CN1360497A - 控制释放生物相容性眼药的传送植入设备和方法 - Google Patents
控制释放生物相容性眼药的传送植入设备和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种生物相容性并且可植入眼内的控制释放设备。所述设备有一含药物的核心和几乎不能渗透进入环境液体和几乎不能渗透释放药物的聚合外层,并且药物释放受外层中的孔口影响。这些设备具有面积低于设备总表面积10%的孔口,并且可用于传送具有不同溶解度和/或分子量的各种药物。本发明还提供了这些药物传送设备的使用方法。
Description
本发明涉及可以植入眼中的生物相容性控制释放药物的传送设备。因此,本发明超越药物传送、聚合物化学和药物的科学规律。
导致失明的一个原因不能将药物或药剂引入眼中,并且不能使这些药物或药剂在需要时在其中保持治疗有效浓度。由于经常需要高水平的全身剂量来达到有效的眼内浓度,这样使得药物的不可接受的副作用增加,因此全身性给药不可能是一理想的解决方案。由于药物可以快速地被泪水作用冲洗掉或从眼内排入体循环,因此在许多情况下简单的眼滴注和涂敷并不是可以接受的选择。
较好的方案是提供一种可以植入眼中的的传送设备,这样可以恒定地释放控制量的所需药物,持续几天或数周,或者甚至几个月。一些这样的设备已报道于现有技术中。例如参见US4853224,它公开了用于治疗眼病的引入眼前段或眼后段的生物相容性植入物。US5164188公开了一种通过将含有感兴趣的药物的可生物降解的植入物引入眼的上脉络膜空间或平台部治疗眼病的方法。还参见US5824072、5476511、4997652、4959217、4668506和4144317。
上面公开的许多设备包括许多层并且其设计和生产很复杂。而且,一些设备经渗透驱动,其中渗透梯度是由来自设备的药物流出物引起的。在一些情况下,药物释放受离子梯度的控制。因此这些设备必不可少地含有这些附加的渗透剂或离子剂,而它们不可能与眼环境相容。因此,需要一种生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备,它设计简单,不需要药物流出物的渗透剂或离子剂,并且还实现了延长和不间断传送眼药的目的。本发明满足这一要求。
一种生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备,含有覆盖核心的几乎不能渗透的聚合物外层,该设备含有待传送的药物,其中所述外层有一个或多个孔口,并且所述孔口的总表面积低于所述设备的总表面积的10%。
本发明设备的外层可以制成可生物降解。
本发明的设备可用于传送抗生素、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂、抗癌剂、抗青光眼剂、抗炎剂、止痛剂、免疫调节剂、大分子或其混合物。
本发明提供了一种如上所述的生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备,其中外层含有聚四氟乙烯,核心含有庆大霉素、头孢唑啉或其混合物,孔口的总面积低于设备总表面积的1%。
如上所述的生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备的外层含有聚氟代乙烯丙烯,并且其核心含有地塞米松,孔口的总面积低于设备总面积的7%。
如上所述的生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备的外层含有聚四氟乙烯,并且其核心含有醛糖还原酶抑制剂,孔口的总面积低于设备总面积的8%。
本发明还提供了一种如上所述的生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备,其中外层含有聚四氟乙烯、聚硅氧烷或其混合物,核心含有更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤],并且孔口的总面积低于设备总表面积的1%。
本发明还提供了一种如上所述的生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备,其中外层含有聚乳酸、聚羟基乙酸或其混合物,核心含有更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤],并且孔口的总面积低于设备总表面积的1%。
本发明还提供了生物相容性可植入的眼控制释放药物的传送设备的使用方法。
附图简述
图1A-1F图示了从Teflon(聚四氟乙烯)制备的圆柱形设备的药物释放数据,其中孔口的数量和构型不同。
图2图示了从聚(氟代乙烯丙烯)(FEP)制成的圆柱形设备中释放地塞米松的数据,其中孔口构型和数量不同。
图3图示了从聚四氟乙烯制成的圆柱形设备释放醛糖还原酶抑制剂(ARI)的数据。在这种情况下,在设备的每个球面上通过使球面开口(即,不密封)来产生孔口。
图4图示了从聚硅氧烷制备的圆柱形设备释放更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤(DHPG)]的数据,其中将圆柱形设备的每个球面密封。
图5图示了从聚乳酸制备的圆柱形设备释放更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤(DHPG)]的数据,其中圆柱形设备的每个球面开放,并且一个附加的孔口钻在圆柱形设备的纵向表面上。
A.常规技术
本领域技术人员可以容易地想到,本文所述的药用设备和方法可以通过使用药学领域已知的步骤制备和实施。因此,除非另有说明,本发明的实施使用了以下常规技术:包括药物剂量形式设计、药物开发、药理学的药物科学、有机化学和聚合物科学。一般参见例如Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,第19版,Mack出版公司,Easton,PA(1995)(本文后面的REMINGTON)。
B.定义
本文所用的某些术语的定义如下。
正如说明书和权利要求书中所用的,单数形式“一”和“这”包括复数,除非上下文清楚指出过。例如,术语一药物是指用于本发明的一种或多种药物。
“控制释放”是指所给药物从设备中以预定速度释放。这种释放速度可以为零级、假零级、一级、假一级等。因此,可以在特定时间释放相对恒定或预期变化量的药物。
“传送”是指药物从含有药物的设备中释放到围绕该设备的环境中。药物如此释放到的环境可以为药物活性的最终位置,也可以不是最终位置。在某些情况下,释放的药物可能需要输送到其活性的最终位置。
“生物相容性”意思是设备、聚合物或组分基本上为非免疫原性并且在给药的组织位置不留下毒性、潜在炎症或免疫原反应产物。
术语“眼”是指眼睛,包括其所有肌肉、神经、血管、泪管、膜等,以及立即与眼及其生理官能相连的结构。术语眼、眼内结构和眼睛在本文全文可以互换使用。
“眼传送”向眼睛传送所需药物。而且,本领域普通技术人员可以想到,由于眼的灌注性高,在眼中局部传送到特定位置可能导致药物吸收到血管中并载到远离眼的位置,从而实现全身传送,因此眼传送可以包括通过眼的全身性传送。根据该特征,在一些情况下可以有利地通过眼进行全身传送。这种全身性传送也在本发明的范围内。
术语“生物降解性”意思是组分、载体或制剂在例如体液或包含体液或者被其沐浴的解剖结构的生物介质中降解。或者,生物降解,在生物降解性聚合物中例如是指聚合物的分子量因单体数量随时间减少而降低的位置。体液的例子包括血液、血浆、唾液、眼泪、淋巴、尿等。包含体液或者被其沐浴的解剖结构的例子包括口腔、鼻腔、泌尿生殖道、呼吸道、胃肠道、眼系统等。体液的腐蚀可能是由于例如溶解、分散、摩擦、重力等的因素。
本文所用的术语“药物设备”或“传送设备”或者简单地“设备”是指含有一药物和/或向一对象传送一药物的组合物,并且通常认为是另外药理上失活。本发明的这些设备含有外层、核心和外层中至少一孔口。对象可以为人或任意动物。术语“动物”包括任意已知的动物以及鱼类、鸟类和爬行类动物。
外层为一层材料,除了经由孔口的外层提供的开口之外,该材料覆盖药物传送设备的整个核心。根据该设备的生产方法,外层和药物核心可以基本上彼此接触,或者可以不接触。该外层材料可以由聚合组合物制成,并且在使用时,基本上不能渗透到体液和待传送的药物中,其中体液的流入和药物的流出几乎或完全通过这些孔口进行。
“几乎不渗透、不能渗透或非渗透性”是指设备外层的渗透特性,其中水或体液以及包括药物核心组合物通过设备外层的流入和流出最小,即几乎没有,只有通过设备提供的孔口进行。本领域普通技术人员可以想到,植入的设备在整个时间内不可能完全不渗透到体液中。然而,如果设备的控制传送特性几乎不受影响,甚至如果这种渗透性通过除设备提供的孔口之外的装置发生或已发生时设备显示为或已渗透到体液中,那么就可以实现本发明的目的。例如,植入时意外刺穿设备可能使该设备能渗透。当设备为可再次填充型时,在这种再次填充过程中可能刺穿设备。在这些情况下,设备可以通过这些刺穿渗透。然而,只要其控制传送特性不受影响,设备应认为是不能渗透或几乎不能渗透。
“核心”含有待传送的药物,任选地与佐剂混合。
术语“药物”包括任意已知的药理活性剂及其药用上可接受的盐、药物前体如酯或醚、或者药物前体的盐、或者溶剂化物如乙醇化物、或者这些药理活性剂的的其它衍生物。这些盐、药物前体、药物前体盐、溶剂化物和衍生物在本领域中为公知。
药理活性剂的盐可以得自无机或有机酸和碱。无机酸的例子包括盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸和磷酸。碱的例子包括碱金属(例如钠)的氢氧化物、碱土金属(例如镁)的氢氧化物、氨和式NW4 +的化合物,其中W为C1-4烷基。
有机盐的例子包括:乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐、己酸盐、庚酸盐、十一酸盐、十六酸盐(palmoate)、环戊烷丙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、天门冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、柠檬酸盐、草酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、富马酸盐、樟脑酸盐、烟酸盐、果胶酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、半硫酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、硫氰酸盐、磷酸盐、甘油磷酸盐和苯丙酸盐、官方许可的几种盐列于RBMINGTON,见上面,第83章。
本文所用的术语“化合物的衍生物”意思是一种化学修饰的化合物,其中在化合物的一个或多个官能团和/或芳族、脂环族或杂环结构(当其存在时)上发生化学修饰。然而希望该衍生物保留有所衍生的化合物的药理活性。
术语“药物前体”是指本身可能有或者没有药理活性,但是通过给药,经代谢或其它将其转化成感兴趣的药理活性剂的药理活性化合物的前体。已制备了几种药物前体并且公开了其用于各种药物。例如参见Bundgaard,H.和Moss,J.,《药物科学杂志》78:122-126(1989)。因此,本领域普通技术人员知道如何使用有机合成的常用技术制备这些衍生物和药物前体。
此外,还包括本文所述药物的多形体、异构体(包括立体异构体、几何异构体和光学异构体)和异头物。
还有,术语“药物”包括核酸序列。这些核酸序列可以“裸露”或包装在载体中递送,其中裸露或载体包装的核酸通过与眼组织的细胞膜相互作用可以提供所需药理、生理或免疫效果。另一方面,核酸可以被眼细胞吸收,其中核酸加入细胞中并表达生产蛋白质。由此生产的蛋白质可以具有各种生理、药理或免疫功能。例如,一方面,蛋白质可以通过与眼细胞结合起免疫原的作用,由此触发可能导致杀伤T-细胞的攻击引起细胞死亡的免疫反应。当治疗例如眼部的癌症时,这种细胞死亡是需要的。另一方面,蛋白质可刺激眼组织的上皮细胞生长。可由本发明的设备释放的一些生长因子包括脑神经生长因子(BNGF)、腹腔神经生长因子(CNGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)。几种载体,包括病毒(例如腺病毒)和非病毒(例如脂质体)、以及将核酸加入这些载体的方法在本领域中为已知。
本文所用的术语“药物”和“药剂”意思相同,因此可以互换使用。
“佐剂”为可以影响任意以下情况的试剂:(1)药物的释放速度、(2)药物的稳定性、(3)药物的溶解度或(4)核心本身的物理化学特性,包括紧密性、pH等。然而,佐剂不包括影响通过渗透压或离子梯度提供的释放速度的那些成分。一方面,佐剂可以包括增溶剂、溶解度降低剂和分散剂。
“增溶剂”增加制剂中的药物的溶解度。增溶剂优选占最终制剂的约0.01%-约20wt%,更优选约0.1%-10wt%。
在制剂中可以使用“溶解度降低剂”实现所需释放特性。药物的溶解度可以通过本领域已知的技术如络合作用等降低。络合剂的例子包括:2-羟基烟酸、2-羟基苯乙酸、环糊精、邻苯二甲酸、聚乙二醇、氢醌及其衍生物;咖啡因、胆汁盐和酸。
本文所用的术语“溶解度”是指溶质溶于溶剂中的程度,其中溶质和“溶剂”的物理状态可以相同或不同。因此,固体或液体溶于任意“溶剂”如固体、液体或气体中都在该术语的范围内。
溶解度可以许多方式表示,例如wt/vol(g/mL)、摩尔浓度(溶质的摩尔数/1000g溶剂)、摩尔分数(一组分的摩尔数占总摩尔数的分数)、mol%(摩尔分数×100)、当量浓度(溶于1000mL溶液的克当量数)、%重量(%w/w)、%重量/体积(%w/v)、%体积(%v/v)。
溶解度还可以通过如下术语描述:非常易溶(低于1份溶剂/1份溶质)、自由溶解(1-10份溶剂/1份溶质)、可溶(10-30份溶质/1份溶剂)、少量溶解(30-100份溶质/1份溶剂)、微溶(100-1000份溶质/1份溶剂)、非常微弱溶解(1000-10000份溶质/1份溶剂)、实际上不溶、或者不溶(大于10000份溶质/1份溶剂)。为了进一步确定,参见REMINGTON,如上所述,第16章,将其加入本文作为参考。
“分散剂”是易于在一种连续相中形成一种或多种中间相的分散液的试剂。这些分散液的例子包括混悬液和乳液,其中例如连续相可以为水,分散相为固体或不溶于水的液体。因此,分散剂可以包括悬浮剂和乳化剂。
“孔口”是指当设备使用时体液可以进入设备并且设备中溶解的药物可以从设备中移出所通过的外层中的开口。该解释与“通路”或“孔隙”或“孔”或“洞”等同义。这些孔口可以为任意形状,例如球形、立方体、椭圆体、圆柱形、圆锥形、倒圆锥形、不规则等。该传送设备可以有一个以上的孔口。当设备安装一个以上孔口时,这些孔口可以构建为与单个孔口的功能相同。
术语“孔口的面积”是指已去除以提供孔口的外层截面的面积。更具体地说,它是指外层除去截面的最外表面(即,距离药物核心最远的外层表面)或者外层除去截面的最内表面(即,距离药物核心最近的外层表面),无论哪一个都具有最小表面积。该表面积是以两维平面上的表面积进行测定的。
因此,例如当孔口为立方体时,孔口的表面积为其两维平面即正方形所代表的面积。当孔口为圆柱形时,孔口的表面积为圆形平面的面积,而不管其高度(即外层的厚度)。当孔口为球形时,孔口的表面积为圆形平面的面积。当孔口为圆锥形时,孔口的表面积为距离药物核心最近的孔口的表面积。当孔口为倒圆锥形时,孔口的表面积为距离药物核心最远的孔口的表面积。当孔口是通过使开放圆柱形管的末端不封闭形成时,孔口的面积是指具有圆柱形设备的半径的环形的面积。
应理解为,在某些方面,例如当设备为圆柱形时,除去截面的给定表面可以具有曲率。当计算其表面积时,如上所述,当该表面投射到两维表面上时,曲率影响可以忽略。作为实际物质,由于本发明的设备外层的厚度通常为约0.6mm或更低,在计算孔口面积时该厚度(或高度)的影响可以忽略。因此,例如当计算球形孔口的圆柱形面积时,仅仅相关的测量是孔口的半径。
术语“设备的总表面积”是指包括孔口表面积的设备的整个外表面积。例如,当设备为圆柱形,且在其纵向面上有一孔口时,设备的总表面积是使用下式计算的:(p*2πr)+2πr2,其中p和r为设备的长度和半径。
“有效量”是足够影响有益或所需结果的量。有效量可以给药、涂敷或剂量中一种或多种使用。给定使用的有效量的确定对药学领域中普通技术人员为公知。
“给药”是指将设备放在所需位置的方法。设备的放置可以是通过任意药用上可接受的方式,例如通过吞咽、将其留在口中直到药物分散、将其放在口腔中、插入、植入、附着等。这些给药方法和其它方法在本领域中为已知。
使用“药用上可接受的”是一形容词,意思是成分经鉴定可与制剂中其它成分相容并且对患者无害。几种药用上可接受的成分在本领域中为已知,并且官方出版物如《美国药典》中描述了评价大量感兴趣成分的药用上的接受性的分析标准。
本发明中各种成分的浓度、量等在本申请中经常以一范围表示。以范围来描述仅仅为了方便和简短起见,不应解释为对本发明范围的固定限制。因此,范围的描述应认为是特定公开了所有可能的子范围以及该范围内的大量单个值。例如,如1%-8%的范围的描述应认为是特定地公开了子范围如1%-7%、2%-8%、2%-6%、3%-6%、4%-8%、3%-8%等以及该范围内的单个数量,例如2%、5%、7%等。该结构用于本说明书的整个上下文中,而不管该范围有多宽。
C.设备
本发明提供了生物相容性控制释放的眼植入药物的传送设备和这些设备的使用方法。该设备包括一被基本上不能透过的聚合物外层包围的药物核心,所述外层具有一个或多个孔口,通过它体液可以进入溶解药物,并且溶解的药物可以在所需时间内以所需速度流出。本发明特别适合甚至非常小的量活性就特别高且寻找持续长时间给药的药物。
可以将该设备植入人和动物的任意位置,从而获得从该设备释放的药物的局部或全身效果。在一些特定方面,将该设备植入眼中,从而治疗或预防各种眼病,如细菌和病毒感染、炎症、癌生长、眼压、出血等。在某些方面,该设备可以制成在药物完全释放之后可以生物降解。
本发明的设备可以为任意预选形式,例如球形、圆柱形、立方体、圆锥形、椭圆形、两面凸形、半球性或近似半球形等。“近似半球形”意思是设备的一个面基本上为平面、浅凸面或浅凹面,并且其相对面为深凸面(即,该深凸面的曲率半径大于浅凸面、浅凹面或基本上平面的曲率半径)。
用于眼植入的设备通常小,这样可以正好将这些设备植入小眼窝中。例如,当设备为圆柱形时,其高度可以为约3-7毫米,直径可以为约0.5-4毫米。设备的体积使得设备容纳足够量的药物,这样在植入物的长传送时间内,例如几周、月或甚至更长时间内,即高达2年或更多能够提供连续传送。因此所需的体积取决于例如药物溶解度、药物传送速率、传送时间、药物的半衰期等的特征。一旦植入,设备将药物连续传送到眼的内部区域,而不需要向这些区域的其它侵入性穿透。
以下说明更详细地描述了这些设备和方法的各个方面。
1.聚合物外层
在制备设备外层时可以使用各种生物相容性几乎不能渗透的聚合组合物。在选择聚合组合物时考虑的一些相关因素包括:聚合物与植入物的生物环境的相容性、药物与聚合物的相容性、生产的容易性、在至少几天的生理环境中的半衰期、玻璃质粘度增加不明显和释放药物所需的速率。根据这些特性的相对重要性,组合物可以变化。这样几种聚合物及其制备方法在本领域中为公知。例如参见US4,304,765、4,668,506、4,959,217、4,144,317和5,824,074、《聚合物科学和技术百科全书》第3卷,由Interscience Publishers,Inc.,New York出版,最新版;和Scott,J.R.和Roff,W.J.的《普通聚合物手则》由CRC Press,Cleveland,Ohio出版,最新版。
感兴趣的聚合物可以为均聚物、共聚物、直链、支链或交联衍生物。一些例证聚合物包括:聚氨基甲酸酯类或聚脲类、交联聚(乙酸乙烯酯)等、酯含量为4-80%的乙烯-乙烯酯共聚物如乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)共聚物、乙烯-己酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-丁酸乙烯酯共聚物、,乙烯-戊酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-三甲基乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-二乙基乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-3-甲基丁酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-3-3-二甲基丁酸乙烯酯共聚物和乙烯-苯甲酸乙烯酯共聚物、或其混合物。
其它例子包括如下聚合物:聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸丁酯)、塑化聚(氯乙烯)、塑化聚(酰胺)、塑化尼龙、塑化软尼龙、塑化聚(对苯二酸乙二醇酯)、天然橡胶、聚硅氧烷、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(异丁烯)、聚(丁二烯)、聚(乙烯)、聚(四氟乙烯)、聚(二氯乙烯)、聚(丙烯腈)、交联聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)、氯化聚(乙烯)、聚(三氟一氯乙烯)、聚(乙烯一氯三氟乙烯)、聚(四氟乙烯)、聚(乙烯四氟乙烯)、聚(4,4’-异亚丙基二亚苯碳酸酯)、聚氨酯、聚(全氟烷氧基)、聚(二氟乙烯)、二氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、氯乙烯-富马酸二乙酯共聚物、聚硅氧烷、硅橡胶(药用级,例如SilasticRTM药用级ETR弹性体Q7-4750或DowCorningRTMMDX 4-4210药用级弹性体)、和聚二甲基甲硅烷硅氧烷聚合物的交联共聚物。
一些其它聚合物例子包括:聚(二甲基硅氧烷)、乙烯-丙烯橡胶、硅酮-碳酸酯共聚物、二氯乙烯-氯乙烯共聚物、氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、二氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、聚(烯烃)、聚(乙烯基-烯烃)、聚(苯乙烯)、聚(卤代-烯烃)、聚(乙烯)类如聚乙酸乙烯酯、交联聚乙烯醇、交联聚丁酸乙烯酯、乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物、聚己基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇缩醛、塑化乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯-氯乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯酯类、聚丁酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯二甲氧基甲烷、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(氧化物)类、聚(酯)类、聚(酰胺)类和聚(碳酸酯)类、或其混合物。
在某些方面,这些设备可以生物降解,其中药物释放所需时间之后外层降解。可生物降解的聚合物可以包括有机酯或醚类,当它们降解时获得生理上可接受的降解产物,包括单体。酸酐、酰胺、邻位酯等自身或与其它单体一起,可以找到用途。这些聚合物可以为加成或缩合聚合物、交联或非交联的。对大部分而言,除了碳和氢之外,聚合物还含有氧和氮,尤其是氧。氧可以-O-存在,例如羟基或醚、羰基,例如非氧代羰基,例如羧酸酯等。氮可以酰胺、氰基和氨基存在。在某些方面,该聚合物为聚四氟乙烯(商业上称之为Teflon)、乙基乙烯醇或乙酸亚乙基乙烯酯。
用于本发明的可生物降解聚合物的一些例子包括:羟基脂族羧酸,或者均聚物或者共聚物,例如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚乳酸乙醇酸、如纤维素的多糖类、纤维素或纤维素衍生物如乙基纤维素、交联或非交联羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素淀粉钠、纤维素醚类、纤维素酯类如乙酸纤维素、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素和藻酸钙、聚丙烯、聚丁酸酯类、聚羧酸酯、丙烯酸酯聚合物类如聚甲基丙烯酸酯类、聚酸酐类、聚戊酸酯类、聚己内酯类如聚-ε-己内酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚酰胺类、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚邻苯二甲酸乙烯醇酯、蜡类如石蜡和白蜂蜡、天然油类、虫胶、玉米醇溶蛋白或其混合物。
由于可生物降解的聚合物的分解速度可以通过化学改性和/或通过改变组成比例和/或通过改变分子量来改变,因此可以容易地获得适宜的可生物降解聚合物。在某些聚合物中,异构可能使聚合物具有不同特征。例如,使用L-乳酸酯,获得一腐蚀慢的聚合物,然而用该乳酸酯的外消旋物使腐蚀大大提高。
2.核心
该传送设备的核心含有待传送的药物并且可以任选地含有药用上可接受的佐剂。对可以加入设备核心的药物量的或高或低的限制并不重要。因此,药物到达设备的速度用所需时间跨度、释放速度和药物效力来显示。例如,药物可以为设备重量的约1-80%,在某些方面可以为约20-40%。通常,可以制得不同大小的设备,使其容纳0.05ng-50g药物或更多,单个设备例如含有25ng、约1μg、约10μg、约100μg、约1mg、约5mg、约250mg、约500mg、约1.5g等。
药物可以干粉、微粒、颗粒、或压缩固体贮存在设备中。药物还可以溶液存在或分散于聚合物基质中。用于装有药物的基质中的聚合物可与体组织和体液生物相容,并且可以生物降解或者几乎不溶于体液中。任意上述生物相容性聚合物组合物可用于制备该基质。核心中的聚合物的量可以为约0%-80wt%。这些聚合物可商购获得,并且制备聚合物基质的方法在本领域中为公知。例如参见US5,882,682。
a)药物
使用本发明的药物传送设备可以预防或治疗各种全身性和眼部疾病如炎症、癌生长。更具体地说,可以治疗或预防如下眼病:青光眼、增生性玻璃体视网膜炎、糖尿病性视网膜炎、眼色素层炎、角膜炎、巨细胞病毒视网膜炎、单纯疱疹病毒和腺病毒感染。
使用本发明的设备可以传送以下类药:麻醉剂、止痛剂、细胞运输/移动悬空剂如秋水仙素、长春新碱、细胞松弛素B和相关化合物;抗青光眼剂包括β-阻滞剂类如噻吗洛尔、倍他洛尔、阿替洛尔等;碳脱水酶抑制剂如乙酰唑胺、醋甲唑胺、双氯非那胺、迪阿莫克斯;和神经保护剂如尼莫地平和相关化合物。
其它例子包括抗生素如四环素、金霉素、杆菌肽、新霉素、多粘菌素、短杆菌肽、土霉素、氯霉素、庆大霉素和红霉素;抗菌剂类如磺胺类药、磺醋酰胺、磺胺甲噻唑和磺胺异噁唑;抗真菌剂类如氟康唑、硝呋醛、两性霉素B、酮康唑和相关化合物;抗病毒剂如三氟胸苷、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、DDI、AZT、膦甲酸、阿糖腺苷、三氟尿苷、碘苷、利巴韦林、蛋白酶抑制剂和抗巨细胞病毒剂;抗变态反应药如美沙吡林、氯苯吡胺、吡拉明和非尼腊明;抗炎症药如氢化可的松、地塞米松、氟轻松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、氟米龙、倍他米松和曲安西龙;减充血剂如苯福林、萘唑啉和四氢唑啉;缩瞳剂和抗胆碱酯酶如匹鲁卡品、卡巴胆碱、二异丙基氟磷酸、碘化二乙氧膦酰硫胆碱和地美溴铵;散瞳药如阿托品硫酸盐、环喷托酯、后马托品、东莨菪碱、托吡卡胺、尤卡托品;拟交感神经药如肾上腺素和血管收缩药和血管扩张药。也可以传送抗凝块剂如肝素、抗纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白溶酶、防阻塞活化酶等。
可以使用本发明设备传送的抗糖尿病药包括:醋磺己脲、氯磺丙脲、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、妥拉磺脲、甲苯磺丁脲、胰岛素、醛糖还原酶抑制剂等。一些抗癌药的例子包括5-氟尿嘧啶、阿霉素、天冬酰胺酶、阿扎胞苷、硫唑嘌呤、博莱霉素、白消安、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、环磷酰胺、环孢菌素、阿糖孢苷、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素、柔红霉素、阿霉素、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、阿维A酯、非尔斯亭、氟尿苷、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、戈舌瑞林、羟基脲、异环磷酰胺、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、环己亚硝脲、氮芥、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托坦、喷司他丁、哌泊溴烷、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、沙莫司亭、链佐星、他莫昔芬、紫杉酚、替尼泊苷、硫鸟嘌呤、尿嘧啶芥末、长春碱、长春新碱和长春地辛。
可以使用本设备传送激素、肽、核酸、糖类、脂类、糖脂、糖蛋白和其它大分子。例子包括:内分泌激素如垂体、胰岛素、胰岛素相关的生长因子、甲状腺、生长激素;热激蛋白、免疫应答调节剂如胞壁酰二肽、环孢菌素、干扰素(包括α、β和γ干扰素)、白介素-2、细胞因子、FK506(一种环氧-吡啶并-oxaazcyclotricosine-季酮,还称作免疫抑制剂)、肿瘤坏死因子、喷司他丁、转化因子β2、红细胞生成素;抗新生蛋白(如抗VEGF,lnterfurons)和其它,以及包括抗凝块活化剂的抗凝块剂。可以传送的其它大分子的例子包括单克隆抗体、脑神经生长因子(BNGF)、腹部神经生长因子(CNGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和介导抗这些生长因子的单克隆抗体。免疫调节物的其它例子包括例如萨力多胺的肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂。
此外,还可以传送核酸,其中该核酸可以表达生产能够具有各种药理、生物或免疫活性的蛋白质。因此,上面所列药物并不意味着全部。实际上可以将任意药物用于本发明中,并且对分子量等没有特别限制。
可以在本发明中使用的其它有益药物的例子和待治疗或预防的特定病症公开于REMINGTON,参见上面;Goodman和Gilman的《治疗的药理学基础》,第19版,由伦敦MacMillan公司出版;和《Merck索引》,第13版,1998,由Merck & Co.,Rahway,N.J.出版。
b)佐剂
在某些方面,在核心中可以有利地含有一种或多种佐剂,从而改变药物从设备的释放特性,或者提高药物的稳定性或改变药物在体液中的溶解度或改变核心本身的生物化学特性。佐剂可以包括药物向体液接近的膨胀剂,或者可以使用佐剂减慢药物从设备的释放。这些溶解度增加剂的例子包括络合剂、疏水材料和不溶性聚合物。表面活性剂和泡腾剂在一定情况下可以有助于克服表面张力效应等。
佐剂还可以包括稀释剂、缓冲剂和防腐剂。缓冲剂的例子包括碱金属或碱土金属碳酸盐、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、硼酸盐、乙酸盐、琥珀酸盐等,例如磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、硼酸钠、乙酸钠、碳酸氢钠和碳酸钠。这些试剂可以足够保持系统在生产、贮存和传送时的pH在2-9,优选4-8的量存在。防腐剂的例子包括洁尔灭、抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、对羟基苯甲酸酯类、苯甲醇。这些试剂的加入量可以为约0.001-约5%。
将植入物定位,使得植入物部分不与作用部位如玻璃体直接接触,药物通过生物膜向作用部位的扩散可以通过渗透增强剂(例如DMSO、洗涤剂、乙醇、十四烷酸异丙酯、油酸、偶氮等)促进。确定渗透增强剂的适宜使用量和使用方法对本领域普通技术人员来说为已知。例如参见REMINGTON,参见上面,第41章。
3.孔口
使用时,本发明的设备除了通过其外层提供的孔口之外几乎不渗透环境中的体液和药物。因此,如果不是全部的话,体液的流入和药物溶液的流出主要是通过孔口进行的。药物所需的释放速度可以通过提供相对设备面积的适宜面积的孔口并考虑流入药物溶解性和选择性佐剂的参数来实现。优选孔口穿过外层的整个厚度,这样当将设备植入时核心立即与体液接触。
对孔口的数量、构型、形状和大小进行选择,使得提供适合治疗机制所需的释放速度。在某些方面,在释放药物的设备中可以提供一个以上的孔口。当提供一个以上孔口时,应使大量孔口构建得与单个孔口的功能相当。孔口可以位于包括边缘的设备任意位置,在设备的相同面上,或者在不同面上。每个设备的孔口数可以从约1-约5或更多变化。
孔口通常为球形,但是可以为任意设计,例如立方体、角锥体、椭圆形、圆锥形等,只要达到所需释放速度。当孔口为球形时,其直径可以为约0.005mm或低于约6mm。在某些方面,直径可以为约0.001mm-0.5mm。
孔口的面积相当于设备面积的10%以下。在某些方面,孔口的面积为设备面积的约7%以下。在某些方面,孔口的面积为设备面积的约2%以下,或者低于1%。当设备有许多孔口时,所有孔口的面积总数占设备面积的10%以下。
正如定义段中所提供了,术语“孔口”为一广义词,它代表了孔、洞或开口。因此,当设备为圆柱形时,孔口也可以通过使两个每个球面开放形成,即不封闭。在某些方面,圆柱形设备的球面可以保持开放,在每个球面上形成一孔口。应理解为,通过这种方式形成一孔口,球面不需完全开放,即,部分开放也可以使孔口在圆柱形设备的任一端。此外,圆柱形设备还可以在其它表面上配备其它孔口。
4.其它方面
在某些方面,可能希望设备还含有一垫层,该垫层与设备表面接触,该表面不与所需治疗部位接触或相邻。垫层的组成可以随所用的药物、植入部位、与试剂的相容性以及可以用于设备中的药物等变化。该垫层可与设备中所含的药物生物相容,并且几乎不能渗透其中。垫层的例证组成包括聚酯类(例如mylar,聚酯薄膜)、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚三氟氯乙烯、硅酮、硅橡胶、尼龙、以及公知和/或可商购获得的其它薄膜材料。
设备还可以包括一粘着层或将设备固定在所需插入部位的涂层,特别是当将设备基本上放在眼的无血管区域的外表面上时。该粘着层可以为一释放衬垫或剥离条的形式。粘着层可以由为生物相容性的任意适宜材料制成。形成这种粘着层的许多聚合物在本领域中为已知。例如参见US5,693,335和5,006,342。
在某些方面,设备可以可再填充的设备操作。例如,当药物的分子量、所需剂量、给药时间(当慢性治疗时)等使得含有所需量药物的所需设备大小与植入面积不相容时,可以使用含有可再填充贮器的设备。设备可以用存在于最初核心中的任一或所有组分再填充。设备可以通过例如直接将核心材料注入设备的贮器中再填充,尤其注意不要危害设备以所需速度释放药物的能力。因此,在某些方面,设备的外表面可以含有一由不能生物降解的材料制成的自封层,并且它能够再密封。例如参见US4,300,557,它描述了可再填充类型的设备。
尽管本发明集中在本文公开的设备的眼植入,但是这些设备可以容易地植入到身体的其它区域。因此,本发明的设备可以适合胃肠、口腔、颈、直肠、阴道、子宫内、鼻和皮肤植入物使用等。此外,可以同时使用一个或多个设备,并且核心中可以含有一种以上的试剂。
D.植入
药物传送设备的植入方法在本领域中为公知,并包括手术方式、注射、套针等。本发明的眼植入设备可以在眼的几个解剖区域植入。例如,这些设备大致可以放在眼的外表面上并且可以放在结膜或巩膜中,或者经巩膜上或巩膜内在无血管区。这些设备还可以基本上植入如部分平面的无血管区域或手术诱导的无血管区域上的上脉络膜空间。
或者,这些设备可以植入直接与脉络膜腔或玻璃体相通的区域,这样避免了药物扩散到血流中。这些设备还可以植入前房。另一方面,通过孔膜层或与设备所处的所需治疗部位相通的其它组织形成孔或通道可以有利于药物向所需部位的扩散。结果,这些通道位于植入物下面并且用于引导药物从设备向所需治疗部位流动。这些孔可以通过本领域已知的手术步骤或通过使用上述渗透性增强剂如乙醇、油酸、十四碳酸异丙酯等形成。
或者,可以将设备插入,使其直接与脉络膜腔相通。通过孔膜可以制得适宜大小的孔,通过平面部分与玻璃体底部相通。植入物位于孔膜床内的孔中并且活门瓣缝合为原位。植入物的这种放置使得药物易于扩散到玻璃体并到眼球内结构中。
可以使用植入物,并如US3,921,632和4,451,254中所述的操作将这些设备植入。手术步骤,例如本领域已知的那些,可能对定位大植入物是必需的。例如,植入物可以通过巩膜切开术插入到上脉络膜。在这种情况下,将孔膜切开,暴露上脉络膜。然后将植入物插在切口的两边。或者,可以在上脉络膜或无血管区域上形成部分厚度的孔膜活门。然后插入植入物,孔膜瓣缝合回原位并密闭植入物。
在许多方面,设备本身可以植入。在许多方面,设备可以放入一“容器”中,然后植入。例如,设备可以首先放入一例如人造镜片或肢的“容器”中,然后将该人造镜片或肢经眼植入,例如植入前房中。因此,本发明的设备以许多不同方式引入体腔或区域中。
E.植入物的制备方法
可以使用几种方法如溶剂蒸发法、相分离法、界面法、模塑法、注模法、热压法等制备外层或整个设备。这些技术在本领域中为公知,例如参见US5,164,188和5,660,847,以及J.R.Scott和W.J.Roff的《普通聚合物手则》第64节,(1971),由CRC Press,Cleveland,Ohio出版。
在一特定方面,使用称作注模的技术。就该技术综述而言,例如参见US3,432,592、4,801,460、4,806,337、5,004,601和5,082,655,以及Cuff,G.和Raouf,F.的《药学技术》96-106(1998),将其加入本文作为参考。
简言之,注模技术包括几个步骤。第一步,将模型封闭并夹住,防止其打开。第二步,通过喷嘴将聚合材料注入并通过将螺杆移动到预定距离注入模腔中。通过调整螺杆必需移动的距离,控制注入模型的物料量。还可以将该螺杆替换,利于将其它材料填塞到模腔中,从而填充第一次注入之后模型冷却时可能产生的空隙。注射和填塞步骤的各种参数,例如填塞时间、填塞压力、注射速率、注射压力可以自动化。将模型冷却并使螺杆回到其预注射位置。将模型打开并排出模制部分(在这种情况下为植入物)。参见Cuff和Raouf,如上所述。
1.外层的形成方法
通过用上述聚合组合物涂布核心可以获得生物相容性、几乎不能渗透的外层。可以使用有机溶剂涂布该涂层,并且将这些溶剂从该涂层中真空汽提出,留下干涂层。浓度为约10-约80wt%的聚合物在适宜温度,例如就聚乳酸聚合物而言为60-90℃下溶于或悬浮于有机溶剂中。所得混合物可以植入的任意形状或大小经切割、模制、注模、挤出、或浇铸或喷雾到预成型核心上。可以在旋转平涂器或流化床涂布器中进行喷雾,直到达到所需涂层厚度。
或者,核心可以经浸涂或融涂。这类涂布对蜡和油特别有用。在另一实施方式中,核心可以经压涂,其中可以将适宜聚合组合物压在预成型的核心上。另一方面,为了提高不能渗透的涂层与核心的粘性,在涂布不能渗透的涂层之前涂布一例如虫胶或聚乙烯乙酸邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)的粘着涂层。这些技术在本领域中为公知,例如参见J.R.Scott和W.J.Roff的《普通聚合物手则》第64节,(1971),由CRCPress,Cleveland,Ohio出版。
当将外层注模或挤入成所需形状时,由外层形成的腔然后可以用药物组合物填充。然后,末端用端帽密封。在设备的前端至少钻一个孔口。任选在壁中钻或预形成一个孔口,或者孔口用一关闭片封闭,当使用时该关闭片打开、或切开等。
或者,无核心设备可以通过例如将该设备在含药物的溶液中浸泡足够吸收药物的时间加载药物。该设备可以配备一空心纤维,并且药物可以直接加载到该纤维中,接着将设备密封。在药物的活性不受损的情况下,然后将填充有药物的设备干燥或者部分干燥,贮藏备用。该方法可以找到特定用途,其中选择的药物的活性对与溶剂接触、热或常规溶剂蒸发的其它方面、模制、挤压或上述其它方法敏感。
当使用垫层时,聚合物溶液可以直接层压在垫层材料上,并将溶剂蒸发或者将释放衬垫附着在下面结构上。需要的话,然后可以将释放衬垫放在聚合物层的上面。当设备含有粘着层时,可以在释放衬垫放在聚合物层和/或膜层上之前将该粘着层涂布到释放衬垫上。当以后在插入设备之前除去释放衬垫时,粘着层基本上留在聚合物层上。
当需要可再填充的贮器设备时,设备可以模制层两个分开部分。这些分开部分中至少一个基本上可以为凹面。含有设备主体的这两部分然后可以与生物相容性粘合剂如聚硅氧烷粘合剂一起密封,这样形成一具有基本上中空中心的设备,该中心可以用作药物的贮器或长效制剂。或者,含有贮器的设备可以通过常规成型-填充-密封技术生产。还可以使用注模技术生产该可再填充的设备,其中可再填充的设备可以在形成外层之后用药物或药物悬液填充。或者,设备可以共模制,在注模时通过例如共注射到一模型中几乎同时形成外层和药物核心。
外层的厚度应经选择为物料性能和所需释放速度的函数。外层厚度并不重要,只要达到外层的特定功能。外层厚度例如可以为0.05mm-3mm。具备本发明结果所需的涂层的厚度可以使用本领域公知的技术确定。例如参见《普通聚合物手则》,如上所述。可以制备具有不同涂层厚度但没有孔口的设备,并且可以对这些设备进行溶解试验。所需涂层厚度可以通过在所需控制释放期间药物不从设备中释放的条件下使该条件最佳化来选择。
2.制备核心
可以使用常规片剂赋形剂和配制方法制备本发明设备的核心,并使用标准片剂压制机将其压制成最终相。根据核心中所含的药物的溶解度和数量,可以使用任意常规接受的溶解或不溶性惰性药用填料(稀释剂)胀大核心或溶解药物。这些物料包括但不限于蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、果糖、木糖醇、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、甘油一硬脂酸酯、磷酸氢钙、硫酸钙、碳酸钙、淀粉、纤维素、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素钠或钾、明胶、或其混合物。
此外,药物可以与少量润滑剂一起压制。优选在压制成固体核心之前将润滑剂与药物和赋形剂混合。可以使用包括钙或镁皂的任意常规接受的药用润滑剂。最优选其量为核心重量的约0.25-5%的硬脂酸镁。
药物还可以与少量粘合剂如明胶或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(即94-99.75%的核心为药物)一起配制。在这些情况下,核心组分可以经湿造粒。
所选的特定赋形剂部分取决于药物在体液中的溶解度。药物与赋形剂的比例部分基于药物在体液中的相对溶解度和所需释放速度。如果药物相对易溶,那么可以希望使用相对不溶的赋形剂如磷酸氢钙减慢核心的腐蚀。
可以直接使用量足够制成均匀核心批量的药物、润滑剂、赋形剂等的完全混合物,或者可以在常规生产规模的压片机中以常压即约2000-16000lbs/sq.in.将其压制。
3.制备孔口
可以使用本领域已知的任意技术形成孔口。例如,可以使用一针或其它形式的钻孔装置如机械钻孔机或激光器除去设备中一段不能渗透部分来制备该孔口。或者,可以将特定设计的钻孔头加入压制设备中,以便在压缩点刺穿不能渗透部分。
可以使用机械或激光基方法通过设备壁钻适宜大小孔来制备孔口。在该优选实施方式中,使用指形激光器标记系统钻所需孔。该系统使得在剂量形式的两个面上以适宜产生剂量形式的速度同时钻一排孔。
该方法利用指形激光器标记系统(例如DigiMarkTM可变标记系统,可从Directed Energy公司获得)通过剂量形式的表面或涂层以实际适合生产剂量形式的速度生产无限量孔。
该激光器钻孔法涉及的步骤如下:指形激光器标记系统聚焦在激光器载物台;剂量形式在指形激光器标记系统的激光器载物台上移动,该系统脉冲给予沿直线在剂量形式上钻所需孔所需的这些激光管能量,该剂量形式在激光器载物台上朝前移动,并且指形激光器标记系统再脉冲,按所需生产其它直线排的孔;然后将剂量形式从载物台移出。
孔口和形成孔口的设备公开于US3,845,770、3,916,899、4,063,064和4,008,864中。通过沥滤形成的孔口公开于US4,200,098和4,285,987中。配备有定位设备用的照相波长检测系统的激光器钻孔机描述于US4,063,064和US4,088,864中。
F.设备的测定方法
为了定义设备在体内的潜在药物释放行为,可以将该设备保持在测定体积的盐水溶液中。将该混合物保持在37℃并缓慢搅拌。溶解的药物随时间的出现可以经分光光度测定或通过其它分析方法进行。尽管释放不可能总是均匀的,但是正常释放与允许相对均匀释放的一定平均值没有大的波动,通常在药物快速释放的短暂最初阶段之后。其它方法在本领域中为已知。例如参见REMINGTON,如上所述,第94章。
G.特定实施例
制备含有各种药物的眼用设备并检测其控制释放性能和测定释放时间。由聚四氟乙烯、聚氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP)或聚硅氧烷材料制成的圆柱形设备制备不同量和构型的孔口。这些特征汇集于表1中。释放数据汇集在表2中并图示于图1A-1F和2-4。
除了改变制备设备所用的材料之外,改变孔口的数量和构型、以及待释放的药物。庆大霉素是非常易溶的低分子量药物的一个例子。地塞米松和头孢唑啉是实质上不溶性低分子量药物的例子。DHPG或更昔洛韦[(9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤)]是随意溶解的低分子量药物,而BSA(胎牛血清白蛋白)为随意溶解的大分子的一个例子。
正如下面实施例中更详细讨论的,数据显示孔口面积/总表面积低于10%的本设备可以成功地用于以控制方式在几周或者甚至数月内传送各种药物。无论设备中存在的孔口数量和构型如何,都保持有这些特征。而且,与现有技术的设备不同,本设备不需要有渗透剂、或者从设备中驱使药物的离子。
尽管以有效试剂的优选数量范围描述了本发明的上述实施方式,但是决不意味着这些参数选择限制本发明。本领域技术人员应容易地理解为,优选量、材料和尺寸、真实释放速度和释放时间取决于除上述之外的许多因素,例如治疗的疾病状态、患者的年龄和健康状况、给药路径、以及其它因素。因此,以下实施例应认为是仅描述性,而不限制本文所公开的本发明范围。
实施例
实施例1-6:具有不同孔口数和构型的圆柱形设备
将一由Small Parts,Inc.,Florida获得的内径为0.97mm且外径为1.31mm的Telfon管用于制备实施例1-6的圆柱形设备。在所有这些实施例中,每个设备中的孔口为球形。在实施例1-3和5中,每个孔口的内径为0.25mm。实施例6的设备的孔口的内径为0.3mm。实施例4的设备的孔口是通过使圆柱形设备的一个球形表面开放(未封闭)形成的。在每种情况下改变设备长度,其范围为3.7mm(例如实施例6)-7.2mm(例如实施例2和4)。这些特征汇集在表1中。
表1 | |||||||
药物 | #孔口数 | 总的孔口表面积mm2 | 设备表面积mm2 | %孔口面积/设备表面积 | 药物重量mg | #释放天数 | |
1234 | 荧光素BSA庆大霉素庆大霉素 | 1111 | 0.0490.0490.0490.739 | 24.1032.3326.1532.33 | 0.2040.1520.1882.286 | 4.13.53.33.9 | 821610.75 |
56 | 头孢唑啉酸庆大霉素+头孢唑啉酸 | 31 | 0.1470.071 | 30.2717.92 | 0.4870.394 | 3.90.376 | 812 |
789 | 地塞米松地塞米松地塞米松 | 342 | 0.5891.2831.388 | 31.2631.2623.28 | 1.8844.1045.962 | 2.93.42.6 | 424365455 |
10111213 | ARIARIARIARI | 3452 | 1.6741.8712.0671.478 | 24.1028.2128.2124.10 | 6.9486.6317.3276.134 | 22.62.62.2 | 579579579579 |
14151617181920 | DHPGDHPGDHPGDHPGDHPGDHPGDHPG | 2323232 | 0.0250.0370.0540.0810.0980.14715.835 | 56.1156.1156.1156.1156.1156.11196.35 | 0.0440.0660.0960.1440.1750.2628.065 | 55555550 | 140917856564224 |
r=ID/2 开口端面积=3.1416×r2 rid=ID/2
孔口面积=3.1416×rid 2 管OD=2×rod
表面积=3.1416×OD×长度+2×3.1416rod 2
在每种情况下,制备圆柱形设备的常规步骤如下。在Teflon管的纵向表面上的所需孔口数(实施例4的情况除外)是通过使用机械钻孔机提供的。当有大量孔口时,每个孔口间隔约1-2mm。使用锋利的刀子将Teflon管切割,并在一端用环氧树脂封闭离最近孔口约3-4mm(实施例4的情况除外)。在微量天平上将该管称重。使用药刀和小金属活塞将待传送的药物包装在管中。当包装所需量药物时,在离包装药物约0.1-0.2mm距离在开口端将该管切割。将管的该开口端封闭。孔口总面积/设备的总表面积为0.152%(实施例2)-2.286%(实施例4)。
在实施例1中,设备长5.2mm并含有4.1mg从EM Science,NJ获得的荧光素钠。实施例2的设备长7.2mm并含有3.5mg从SigmaChemical CQ.,Milwaukee,WI获得的BSA。实施例3的设备长5.7mm并含有3.3mg庆大霉素;实施例4的设备长7.2mm并含有3.9mg庆大霉素。实施例4的设备与实施例1-3的设备的不同点在于:后者每个设备在其纵表面含有一个孔口,而实施例4中通过使一个球面开放(即,使其不封闭)形成孔口。
实施例5的设备长6.7mm并含有3.9mg头孢唑啉。头孢唑啉钠粉末从LyphoMed公司获得,并使用一种酸沉淀头孢唑啉酸。本申请通篇所用的术语“头孢唑啉酸”是指以这种方式制备的头孢唑啉酸。实施例6的设备长3.7mm并含有庆大霉素和头孢唑啉,其混合比为1∶3-3∶1,总重量为0.376mg。
释放研究
在每种情况下,将传送设备放在4-10ml盐水溶液的小瓶中。将小瓶在37℃下培养。在特定时间取出约1-5ml盐水样品,同时向小瓶中加入等量鲜盐水。使用用于所讨论的药物试验所公知的标准分析步骤测定荧光素的释放量。
例如,使用紫外线分光光度计,Hewlett Packard Vectra XMUV,在280nm和室温下操作测定荧光素和BSA的释放。使用标准荧光免疫测定方法学(FPIA)和TDX器械操作法测定庆大霉素的释放。使用上述分光光度计在272nm下操作监控头孢唑啉释放。结果汇集在表1(如上所述)并图示于图1A-1F。
图和表1的数据说明,使用特征在于孔口面积/总表面积之比低于10%的本发明设备可以实现延长时间的控制释放传送,而不管药物的溶解度和设备孔口的数量和构型。这些数据还说明,通过本设备可以传送一个以上的药物,每种药物的释放特征可以受其它的影响。参见实施例4、5和6、图1A-1F和表1。
实施例7-9:含有地塞米松的传送设备(圆柱形设备,孔口数和构型不同)
按照上面实施例1-6中所述的步骤,制备含有地塞米松的聚氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP)材料的圆柱形设备。在实施例7中,在圆柱形设备的纵表面上具有三个孔口,将设备的两个球面密封。该设备含有2.9mg地塞米松。在实施例8中,设备含有总共4个孔口,一个由保持开放(即未密封)的球面所致。其余3个孔口在如上所述的设备的纵表面上制成。该设备含有3.4mg地塞米松。在实施例7和8中,设备长7.2mm。
在实施例9中,设备含有总共2个孔口,每个由保持开放(即未密封)的球面所致。设备长5.2mm并含有2.6mg地塞米松。
在实施例7和8中,每个孔口为球形,内径为0.5mm,孔口总面积/总表面积分别为1.884%和4.104%。实施例9的相应图形为0.94mm和5.962%。参见表1。在所有情况下,管的内径为0.94mm并且外径为1.27mm。
释放研究
步骤与上面实施例1-6中所述的相似。使用带紫外线检测的HPLC,C18柱,在280nm下操作,测定地塞米松的释放量。数据汇集在表1中并图示于图2。
数据显示,无论每个设备的孔口数和构型、以及设备长度如何,所有3个设备都提供延长时间的控制释放传送,在这些情况下延长时间为365-455天。数据支持以下常规结论:只要孔口总表面积/设备总表面积低于10%,这些设备可用于以控制释放方式长时间地传送药物。
实施例10-13含有醛糖还原酶抑制剂(ARI)的传送设备(圆柱形设备,孔口数和构型不同)
按照上面实施例4中所述的步骤,制备含有ARI的Teflon材料的圆柱形设备。ARI代表称作醛糖还原酶抑制剂的化合物的通用组。这些醛糖还原酶抑制剂在本领域中公知。例如参见Sorbinil。可以将任意醛糖还原酶抑制剂用本设备传送。在实施例10中,设备含有总共3个孔口,其中2个孔口通过使圆柱形设备的每个球面开放产生。第3个孔口通过机械钻孔机产生。该设备含有2-3mg的ARI。
在实施例11中,按照实施例10中的相同步骤生产一圆柱形设备,只是在这种情况下设备有4个孔口。一个孔口由保持不封闭的两个球面每个获得。2个其它孔口在如上所述的圆柱形设备的纵表面产生。
在实施例12中,按照实施例11中的步骤制备一总共有5个孔口的圆柱形设备,一个来自设备未封闭的每个球面,3个在纵表面上。
在实施例13中,按照实施例10中的步骤生产一仅有2个孔口的圆柱形设备,其中一个孔口由保持开放,即未封闭的每个球面获得。在圆柱形设备的纵表面上没有其它孔口。
在所有实施例(10-13)中,所用的Teflon管的内径为0.97mm,外径为1.31mm。由设备的每个球面产生的每个孔口的面积为1.48mm2。在纵表面上(除实施例13之外)产生的每个孔口为球形并具有0.5mm的内径。实施例10和13中的管长为5.2mm。实施例11和12中的为6.2mm。设备的总孔口面积/总表面积为6.134%-7.327%。参见表1。每个设备中的药物量范围为实施例10中的2mg-实施例13中的2.2mg-实施例11和12中的2.6mg。
释放研究
步骤与上面实施例7中所述的相似。使用HPLC方法学,带有C18柱和紫外线检测器,在280nm下操作。,测定ARI的释放量。数据汇集在表中并图示于图3。
这些结果显示,无论设备的孔口数和构型如何,可以获得延长时间的控制释放传送,在这些情况下延长时间为几百天。
实施例14-20:含有更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤(DHPG)]的传送设备(两个球面端都密封的圆柱形设备,孔口数不同)
使用激光二聚体激光在聚硅氧烷管(实施例14-19)或Teflon管(实施例20)的壁中纵向钻小孔。这些聚硅氧烷设备的制备如下:将聚硅氧烷粘合剂的珠向管一端注射约1.5mm。粘合剂干燥并固化之后,将约5mg的DHPG(实施例14-19)或50mg的DHPG(实施例20)装入具有小活塞的管的开放端。然后将管切成适宜长度,在末端留出1.5-2.0mm。注入粘合剂珠,密封开口端。在使用DHPG传送系统之前允许粘合剂干燥和固化。
使用上面实施例13中所述的步骤,但使用DHPG代替ARI作为药物制备实施例20的Teflon设备。
每种情况下的管长10mm。聚硅氧烷管的外径为1.65mm,外径为1.02mm,而Teflon的外径为5mm,内径为3.175mm。所用聚硅氧烷管的两个球面都密封,并在其纵向面上提供2个或3个孔口。另一方面,该Teflon管设备的两个球面保持开放,使得设备仅有这2个孔口。
聚硅氧烷设备中的孔口直径从0.125mm-0.250mm变化。Teflon设备的孔口的内径与管的内径系统,即3.175mm。孔口面积与聚硅氧烷设备的总表面积之比为0.044-0.262,而Teflon的相应值为8.065。参见表1。除实施例20之外,所有情况下每个设备中的DHPG量为5mg,实施例20中的DHPG量为50mg。
释放研究
该方法学与实施例5中所述的相同。通过HPLC测定DHPG的释放量。聚硅氧烷设备的数据汇集在表2中并图示在图4中。这些数据说明,随着孔口面积与设备的总表面积之比降低,释放时间增加,这进一步说明通过降低孔口面积与设备总表面积之比可以获得延长释放。考虑具有最大比(8.0625%)的Teflon设备非常快地释放(在约24天内)的事实进一步支持该结果。在聚硅氧烷设备中,孔口面积/表面积之比和释放时间表现出强的相互关系,这说明随着该比例降低一半,释放时间略增加2倍。
数据显示,孔口面积低于设备总表面积的10%,对聚硅氧烷设备而言更优选低于1%,的设备可以长时间地传送药物。
实施例21:含有聚乳酸聚合物和更昔洛韦[9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤(DHPG)]的可生物降解的传送设备(两个球面端都开放的圆柱形设备,一个其它孔口)
使用如上所述的的注模法制备聚乳酸可生物降解的传送设备。该设备为两个球面端开放的圆柱形并在其纵面上有一通过机械钻孔机获得的孔口。孔口总面积低于设备总表面积的10%。设备含有10.8mg的DHPG。按照上面实施例中所述的测定DHPG从设备中的释放。释放数据图示于图5。数据说明,可生物降解的聚合物设备当其孔口总面积低于设备表面积的10%时可以控制速度长时间地传送药物。
如上所述,本领域普通技术人员可以容易地弄清本发明的主要特征,并且在不背离其精神和范围的情况下可以对本发明进行各种改变和/或改进,从而使其适应各种用途和条件。同样地,这些改变和/或改进打算落在以下权利要求书等价的全部范围内。
Claims (18)
1.一种生物相容性可植入眼的控制释放药物的传送设备,包括覆盖一核心的几乎不能渗透的聚合外层,该核心含有待传送的药物,其中所述外层具有一个或多个孔口,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的10%。
2.权利要求1的设备,其中所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的7%。
3.权利要求1的设备,其中所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的1%。
4.权利要求1的设备,其中所述外层含有聚四氟乙烯、聚氟化乙烯丙烯、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、或聚硅氧烷或其混合物。
5.权利要求1的设备,其中所述待传送的药物为抗生素、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂、抗癌剂、抗青光眼剂、抗炎剂、止痛剂、免疫调节剂、大分子或其混合物。
6.权利要求1的设备,其中所述抗病毒剂为有效地抗巨细胞病毒、疱疹病毒、腺病毒或其混合物的试剂。
7.权利要求1的设备,其中所述免疫调节剂为环孢菌素、免疫抑制剂、干扰素、或其混合物。
8.权利要求1的设备,其中所述大分子为核酸、蛋白质或碳水化合物、糖蛋白、脂类、糖脂、或其混合物。
9.权利要求1的设备,其中所述药物为庆大霉素、头孢唑啉、地塞米松、醛糖还原酶抑制剂、更昔洛韦或其混合物。
10.权利要求1的设备,其中所述外层可以生物降解。
11.权利要求1的设备,其中所述核心还含有一佐剂。
12.权利要求1的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的外层包括聚四氟乙烯,所述核心含有庆大霉素、头孢唑啉、或其混合物,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的1%。
13.权利要求1的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的外层包括聚氟化乙烯丙烯,所述核心含有地塞米松,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的7%。
14.权利要求1的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的外层包括聚四氟乙烯,所述核心含有醛糖还原酶抑制剂,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的8%。
15.权利要求1的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的外层包括聚四氟乙烯,所述核心含有9-[[2-羟基-1-(羟甲基)乙氧基]-甲基]-鸟嘌呤,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的8%。
16.权利要求1的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的外层包括聚氟化乙烯或聚硅氧烷或其混合物,所述核心含有更昔洛韦,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的1%。
17.权利要求10的药物传送设备,其中几乎不能渗透的可生物降解的外层包括聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、或其混合物,所述核心含有更昔洛韦,并且所述孔口的总面积低于所述设备总表面积的1%。
18.一种治疗或预防眼病的方法,包括植入权利要求1的生物相容性眼控制释放药物的传送设备。
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US09/426,141 US6331313B1 (en) | 1999-10-22 | 1999-10-22 | Controlled-release biocompatible ocular drug delivery implant devices and methods |
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- 1999-10-22 US US09/426,141 patent/US6331313B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-10-19 KR KR1020017007940A patent/KR20010099888A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-19 BR BR0007454-3A patent/BR0007454A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-19 CA CA002355313A patent/CA2355313C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-19 WO PCT/US2000/029004 patent/WO2001030323A2/en active Application Filing
- 2000-10-19 EA EA200100694A patent/EA200100694A1/ru unknown
- 2000-10-19 JP JP2001532743A patent/JP4070460B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-19 AU AU12187/01A patent/AU1218701A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-19 CN CN00803295A patent/CN1360497A/zh active Pending
- 2000-10-19 EP EP00973704A patent/EP1143935A3/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-06-21 NO NO20013094A patent/NO20013094L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101188989B (zh) * | 2005-03-01 | 2010-06-23 | 阿勒根公司 | 用于眼部给药的微植入物 |
CN101390825B (zh) * | 2008-10-01 | 2010-12-29 | 山东省眼科研究所 | 一种伏立康唑眼内释药系统 |
CN102655823A (zh) * | 2009-05-18 | 2012-09-05 | 多斯医学公司 | 药物洗脱眼植入物 |
CN102655823B (zh) * | 2009-05-18 | 2016-04-20 | 多斯医学公司 | 药物洗脱眼植入物 |
CN105769430A (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-07-20 | 易浦润(上海)生物技术有限公司 | 一种载药的泪小管栓子 |
CN105769430B (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2018-09-28 | 易浦润(上海)生物技术有限公司 | 一种载药的泪小管栓子 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20013094D0 (no) | 2001-06-21 |
EA200100694A1 (ru) | 2001-12-24 |
EP1143935A3 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
JP4070460B2 (ja) | 2008-04-02 |
KR20010099888A (ko) | 2001-11-09 |
WO2001030323A3 (en) | 2002-02-21 |
CA2355313C (en) | 2007-03-06 |
EP1143935A2 (en) | 2001-10-17 |
BR0007454A (pt) | 2001-10-30 |
JP2003512417A (ja) | 2003-04-02 |
US6331313B1 (en) | 2001-12-18 |
WO2001030323A2 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
AU1218701A (en) | 2001-05-08 |
CA2355313A1 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
NO20013094L (no) | 2001-08-22 |
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