CN1289454A - 照明系统 - Google Patents

照明系统 Download PDF

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CN1289454A
CN1289454A CN99802435A CN99802435A CN1289454A CN 1289454 A CN1289454 A CN 1289454A CN 99802435 A CN99802435 A CN 99802435A CN 99802435 A CN99802435 A CN 99802435A CN 1289454 A CN1289454 A CN 1289454A
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light
illuminator
emitting diode
luminescent material
led
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CN1227749C (zh
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H·F·贝尔纳
W·布赛特
T·于斯特尔
H·尼科尔
C·R·隆达
G·哈伯斯
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Signify Holding BV
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Abstract

一种照明系统(1),包括至少两个提供预定波长范围内的可见光的发光二极管(6,6’…,7,7’…)。本发明的特征在于,该照明系统(1)具有变换装置(10),用于将所说发光二极管(6,6’…)之一发射的可见光的一部分变成另一波长范围内的可见光,从而优化照明系统(1)的色效应指数。所说变换装置(10)较好是包括对从400—500nm波长范围内发射的光敏感的发光材料。在优选实施例中,两个发光二极管(6,6’…,7,7’…)包括一个蓝光发光二极管(6,6’….)和一个红光发光二极管(7,7’….),变换装置(10)包括受蓝光激发将蓝光变为绿光的发光材料。在另一优选实施例中,所说发光材料对从500—560nm的波长范围内发射的光敏感。在优先实施例中,两个发光二极管包括一个蓝光发光二极管和一个绿光发光二极管,所说变换装置包括可以受绿光激发的发光材料,并用于将所说绿光变成红光。

Description

照明系统
本发明涉及至少包括两个发光二极管的照明系统，所说每个发光二极管工作时发预定波长范围内的可见光。
基于发光二极管(LED)的照明系统用作一般照明应用的白光源。
开始段落中所述那种照明系统已是众所周知的。近些年来，除基于GaP的红光发光二极管外，还有效地开发出了基于GaN的蓝光发光二极管和绿光发光二极管。为了制造白光源，原则上需要三种LED即蓝、绿和红光LED作原色光源。
组合三种LED作为原色光源的这种照明系统的缺点是，不能总是产生希望的色效应，原因可能是无法得到或缺少同时有相当高能效的具有希望光谱区内最大光谱的LED。
本发明的目的是提供一种开始段落中介绍的那种照明系统，提供改善的色效应。本发明的目的还在于提高照明系统的发光效率。
为实现该目的，开始段落中提到的本发明照明系统的特征在于，该照明系统包括将由发光二极管之一发出的可见光的一部分变为另一波长范围内的可见光，从而优化照明系统的色效应的变换装置。
所说变换装置受由至少两个LED中的一个所发光的激发。这种光的一部分例如通过吸收和发射过程被变换装置变为另一波长范围内的可见光。所以，产生一种照明系统，实际上该系统包括三个光源，即，由至少两个LED构成的两个原色光源，和一个发射另一波长范围内光的所谓二次光源，所说原色光源每个都发射预定波长范围内的可见光。通过适当地选择这两个原色光源和二次光源发射可见光的波长范围，可以得到与基于两个原色光源的照明系统相比具有改善的色效应的照明系统。由于避免了采用第三原色光源(例如，绿光LED或红光LED)，所以可以得到彩色再现性改善的照明系统。
变换装置较好是包括发光材料。由于这些材料一般具有高量子效率和高流明当量效率(表示为lm/W)，所以，这些材料是非常合适的材料，可以得到高发光效率的照明系统。此外，已知有许多(稳定)无机和有机发光材料(荧光体)，所以，可以简化达到本发明目的(提高色效应)的材料选择。
有两种方式会影响照明系统的色效应。一方面，通过以最佳方式混合各LED所发光，并利用变换装置，可以提高空间色效应。另一方面，通过采取保证使LED的光输出具有时间独立性的措施，可以提高照明系统的色效应。例如，如果LED的光输出作为LED温度的函数变化，则可以得到这种依赖性。这种情况下，采用与温度无关的LED是有益的。
根据本发明的第一方面，发光材料较好是可以受波长范围为400-500nm的光的激发，由于这种感光性，这种发光材料非适合用于特别是吸收蓝光。所吸收的光可以非常有效地被这种发光材料变换为例如绿光等另一波长范围的可见光。
合适的发光材料有(Sr,Ca)2SiO4:Eu2+,Ba2SiO4:Eu2+,SrGa2S4,ZnS:Cu+,ZnS:Au+,ZnS:Al3+,(Zn,Cd)S:Ag+和CaS:Ce3+。所说材料具有较高的量子效率，和在450nm光吸收。在将蓝光变成希望的绿光时，这些材料还具有较高的流明当量。
根据本发明第一方面一种非常有前景的实施例的特征在于，两个发光二极管至少包括一个蓝光发光二极管和至少一个红光发光二极管，变换装置包括将蓝光发光二极管发射的一部分光变为绿光的(发绿光)发光材料。以此方式，获得根据本发明第一方面的照明系统，该系统可以在三基色(红，蓝和绿)的基础上以高色效应指数发射白光，其中只使用了两种原色光源，即蓝和红光，绿光通过变换一部分蓝光得到。蓝光发光二极管的最大光谱发射较好在460-490nm的波长范围内，红光发光二极管的最大光谱发射较好在610-630nm的波长范围内，发光材料(发绿光)的最大光谱发射较好在510-530nm的波长范围内。
根据本发明的第二方面，发光材料较好可以受波长在500-560nm范围内的光的激发。由于这种感光性，这种发光材料非常适合用于特别是吸收绿光。所吸收的光可以非常有效地被这种发光材料变换为例如红光等另一波长范围的可见光。
合适的发光材料有CaS:Eu,Mn；CaS:Eu；SrS:Eu；(Zn,Cd)S:Ag；SrO:Eu；Sr3B2O6:Eu；Sr2Mg(BO3)2；CaS:Eu,Mn；CaS:Eu或SrS:Eu。所说材料具有较高的量子效率和光吸收。在将蓝光或绿光变成希望的红光时，这些材料还具有较高的流明当量。
根据本发明第二方面的一种非常有前景的实施例的特征在于，两个发光二极管至少包括一个蓝光发光二极管和至少一个绿光发光二极管，变换装置包括将蓝光和/或绿光发光二极管发射的一部分光变为红光的发光材料。使用蓝光和绿光LED作原色光源的重要优点在于，两个二极管芯片本身都可以由已知的GaN技术制造。与红光GaP二极管芯片不同，这种蓝和绿光GaN二极管芯片不是与温度相关的二极管，所以可以不使用补偿这种二极管芯片的温度相关性的较昂贵电子设备。还有一个优点是，所说蓝和绿光GaN二极管芯片可以在同一侧接触，所以它们容易串联设置。与发射红光的蓝光激发发光材料相比，使用发射红光的绿光激发发光材料的附加优点在于，量子欠缺较小。蓝光发光二极管的最大光谱发射较好在460-490nm的波长范围内，绿光发光二极管的最大光谱发射较好在510-550nm的波长范围内，发红光的发光材料的最大光谱发射较好在610-630nm的波长范围内。
根据本发明第一和第二方面的照明系统的色效应指数(Ra)较好至少等于或大于80(Ra≥80)。通过由至少两个LED形成的两种原色光源的光谱发射，与一种通过变换装置变换后发射另一波长范围内的可见光的所谓二次光源的适当组合，可以得到具有高色效应指数的照明系统。
根据本发明的照明系统特别令人感兴趣的一点在于，将发自各LED的光与发自变换装置的光混合，发自LED(原色光源)的光的方向相关性不同于发自变换装置(二次光源)的光的方向相关性。一般说，LED发射方向性较好的光，而在这种发光材料的情况下，变换装置根据朗伯辐射器发射(漫射)光。
本发明的目的还在于利用该照明系统提高光的混合性。为达到此目的，根据本发明照明系统的另一实施例的特征在于，照明系统还具有反射装置。在照明系统中提供LED，使发自LED的光的主要部分不能直接离开该照明系统，而是入射到反射装置上。使用反射装置的优点在于，可以混合发自两个原色光源(蓝光和红光LED或蓝光和绿光LED)的光和发自变换装置的二次源(绿或红)。所说反射装置优选漫反射反射装置。通过使发自LED的光指向漫反射反射装置，反射的光也具有朗伯辐射器的特征。于是进一步提高了各色成分的混合性，因此，提高了照明系统的色效应。另外，光较好是由反射装置反射，但不改变色效应(反射白光的反射装置)。以此方式，可以避免照明系统所发光的不希望的色彩偏差。漫反射反射装置较好包括选自BaSO4,ZnS,ZnO和TiO2中的一种材料。由于这些材料在400-800nm波长范围内的反射系数在98％以上，所以是非常合适的材料，并且它们能够以漫射方式和与波长无关的方式进行反射。
根据本发明的照明系统的具有诱人前景的实施例的特征在于，变换装置设置在漫反射反射装置内或上。以此方式，发自LED的光可有效地混合，获得希望的方向性，变换装置可以附加地接收将变换到另一波长范围的大量合适的光，所变换的光具有与LED漫反射的光相同的方向性。
通过用较薄发光材料层覆盖LED，从而用发光材料中的颗粒作漫射子，可以以另一种方式提高所发光的色彩混合性和/或方向性。
还希望照明系统的色温是可变的。本发明照明系统的替代实施例的特征在于，通过分开驱动各发光二极管，可以调节照明系统的色温。通过分开驱动各LED，可以(电)调节色温。这种调节元件的合适实施例包括第一红和蓝光LED二极管链，和只有蓝光(或只有红光)LED的第二LED链。这种调节元件的再一合适实施例包括第一蓝光和绿光LED链，和只有蓝光(或只有绿光)LED的第二LED的二极管链。结果，可以实现2000-6300K的可调色温范围。所说色温的调节部分由发光材料(变换装置)的数量决定。
从以后介绍的实施例中可以清楚本发明的这些和其它方面，结合这些实施例可以简明本发明的这些和其它方面。
各附图中：
图1A是本发明第一方面的照明系统的一个实施例的局部剖面侧视图；
图1B是沿图1A所示具体照明系统中的线Ⅰ-Ⅰ取的剖面图；
图2示出了本发明照明系统的一个实施例的发射光谱；
图3A是本发明第一方面的照明系统的替代实施例的剖面图；
图3B是图3A所示照明系统的替代实施例的侧视剖面图；
图4是用于具有可调色温的本发明照明系统的LED的电路图；
图5是本发明第二方面的照明系统的一个实施例的剖面图。
这些图是纯粹的示意图，并未按比例画。为清楚起见，某些尺寸放大了许多。在这些图中，只要可能，类似的参考数字都表示类似的部件。
图1A是本发明第一方面的照明系统的一个实施例的局部剖面侧视图，照明系统1包括容纳用于发光二极管(LED)的驱动电子装置(图1A中未示出)和屏3的外壳2。该例中，外壳装有所谓的E27灯帽4，灯帽4上具有已知的机械和电接触装置。在照明系统1面对且远离灯帽4的一侧上，有一个其上装有大量LED6,6’...7,7’,...8,8’...的支架5。LED6,6’...7,7’,...包括蓝光LED6,6’...(最大光谱发射在430-490nm的波长范围)和红光LED7,7’,..(最大光谱发射在590-630nm的波长范围)的集合，LED6,6’...7,7’,...排列成使它们发射的光指向屏3。图1B非常示意性地示出了LED6,6’...7,7’,...的示意圆形排列的例子(通过图1A中的线Ⅰ-Ⅰ取剖面)。在面对LED6,6’...7,7’,...的一侧上，屏3具有(漫反射)反射装置9和变换装置10。该例中，反射装置9包括一层BaSO4，这种材料对于可见光来说具有至少为约100％的(漫射)反射系数。变换装置10较好包括具有适于将发自蓝光LED6,6’...的蓝光(400-480nm)变换成希望的另一波长范围内的绿光(530-565nm)的特性的发光材料(荧光体)。变换装置10将一个发光二极管发射的可见光变换成另一波长范围(波长更长)的可见光。表Ⅰ中示出了合适发光材料的集合，其中对于每种材料来说，示出了450nm的量子效率(QE450)、450nm的吸收系数(Abs450)和流明当量(LE)。
表Ⅰ适用作本发明第一方面的照明系统的变换装置的发光材料(所谓的绿光发射器)
荧光体 QE450[％] Abs450[％] LE[lm/W]
(Sr,Ca)2SiO4:Eu2+ 82 50 430
Ba2SiO4:Eu2+ 64 40 474
SrGa2S4 90 80 575
ZnS:Cu+,Au+,Al3+ 56 55 505
(Zn,Cd)S:Ag+ ＞60 100 取决于Zn∶Cd比
CaS:Ce3+ 65 80 440
为得到充分的绿光，并避免损耗，较好是掩埋屏3，并将之设置成根据发光材料的反射度，只发生一种反射，或发生数种反射。还希望发光材料至少基本上全反射红光LED的光。由反射装置9有效地混合红光和蓝光LED的光，红和蓝光LED6,6’...7,7’,...相对于屏3定位成使这些LED在照明系统1所发光的方向11不直接发射它们的光，但它们的光输出可以指向屏4的内部，只在方向11发射反射的光。
红和蓝光LED可分开驱动，于是可以使照明系统1的色温根据需要变化和调节。其一个例子是应用具有红和蓝光LED的一个二极管链，和只有蓝光LED的另一二极管链(见图4)。LED的这种顺序可以使原色光源中的部分红光变化。由于蓝光发射与绿光发射的比例按这种LED(蓝光LED6,6’...的直接目的在于具有发光材料(Ba2SiO4:Eu2+)的层)顺序固定，图1A的例子还含有另外数个蓝光LED 8,8’...，它们在照明系统1的发射方向11非常发散地发光。这种措施能使照明系统1发射的白光中的红和蓝光部分分别变化。所以，产生了调节原色红和蓝光及二次绿光的比例的附加设定可能性，所以，可以提供具有可调色温的照明系统1。
借助于例子，表Ⅱ示出了根据本发明第一方面的照明系统，包括：
·蓝光GaN LED(由Nichia制造)，最大发射在470nm,FWHM=20nm；
·红光GaP LED(由Hewlett Packard制造)，最大发射在620nm，FWHM=20nm，每个红光LED使用两个到四个蓝光LED；
·变换装置，包括一层Ba2SiO4:Eu2+。
表Ⅱ的第1列列出了各种希望的色温值(Tc)。表Ⅱ的第2、3和4列列出了三种光成分的光谱成分(三种光谱成分的量X的总和为1)。表Ⅱ的第5列列出了该照明系统的色效应指数(Ra)，第6列列出了该照明系统的发光效率(lum.eff.)。表Ⅱ示出了绿光(第3列)的比例在不同色温下改变较小。通过只改变原色光源(蓝光和红光)的分布，很容易在很宽的范围内调节该照明系统的色温。
根据本发明的方法，以此方式可以得到具有较高色效应指数(80≤Ra≤90)的照明系统。
表Ⅱ蓝和红光LED和Ba2SiO4:Eu2+的组合作为本发明第一方面的照明系统的一个实施例发光材料
Tc[K] x[蓝光LED] x[Ba2SiO4:Eu2+] x[红光LED] Ra lum.eff.(lm/w)
2700 0.069 0.537 0.394 89 21.5
2900 0.108 0.539 0.353 89 22.0
4000 0.186 0.578 0.236 88 22.8
5000 0.251 0.568 0.182 84 23.0
6300 0.302 0.572 0.126 80 23.4
图2示出了本发明照明系统的一个实施例的发射光谱。发射T(任意单位)绘制成作为在色温Tc=4000K时，蓝和红光LED和Ba2SiO4:Eu2+的组合为发光材料的可见光之波长λ(nm)的函数(图2中的光谱对应于表Ⅱ第4列中的数据)。图2中，蓝光LED的最大光谱由(a)表示，对应于470nm的波长，红光LED的最大光谱由(b)表示，对应于620nm的波长。另外，图2中，发光材料所发光的最大光谱由(c)表示对应于550nm的波长。
通过不仅用红和蓝光LED作原色光源，而且例如用不同的LED组合，可以进一步提高根据本发明第一方面的色效应指数(Ra)。根据本发明的特别合适的照明系统包括：
·蓝光GaN LED(由Nichia制造)：最大发射：470nm,FWHM=20nm；
·蓝-绿光GaN LED(由Nichia制造)：最大发射：520nm,FWHM=40nm；
·黄光GaP LED(由Hewlett Packard制造)：最大发射：590nm,FWHM=20nm；
·红光GaP LED(由Hewlett Packard制造)，最大发射：620nm，FWHM=20nm；
·变换装置，包括一层Ba2SiO4:Eu2+。
根据本发明第一方面，具有这四种发光二极管和变换装置组合的照明系统，就表Ⅱ中所列各色温而言，具有比两种二极管组合的情况至少高10个点的色效应指数(Ra≥90)。这种照明系统具有大于20lm/W的发光效率。作为比较，典型100W白炽灯具有14lm/W的发光效率(色温为2800K，色效应指数100),500W的卤素白炽灯具有约19lm/W的发光效率(色温为3000K，色效应指数100)，而36瓦的荧光灯具有约90lm/W的发光效率(色温为4000K，色效应指数85)。通过使用最大光谱发射在620-670nm的波长范围内的深红光LED，可以进一步提高该照明系统的色效应指数。
图3A示出了根据本发明第一方面的照明系统的一个替代实施例。图3B是图3A所示实施例的侧视剖面图。照明系统101包括外壳102和屏103。该例包括光在方向111离开照明系统101的孔径角α，该孔径角可以通过调节螺丝113,113’改变。为此，屏具有调节板114,114’,板114,114’上具有细长或槽形孔115,115’。在图3A所示例子中，该孔径角α等于40度。该照明系统101包括其上设有数个LED106,106’...,107,107’...,108,108’..的支架105。LED106,106’..…,107107’...包括蓝光LED106,106’...(光谱发射430λ≤λ≤490nm)和红光LED107,107’...(光谱发射590≤λ≤630nm)的交替集合，LED106,106’...,107,107’...设置成它们发射的光指向屏103(图3A中虚线水平光线所示的光方向)。该例中，屏103的一部分103’包括可以覆盖或未覆盖有例如一层白色颜料BaSO4等反射装置的铝反射器。所说屏103在面对LED106,106’...,107,107’..的一侧上，还具有反射装置109(BaSO4)和变换装置110的混合系统，所说变换装置较好包括将蓝光(400-480nm)变成绿光(530-565nm)的发光材料。表Ⅰ中列出了合适的发光材料组合。由LED106,106’...,107107’...发射光线和随后被反射的光线的路径由图3A中的虚线示出。图3A,3B示出的例子还包括数个另外的蓝光LED108,108’，它们在照明系统101的发光方向111上，表现出非常强的漫发射。
图4示出了用于具有可调色温的本发明照明系统中的LED的电路图。电压从电源202通过二极管桥201加于蓝光LED406,406’...,和红光LDES407,407’...的设置中。利用选择开关203，可以根据需要开或关另外一组蓝光LED416,416’...和/或红光LED417,417’...。
图5是本发明第二方面的照明系统的一个实施例的剖面图。照明系统201包括容纳其上设置有数个LED206；207的支架205的外壳202,202’。LED206；207包括蓝光LED206(光谱发射430≤λ≤490nm)和绿光LED207(光谱发射510≤λ≤550nm)的交替集合，LED206,207排列成使它们发射的光指向外壳202’的光学透明部分。该例中，支架205’的一部分包括覆盖有例如银层等反射装置209的铜反射器。该例中，LED上覆盖有变换装置210，变换装置较好包括具有能将绿光(530-565nm)变为红光(610-630nm)的性质的发光材料。能将蓝光变为红光的合适荧光体有：CaS:Eu,Mn；CaS:Eu；SrS:Eu；(Zn,Cd)S:Ag；SrO:Eu(最大发射在625nm)；Sr3B2O6:Eu(最大发射在590nm)；Sr2Mg(BO3)2(最大发射在605nm)。将绿光变为红光的合适荧光体有：CaS:Eu,Mn或CaS:Eu(≤550nm)或SrS:Eu(≤540nm)。
根据本发明第二方面非常合适的照明系统包括：
·蓝光GaN LED(由Nichia制造)，最大发射在470nm,FWHM=20nm；
·绿光GaN LED(由Nichia制造)，最大发射在530nm,FWHM=20nm；
·用于每个蓝光LED的两个或三个绿光LED(取决于所需要的色温)；
·变换装置，包括一层CaS:Eu,Mn
根据本发明的照明系统的优点在于，具有高色效应指数(Ra≥80)，并具有较高的发光效率(≥20lm/W)和长使用寿命(≥75000小时)。
对于所属领域的技术人员来说，在本发明范围内的许多变化是很显然的。
本发明要求保护的范围不限于该文中介绍的各实例。可以按每个新颖的特性的各特性的每种组合实施本发明。权利要求书中的参考数字不用于限定所说权利要求的保护范围。所用术语“包括”并不排除除权利要求中所述部件外的部件。在一个部件前用的“a”或“an”不排除存在多个这种部件。

Claims (16)

1．一种照明系统(1；101)，包括至少两个发光二极管(6,6’…,7,7’...；106,106’...,107,107’...；206,207)，每个所说发光二极管工作时发射预定波长范围内的可见光，其特征在于，
该照明系统(1；101；201)包括变换装置(10；110；210)，用于将所说发光二极管(6,6’...；106,106’；206,207)之一发射的可见光的一部分变成另一波长范围内的可见光，从而优化照明系统的色效应指数。
2．根据权利要求1的照明系统，其特征在于，变换装置(10；110；210)包括发光材料。
3．根据权利要求2的照明系统，其特征在于，所说发光材料可以由400-500nm波长范围的光激发。
4．根据权利要求2的照明系统，其特征在于，所说发光材料选自(Sr,Ca)2SiO4:Eu2+,Ba2SiO4:Eu2+,SrGa2S4,ZnS:Cu+,ZnS:Au+,ZnS:Al3+,(Zn,Cd)S:Ag+和CaS:Ce3+。
5．根据权利要求1的照明系统，其特征在于，两个发光二极管(6,6’...,7,7’...；106,106’...,107,107’...；)至少包括一个蓝光发光二极管(6,6’...；106,106’...)和至少一个红光发光二极管(7,7’...；107,107’...)，其中变换装置(10；110)包括将蓝光发光二极管(6,6’...；106,106’...)发射的一部分光变为绿光的发光材料。
6．根据权利要求5的照明系统，其特征在于，蓝光发光二极管(6,6’...；106,106’...)最大光谱发射在460-490nm的波长范围内，红光发光二极管(7,7’...；107,107’...)最大光谱发射在610-630nm的波长范围内，发绿光的发光材料的最大光谱发射在510-530nm的波长范围内。
7．根据权利要求2的照明系统，其特征在于，所说发光材料受波长在500-560nm范围内的光的激发。
8．根据权利要求7的照明系统，其特征在于，所说发光材料选自CaS:Eu,Mn；CaS:Eu；SrS:Eu；(Zn,Cd)S:Ag；SrO:Eu；Sr3B2O6:Eu；Sr2Mg(BO3)2；CaS:Eu,Mn；CaS:Eu或SrS:Eu。
9．根据权利要求1的照明系统，其特征在于，两个发光二极管(206,207)至少包括一个蓝光发光二极管(206)和至少一个绿光发光二极管，所说变换装置(210)包括将蓝光和/或绿光发光二极管(206,207)发射的一部分光变为红光的发光材料。
10．根据权利要求9的照明系统，其特征在于，蓝光发光二极管(206)的最大光谱发射在460-490nm的波长范围内，绿光发光二极管(207)的最大光谱发射在510-550nm的波长范围内，发红光的发光材料的最大光谱发射在610-630nm的波长范围内。
11．根据权利要求1或2的照明系统，其特征在于，该照明系统(1；101；102)的色效应指数至少等于或大于80。
12．根据权利要求1或2的照明系统，其特征在于，工作时，发光二极管(6,6’...,7,7’...；106,106’...,107,107’...；)的光通量至少为5lm。
13．根据权利要求1或2的照明系统，其特征在于，该照明系统(1；101；102)具有反射装置(9；109；209)。
14．根据权利要求12的照明系统，其特征在于，反射装置(9；109；209)包括选自BaSO4,ZnS,ZnO，和TiO2中的一种材料。
15．根据权利要求12或13的照明系统，其特征在于，变换装置(10；110；210)设在反射装置(9；109；209)内或上。
16．根据权利要求1或2的照明系统，其特征在于，通过分别驱动各发光二极管(6,6’...,7,7’...8,8’...；106,106’...,107,107’...108,108’...；206,207)，可以调节该照明系统(1；101；102)的色温。
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Address after: Holland Ian Deho Finn

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Granted publication date: 20051116