CN1411086A - 非水性电解质电池和非水性电解溶液 - Google Patents
非水性电解质电池和非水性电解溶液 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1411086A CN1411086A CN02143934A CN02143934A CN1411086A CN 1411086 A CN1411086 A CN 1411086A CN 02143934 A CN02143934 A CN 02143934A CN 02143934 A CN02143934 A CN 02143934A CN 1411086 A CN1411086 A CN 1411086A
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- Prior art keywords
- salt
- aqueous electrolyte
- calcium
- electrolyte cell
- sulfone
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 title abstract description 19
- -1 alkyl sulfone Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 159000000013 aluminium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- JEXYCADTAFPULN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-propylsulfonylpropane Chemical compound CCCS(=O)(=O)CCC JEXYCADTAFPULN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(=O)(=O)CC MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(C)(=O)=O YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017115 AlSb Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229940032159 propylene carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 3
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical compound [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- AIDFJGKWTOULTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylsulfonylbutane Chemical compound CCCCS(=O)(=O)CCCC AIDFJGKWTOULTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GQXPAVVPEZIKSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC#N.CCS(=O)(=O)CC Chemical compound CC#N.CCS(=O)(=O)CC GQXPAVVPEZIKSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNUOPQMSUVYNDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC#N.CS(C)(=O)=O Chemical compound CC#N.CS(C)(=O)=O GNUOPQMSUVYNDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011990 LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021543 Nickel dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000293001 Oxytropis besseyi Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GANNOFFDYMSBSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Mg] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Mg] GANNOFFDYMSBSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum zinc Chemical compound [Al].[Zn] FJMNNXLGOUYVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- MVZXTUSAYBWAAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Fe].OS(O)(=O)=O MVZXTUSAYBWAAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- MRHPUNCYMXRSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[Ni++] MRHPUNCYMXRSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明能使在负极中使用轻金属如镁、钙或铝的这种类型的非水性电解质电池具有提高的容量和延长的寿命。本发明也提供一种用于这种电池的热稳定的非水性电解溶液。本发明的非水性电解质电池包括正极;负极,它包含选自铝、钙和镁中的至少一种元素;和非水性电解溶液,它由有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2表示的结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂以及至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐组成,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基。有机溶剂能溶解烷基砜和至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种非水性电解质电池和一种非水性电解溶液。
背景技术
希望使用锂金属、锂合金、锂化合物如能贮藏和释放锂离子的金属氧化物或碳材料作为电池负极材料的这类非水性电解二次电池可应用于高能密度电池。业已投入了大量的工作,以期开发具有较大容量的非水性电解质电池。在用于负极的材料中,碳材料能确保长的电池寿命和安全,尽管与锂基电极相比由碳材料制成的负极的容量较低。由于这个原因,例如具有由锂-钴氧化物制成的正极和由碳材料制成的负极的锂离子电池广泛地用作各种移动设备的电源。
具有由锂金属制成或能贮藏和释放锂离子的负极的电池能达到高的电池电压。这样,与常规的一次和二次电池相比,这些电池的能量密度更易于提高。然而,仍然需要具有更大容量和更长电池寿命的电池。
在一种为开发符合这种要求的电池而进行的研究中,使用一种特定的组合物作为锂基非水性电解质电池的电解溶液,以期提高电池的放电效率。该组合物通过将电解质如高氯酸锂溶解在砜基电解溶液如DMSO2中制得(能源杂志,16(1985)193-204)。然而,即使这些锂基电池使用这种电解溶液,它也不能提供充分的特性来满足上述对电池的要求。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决上述问题。为此,本发明的一个目的是提高将轻金属如铝、钙或镁用于负极的这种类型的非水性电解质电池的容量。本发明的另一个目的是延长这种电池的电池寿命。本发明的再一个目的是提供用于这种电池的热稳定的非水性电解溶液。
按本发明,提供一种非水性电解质电池,它包含正极、负极和非水性电解溶液,所述负极包含选自铝、钙和镁中的至少一种元素,所述非水性电解溶液包含有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2表示的结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂以及至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基。有机溶剂能溶解烷基砜和至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐。
非水性电解质电池中所用的烷基砜较好是选自二甲基砜、二乙基砜、甲基乙基砜和二丙基砜中的至少一种,有机溶剂较好是选自γ-丁内酯、乙腈和碳酸亚丙酯(propylenecarbonate)中的至少一种。
按本发明,也提供一种非水性电解溶液,它包含有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2表示的结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂以及至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基。有机溶剂能溶解烷基砜和至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐。
附图说明
图1是说明本发明圆柱形非水性电解质电池的一个实例的部分截面图。
具体实施方式
首先,说明本发明非水性电解质电池的一个例子。
非水性电解质电池包括一个壳体,该壳体中容纳有正极和负极以及非水性电解溶液。非水性电解溶液由有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2(其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基)表示其结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂以及至少一种溶解在混合溶剂中的盐组成,所述盐选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐。所用的有机溶剂是一种能溶解烷基砜和铝盐、钙盐或镁盐的溶剂。
这样,本发明就可以获得容量增加、电池电压更高并且循环寿命延长的非水性电解质电池。
下面说明正极、负极、隔片和壳体各个部分。
1)正极
本发明所用的正极包括正极集电极和在集电极的一侧或两侧上的正极活性材料层。活性材料层包含正极活性材料和粘合剂。
正极活性材料可以是金属化合物如金属氧化物或导电聚合物。金属氧化物的例子包括氧化锂钴(如LiCoO2)、氧化锂镍(如LiNiO2)、氧化锰(如MnO2)、氧化锂-锰配合物(如LiMn2O4)、氧化钒和氧化铁。使锂盐连同铝盐、钙盐或镁盐溶解在非水性电解溶液中,就可以在正极活性材料中加入锂离子。这样,可以获得高的电压,该电压可获得高的放电容量(discharge capacity)。例如,当让使用LiCoO2正极和Al负极的电池完全充电时,可以获得高达2.3V的EMF。
此外,正极活性材料可以是具有用LzMy(XO4)n(其中L代表Mg、Ca或Al;M代表选自Fe、V、Co、Mn、Ni、Cu、Li、Na和K中的至少一个;X代表S、P、Mo、W或V;Z是大于或等于0的整数;Y是大于或等于1的整数;n是大于或等于1的整数)表示其结构的金属化合物。在其充电状态时正极活性材料的具体例子包括Fe2(SO4)3、Fe2(MoO4)3、Fe2(WO4)3、LiCoVO4、LiNiVO4、LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4、LiFePO4和LiCuVO4。
当电池放电时,正极活性材料含入铝离子、钙离子或镁离子,形成包含铝、钙或镁的金属化合物。这样,它就可以用作在电池充电时能释放铝离子、钙离子或镁离子的二次电池。结果,电池的容量就明显增大。例如,使用正极活性材料和铝基负极的电池可以获得1V至3V的EMF,并且正极容量增加到大于含有锂基负极的电池的2至3倍。
上述粘合剂的例子包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVdF)和含氟化物的橡胶。
正极活性材料层还可以包含导电剂,以降低正极的内电阻。导电剂的例子包括乙炔黑、炭黑和石墨。
在正极活性材料层中混合的正极活性材料、导电剂和粘合剂的各自比例较好为80-95重量%、3-20重量%和2-7重量%。
厚度为1-20μm的金属箔适用作正极集电极。特别好的是用不锈钢、镍、铁、钼、钨、碳膜、TiN和TiC涂覆的金属箔。
正极例如可以经下述方法制得,将正极活性材料、导电剂和粘合剂悬浮在合适的溶剂中,用该悬浮液涂覆集电极,干燥,而后压制涂覆的集电极。
2)负极
含选自铝、钙和镁中至少一种元素的金属或金属化合物可用于本发明所用的负极。
金属可以是铝、钙或镁的纯金属或它们的合金。例如,铝或铝合金可以以金属箔或金属粉的形式使用。铝的纯度较好为99%或更高。铝合金的例子包括铝-锌合金、铝-镁合金、铝-铬合金和铝-锰合金。铝或铝合金箔的厚度较好为10-300μm。铝或铝合金粉的平均粒度较好为5-500μm。在制造负极的过程中,金属粉与粘合剂如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVdF)和含氟化物的橡胶混合。然后,将混合物悬浮在合适的溶剂中,形成涂覆悬浮液。将涂覆悬浮液施涂到不锈钢、镍、铁或铜的金属箔上,用作集电极。然后干燥并压制涂覆的集电极,制成完整的负极。
与铝的情况一样,钙和镁也可以金属或合金箔或粉末的形式用于制造负极。
本发明所用的含铝、钙或镁的金属化合物的例子包括AlSb、Ca2Si和Mg2Si。与上述金属或合金的情况一样,金属化合物也可以箔或粉末的形式用于制造负极。
3)非水性电解溶液
本发明的非水性电解溶液由烷基砜(R1R2SO2,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基)和能溶解烷基砜和铝盐、钙盐或镁盐的有机溶剂的混合溶剂以及至少一种溶解在混合溶剂中的选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐组成。对本领域的技术熟练者来说应明白的是,这些盐也可以配盐的形式来提供。
本发明所用的烷基砜(R1R2SO2,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基)的例子包括二甲基砜、二乙基砜、甲基乙基砜、二丙基砜和二丁基砜。
本发明所用的能溶解烷基砜和铝盐、钙盐或镁盐的有机溶剂是由选自环状碳酸酯如碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、链状碳酸酯如碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)、乙腈(NL)、环醚和链状醚中的至少一种组成的有机溶剂。
有机溶剂较好由选自γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)、乙腈(NL)和碳酸亚丙酯中的至少一种组成,它们中的每一种均能溶解大量的铝盐、钙盐和镁盐中的任何一种。
烷基砜与有机溶剂的混合比为1∶9-9∶1。若该比值不在此范围内,则非水性电解溶液在室温下会固化,从而破坏电池的工作。
用于本发明的铝盐的例子包括卤化铝如AlCl3、硝酸铝、硫酸铝、Al(BF4)3、Al(PF6)3、Al(ClO4)3、Al(CF3SO3)3和Al((C2F5SO2)2N)3。
用于本发明的钙盐的例子包括卤化钙如CaCl2、硝酸钙、硫酸钙、Ca(BF4)2、Ca(PF6)2、Ca(ClO4)2、Ca(CF3SO3)2和Ca((C2F5SO2)2N)2。
用于本发明的镁盐的例子包括卤化镁如MgCl2、硝酸镁、硫酸镁、Mg(BF4)2、Mg(PF6)2、Mg(ClO4)2、Mg(CF3SO3)2和Mg((C2F5SO2)2N)2。
铝盐、钙盐或镁盐较好能溶解在烷基砜和有机溶剂的混合溶剂中,其浓度为0.1-3mol/l。
除了铝盐、钙盐或镁盐外,铵盐或锂盐也可以加到非水性电解溶液中。铵盐的例子包括氯化四乙基铵。锂盐的例子包括LiCl、LiAlCl4、LiAl2Cl7、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、Li(CF3SO2)2N和Li(C2F5SO2)2N。
除了液体形式外,通过加入聚合物材料可以将本发明的非水性电解溶液制成凝胶的形式。
使用本发明的非水性电解溶液能确保铝离子(如铝配位离子)、钙离子(如钙配位离子)或镁离子(如镁配位离子)稳定地存在于电解溶液中。这样,特别就可以促进在负极上进行铝、钙或镁溶解或形成沉积物的反应。结果,本发明非水性电解质电池的容量和循环寿命就明显地得到提高。
3)隔片
本发明的非水性电解质电池可以包含位于正极和负极之间的隔片。隔片用于保持液体或凝胶状的非水性电解质。
隔片可以是多孔膜或由塑料制成的非织造织物,其厚度为5-100μm,并且它可以由诸如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、纤维素和聚偏氟乙烯(PVdF)等材料制成。由聚乙烯、聚丙烯或这两种物质的混合物制成的多孔膜是特别好的,因为它能确保二次电池的安全性。
4)壳体
本发明所用的壳体可以采取各种形状,包括有底的圆柱体、有底的棱柱体、硬币状的形状和膜。用于制造壳体的材料的例子包括金属罐和层压膜。
金属罐可以由铁、不锈钢或镍制成,或者其可以具有绝缘用树脂涂覆的内表面。
层压膜较好包括金属层和位于金属层一侧或两侧上的树脂层。膜的厚度较好为50-250μm。金属层较好由厚度为10-150μm的铝箔制成,而树脂层则由热塑性树脂如聚乙烯和聚丙烯制成。可以将树脂层制成单层或多层的结构。
实施例
实施例1
现在参考图1对本发明作详细的说明,在图1中描绘了本发明非水性电解质电池的一个实例。
参考数字1代表通常呈有底的圆柱体形状的不锈钢壳体,在其底部放置绝缘体2。壳体1中容纳有一组电极3。依次使正极4、隔片5和负极6成层状,形成带状体,对其进行辊压,获得电极组3的通常结构,其中负极6位于最外层。电池的高度为50mm,外径为14mm。
正极4按下述方法制备:将2.5重量%的乙炔黑、3重量%的石墨、4重量%的聚偏氟乙烯和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液加到91重量%的硫酸铁粉(Fe2(SO4)3)中,将各组分彻底混合。将所得的混合物施涂到由不锈钢箔制成的集电极的表面上,所述集电极预先用TiN涂覆至厚度15μm。然后干燥并压制涂覆的集电极,获得电极密度为2.5g/cm3的带状正极4。
使用20μm厚、由聚乙烯制成的多孔膜作为隔片5。
负极6按下述方法制备:将90重量%纯度为99.9%并且平均粒度为30μm的铝粉、5重量%的乙炔黑、5重量%的聚偏氟乙烯和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液彼此加入,将各组分彻底混合。将所得的混合物施涂到15μm厚的不锈钢箔的表面上。干燥并压制涂覆的箔,获得电极密度为2g/cm3的带状负极6。
在壳体1中还有非水性电解溶液,它是将氯化铝(AlCl3)溶解在二丙基砜和γ-丁内酯(以2∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中达浓度为1mol/l制得。将一片在其中央处有开孔的绝缘纸7放在电极组3的顶上。采用锻造或类似的技术,将绝缘密封板8安装到壳体1的顶部开孔上,以便以液密方式密封开孔。正极终端9连接到绝缘密封板8的中央处。正极终端9通过正极导线电连接到电极组3的正极4上。电极组3的负极6通过负极导线(未图示)电连接到作为负极终端的壳体1上。
实施例2
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将Mg(ClO4)2以1mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜和γ-丁内酯(以2∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的,并且使用镁金属箔作为负极。
实施例3
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将Ca(ClO4)2以1mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜和γ-丁内酯(以2∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的,并且使用钙金属箔作为负极。
实施例4
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以2mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜和γ-丁内酯(以2∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的。
实施例5
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以2mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜和乙腈(以2∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的。
实施例6
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以2mol/l的浓度溶解在二乙基砜和乙腈(以1∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的。
实施例7
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以2mol/l的浓度溶解在二甲基砜和乙腈(以1∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的。
实施例8
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以2mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜、碳酸亚丙酯和γ-丁内酯(以2∶1∶1的体积比混合)的混合溶剂中制得的。
对比例1
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以0.5mol/l的浓度溶解在二丙基砜中制得的。
对比例2
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将LiAl2Cl7以1mol/l的浓度溶解在γ-丁内酯中制得的。
对比例3
按实施例1所述相同的方式制造非水性电解质电池,不同的是非水性电解溶液是将Ca(ClO4)2以1mol/l的浓度溶解在乙腈中制得的。
重复在放电电流为50mA时使各电池放电至1V并在充电电流为50mA时使各电池充电至3V的循环,测量实施例1至8和对比例1至3中各电池的放电容量和循环寿命。
结果列于下表1中。
表1
正极 | 负极 | 电解溶液 | 容量(mAh) | 剩余容量(%) | |||
烷基砜 | 有机溶剂 | 电解质 | |||||
实施例1 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二丙基砜 | γ-丁内酯 | AlCl3 | 1000 | 85 |
实施例2 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Mg箔 | 二丙基砜 | γ-丁内酯 | Mg(ClO4)2 | 800 | 75 |
实施例3 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Ca箔 | 二丙基砜 | γ-丁内酯 | Ca(ClO4)2 | 800 | 70 |
实施例4 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二丙基砜 | γ-丁内酯 | LiAl2Cl7 | 800 | 80 |
实施例5 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二丙基砜 | 乙腈 | LiAl2Cl7 | 850 | 85 |
实施例6 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二乙基砜 | 乙腈 | LiAl2Cl7 | 800 | 80 |
实施例7 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二甲基砜 | 乙腈 | LiAl2Cl7 | 700 | 70 |
实施例8 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二丙基砜 | 碳酸亚丙酯+γ-丁内酯 | LiAl2Cl7 | 780 | 80 |
对比例1 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | 二丙基砜 | - | LiAl2Cl7 | 600 | 10 |
对比例2 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Al粉 | - | γ-丁内酯 | LiAl2Cl7 | 400 | 0 |
对比例3 | (Fe2(SO4)3) | Ca | - | 乙腈 | Ca(ClO4)2 | 600 | 0 |
在表1中列出了实施例1至8和对比例1至3中各电池的容量和在200次循环后的剩余容量(相对于初始容量的%)。
从表1可以看出,与对比例1至3的电池相比,实施例1至8的各非水性电解质电池具有较大的容量和较长的寿命。
如上所述,使用本发明非水性电解溶液的电池能达到大的容量、高的电压和延长的循环寿命,这样就可以提供适用作各种移动设备的电源的高性能二次电池。而且,本发明的非水性电解溶液可用作能使电池达到大的容量和延长的寿命的热稳定的电解溶液。这样,本发明的非水性电解溶液特别适用于移动设备中使用的电池。
Claims (16)
1.一种非水性电解质电池,它包含:
正极;
负极,它包含选自铝、钙和镁中的至少一种元素;和
非水性电解溶液,它包含有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2表示的结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂以及至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基,有机溶剂能溶解烷基砜和至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐。
2.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中烷基砜是选自二甲基砜、二乙基砜、甲基乙基砜和二丙基砜中的至少一种。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的非水性电解质电池,其中有机溶剂是选自环状碳酸酯、链状碳酸酯、γ-丁内酯、乙腈、环醚和链状醚中的至少一种。
4.如权利要求3所述的非水性电解质电池,其中有机溶剂是选自γ-丁内酯、乙腈和碳酸亚丙酯中的至少一种。
5.一种非水性电解溶液,它包含:
有机溶剂和具有用R1R2SO2表示的结构的烷基砜的混合溶剂,其中R1和R2分别独立地是烷基,有机溶剂能溶解烷基砜和至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐;和
至少一种选自铝盐、钙盐和镁盐的盐。
6.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中正极包含含金属氧化物的正极活性材料。
7.如权利要求6所述的非水性电解溶液,其中金属氧化物是选自氧化锂-钴、氧化锂-镍、氧化锰、氧化锂-锰、氧化钒和氧化铁中的至少一种。
8.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中正极包含含金属化合物的正极活性材料。
9.如权利要求8所述的非水性电解质电池,其中金属化合物具有用LzMy(XO4)n表示的结构,其中L代表Mg、Ca或Al;M代表选自Fe、V、Co、Mn、Ni、Cu、Li、Na和K中的至少一个;X代表S、P、Mo、W或V;Z是大于或等于0的整数;Y是大于或等于1的整数;n是大于或等于1的整数。
10.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解溶液,其中负极由选自铝、钙和镁的纯金属或它们合金中的至少一种制成。
11.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中负极由选自AlSb、Ca2Si和Mg2Si中的至少一种制成。
12.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的非水性电解质电池,其中烷基砜与有机溶剂的混合比为1∶9-9∶1。
13.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中铝盐是选自卤化铝、硝酸铝、硫酸铝、Al(BF4)3、Al(PF6)3、Al(ClO4)3、Al(CF3SO3)3和Al((C2F5SO2)2N)3中的至少一种。
14.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中钙盐是选自卤化钙、硝酸钙、硫酸钙、Ca(RF4)2、Ca(PF6)2、Ca(ClO4)2、Ca(CF3SO3)2和Ca((C2F5SO2)2N)2中的至少一种。
15.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中镁盐是选自卤化镁、硝酸镁、硫酸镁、Mg(BF4)2、Mg(PF6)2、Mg(ClO4)2、Mg(CF3SO3)2和Mg((C2F5SO2)2N)2中的至少一种。
16.如权利要求1所述的非水性电解质电池,其中铝盐、钙盐或镁盐以0.1-3mol/l的浓度溶解在烷基砜和有机溶剂的混合溶剂中。
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