骤109)。如果无效事件是物理无效(从步骤110输出YES),则将标记10物理禁止,使得它不对一预定询问信号作出响应(步骤112),并改变数据库200中的物品状态210(步骤113)(如果这个字段存在的话)。如果无效事件是虚拟无效(从步骤114输出YES),则改变数据库200中的与标记10相联系的状态位206(步骤116),并且也改变数据库200中的物品状态210(步骤117)(如果这个字段存在的话)。
有时希望再激活一个可逆物理无效标记10或电子或虚拟无效标记10。(不可逆物理无效标记10不能被再激活。)再激活是通过反转无效过程来实现的。
图8是用于再激活事件的判决过程的流程图。如果再激活事件是物理再激活(从步骤118输出YES),则例如通过采用合适的设备将电子开关32的状态变回其初始状态来再次启动标记10中的接收并响应询问信号的电路(步骤120),并改变数据库200中的物品状态210(步骤121)(如果这个字段存在的话)。如果再激活事件电子再激活(从步骤122输出YES),则将标记10中的状态位变回其初始状态(步骤123),并将数据库200中的物品状态210变回其初始状态(步骤125)(如果这个字段存在的话)。如果在无效期间执行图5中的可选步骤108,则将数据库200中的状态位变回其初始状态(步骤124)。如果再激活事件是虚拟再激活(从步骤126输出YES),则将数据库200中的与标记10相联系的状态位206变回其初始状态(步骤128),并将数据库200中的物品状态210变回其初始状态(步骤129)(如果这个字段存在的话)。如果该物品包含一个不能被再激活的物理无效标记10,则将一个新标记10附着在该物品上,并在数据库200中为这个新标记10作出一个新项目。
图9是对采用电子无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图。图10是对采用虚拟无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图。(如果EAS系统采用物理无效,则标记10将不对询问信号作出响应。因此,图9和10中的过程不能用在物理无效标记上。)图11是执行图9和10中步骤的元件的原理方框图。
参看图9和11,在被标记物品进入检测地带时,物品的标记10响应于来自询问器22的询问信号输出一个信号。接着,询问器22输出一个包含标记信息的信号,并将其送给包含比较器37的计算机36(步骤130)。计算机36从标记信息提取出序号,或者从询问器输出信号获得该序号(步骤132)。对于这个例子,将存储在IC存储器中的识别信息称为标记的“序号”。计算机36访问数据库200,并用比较器37在数据库中检索与被询问标记10的序号匹配的序号204(步骤134)。如果未找到匹配,则计算机36输出一个“无行动”信号。如果EAS系统工作在一个零售环境中,则当出现无匹配时类似的解释是该标记10在种类上与由该顾客正要离开的商店使用的那些标记类似,但该标记10属于与另一个不同商店或不同连锁店相联系的物品。于是,该特定标记10可能存在于一个与该特定商店访问的数据库不同的数据库中。因此商店可以假设这个物品不是被不正常地从这里拿走的。当然,也存在着这种可能性,就是这个物品属于该特定商店,但在将其收录到存货清单中时,没有人将它输入到数据库200中。该系统不能检测这样的人为差错。然而,可以对被阅读的但在数据库200中未找到的标记10作个记录,这样则如果其他存货控制过程在第二天检测到不足时,可以追踪类似的差错。
还参看图9和11,如果在数据库200中找到该序号,则计算机36从被阅读的标记10提取出状态位(步骤138),并用该状态位确定是否可以从该处取走该物品(在零售物品或外借物品的情况下)或使用该物品(在现场使用的情况下)(步骤140)。这个步骤是通过将读取的状态位与在数据库200的单独部分或一个单独的存储器(未显示)中保存的状态位的一预定表进行比较来执行的。在零售环境中的两位状态码的样本表可以如下所示:
00一已销售
01-未销售
10-退回
11-再次销售
在图书馆或出租环境中的一位状态码的样本表可以如下所示:
0-已登记或允许拿走
1-已结算或不允许拿走
如果允许拿走或取得,由计算机36输出一个“无行动”信号(步骤136)。例如,如果被阅读的标记10中的状态位表明一个零售物品已经被销售(代码=00),则顾客可以带着物品离开商店。同样,如果被阅读的标记10中的状态位表明一个录象带已经被出租人适当地结算(代码=1),则顾客可以带着该录象带离开商店。如果不允许拿走或取得,如同未销售的物品(代码=01)或未被正确地结算的物品(代码=0)的情况,则从计算机36输出一个“行动”信号(步骤142)。“行动”信号可以触发顾客或店员能够听到或看到的报警信号。或者,除了报警信号之外,还可以采取其他行动,例如捕获检测地带的图象。
图10中的流程图用于依靠标记10的虚拟无效的EAS系统。参看图10,前四个步骤:阅读标记信息10,从其中提取序号,将该序号与数据库200中的序号进行匹配,以及如果未找到匹配则输出一个“无行动”信号(步骤144,146,148,150)分别与图9的步骤130、132、134、136相同。图10中剩下的步骤与图9中的不同。如果序号位于数据库200中,则从数据库200检索出相关序号的状态位206(步骤152)。将状态位206与状态位的预定表进行比较,以确定是否可以从此处拿走该物品或是否允许取得该物品(步骤154)。因此,步骤1 54与图9中的步骤140类似,除了在图10中检查出的状态位是数据库200中的状态位206,而在图9中检查出的状态位是标记10中的状态位。图10中剩下的根据比较结果输出“无行动”或“行动”信号的步骤(步骤156)与图9中的步骤142相同。
图12-15显示了本发明的第二个实施例。第二个实施例与第一个实施例有一个相当大的不同。在第一个实施例中,将序号和状态位作为单个信息从标记10读出和处理。在第二个实施例中,没有单独的状态位。相反,将序号的一部分用于执行由第一个实施例中的状态位执行的一些功能,而用物品状态字段执行另一些功能。
图12是用于启动本发明的第二个实施例的步骤的流程图,图13是与第二个实施例一起使用的所生成的样本数据库。参看图12,准备一组预先规定的标记10,以便运用到一组预先规定的物品(未显示)上,将唯一的标记信息分配给每个标记10,并因此对标记进行编程(步骤200)。接着,为该组标记10建立一个数据库(步骤202)。最后,将标记10直接附着在每个物品或每个物品的包装上(步骤204)。在公开的实施例中,一个标记10与每个物品相联系。可以以任何顺序执行图12中的步骤。
图13显示了在图12的步骤202中建立的样本数据库400。数据库400中的每个记录包括一个用于标记信息402的字段,其中标记信息402包括一个标记序号404。序号404包括一位或多位的可变或可改变部分406和多位的固定部分408。数据库400中的每个记录可选地包括用于关于该记录的其他信息410、例如物品信息412和物品识别信息414的字段。标记序号404存储在标记10中。可选地,其他信息408的一些或全部也存储在标记10中。每个序号404最好是唯一的。这样,则不会出现由同一或另一个实体(例如,另一个连锁店)使用的标记相互混淆的机会。
物品状态412和物品识别信息414与本发明的第一个实施例中的相同。
一旦所有的物品都被标记上并且建立了数据库400,则在预定环境内客户或顾客可以拿到这些物品。预定环境具有带有检测地带的一个或多个出口,这些检测地带以与第一个实施例中相同的方式被询问器22所监视。
当对具有与其相联系的标记的物品获得合法取得时,在可以将该物品从预定环境拿走之前,可以将该物品无效。图14是显示与这个无效事件相联系的各种选项的流程图。与在第一个实施例中相同,无效可以是“电子”、“物理”或“虚拟”的。在第二个实施例中的物理无效与第一个实施例中的物理无效相同。然而,第二个实施例中的电子和虚拟无效在某些方面与第一个实施例中不同,如下所述:
电子无效-将标记10中的序号电改变或重新编程。并且改变数据库400中的物品状态412(步骤209)(如果这个字段存在的话)。标记10中的新序号是一个不在数据库400中的号,并且最好是不在同一场所的标记10的其他任何数据库中的号。通过改变标记10的可变部分来改变其中的序号。例如,在上述的零售环境例子中,在销售了被标记的物品之后,将最初的序号01234567变为00234567。电子改变可以在现金出纳机或商品付帐区进行。如果顾客随后退回了该物品,则商店可以将序号变为10234567,直到该物品被进一步处理,如果该物品被立即返回到货架上接着销售,则也可以将序号变回到01234567。
物理无效-与第一个实施例中的物理无效相同(图14的步骤210、212、213)。
虚拟无效-改变数据库400中的标记序号404的可变部分406,但不改变标记10的序号中的任何部分(步骤214,216)。并且,改变数据库400中的物品状态412(步骤217)(如果这个字段存在的话)。
在本发明的第二个实施例中,可以通过反转在无效期间执行的步骤来再激活标记10。除了预先强调的关于如何改变标记信息的不同之外,再激活事件的判决过程与图8所示的第一个实施例的判决过程类似。
图15是依据本发明的第二个实施例的对采用电子或虚拟无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图。(如上所述,如果EAS系统采用物理无效,则标记10不对询问信号作出响应。于是,图15的过程不能用于无效标记)图11的原理方框图的询问器22也用于执行图15中的步骤。
参看图11和15,在被标记物品进入检测地带时,物品的标记10响应于来自询问器22的询问信号输出一个信号。接着,询问器22输出一个包含标记信息的信号,并将其送给计算机36(步骤230)。计算机36从标记信息提取出标记的序号(步骤232)。计算机36访问数据库400,在数据库中检索与询问的标记10的序号匹配的序号404(步骤234)。如果未找到匹配,则计算机36输出一个“无行动”信号(步骤236)。
如果EAS系统工作在一个零售环境中,并采用电子无效,则当出现无匹配时最有可能的解释是:
(a)标记10属于在当前商店购买的物品,但在购买了该物品之后,标记10中的序号被电改变了;或者
(b)标记10在种类上与由该顾客正要离开的商店使用的那些标记类似,但该标记10属于与另一个不同商店或不同连锁店相联系的物品。于是,该特定标记10可能存在于一个与该特定商店访问的数据库不同的数据库中。
在这两种情况下,商店可以假设这个物品不是被不适宜地从这里拿走的。如同在本发明的第一个实施例中所讨论的,也存在着这种可能性,就是这个物品属于该特定商店,但在将其收录到存货清单中时,没有人将它输入到数据库400中。该系统不能检测这样的人为差错。然而,可以对被阅读的但在数据库400中未找到的标记10作个记录,这样则如果其他存货控制过程在第二天检测到不足时,可以追踪类似的差错。
还参看图11和15,如果在数据库400中找到该序号,则计算机36输出一个“行动”信号(步骤238)。“行动”信号可以触发顾客或店员能够听到或看到的报警信号。或者,或除了报警信号之外,还可以采取其他行动,例如捕获检测地带的图象。当一个被阅读的序号与数据库400中的序号相匹配时,最有可能的解释是:
(a)顾客或客户不适宜地试图将一个物品从该处拿走;或者
(b)店员没有将该物品的标记10进行适当的电无效。
在任何一种情况下,“行动”信号都将警示合适的人来进一步调查这个问题。
图15的流程图也可以用在依赖于标记10的虚拟无效的EAS系统上。如果EAS系统工作在一个零售环境中,并采用虚拟无效,则当出现无匹配时最有可能的解释是:
(a)标记10属于在当前商店购买的物品,但在购买了该物品之后,数据库400中的标记10的序号404被改变了;或者
(b)标记10在种类上与由该顾客正要离开的商店使用的那些标记类似,但该标记10属于与另一个不同商店或不同连锁店相联系的物品。于是,该特定标记10可能存在于一个与该特定商店访问的数据库不同的数据库中。
在这两种情况下,商店可以假设这个物品不是被不适宜地从这里拿走的。
当一个被阅读的序号与数据库400中的序号相匹配时,最有可能的解释是:
(a)顾客或客户不适宜地试图将一个物品从该处拿走;或者
(b)店员没有将该物品的标记10进行适当的虚拟无效(即,在该物品被购买之后,店员没有改变数据库400中的序号404。)
在任何一种情况下,“行动”信号都将警示合适的人来进一步调查这个问题。
在电子和虚拟无效方案之间的主要差别是电子无效方案需要使用可以在电子上改变标记中的序号的设备,而虚拟无效方案只需要改变数据库400中的序号404。一旦被标记的物品被阅读,则虚拟无效方案可以完全用软件执行。
在本发明的第二个实施例中的电子无效方案的另一种形式是在适当的事件(例如,购买一个被标记的物品)发生时改变数据库中的物品状态412以及数据库中的序号404。通过以与安全标记10相同的方式改变可变部分406来改变序号404。在这个替换实施例中,所有最初被记录进数据库400的被询问的安全标记10将在询问方案期间进行匹配。然后可能需要一个附加步骤来检查物品状态412,以确定是否允许拿走。在这个替换实施例中,不会引起匹配的标记10仅仅是那些属于其他商店或连锁店、因此未出现在本商店或连锁店的数据库400中的标记。
在本发明的第二个实施例中的虚拟无效方案的另一种形式是在适当的事件(例如,购买一个被标记的物品)发生时用改变数据库400中的物品状态412来代替改变数据库400中的序号404。在这个替换实施例中,所有最初被记录进数据库400的被询问的标记10将在出口询问方案期间进行匹配。然后可能需要一个附加步骤来检查物品状态412,以确定是否允许拿走。在这个替换实施例中,不会引起匹配的标记10仅仅是那些属于其他商店或连锁店、因此未出现在本商店或连锁店的数据库400中的标记。
在本发明的这两个实施例中,一个公共的编码位方案将由同一类型的标记10的所有用户所采用,以避免在不同数据库之间的冲突。例如,图4中的方案允许对状态位进行改变,而标记识别信息(例如,序号)被永久固定。同样,图13的方案允许对序号的前两位进行改变,而剩余六位被永久固定。于是,在图4的方案中,所有标记10的标记识别信息都应该是唯一的,而在图13的方案中,所有标记序号的后六位应该是唯一的。如果遵循了这些规则,则在不同实体的EAS系统之间不会出现冲突。例如,如果一个顾客带着一个被正常无效的被标记物品走出SEARS商店,并带着这个被标记物品进入使用与SEARS商店相同的EAS系统的相邻的商店,当他带着在SEARS商店购买的被标记物品离开该相邻商店时,在相邻商店中的数据库不会包含与该SEARS物品匹配的任何序号。因此,当在其询问地带检测到该物品时,相邻商店中的任何一台计算机都不会输出“行动”信号。
用一个八位序号来显示本发明的原理。在一个实际的商业化系统中,总位数将远大于八,以便允许多个实体(例如,单个商店,连锁店,图书馆等)的大量物品都能被唯一地标记。例如,IC18存储20比特的数据。
图16是本发明的允许多个实体检测从相互的地方对物品的未授权拿走或取得的大规模应用的原理方框图。例如,大的购物中心具有几百个个体商店,每个商店都使用相同的EAS系统和相同类型的标记10。如果扒手采取某些手段将一个被标记的、未被无效的物品从一个商店拿走,成功地避开了商店的EAS系统,这个扒手可能会带着偷来的物品自由出入其他商店而不会在其他商店的询问器处触发报警信号。虽然其他商店的询问器会检测到这个被偷的带标记物品,但由于该物品在其他商店的数据库中不存在,所以不会触发报警信号。在图16的系统中,每个商店具有询问器5001、5002、…、500n和其库存物品的数据库5021、5022、…、502n。询问器5001、5002、…、500n和数据库5021、5022、…、502n中的每一个都连接到中央计算机504。一旦检测到一个被标记物品,中央计算机504就检查所有数据库,以确定该物品是否已经被从其来源地正常拿走。如果检测到一个被偷物品,则由隶属于购物中心和被盗商店的保安人员采取适当的行动。单个商店的询问器和数据库通过任何合适的有线或无线电子设备与计算机504进行通信。
参看图11和16,从询问器22输出的信号(即标记信息)包含序号。如上所述,这些图中的计算机从标记信息提取出该序号,并与各个数据库交互。如果询问器输出包括其他信息,或者如果标记信息包括被传递到询问器输出的其他信息,则可能需要序号“提取”。然而,应该理解的是,序号不一定必须从询问器输出“提取”,因为询问器输出可能只提供序号,或者询问器本身可以从标记信息提取出序号。如果是这种情况,则计算机仅仅将序号从其输入直接传递给一个数据库查询。
图17是依据本发明的第三个实施例的对采用电子无效的EAS系统有用的出口询问/标记询问过程的流程图。本发明的这个实施例不需要访问一个数据库以获得物品状态信息。而是由询问器提取或检测标记信息的可电改变部分,并从其确定一个适当的响应。
参看图17,询问器22读取标记信息202或402(步骤300)。接着,询问器22从标记信息202提取状态位206或从标记信息402提取可改变部分406的各位(步骤302)。对状态位206或可改变部分406的各位进行检查,并就该被标记物品是否可以被拿走或取得作出判决(步骤304)。这个步骤与图9的步骤140类似。如果步骤304中的判决框的输出是YES,则由询问器22输出一个“无行动”信号(步骤306)。如果步骤304中的判决框的输出是N0,则由询问器22输出一个“行动”信号(步骤308)。因此,步骤306和308类似于图9的步骤136和142。“行动”信号可以触发顾客或店员能够听到或看到的报警信号。或者,或除了报警信号之外,还可以采取其他行动,例如捕获检测地带的图象。
图17的方案比图9的需要访问一个数据库的方案简单。图9的方案包括对数据库中的序号预先检验,以确定被标记物品的状态是否需要进一步检查(参看步骤134)。然而,如上所述,存在着这样的可能性,即该被标记物品属于该特定商店或实体,但在将其收录进存货清单时没有人将其输入到数据库中。图9的方案可以记录这个事件,但并不进一步地检查状态位以确定该被标记物品是否可以被拿走或取得。相反,由于在图17的方案中没有这种预先检验,所以所有被标记物品的状态都被检验,包括未被正常记入存货清单的物品以及来自使用相同类型和谐振频率的标记的其他商店或实体的物品。
标记状态位206和标记序号404的可改变部分406可以位于标记信息内的任何位置。在图4和13中显示的位置不需要与标记内的实际位置相匹配。
虚拟无效的一个优点是不需要取得被标记物品来执行无效。也就是说,该物品不需要实际出现。只需要获得对数据库的有效访问来进行对标记的虚拟无效。
虚拟无效可用于从一个安全区域拿走被标记物品,其中,类似的被标记物品具有相同的序号,被标记物品被带出安全区域时通过一个询问器。考虑诸如商店、工具房、修理厂等安全区域。顾客或工人进入该安全区域选择要拿走的多个物品,例如要购买的多个商品或进行维修任务所需要的多个工具。用计算机单个地或以作业号或批号输入该多个物品,并且计算机保存输入物品的记录。例如,一个作业号或批号可以代表一特定维修任务所需的多个物品。更新标记数据库,以便使该多个物品虚拟无效。顾客或工人现在可以带着所有物品走过询问地带而不会触发报警。在顾客或工人离开该安全区域之后,将被虚拟无效的物品重新激活,以便下一个用户不会带着相同的物品离开,除非该用户也将其输入计算机。这个方案的一个优点是由于相同的物品带有相同的标记,所以可以减少与对物品进行标记有关的时间和花费。
虚拟和电子无效还可以用于设置多级复杂的安全状态,根据从多个数据库获得的信息的不同提供不同类型的报警。因此,对触发一个报警的判决不仅仅是“是”或“否”。同样,可以根据数据库信息触发不同类型的报警。
考虑一个具有多个不同地带的安全区域,例如露天运动场。根据存储在数据库中的信息,一个被标记物品或一个带有被标记证章的人只被允许进入特定地带。为了实现这样一个实施例,监视每个地带的询问器必须与标记信息一起向数据库提供位置信息(例如,“我是女更衣室2的询问器。允许序号12345678进入这个房间吗?”)。这样一个系统中的数据库或多个数据库将比图4和13中所示的系统具有更多的字段来容纳附加的信息。此外,如果不允许进入,在通向该地带的入口处也不必有可看见或可听见的报警。而是可以将数据库编程为向监视台发出一个无声的报警,或远程通知一预定方有一个特定物品或人现在在一个受限制地带。可以将附加数据库链接到标记数据库来提供这样的辅助功能。
采用虚拟无效的系统比现有技术中的谐振标记系统提供了很多优点。例如,虚拟无效使得错误报警最小化,因为只有被确认的序号才触发报警。环境谐振和RF设备可能会干扰标记读取,但不会在询问器产生生成一个真正的序号所需的序列。因此,除非在数据库中有人为差错,否则错误报警会极少。由于将错误报警降至了最小化,因此RFID标记可以永久地嵌在产品中,而不是可拿开地固定在物品或其包装上。这为商店人员节约了时间和劳动,并提高了整体的安全性。
此外,如果例如在一个销售点终端将RFID标记用于物品感测,则可以通过将来自物品传感器/阅读器的输出信号发送给标记数据库来自动地执行虚拟无效。并且,如上所述,不需要阅读或感测RFID标记来执行无效。因此,不需要对物品进行实际获取就可以改变库存中的物品状态。
本领域普通技术人员应该理解,在不偏离本发明的概念的情况下,可以对上述实施例进行修改。因此,应该理解,本发明并不限于所公开的特定实施例,而是覆盖了在由附带的权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的各种修改。
Claims (3)
1.一种射频识别标记,包括:
(a)一个天线,用于接收一个询问信号并返回一个响应信号;以及
(b)一个与天线相连的集成电路,用于存储标记信息,并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息,其中,标记包括至少一个具有一个允许标记返回一个响应信号的物理激活状态和一个防止标记返回一个响应信号的物理无效状态的电路元件,其中,标记具有一个谐振电路,用于接收询问信号并返回响应信号,其中,集成电路与谐振电路相连,并且天线是谐振电路的一部分,每个标记的谐振电路包括一个与天线串联的电容器,所述至少一个电路元件是一个并联在电容器或天线上的可逆开关,激活和无效状态取决于可逆开关的位置,通过断开可逆开关、从而禁止谐振电路的操作,使标记被物理无效,其中,可逆开关是一个具有与其栅极相联系的电荷存储机构的场效应晶体管。
2.一种射频识别标记,包括:
(a)一个天线,用于接收一个询问信号并返回一个响应信号;以及
(b)一个与天线相连的集成电路,用于存储标记信息,并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息,其中,标记包括至少一个具有一个允许标记返回一个响应信号的物理激活状态和一个防止标记返回一个响应信号的物理无效状态的电路元件,其中,标记包括一个谐振电路,用于接收询问信号并返回响应信号,其中,集成电路与谐振电路相连,并且天线是谐振电路的一部分,每个标记的谐振电路包括一个与天线串联的电容器,所述至少一个电路元件是一个连在集成电路与天线之间的可逆开关,激活和无效状态取决于可逆开关的位置,通过断开可逆开关、从而断开天线与集成电路的连接,使标记被物理无效,其中,可逆开关是一个具有与其栅极相联系的电荷存储机构的场效应晶体管。
3.一种射频识别标记,包括:
(a)一个天线,用于接收一个询问信号并返回一个响应信号;以及
(b)一个与天线相连的集成电路,用于存储标记信息,并在询问标记时输出带有响应信号的标记信息,其中,标记包括至少一个具有一个允许标记返回一个响应信号的物理激活状态和一个防止标记返回一个响应信号的物理无效状态的电路元件,其中,标记包括一个谐振电路,用于接收询问信号并返回响应信号,其中,集成电路与谐振电路相连,并且天线是谐振电路的一部分,每个标记的谐振电路包括一个与天线串联的电容器,所述至少一个电路元件是一个与电容器和天线串联的可逆开关,激活和无效状态取决于可逆开关的位置,通过断开可逆开关、从而禁止谐振电路,使标记被物理无效,其中,可逆开关是一个具有与其栅极相联系的电荷存储机构的场效应晶体管。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/900,266 US6025780A (en) | 1997-07-25 | 1997-07-25 | RFID tags which are virtually activated and/or deactivated and apparatus and methods of using same in an electronic security system |
US08/900,266 | 1997-07-25 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB988075814A Division CN1133965C (zh) | 1997-07-25 | 1998-07-15 | 以虚拟方式激活和/或无效射频识别标记 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1504968A true CN1504968A (zh) | 2004-06-16 |
Family
ID=25412254
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNA200310118141A Pending CN1504968A (zh) | 1997-07-25 | 1998-07-15 | 以物理方式激活和/或无效的射频识别标记 |
CNB988075814A Expired - Fee Related CN1133965C (zh) | 1997-07-25 | 1998-07-15 | 以虚拟方式激活和/或无效射频识别标记 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB988075814A Expired - Fee Related CN1133965C (zh) | 1997-07-25 | 1998-07-15 | 以虚拟方式激活和/或无效射频识别标记 |
Country Status (13)
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US (1) | US6025780A (zh) |
EP (2) | EP1429301A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4100867B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100679657B1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN1504968A (zh) |
AR (1) | AR014899A1 (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE264528T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU8482598A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2297927C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69823209T8 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2221182T3 (zh) |
TW (1) | TW396326B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999005658A1 (zh) |
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- 1998-07-15 CN CNA200310118141A patent/CN1504968A/zh active Pending
- 1998-07-15 DE DE69823209T patent/DE69823209T8/de active Active
- 1998-07-15 AT AT98935623T patent/ATE264528T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-15 CN CNB988075814A patent/CN1133965C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-15 AU AU84825/98A patent/AU8482598A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-07-15 KR KR1020007000799A patent/KR100679657B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-15 JP JP2000504561A patent/JP4100867B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-15 WO PCT/US1998/014445 patent/WO1999005658A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-07-15 CA CA002297927A patent/CA2297927C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-15 EP EP98935623A patent/EP1010152B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-15 ES ES98935623T patent/ES2221182T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-23 AR ARP980103637A patent/AR014899A1/es unknown
- 1998-07-24 TW TW087112156A patent/TW396326B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101228670B (zh) * | 2005-07-25 | 2010-05-12 | Fci公司 | 具有配合状态指示部件的电连接装置 |
CN101313341B (zh) * | 2005-10-04 | 2011-12-14 | 印赛康泰莱斯公司 | 用于去激活非接触式装置的方法 |
CN102449652A (zh) * | 2009-06-04 | 2012-05-09 | 聚积公司 | 安全交易的方法 |
CN104584036A (zh) * | 2012-06-29 | 2015-04-29 | 奥兰治 | 用于管理非接触标签的操作模式的方法和对应标签 |
CN104584036B (zh) * | 2012-06-29 | 2018-07-17 | 奥兰治 | 用于管理非接触标签的操作模式的方法和对应标签 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2297927A1 (en) | 1999-02-04 |
DE69823209T2 (de) | 2005-05-19 |
DE69823209T8 (de) | 2005-09-29 |
KR100679657B1 (ko) | 2007-02-07 |
EP1010152A4 (en) | 2001-08-29 |
JP4100867B2 (ja) | 2008-06-11 |
JP2001511574A (ja) | 2001-08-14 |
TW396326B (en) | 2000-07-01 |
DE69823209D1 (de) | 2004-05-19 |
CN1265215A (zh) | 2000-08-30 |
US6025780A (en) | 2000-02-15 |
EP1010152B1 (en) | 2004-04-14 |
CN1133965C (zh) | 2004-01-07 |
AU8482598A (en) | 1999-02-16 |
WO1999005658A1 (en) | 1999-02-04 |
EP1010152A1 (en) | 2000-06-21 |
EP1429301A1 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
ES2221182T3 (es) | 2004-12-16 |
KR20010022226A (ko) | 2001-03-15 |
ATE264528T1 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
AR014899A1 (es) | 2001-04-11 |
CA2297927C (en) | 2007-12-18 |
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