CN1379916A - 用于可再充电的锂电池的阳极 - Google Patents

用于可再充电的锂电池的阳极 Download PDF

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CN1379916A
CN1379916A CN00811729A CN00811729A CN1379916A CN 1379916 A CN1379916 A CN 1379916A CN 00811729 A CN00811729 A CN 00811729A CN 00811729 A CN00811729 A CN 00811729A CN 1379916 A CN1379916 A CN 1379916A
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anode
lithium
tin
battery
aluminium
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W·J·麦克林
D·J·弗雷
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AEA Technology Battery Systems
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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Abstract

一种用于可再充电锂电池的阳极包括碳纳管,在其内部含有一种能够与锂在一个组合范围上形成合金或可逆复合物的的元素。该在碳纳管内的元素可以是铝或锡。这些碳纳管可以用一种诸如偏二氟乙烯的聚合物的聚合粘合剂粘结在一起以便形成一个结合层。由于该碳纳管为合金提供了一种稳定的结构,一个具有这种阳极的电池可以提高容量并提高了可逆性。

Description

用于可再充电的锂电池的阳极
本发明涉及一种用于可再充电的锂电池的阳极，以及一种结合这种阳极的电池。
近年来，用锂金属阳极，和掺入或插入锂离子的材料的阴极制作电池是众所周知的。已知多种插入或掺入材料用作可再充电锂电池的阴极材料，例如TiS2，V6O13和LixCoO2，其中x小于1；并且这些材料经常与固态电解材料混合以形成一个复合阴极。为了避免循环期间在锂金属阳极上生长树枝状晶体的问题的发生，建议使用诸如石墨的插入材料作为阳极材料，并且这种材料也可以与固态电解材料混合以形成一个复合阳极。在这种类型的阳极和阴极都含有插入的锂离子的可再充电电池是可以在商业上利用的，可以称之为锂离子电池，或称为摆动或摇椅电池。
另一个已知的可能性是使用诸如铝的材料与锂形成合金作为阳极材料。但是，具有一个锂/铝合金阳极的电池的重复循环导致电压改变和结构损坏。在一个锂离子电池中锡氧化物同样被建议作为可逆的阳极材料。这种锂插入过程相信是由锡氧化物的初始减少，继之以锂合金的可逆结构进行的。当由于大的电压变化引起大量锡材料中的锂的重复插入和消除的时候趋向于显示差的可逆性，由于在金属锡颗粒的周围存在一种氧化物结构使锡氧化物阳极的改良的稳定性被观测到。
根据本发明的一个可再充电锂电池的阳极包括碳纳管，其中含有一种能够与锂在一个组合范围上形成可逆合金的金属或非金属。
最好纳管中的金属或非金属是诸如铝或锡的金属性元件，或者像锑/锡的金属性合金，而且它也有可能是像硅一样的非金属。术语合金应该作为包括常用的合金和锂/通用的公式Mlix的基本混合物来理解，其中M表示其它元素(金属或非金属)，而x可以有不同值的范围。
最好碳纳管由一种聚合粘合剂粘结在一起，聚合粘合剂例如可以是聚偏二氟乙烯。
本发明也提供一种结合上面叙述的阳极，可逆的阴极，和一种电解质的可再充电的锂电池。这种电解质可以是一种硅聚合物电解质，或是一种液体电解质。这里这种电解质是一种液体，一个插入，可渗透的液体分离器通常被提供以便从阴极中分离阳极。多种不同的插入材料可以被用在这样一种阴极中。
因为这种纳管为这种合金提供了一种稳定的结构，这样一种电池被期待以便提高容量并改进可逆性。该碳纳管也可以提供附加的锂插入容量。
碳纳管是直径不超过几纳米的管状结构，而在长度上可以是几微米。它们可以作为一个薄片或被转动构成的柱体的碳原子的六角形晶格(与石墨的一层一样)来考虑，在每个端具有一个类似于半个球壳状碳分子模型的六角形盖。这种碳纳管的直径和螺旋性成为它们的特征，这是由薄片所围绕转动的轴心来决定的。它们可以由在一个熔炉中在一个钴/镍催化剂的作用下目标碳的激光气化来制造，它们也可以利用碳弧制造。
现在只通过实例本发明将被进一步和更特别的描述。通过利用一种诸如氯化钠的碳电解质作为一个熔盐的电镀槽中的阴极，可以电解地得到碳纳管。应当相信，在当前操作中，钠被加压成为石墨结构并且这这导致纳管的挤压成形。一种不稳定的盐，例如锡氯化物，也可以被注入该熔盐电镀槽。这样首先分解，并且所得到的金属(锡)是最初沉淀在石墨的表面上的。可以发现从这个过程中产生纳管，在纳管内部含有不稳定盐的金属。在电解之后，盐溶解在水中，纳管保留在悬浮液中，并且在水溶液和不互溶的有机液体之间分界面上被收集。这样纳管能以高产出率被生产。
如上描述制造的锡填充纳管被彻底的干燥。通过将90份按重量计算的纳管和10份的聚偏氟乙稀均聚合物(PVDF)混合，形成一种具有N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)的粘合液作为能够溶解PVDF的溶剂，在上面铸造一个铜箔片电流收集器，并且彻底的干燥铸层以便消除NMP溶剂，纳管可以被用于制造一个阳极。一个近似的过程可以被用于制造一个阴极，将锂钴氧化物，碳和PVDF与作为溶剂的NMP相混合以便形成一种粘合液，在上面铸造一个铝箔片电流收集器，并且彻底的干燥铸层以便消除NMP溶剂。接着阳极和阴极通过一个多微孔的聚乙烯分离器被分离，缠绕在一起形成一个线圈，并且插入到一个外壳。该外壳接着被以由溶解在碳酸乙二酯/乙基碳酸二甲酯混合物中的1M LiPF6组成的有机液体电解质填充。
应当理解一个只包括纳管和聚合物粘合剂(例如聚偏二氟乙烯)的阳极是适合的，这里这种阳极被用在具有液体电解质的电池中。一种可替换的阳极除纳管和聚合物粘合剂，和一种锂盐之外，还包括增塑溶剂(例如碳酸乙二酯或碳酸丙二酯)，并且适合于用在具有固体聚合物电解质的电池中。因为含有锂盐的阳极必须保存在完全干燥的环境中，一种进一步可替换的阳极由增塑溶剂，纳管和聚合物粘合剂组成，但没有锂盐，这样一种阳极易于处理。
为了产生铝填充纳管，除了被添加到溶盐电镀槽的不稳定的盐是铝氯化物之外，该电解过程实质上与较早描述的过程相同。
因此一种可替换的电池如下可以利用被彻底干燥的铝填充纳管被制造。四十八份的纳管被与24份的挥发性溶剂四氢呋喃混合以便产生一种粘合剂(所有的份数是指由重量决定的份数)。这接着与一种含有六份PVDF共聚物，30份盐溶液(在三份碳酸乙二酯比两份碳酸丙二酯的混合物中的1M LiPF6)，和40份四氢呋喃的聚合物溶液混合。利用在一个滚筒上有0.5mm刀片间隙的刮粉刀，这个混合物接着被浇注成一个铜薄膜，并且穿过70℃的干燥剂以便确保挥发性溶剂四氢呋喃的蒸发。在这个特殊实施例中，该共聚物是含有按重量比较的百分之2的六氟丙烯的偏二氟乙烯，并且具有十分高的分子量其熔体流动指数(在230℃的温度和21.6kg的负荷)仅仅是3.1g/10min。
该最后得到的阳极除共聚物，增塑溶剂和锂盐之外还包括铝填充纳管。它能够与一个复合阴极和一种聚合物电解质结合以形成一种可再充电的锂离子电池。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于可再充电锂电池的阳极，该阳极包括碳纳管，其特征在于该纳管在其内部含有一种能够与锂在一个组合范围上形成可逆合金的金属或非金属。
2.一种如权利要求1的阳极，其中该金属或非金属是从：铝，锡，含有铝或锡的金属性合金，或硅中选择的。
3.一种如权利要求1或2的阳极，其中该碳纳管由一种聚合粘合剂粘结在一起。
4.一种如权利要求3的阳极，包括一种聚合粘合剂和一种增塑溶剂。
5.一种可再充电的锂电池，包括在前面权利要求的任意一个定义的阳极，一个可逆的阴极，和一种电解质。
CN00811729A 1999-08-21 2000-08-18 用于可再充电的锂电池的阳极 Pending CN1379916A (zh)

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GBGB9919807.9A GB9919807D0 (en) 1999-08-21 1999-08-21 Anode for rechargeable lithium cell
GB9919807.9 1999-08-21

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CN (1) CN1379916A (zh)
AU (1) AU6708600A (zh)
DE (1) DE60001967T2 (zh)
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