CN1319235A - 制备正温度系数聚合材料的两步方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
制造含有高填充量的均匀分布的导电材料的正温度系数聚合物材料首先要生产出结晶状聚合物,如高密度聚乙烯,与导电填充料,如炭黑的按比例的均质混合物(预混合料或母料),其中填充料的比例比它在最终的PTC产品中的比例低。下一步,均质混合物、预混合料或母料要以熔融液态的形式与更多的足量的填充材料混合以得到聚合物基体中所希望填充的填充料。之后,用常规设备对得到的混合物进行挤压、成型、形成,从而提供正温度系数聚合物复合材料,当为这些聚合物复合材料安装了电极时,它们就可以用作正温度系数线路保护器件。通过这种方法可以得到通常是炭黑的导电填充料比例高达55到60%的重量百分比的正温度系数聚合物复合材料。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据35U.S.C.119(e)部分,要求1998年9月25日提交的临时申请No.60/101,892的权益。
背景技术
1.发明领域
本发明涉及制备正温度系数聚合物复合材料的制造方法,具体地说,涉及制备高填充量、填充料分布均匀的正温度系数聚合物复合材料的制造方法。
2.现有技术的简要描述
正温度系数(PTC)聚合物复合材料或聚合物材料在本技术领域已广为人知,并已发现其在众多电工和电子仪器中已被广泛用作PTC器件。包括这些聚合物复合材料的PTC器件的主要功能是防止电子线路的过载和/或过热。PTC器件之所以有这种功能是因为PTC聚合物复合材料的特点在于在预定的温度范围内伴随着温度一个比较小的增加,聚合物复合材料的电阻(欧姆)会有突然的升高。因此,PTC器件可以用作保险丝,以在它所串连进的线路电流超过预定的一个安培时切断电流,并在引起线路电流增加的因素被排除且在由于过载电流在PTC器件中产生的热被散发之后能够恢复正常工作。
PTC器件中包含的正温度系数聚合物典型地包括:结晶状聚合物基体,其中均匀分布着导电材料(填充料)。基体经常使用的典型聚合物是高密度聚乙烯(HDPE),填充料经常使用的典型导电材料是炭黑。PTC聚合物材料典型地包括高填充量的填充料,例如重量百分比大约为45%的炭黑。
对PTC器件工作原理的详细描述以及制造PTC器件的材料和方法可以在已公开的转让给本申请的申请人的PCT申请WO97/06660(1997年2月27日公开)和已公开的PCT申请WO97/39461(1997年10月23日公开)中找到。
现有技术中与PTC聚合物的制备相关的几个问题涉及到或由聚合物基体的炭黑或其他填充料的填充量过高所引起。简言之,高的填充量使得很难始终获得分布均匀的填充料,因此也很难获得均匀的电阻率。高的填充量还会造成生产PTC聚合物材料所使用的机器相当大的磨损,导致经常性的堵塞并且在机器堵塞后还很难清除。
本发明提供了一种改进的过程用于生产PTC聚合物材料。本发明的生产过程使得聚合物基体内的填充料分布始终很均匀,降低了机器的磨损,减轻了机器的清除任务,并且还使得可以生产具有比现有技术中能够均匀填充的导电填充料更多的填充量的PTC材料。
发明综述
根据本发明制造正温度系数聚合物材料首先要生产出结晶状聚合物,如高密度聚乙烯,与导电填充料,如炭黑的按比例的均质混合物(预混合料或母料),其中填充料的比例比它在最终的PTC产品中的比例低。下一步,均质混合物、预混合料或母料要以熔融液态的形式与更多的足量的填充材料混合以生产出聚合物基体中所希望填充的填充料。之后,用常规设备对得到的混合物进行挤压、成型、形成,从而提供正温度系数聚合物复合材料,当为这些聚合物复合材料安装了电极时,它们就可以用作正温度系数线路保护器件。
本发明的两步混合方法的优点包括:能够在聚合物基体中提供均匀分布的填充料,能够减小执行第二步与填充料混合和挤压的机械磨损,以及能够达到比现有技术通常可以获得的填充料的百分比更高的百分比。
附图的简要说明
图1为一流程图,显示了本发明制造过程的优选实施例所执行的步骤。
图2为根据本发明执行第二步混合和挤压的优选模式的示意图。
图3为本发明的制造过程中生产出的层压的正温度系数复合材料的侧视图。
优选实施例的详细描述
在本技术领域中,已知有大量的聚合物、共聚物以及聚合物的混合物适合于制造正温度系数(PTC)复合材料,这一点在公开文本WO97/39461(17-18页)和WO/970660(第14页)中进行了描述。尽管在本发明生产过程的优选实施例中使用的是高密度聚乙烯(HDPE),但是本发明的生产过程适用于生产具有在现有技术中已知的其它更适于本目的的聚合物、共聚物或聚合物混合物中的一种的正温度系数复合材料。本发明的生产过程中使用另一个优选的聚合物材料的例子是聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)。公开文本WO97/39461和WO/970660的说明部分和附图部分都通过引用结合于此。
适于制造正温度系数(PTC)复合材料的导电填充料在本技术领域也是众所周知的,公开文本WO97/39461(18页)和WO/970660对其进行了描述。一般来讲,本技术工艺最好使用炭黑(C.B.)作为填充材料,并且炭黑也是本发明的生产过程中所优选使用的导电填充料。
一般来讲,本发明的目的是在聚合物(更恰当地讲是HDPE)的基体中获得始终填充均匀(最好还要高填充量)的填充料(炭黑),同时对制造正温度系数(PTC)复合材料的机器造成的磨损要最小。下面将参照附图,结合高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和炭黑的使用描述本发明达到上述目的方法。但是,应当记住也可以根据本发明使用本技术领域内其它聚合物和填充料,如上面所指出的那样。本发明的方法可以生产出炭黑(或其他填充料)的重量百分比含量高达55%-60%的正温度系数(PTC)复合材料,根据本方法更典型、更优选的填充量是50%-55%的重量百分比。
图1示意性地显示了把HDPE材料研磨为范围在0.05-0.5mm,最好在0.1-0.2mm之间的微粒的步骤。HDPE材料的研磨可以由常规技术,利用适于此目的的常规机器来完成。在本发明的优选实施例中,聚合物微粒的研磨是用常规的粒料研磨机来完成的。
在执行本发明方法的下一个步骤中,测量出需要重量的研磨好的HDPE和炭黑并把它们进行混合,以提供预定比例要求的HDPE和炭黑的混合物。用于此目的的炭黑可以买到。典型地,制造PTC材料所用的炭黑的微粒尺寸为20-100nm,本发明生产过程的优选实施例所使用的炭黑的微粒尺寸范围为50-100nm。可以通过分批或通过连续过程对两种成分:HDPE和炭黑进行称重和混合。图1把混合这一步表示为“干混合”,表示这些成分的初步混合是在室温下,并没有发生聚合物材料的熔化。当通过连续过程执行了称重和混合时,接下去由本技术领域内常规的进料器漏斗(未示出)把这些成分送入混合装置(未示出)。
HDPE和炭黑的干混合物此后进行挤压并造粒,以提供均匀混合的HDPE和炭黑材料的“预混合料”或母料(M.B.)。这种预混合料或母料(M.B.)的挤压与造粒可以由本技术领域内的常规机器来执行。现在,预混合料的挤压与造粒这一步最好由共旋双螺杆混料挤出机执行,该挤出机的直径为46mm,长度与直径的比率(L/D)大约为40。这种造粒机最好装备有双出气口并且在造粒的步骤最好使用水浴。
一般而言,HDPE和炭黑的预混合料或母料包含大约25%-45%(重量百分比)的炭黑;现在最好生产出炭黑的重量百分比含量大约为30-35%的预混合料或母料。
HDPE和炭黑的预混合料或母料可以存储相当长时间而不吸湿,因此比易吸湿的炭黑更适于存储。所吸收的水分已知对包含炭黑的PTC器件的电学性能有不利影响。因为HDPE和炭黑的预混合料或母料可以存储相当长的时间,所以可以在本发明生产过程的后续步骤使用它之前相当长的时间生产它,因此也可以在与执行后续步骤的地点不同的地方生产它。预混合料或母料的精确成分可以由所加入材料的量进行推断,也可以用常规方法进行分析。
在本发明方法的下一个步骤中,如图所示,把预混合料或母料通过主进料器漏斗送入混料挤出机10,如图2中更详细的示意图所示,该主进料器漏斗在本例中为一单螺杆重力进料器12。把计算可以提供PTC复合材料所要求的炭黑的填充量的炭黑通过另一个进料器漏斗送入混料挤出机10,这个进料器漏斗在图中显示为双螺杆重力进料器14。混料挤出机10提供热量以熔化HDPE材料,并用其双螺杆把母料与新加入的炭黑进行混合,然后把混合物通过传动泵16送入模头18。生产过程中这一步加到混料挤出机中的炭黑的量把最后混合物的填充量提高到大约50%-55%的重量百分比含量,如果要求,则可以达到55%-60%的重量百分比含量。这一步骤中所使用的混料挤出机10的双螺杆可以共旋也可以反转,但是,现在最好使用反转螺杆。
尽管混料挤出机10使用的材料、预混合料或母料为新颖的并因此会导致新的有益的结果,但是图2中所示的混料挤出机10及其它设备本身却是该技术领域内已知的。最好根据已公开的PCT申请WO97/0660的教导来构建它。简要概括图2中所示设备的常规或现有技术的部分,传动泵16以充分高的压力把相当稳定体积输出的混合“熔化相”材料输出到挤片模头18。挤片模头18把仍为熔化相的复合材料形成为高容许公差连续薄片20。所形成的聚合物薄片20在其温度略低于聚合物材料熔点的情况下被送入层压装置22。层压装置22从第一和第二送料轮24和26接收第一和第二连续薄片或者导电金属箔的薄片28和30。箔片28和30通过第一和第二箔片预热器32和34,并在聚合物薄片20的每一测上的一对层压辊之间进行层压。最后所形成的连续层压薄片38接下去在形成单独有源PTC元件(未示出)之前被切割成标准长度。层压薄片38每一侧上的导电箔片28和30在有效PTC元件中起到电极的作用。层压薄片38的切割以及单独有源PTC元件的形成在图2中未示出。图3示意性地显示了层压薄片38自身。
几种用于控制PTC复合材料以及所形成的层压薄片38的质量和特性的方法可作为本发明的一部分或结合本发明来使用。例如,如公开的PCT申请WO97/0660所述,一闭环反馈控制系统在微处理器(未示出)的控制下可用于控制进料器12和14以及混料挤出机10中所使用的压力。
微处理器可使用一种算法,该算法使用传动泵16的入口压力作为控制参数,以预定的入口压力作为设定点。因此,通过传动泵16入口处的压力传感器(未示出)可以测量泵的入口压力,并把测到的压力信号输入微处理器。然后微处理器周期性地把测量的压力信号值与所存储的额定或设定压力值进行比较。把比较产生的压力差值信号分别输入进料器控制装置(未示出)和挤出机控制装置(未示出),以使得重力进料器12,14的进料速率保持同步,使得双螺杆挤出机10的螺杆旋转速率能够减小压力差值信号的绝对值。因为泵的入口压力是进料速率和挤出机螺杆速率的函数,因此通过控制进料速率和挤出机的螺杆速率可以将泵的入口压力保持在或非常接近设定点压力。
如果厚度测量仪(未示出)被用于测量层压薄片38的厚度,那么可以用另一个闭环反馈系统把层压薄片38的厚度保持在精密公差范围内。与上述的控制装置相类似,厚度控制系统使用厚度测量仪所测量并供给控制层压薄片38厚度的微处理器的厚度信号,这一点在已公开的PCT申请WO97/0660中进行了专门公开。
本发明的方法中所使用的另一个重要控制装置在图1的流程图中进行了说明。利用这种控制装置可以测量生产过程中所制造的PTC复合材料的电阻率,然后再把该测量值与预定所要求的电阻率的值进行比较。然后调整进料器12和14中炭黑的量和/或预混合料或母料的量以获得校正的或改进的电阻率的层压薄片38。测量电阻率,把测量值与预定要求的电阻率值进行比较,根据比较的差值调整进料装置,这几步可以由微处理器(未示出)周期性地,或连续自动地执行。微处理器把所接收的一个代表所测量的电阻率的信号作为其输入信号,把该信号与所存储的预定要求的电阻率值进行比较,然后产生一个差值信号,微处理器的算法利用该差值信号产生用于控制进料器12和14的信号。利用所测量的PTC产品的电阻率控制反馈系统中进料器的原理在已公开的PCT申请WO97/39461中进行了描述。
本发明的上述新颖的生产过程的几个优点包括:能够制备和存储HDPE-炭黑混合物母料而不会有炭黑的吸湿性所造成的缺点。本发明的另一个优点在于:能够在聚合物基体中始终可以获得均匀分布的填充材料,因此也可以在PTC复合材料中获得均匀的电阻率以及其它物理性能。
本发明还有一个优点在于:在混料挤出机运行过程中避免了比较高的转矩,而在以前的技术中当制备具有高填充量炭黑的PTC复合材料时经常出现高转矩。根据现有技术当高转矩接近挤出机的设计极限时,混合过程就会不太稳定并造成材料的不均匀以及产品的低合格率。现有技术中的高转矩还会导致挤出机机械装置的巨大磨损。现有技术中炭黑的高填充量还会经常导致硬的炭黑结块,这种结块会堵塞机器,造成机器运行过程中很费力并且代价很高的中断,以及令人厌烦的清理工作。所有上述的缺点根据本发明都可以避免。但是本发明的另一个优点在于:能够生产出的PTC复合材料的炭黑填充量如此之高(大约55%-60%的重量百分比含量)并且其电性能始终均匀,这在迄今为止的现有技术中是很难或是不可能的。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于生产正温度系数聚合物复合材料的方法,其中正温度系数聚合物复合材料包括:结晶状聚合物和以预定比例存在于复合材料中的导电填充料,这种方法包括以下步骤:
把结晶状聚合物与导电填充料按比例混合成初步均质混合物,其中导电填充料在初步均质混合物中所占的比例要大大小于它在正温度系数聚合物复合材料中的预定比例;
对上述初步混合物进行挤压以获得结晶状聚合物与填充料挤压成型的预混合料;
把预混合料与更多的足量的导电填充料进行混合以使填充料在复合材料中达到预定的比例,然后对所形成的混合物进行熔化和挤压以形成上述正温度系数聚合物复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,结晶状聚合物为高密度聚乙烯,导电填充料为炭黑。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,预混合料包括重量百分比含量大约为25%-45%的炭黑。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,正温度系数聚合物复合材料包含重量百分比含量大约为50%-60%的炭黑。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,把结晶状聚合物与导电填充料混合成初步均质混合物的步骤是在室温下进行的。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,导电填充料是微粒尺寸大约为20-100nm的炭黑。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,把重量百分比含量大约为25%-45%的炭黑与结晶状聚合物进行混合。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,结晶状聚合物是高密度聚乙烯。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,把预混合料与更多的导电填充料进行混合的步骤是在混料挤出机中进行的。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,预混合料包括重量百分比含量大约为25%-45%的炭黑,然后在预混合料中加入足够的炭黑以把正温度系数复合材料中炭黑的含量提高到重量百分比含量大约为50%-60%。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,结晶状聚合物为高密度聚乙烯。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:测量生产过程中得到的正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个与所测量的电阻率和预设的电阻率值之间的差值成正比的信号,利用上述差值信号调整在混合的步骤中加到预混合料中的导电填充料的量,以把上述差值信号减小到最小。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,测量正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个差值信号,利用这个差值信号调整加到预混合料中的导电填充料的量的步骤是周期性地进行的,并且包括微处理器的使用。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,测量正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个差值信号,利用这个差值信号调整加到预混合料中的导电填充料的量的步骤是连续进行的并且包括微处理器的使用。
15.一种用于生产正温度系数聚合物复合材料的方法,其中正温度系数聚合物复合材料包括:高密度聚乙烯和在复合材料中以重量百分比含量大约为50%-60%范围内的预定比例存在的导电炭黑,这种方法包括以下步骤:
把高密度聚乙烯与炭黑按比例干混合成初步均质混合物,其中炭黑在初步均质混合物中所占的比例要大大小于它在正温度系数聚合物复合材料中的预定比例;
对上述初步混合物进行挤压以获得结晶状聚合物与重量百分比含量范围大约在25%-45%的炭黑的挤压成型的预混合料;
把预混合料与更多的足量的炭黑进行混合以使炭黑在复合材料中达到预定的比例,然后对所形成的混合物进行熔化和挤压以形成上述正温度系数聚合物复合材料。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,干混合的步骤基本上是在室温下进行的。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,挤压成型的预混合料包括重量百分比含量范围大约在30%-35%的炭黑。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,在混合预混合料的步骤中,加入足够的炭黑以在上述正温度系数聚合物复合材料中获得重量百分比含量大约在50%-55%范围内的预定比例的炭黑。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:测量该方法中得到的正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个与所测量的电阻率和预设的电阻率值之间的差值成正比的信号,利用上述差值信号调整在混合的步骤中加到预混合料中的炭黑的量,以把上述差值信号减小到最小。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,测量正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个差值信号,利用这个差值信号调整加到预混合料中炭黑的量的步骤是周期性地进行的,并且包括微处理器的使用。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,测量正温度系数聚合物复合材料的电阻率,生成一个差值信号,利用这个差值信号调整加到预混合料中炭黑的量的步骤是连续进行的并且包括微处理器的使用。
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-
1999
- 1999-09-17 WO PCT/US1999/021522 patent/WO2000019455A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-09-17 CN CN99811248A patent/CN1319235A/zh active Pending
- 1999-09-17 AU AU60471/99A patent/AU6047199A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-09-17 KR KR1020017003741A patent/KR20010079908A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-09-17 JP JP2000572866A patent/JP2002526911A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1999-09-17 EP EP99969827A patent/EP1123549A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-09-17 US US09/399,298 patent/US6228287B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-10-27 TW TW088116222A patent/TW562733B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN115595008A (zh) * | 2022-09-21 | 2023-01-13 | 河南普力特克新材料有限公司(Cn) | 一种用于聚合物基ptc材料的导电微粉及其制备方法、ptc自控温涂料 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW562733B (en) | 2003-11-21 |
AU6047199A (en) | 2000-04-17 |
WO2000019455A1 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
US6228287B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
EP1123549A1 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
JP2002526911A (ja) | 2002-08-20 |
KR20010079908A (ko) | 2001-08-22 |
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