CN1288184C - 聚醚多元胺试剂及其混合物 - Google Patents
聚醚多元胺试剂及其混合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了可用于制造环氧树脂的多元胺前体。根据本发明的多元胺前体的使用提供一种相对用于固化环氧的已有技术胺具有增加的工作时间的环氧树脂配方。增加的工作时间意味着能够制造使用常规环氧固化剂所不能制成的复合体,如用于风动涡轮机的复合叶片。这些多元胺还可用于聚脲配方以延长反应时间,因此使所施用的聚脲涂层在胶凝之前更流动。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
该申请要求2002年8月30日递交的U.S.临时申请No.60/407,112,和2002年9月10日递交的U.S.临时申请No.60/409,492(两者目前仍待审,其整个内容分别在此作为参考并入本发明)的权益。
本发明的领域
本发明涉及环氧树脂,更尤其涉及可用于固化环氧树脂的胺固化剂。更尤其是,本发明涉及作为固化剂具有低反应性的胺固化剂,这意味着由环氧树脂制造制品时的″工作时间″增加。
背景信息
通常与环氧的生产结合使用的制造工艺包括长丝卷绕,拉挤,注入模塑,树脂转移模塑(RTM),真空辅助RTM(VARTM),和湿叠铺或真空袋技术。聚氧基亚烷基胺,或它们有时被称谓的″聚醚胺″可在环氧体系中用作固化剂以提高柔韧性,和延长制造纤维增强的复合体的工作时间。″工作时间″被定义为当环氧树脂的反应性组分首先被相互混合时和当该混合物不再适用于处理时之间的时间。在工作时间中,树脂或包含树脂的制品保持一种可倾倒,柔性,可弯曲或以其它方式可模塑的形式。
环氧粘结剂的使用为许多纤维增强复合体风涡轮机生成剂(″WTG″)螺旋桨所优选,所述螺旋桨分别通常包括三个分别具有长度20-40米的独立的环氧复合叶片。遗憾的是,目前可得的胺固化剂所提供的工作时间不足以制备具有最佳性能的叶片。除了较长的工作时间,用以制造WTG叶片材料的材料还在固化时必须保持良好的耐热性。
许多WTG叶片制造商目前在处理液体环氧体系或环氧聚酯体系时使用VARTM工艺。这些树脂体系必须以受控方式慢慢固化并在足够的工作时间内润湿玻璃纤维,芳酰胺纤维,碳纤维,或在风涡轮机叶片中用作增强材料的其它纤维。在某些情况下,可使用半固化片环氧体系。在这些情况下,用适度潜伏性的环氧树脂体系预浸渍的纤维可用于形成涡轮机叶片。聚醚胺作为环氧固化剂的使用在半固化片材料中不常见,但在使用VARTM的一些工艺和其它液体模塑工艺中常见,其中大量使用JEFFAMINED-230胺(Huntsman公司,Houston,Texas)。但制造商理解,使用这些材料的工作时间对于最佳生产太短,主要是在制造长度大于30米的各叶片时。因为WTG工业的潮流是趋向更长的叶片长度以增加每个WTG产生更高功率/单元的能力,本领域需要一种可使得这些叶片的制造商业上可行的固化剂。
本发明的综述
本发明提供具有以下结构的在环氧树脂中用作固化剂的多元胺:
其中L是氧基烷氧基基团,其结构为:
-O-R1-O-
其中R1是选自以下的任何基团:C1至C5亚烷基;2-甲基亚丙基;2,2-二甲基亚丙基;---CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2---;---CH2CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2CH2---;基团
;和
本发明还包括一种用于制备固化环氧树脂的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供以上的多元胺,或其相互或与一种或多种选自以下的材料的混合物:N-氨基乙基哌嗪;二亚乙基三胺;三亚乙基四胺;四亚乙基五胺;2-甲基五亚甲基;1,3-戊烷二胺;三甲基六亚甲基二胺;聚酰胺;聚酰氨基胺;Mannich-碱型硬化剂;二(氨基甲基)环己基胺;异佛尔酮二胺;薄荷烷二胺;二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷;2,2′-二甲基二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷;二甲基二环己基甲烷);1,2-二氨基环己烷;1,4-二氨基环己烷;间-二甲苯二胺;降冰片烷二胺;间-亚苯基二胺;二氨基二苯基砜;亚甲基二苯胺;JEFFAMINED-230;JEFFAMINED-400;JEFFAMINET-403;和二乙基甲苯二胺;
b)提供包含具有至少两个环氧端基的材料的环氧前体;和
c)使所述环氧前体和所述多元胺相互接触。
合适的多官能环氧前体是具有至少两个环氧端基的那些并包括:
其中n可以是0至约4之间的任何整数;具有以下结构的DGEBF(双酚F的二缩水甘油基醚):
如D.E.R.(R)354环氧树脂,来自Dow Chemical Company;和三官能环氧树脂如TACTIX(R)742环氧,来自Huntsman Applied Materials:
高级官能环氧树脂如环氧酚醛清漆(D.E.N.438环氧树脂,ARALDITEEPN 1180环氧酚醛清漆D.E.N.431环氧树脂)也适用于根据本发明的方法。在其分子结构中包含至少两个环氧基团的所有的材料适用于本发明,包括但不限于上述的那些,且这些材料在所附权利要求中被方便地称作″多官能环氧前体″。
本发明的详细描述
本发明包括位阻聚醚胺的制备。它还涉及位阻聚醚胺用于固化标准环氧树脂的用途。使用根据本发明的聚醚胺固化的环氧树脂的工作时间长于使用已有技术胺固化剂制成的。
本发明提供优选通过醇如以下结构式(III)-(XI)中的那些的还原胺化而制成的伯聚醚二胺和聚醚三胺:
根据本发明的一种优选形式,根据结构式(III)-(XI)所规定的多元醇首先通过合适的引发剂的烷氧基化而制备。反应可通过在密闭反应容器中在相对低的压力下加热引发剂和相应的高级烷基取代的环氧乙烷而进行。反应温度100-110℃在碱催化剂,如叔胺或碱金属氢氧化物的存在下使用几个小时。随后混合物被真空汽提掉任何过量的未反应的环氧乙烷和催化剂,留下所得多元醇混合物。优选的是,本发明多元醇完全或部分由具有碳数C2至C10的烷基基团的环氧乙烷制成。烷基基团可以是支化或线性结构的。该种类的一种优选的和更容易得到的环氧乙烷是1,2-氧化丁烯,它可使用碱催化剂自聚合,其中使用水作为引发剂得到低分子量聚氧基亚丁基二醇或使用甘油作为引发剂得到200-400MW的类似三醇。具有较大侧烷基基团的多元醇在多元醇链的末端在主要仲位的羟基基团周围具有更多的空间拥挤作用。环氧乙烷的混合物也可用于多元醇制备过程,但具有高级烷基取代的环氧乙烷应该在中和和还原胺化步骤之前被加成到每个多元醇链的末端上。用于内多元醇主链的其它环氧乙烷的例子是氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯。因此,用于本发明多元胺的多元醇前体的起始原料可包括1,2-二醇,如乙二醇和丙二醇,或高级二醇,如二乙二醇或二丙二醇。另外,较长碳链二醇,如1,3-丙烷二醇,1,4-丁烷二醇或1,6-己烷二醇可用作用于加入高级环氧乙烷的起始原料以制备用于还原胺化成位阻聚醚胺的位阻多元醇。多官能引发剂,如甘油,三羟甲基-丙烷(TMP),季戊四醇,和α-甲基葡糖苷(AMG)也可用高级环氧乙烷烷氧基化以制备用于还原胺化的多元醇。在中和之后,多元醇可通过蒸馏而纯化,和随后在氢和过量氨的存在下在最高2000psi的压力下和约200℃或更高的温度下使用例如由Yeakey等人描述的合适的金属催化剂还原胺化。现在给出用于这些多元醇的优选的预备方法的例子。
多元醇(结构式III)-乙二醇+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2500克乙二醇和12.5克1,1,3,3,--四甲基胍(TMG)。5809克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。该釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式IV)-丙烷二醇+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2500克丙烷二醇和12.5克1,1,3,3,--四甲基胍(TMG)。4270克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式V)-2-甲基-1,3-丙烷二醇+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2000克2-甲基-1,3-丙烷二醇和10.0克1,1,3,3,-四甲基胍(TMG)。3361克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式VI)-1,4-丁烷二醇+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入3000克1,4-丁烷二醇和30.0克氢氧化钾作为催化剂。4321克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式VII)-二乙二醇+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2500克二乙二醇和12.5克1,1,3,3,--四甲基胍(TMG)。2973克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式VIII)-三羟甲基丙烷+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2268克1,1,1-三羟甲基丙烷和11.34克1,1,3,3,--四甲基胍(TMG)作为催化剂。4266克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
多元醇(结构式X)-三(羟基甲基)乙烷+氧化丁烯
向干燥的氮清洗的反应器中加入2500克三(羟基甲基)乙烷和12.5克1,1,3,3,--四甲基胍(TMG)。6002克氧化丁烯随后在搅拌下加入。釜随后被加热至80℃和开始温度控制。釜随后在80℃下保持10小时,随后在100℃下保持另外10小时。产物随后在100℃下使用氮汽提1小时并随后收集产物。在该方法过程中,反应之后进行气体色谱处理。
丁氧基化物向胺的转化
将以上结构式(III)-(XI)的多元醇在100cc连续单元中使用例如描述于US专利3,151,112和3,654,370的催化剂使用氨还原胺化成相应的胺。将1/8×1/8英寸片剂形式的催化剂装入100cc管状反应器。多元醇和氨分开抽吸并与氢在线混合和通过催化剂床加料。多元醇和氨保持大约1∶1wt的加料比率,同时氨/氢摩尔比保持在约20∶1。反应器压力保持在约2000psig和温度保持在约220℃。用于每次试验的多元醇和氨加料速率在约65g/hr至100g/hr之间变化。产物在2-3天内收集并汽提掉过量氨,水和轻胺。在一些胺化试验中,材料第二次经过反应器以提高产品的胺水平。这些多元醇的还原胺化得到主要具有在以下结构式(XII)-(XX)中所示的结构的多元胺:
因此,具有结构式XII的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是亚乙基基团。具有结构式XIII的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是亚丙基基团。具有结构式XIV的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是2-甲基亚丙基基团。具有结构式XV的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是亚丁基基团。具有结构式XVI的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是---CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2---基团。具有结构式XVII的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是
基团。
具有结构式XVIII的多元胺表示为结构式(I)和(II),其中R1是
基团。具有结构式XIX的多元胺表示为结构式(1)和(II),其中R1是
基团。具有结构式XX的多元胺表示为结构式(1)和(II),其中R1是2,2-二甲基亚丙基基团。
在胺的α碳原子上具有乙基基团的胺与在胺的α碳原子上具有甲基基团的那些相比具有较长的环氧共混物胶凝时间。与使用已有技术胺固化剂所提供的相比,本发明的聚醚胺在用于固化标准环氧树脂时提供超过50%的较长工作时间。我们意外发现,一些聚醚胺与现用于目前风叶片制造的标准产物,具体地,具有结构式XIV的胺相比需要几乎两倍长的时间固化环氧树脂。
可用于制备涉及本发明的组合物的条件包括:温度范围50-120℃(用于多元醇制备);和180-220℃(用于多元醇的还原胺化)。有用的压力是:40-100psi(用于多元醇制备),和1500-2500psi(用于还原胺化)。
根据结构式(XII)至(XX)的多元胺可与有机二异氰酸酯反应形成聚脲。这些二异氰酸酯包括本领域熟练技术人员已知的标准异氰酸酯组合物。二异氰酸酯的优选例子包括MDI基准预聚物如作为RUBINATE9480,RUBINATE9484,和RUBINATE9495可购自Huntsman国际,LLC的那些。液化MDI如MONDURML可用作所有或部分的异氰酸酯。用于组分(A)的异氰酸酯一般是本领域熟练技术人员已知的。因此,例如,它们可包括描述于U.S.Pat.No.4,748,192的那种脂族异氰酸酯。因此,它们通常是脂族二异氰酸酯和,更尤其是脂族二异氰酸酯,如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的三聚或缩二脲形式,或四烷基二甲苯二异氰酸酯,如四甲基二甲苯二异氰酸酯的双官能单体。环己烷二异氰酸酯也被认为是一种优选的脂族异氰酸酯。其它有用的脂族聚异氰酸酯描述于U.S.Pat.No.4,705,814,在此作为参考完全并入本发明。它们包括脂族二异氰酸酯,例如,在亚烷基基团中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,如1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯和1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯。另外描述了环脂族二异氰酸酯,如1,3和1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任何所需混合物,1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸根合甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯);4,4′-,2,2′-和2,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,和类似物。另外,各种各样的芳族聚异氰酸酯可用于形成本发明的发泡聚脲弹性体。典型的芳族聚异氰酸酯包括p-亚苯基二异氰酸酯,聚亚甲基聚苯基异氰酸酯,2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯,联茴香胺二异氰酸酯,二亚甲苯基二异氰酸酯,萘-1,4-二异氰酸酯,二(4-异氰酸根合苯基)甲烷,二(3-甲基-3-异-氰酸根合苯基)甲烷,二(3-甲基-4-异氰酸根合苯基)甲烷,和4,4′-二苯基丙烷二异氰酸酯。用于本发明的其它芳族聚异氰酸酯是具有官能度约2至约4的亚甲基-桥接聚苯基聚异氰酸酯混合物。后者这些异氰酸酯化合物一般通过相应的亚甲基桥接聚苯基多元胺的光气化而制成,其中后者通常通过甲醛和伯芳族胺,如苯胺在氢氯酸和/或其它酸性催化剂的存在下反应而制成。用于制备多元胺和相应的亚甲基-桥接聚苯基聚异氰酸酯的已知的工艺描述于文献和许多专利,例如,U.S.Pat.Nos.2,683,730;2,950,263;3,012,008;3,344,162和3,362,979,都在此作为参考完全并入本发明。通常,亚甲基-桥接聚苯基聚异氰酸酯混合物包含约20至约100%重量的亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯异构体,其余是具有较高官能度和更高分子量的聚亚甲基聚苯基二异氰酸酯。这些通常是包含约20至约100%重量二苯基二异氰酸酯异构体的聚苯基聚异氰酸酯混合物,其中约20至约95%重量是4,4′-异构体,其余是具有较高分子量和官能度的具有平均官能度约2.1至约3.5的聚亚甲基聚苯基聚异氰酸酯。这些异氰酸酯混合物是已知的市售材料和可通过描述于U.S.Pat.No.3,362,979的方法而制成。优选的芳族聚异氰酸酯是亚甲基二(4-苯基异氰酸酯)或″MDI″。纯MDI,MDI的准预聚物,改性的纯MDI,等可用于制备根据本发明的聚脲。因为纯MDI是固体和因此通常不便于使用,在此使用碱在MDI或亚甲基二(4-苯基异氰酸酯)的液体产物。在此作为参考并入本发明的U.S.Pat.No.3,394,164描述了一种液体MDI产物。更一般地,还包括脲亚胺改性的纯MDI。该产物通过在催化剂的存在下加热纯蒸馏MDI而制成。液体产物是纯MDI和改性的MDI的混合物。术语异氰酸酯还包括异氰酸酯或聚异氰酸酯与含活性氢的材料的准预聚物。本文所用的″有机二-异氰酸酯″包括所有的前述异氰酸酯。
除了使用以上在结构式(XII)-(XX)中所示的纯多元胺,本发明可以将这些胺在每种组合中相互,和与已有技术胺结合使用。可与结构式(XII)-(XX)的那些结合使用的已有技术胺包括,但不限于:N-氨基乙基哌嗪(″AEP″);二亚乙基三胺(″DETA″);三亚乙基四胺(″TETA″);四亚乙基五胺(″TEPA″);2-甲基五亚甲基二胺(DytekA-DuPont);1,3-戊烷二胺(DytekEP-DuPont);三甲基六亚甲基二胺(2,2,4-,和2,4,4-异构体的1∶1混合物称作VestaminTMD-Creanova);聚酰胺硬化剂;聚酰氨基胺硬化剂;Mannich-碱型硬化剂;二(氨基甲基)环己基胺(″1,3-BAC″);异佛尔酮二胺(″IPDA″);薄荷烷二胺;二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷(″PACM″);2,2′-二甲基二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷(″DMDC″);二甲基二环己基甲烷);1,2-二氨基环己烷(″DACH″);1,4-二氨基环己烷(″DACH″);间-二甲苯二胺(″m-XDA″);降冰片烷二胺(″NBDA″);间-亚苯基二胺(″m-PDA″);二氨基二苯基砜(″DDS″或″DADS″);亚甲基二苯胺(″MDA″);JEFFAMINED-230(Huntsman);JEFFAMINED-400(Huntsman);JEFFAMINET-403(Huntsman);和二乙基甲苯二胺(″DETDA″)。
在此提供的胺,组合,和工艺特别有益地提供相对已有技术的组合物和工艺具有增加的固化时间的环氧体系。在制造特殊复合体制品,如风涡轮机叶片的过程中,长固化时间是理想的,这样使得正活性固化的树脂穿透作为复合体一部分的纤维的间隙,同时还产生足够的模塑时间以将所有的材料放在其所需位置上。树脂/催化剂混合物通常最好在低于1000厘泊的粘度下在25℃下保持8小时。
必须考虑以下事实:尽管本发明已根据某些优选的实施方案进行描述和公开,但本领域普通技术人员在阅读和理解该说明书和所附权利要求书之后显然得出与其相当的变型和改变。
Claims (5)
2.一种用于制备固化环氧(聚-(醚烷醇胺))树脂的方法,包括步骤:a)提供根据权利要求1的多元胺组合物;b)提供多官能环氧前体;和c)使所述多官能环氧前体和所述多元胺相互接触。
3.一种用于制备聚脲的方法,包括步骤a)提供有机二-异氰酸酯;b)提供至少一种根据权利要求1的多元胺组合物;和c)使所述有机二-异氰酸酯和所述多元胺相互接触。
4.一种用于制备固化环氧(聚-(醚烷醇胺))树脂的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供胺混合物,包含根据权利要求1的多元胺组合物,和一种或多种选自以下的材料:N-氨基乙基哌嗪;二亚乙基三胺;三亚乙基四胺;四亚乙基五胺;2-甲基五亚甲基;1,3-戊烷二胺;三甲基六亚甲基二胺;聚酰胺硬化剂;聚酰氨基胺硬化剂;Mannich-碱型硬化剂;二(氨基甲基)环己基胺;异佛尔酮二胺;薄荷烷二胺;二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷;2,2′-二甲基二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷;二甲基二环己基甲烷);1,2-二氨基环己烷;1,4-二氨基环己烷;间-二甲苯二胺;降冰片烷二胺;间-亚苯基二胺;二氨基二苯基砜;亚甲基二苯胺;JEFFAMINED-230;JEFFAMINED-400;JEFFAMINET-403;和二乙基甲苯二胺;
b)提供多官能环氧;和
c)使所述多官能环氧前体和所述多元胺相互接触。
5.一种用于制备聚脲的方法,包括步骤:
a)提供有机二-异氰酸酯;
b)提供根据权利要求1的多元胺,与至少一种选自以下的材料混合:N-氨基乙基哌嗪;二亚乙基三胺;三亚乙基四胺;四亚乙基五胺;2-甲基五亚甲基二胺;1,3-戊烷二胺;三甲基六亚甲基二胺;聚酰胺硬化剂;聚酰氨基胺硬化剂;Mannich-碱型硬化剂;二(氨基甲基)环己基胺;异佛尔酮二胺;薄荷烷二胺;二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷(″PACM″);2,2′-二甲基二(p-氨基环己基)甲烷;二甲基二环己基甲烷);1,2-二氨基环己烷;1,4-二氨基环己烷;间-二甲苯;降冰片烷二胺;间-亚苯基二胺;二氨基二苯基砜;亚甲基二苯胺;JEFFAMINED-230;JEFFAMINED-400;JEFFAMINET-403;和二乙基甲苯二胺;和
c)使所述有机二-异氰酸酯和所述多元胺相互接触。
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2003
- 2003-08-29 DK DK03791938.8T patent/DK1546227T3/da active
- 2003-08-29 ES ES03791938T patent/ES2336322T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-29 DE DE60330689T patent/DE60330689D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-29 CA CA2496480A patent/CA2496480C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-29 US US10/524,247 patent/US7550550B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-29 WO PCT/US2003/027082 patent/WO2004020506A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-08-29 CN CNB038204827A patent/CN1288184C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2003-08-29 EP EP03791938A patent/EP1546227B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-29 KR KR1020057002565A patent/KR20050049479A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2003-08-29 BR BRPI0314423-2A patent/BR0314423B1/pt active IP Right Grant
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KR20050049479A (ko) | 2005-05-25 |
US20090198035A1 (en) | 2009-08-06 |
WO2004020506A2 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
CA2496480A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
JP5072055B2 (ja) | 2012-11-14 |
US20050234216A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US7816481B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
EP1546227A4 (en) | 2009-01-21 |
WO2004020506A3 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
AU2003262972A1 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
AU2003262972B2 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
CN1678654A (zh) | 2005-10-05 |
EP1546227A2 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
US7550550B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 |
BR0314423B1 (pt) | 2013-04-30 |
BR0314423A (pt) | 2005-07-19 |
DK1546227T3 (da) | 2010-04-06 |
CA2496480C (en) | 2011-02-08 |
EP1546227B1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
DE60330689D1 (de) | 2010-02-04 |
JP2005537350A (ja) | 2005-12-08 |
ES2336322T3 (es) | 2010-04-12 |
ATE452922T1 (de) | 2010-01-15 |
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