CN1280836C - 柔软且可交联的热界面材料 - Google Patents

柔软且可交联的热界面材料 Download PDF

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CN1280836C
CN1280836C CNB008127891A CN00812789A CN1280836C CN 1280836 C CN1280836 C CN 1280836C CN B008127891 A CNB008127891 A CN B008127891A CN 00812789 A CN00812789 A CN 00812789A CN 1280836 C CN1280836 C CN 1280836C
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M·恩古芸
J·格伦迪
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Honeywell International Inc
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Abstract

描述的是一种有至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶和至少一种有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶的柔软且可交联的热界面材料,和所述材料的制作与使用方法;以及聚合物体系热导率的改善方法。

Description

柔软且可交联的热界面材料
发明背景
随着电子器件变得更小和以更高速度运行,以热形式散发的能量剧烈增加。业内的普遍做法是在这样的器件上使用热脂或类脂材料(单独或在一种载体上),以转移沿物理界面耗散的过多热量。最常见的热界面材料类型是热脂、相变材料、和弹性体带。热脂或相变材料有比弹性体带低的耐热性,因为它们能涂布成非常薄的层并提供相邻表面之间的紧密接触。典型的热阻抗值范围在0.6~1.6℃cm2/w之间。然而,热脂的严重缺点是,在热循环例如从-65℃~150℃之后或者当用于VLSI芯片中时在功率循环之后,热表现显著恶化。也已经发现的是,当对表面平面性的大偏差引起该电子器件中各配合表面之间形成间隙或者当由于制造公差等其它原因而在各配合表面之间存在大间隙时,这些材料的表现恶化。当这些材料的传热性崩溃时,它们用于其中的电子器件的表现便受到有害影响。本发明提供特别适合用来作为电子器件中的界面材料的热界面材料。
发明概要
按照本发明,提供的是一种柔软且可交联的材料,该材料包含一种聚合物,例如至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶和至少一种有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶,和至少一种导热性填料。该柔软的导热性材料有强化高功率半导体器件中热耗散的能力并保持稳定的热表现。在使用该材料的电子器件的热-机械应力或波动功率循环期间,该材料不会遭遇到界面脱层或面分离。
该柔软和可交联的热界面材料可以通过把各成分混合在一起来配制,产生一种可以用各种分配方法施用到任何特定表面上并在室温或高温下固化的糊料。它也能配制成一种高度柔软的、固化的、有粘性的弹性体薄膜或片材,以用于能预先将其施用于诸如受热器上的其它界面用途,或用于任何其它界面情况。
要掺入的填料有利地包含至少一种热导性填料,例如银、铜、铝、及其合金;氮化硼、氮化铝、银包铜、银包铝和碳纤维。也许进一步有用的是也掺入抗氧剂以减少该橡胶的氧化、可湿性增强剂以促进表面润湿、硫化促进剂例如使得能在室温下硫化者、粘度调节剂以提高可分散性、和交联助剂。也往往理想的是包括实质上球形的填充剂微粒以限制该柔软材料在界面施用时的可压缩性,即限制或控制厚度。
也已经发现的是,聚合物-树脂填料体系例如填料和以上讨论的组合马来化橡胶与烯烃橡胶的组合,其热导性尤其可以通过向该体系中掺入碳微纤维及其它填料来改善。
详细说明
一种柔软且可交联的热界面材料是通过组合至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的饱和或不饱和马来化橡胶和至少一种饱和或不饱和的有羟基末端的烯类橡胶以及至少一种热导性填料配制的。其中含羟基末端的烯烃橡胶的量为8~92重量%。可以组合每一种类型的不止一种橡胶来产生一种柔软且可交联的界面材料。含烯烃的界面材料,有适当热填料时,显示出热能力(thermal capability)低于0.5cm2℃/w。与热脂不同,该材料的热表现在IC器件的热循环和流动循环之后不会降低等级,因为液体烯烃在热活化时会交联而形成一种软凝胶。进而,当作为一种界面材料施用时,它不会像热脂使用时那样被“榨出”,而且在热循环期间不会显示出界面脱层。这种新材料可以作为一种要用各种分配方法施用的可分配液体糊料提供,然后像所希望的那样硫化。它也可以作为一种高度柔软的、固化的、用于在诸如受热器这样的界面表面上预先施用的弹性体薄膜或片材。有利的是使用热导率大于约0.2、较好至少约0.4w/m℃的填料。最好的是,希望有热导率不小于约1w/m℃的填料。这种柔软的热导性材料增强了高功率半导体器的热耗散。该糊料可以配制成为功能液体橡胶与热填料的一种混合物。该功能液体橡胶是饱和或不饱和的、含有加合到该分子上的马来酐的马来化液体橡胶。例如,马来化聚丁二烯(Ricon Resins公司有市售)、马来化聚(苯乙烯-丁二烯)等。马来化液体橡胶的化学式可以给出如下
  马来化液体橡胶
饱和或不饱和的、可按照本发明使用的、有羟基末端的液体烯烃橡胶包括诸如有羟基末端的聚丁二烯、有羟基末端的环氧化聚丁二烯,例如可购自美国宾夕法尼亚州费城的Elt Atochem公司;有羟基末端的加氢聚丁二烯,例如可购自日本的Kuraray公司;有羟基官能的聚(乙烯/丁烯)聚合物,例如可购自壳牌化学公司的Kraton Liquid。有羟基末端的液体烯烃橡胶的化学式可以给出如下:
三官能聚(二醇)例如脂醚三醇可以用于额外交联。酸酐官能团与羟基基团反应如下:
该酸酐官能团也能与一种环氧化物反应而产生一个酯键。这两种功能液体橡胶之间的反应在约50~150℃的温度也会发生而形成一种交联弹性体网络。可以添加一种叔胺作为促进剂,使之能在室温下硫化。马来酐的浓度决定该弹性体的交联密度。物理性能会是各异的,从非常低交联密度时非常软的凝胶材料到具有较高交联密度的坚韧弹性体网络。该酸酐环会与羟基、胺、环氧反应而形成一种弹性体网络。典型的液体橡胶混合物在25℃有约10~200泊的粘度。
要分散于该液体橡胶混合物中的热填料微粒应当有利地具有高热导率。适用的填料材料包括银、铜、铝、及其合金;氮化硼、氮化铝、银包铜、银包铝和碳纤维。氮化硼与银或氮化硼与银/铜的组合也提供强化的热导率。数量为至少20%(重量)的氮化硼与数量为至少约60%(重量)的银是特别有用的。
具有特殊功效的是一种填料,其中包含一种称之为“蒸气生长碳纤维”(VGCF)(可购自Applied Sciences公司,俄亥俄州锡达维尔)的特殊形式碳纤维。VGCF,或“碳微纤维”,是一种通过热处理而高度石墨化的类型(热导率=1900w/m℃)。约0.5%(重量)碳微纤维的添加提供显著增大的热导率。这样的纤维有不同的长度和直径可供利用;即长度为1mm~数十厘米,直径为0.1μm以下~100μm以上。一种有用的形式有不大于约1μm的直径和约50~100μm的长度,而且与直径大于5μm的其它常用碳纤维相比,具有大约2或3倍的热导率。
难以把大量的VGCF掺入聚合物体系例如以上所讨论的马来化橡胶与烯烃橡胶组合中。当向该聚合物中添加碳微纤维(例如约1μm或以下)时,它们不能充分混合,因为相对于聚合物数量而言需要掺入大量纤维才会有益地改善热导率。然而,我们已经发现,相对大量的碳微纤维可以添加到相对大量其它纤维的聚合物体系中。当与其它纤维一起添加而不是单独添加到该聚合物中时能向该聚合物中添加更大量的碳微纤维,因而,就改善该热界面材料的热导率而言提供了更大的效益。理想的是,碳微纤维与聚合物之比在0.05~0.50(按重量计)的范围内。
也有利的是掺入实质上球形的填料微粒以最大限度提高填充密度。此外,实质上球形的形状或诸如此类也会提供压紧期间厚度的某种控制。填料微粒的分散可以通过添加功能性有机金属偶合剂例如有机硅烷、有机钛酸酯、有机锆等来促进,偶合剂的量为约0.1~2重量%。可用于该橡胶材料中填料的典型粒度可以在约1~20μm的范围内,最大约100μm。可以添加抗氧剂,以抑制该硫化橡胶凝胶的氧化和热降解。典型有用的抗氧剂包括Irganoz1076、苯酚型Irganox565、胺型,(以0.01%~约1%重量添加),可购自美国纽约州霍索恩的Ciba Giegy公司。典型的硫化促进剂包括叔胺例如二癸基茴香胺(以50ppm~0.5%重量添加)。
为了说明本发明,通过混合以下实施例A~R中所述的成分制备了一批实施例。为了这些实施例,参照了这些描述样品的表的末尾所定义的商品名。
如这些表中所指出的,也报告了粒度、贮存期、硫化后外观、模量、玻璃化温度和热导率等各组合物的性能。
所显示的实施例包括任选添加剂中的一种或多种,例如抗氧剂、可湿性增强剂、硫化促进剂、粘度调节剂和交联助剂。这样的添加剂的数量可以各异,但一般地说,它们以下列近似量存在可能是有益的(重量%):填料,可多达总量(填料+橡胶)的95%;可湿性增强剂,(总量的)0.1~2%;抗氧剂,(总量的)0.01~1%;硫化促进剂,(总量的)50ppm~0.5%;粘度调节剂,0.2~15%;和交联助剂,0.1~2%。应当说明的是,至少约0.5%碳纤维的添加令人惊讶地提高热导率。
                                                表1
                                          有热填料的组合物
    1     2     3         4         5         6         7
RICON 130MA8PolyBd R45Kapton L2203TH21Ag小片1Ag小片2AgCu107氮化硼PT120氮化铝粘度(PaS)贮存期,25℃     5590100<4hrs     5590100>12hrs.     5         5         5         25        165                             25        165590        90        905068150       200       180       210       200>12hrs.  >12hrs.  >12hrs.  >12hrs.  >12hrs.
硫化后的外观,150℃/30min     N/A     ------软弹性体薄膜-----
模量,25℃玻璃化温度(℃)热导率,w/m℃     N/AN/AN/A     1.2-8015     1.2       1.4       1.1       0.8       1.1-80       -65       -75       -80       -751.45      1.3       1.4       1.0       1.0
                                        表2
                                有不同交联密度的组合物
    8     9     10     11     12     13
 RICON 130MA8PolyBd R45KR-TTSIrganox565Irganox1032Ag小片2Ag小球粘度(PaS)硫化后外观,150℃/30min室温下的模量(Mpa)热导率,w/m℃   3.673.760.400.040.0491.50.5170非粘性软薄膜1.31.5     1.885.640.400.040.0491.50.5160粘性薄膜0.71.8   0.646.880.400.040.0491.50.5151粘性软凝胶0.21.9     1.136.390.400.040.0491.50.5155粘性薄膜0.41.8   5.641.880.400.040.0491.50.5160软薄膜1.01.9   6.271.250.400.040.0491.50.5160软薄膜1.51.8
注:Ag小球(50μm直径)是粘合厚度控制用附加间隔。
                  表3
            室温可硫化组合物
    14     15
 DAMA 1010胺RICON 130 MA8PolyBd R45KRTTSIrganox 565Irganox 1032Ag小片2Ag小球粘度(kcps)硫化后外观室温下模量(Mp)热导率,w/m℃     0.11.16.320.400.040.0491.50.5155粘性薄膜0.41.9     0.151.076.300.400.040.0491.50.5160粘性薄膜0.41.9
                        表4
            有混合热填料、反应性稀释剂
                和附加交联剂的组合物
    16     17     18
 KRTTSRICON 130 MA8PolyBd R45Drakeol 9LTSovermol VP 95Irganox 1076Irganox 565Ag小片2AgCu107氮化硼PT 120Ag小球粘度(kcps)     0.40.905.000.520.10.040.0491.51.00.5114     0.421.05.630.750.100.050.0589.520.5120     0.811.9410.911.450.190.10.18040.570
 硫化,150℃/30min     -----粘性薄膜----
 室温下模量(Mpa)热导率w/m℃     0.52.5     0.43.0     0.31.5
                                        表4(续)
  19    20     21     22     23     24     A
 KRTTSRICON 130 MA8PolyBd R45Drakeol 9LTSovernol VP95Irganox 1076Irganox 565Ag小片Ag小球氮化硼(PT120)碳纤维(VGCF)硅石粉铝粉粘度(kcps)热导率w/m℃热阻抗cm2℃/w碳纤维/树脂比   0.45.01.00.420.10.040.0491.50.51.0------1252.50.420   0.45.01.00.420.10.040.0491.50.51.0----1403.50.240.14     0.45.01.00.420.10.040.0491.50.52.0----1754.10.200.20     2.835.77.23.00.70.30.3455----1301.80.450.10     1.2517.93.61.60.350.150.1570--1401.40.60.2     1.013.22.91.30.260.120.125751203.00.400.25     571.514.56.51.30.60.63.20.24.8
定义:
RICON 130 MA8:聚丁二烯,分子量3100,每单位橡胶重量加合了8
               %马来酐,由美国科罗拉多州大章克申的Ricon
               Resins公司供应。
Poly Rd R45:有羟基末端的聚丁二烯,分子量约2700,由美国
             宾夕法尼亚州费城Elf Atochem公司供应
DAMA 1010胺:二癸基甲胺,一种起硫化促进剂作用的叔胺,由美
             国路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日的Albemarle公司供应。
Drakeol 9LT:作为反应性稀释剂的矿物油,由美国得克萨斯州迪
             金森的Pennreco公司供应。
Kapton L2203:               有羟基末端的聚(乙烯/丁烯),分子量4000,由
                             美国得克萨斯州休斯敦的壳牌化学公司供应。
VGCF纤维:                   一种经过热处理的高度石墨化类型(热导率=1900
                             w/m℃),由美国俄亥俄州锡达维尔的Applied
                             Sciences公司供应。
TH21:                       有羟基末端的加氢聚异戊二烯(由日本的Kuraray
                             公司供应)。
Ag小片1:                   含有一种氨基型表面活性剂包衣,起促进剂的作
                             用,使之缩短贮存期。
Ag小片2:                   含有一种对硫化反应惰性的表面活性剂包衣,导致
                             更长的贮存期。
AgCu107:                   镀银铜粉。
KR-TTS:                     为提高填料的分散作用而添加的有机钛酸酯偶合
                             剂,由美国新泽西州贝永的Kenrich公司供应。
Sovermol VP95:              作为附加交联剂的脂肪醚三醇,由美国伊利诺州坎
                             卡基的汉高公司供应。
Irganox565&                  抗氧剂,由美国纽约州霍索恩的Ciba Geigy供
1076:                       应。
从以上所述显而易见,在不背离本发明的情况下可以做各种变化和变更。例如,可以组合每一类橡胶中的不止一种形式或其它添加剂,而且可以包括不止一类填料。通过比较所有含填料的实施例与表4的实施例A的性能,也清楚的是,无填料的橡胶的组合与含填料的实施例相比,有显著较低的热导率和较大的热阻抗。也显而易见的是,聚合物例如所述橡胶的热导率可以通过掺入碳微纤维来大大改善。因此,本发明的范围只应受到所附权利要求书限制,其中,要求授予的专利权是:

Claims (28)

1.一种可用来作为电子器件界面材料的柔软且可交联材料,包含至少一种饱和或不饱和的、有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶,至少一种饱和或不饱和的、有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶,和至少一种热导性填料。
2.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,包含约8~92重量%有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶。
3.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述填料包含下列中的至少一种:银,铜,铝,及其合金;氮化硼,氮化铝,银包铜,银包铝,和碳纤维;及其混合物。
4.按照权利要求3的柔软且可交联材料,除至少一种其它填料外,进一步包含碳微纤维。
5.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述填料的至少一部分包含球形的微粒。
6.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,进一步包含一种抗氧剂。
7.按照权利要求6的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述抗氧剂的存在量是0.01~1重量%。
8.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,进一步包含一种偶合剂。
9.按照权利要求8的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述偶合剂的存在量是约0.1~2重量%。
10.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,进一步包含一种硫化促进剂。
11.按照权利要求10的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述硫化促进剂的存在量是约50ppm~0.5重量%。
12.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,进一步包含一种可湿性增强剂。
13.按照权利要求12的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述可湿性增强剂的存在量是0.1~2重量%。
14.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,进一步包含一种粘度调节剂。
15.按照权利要求14的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述粘度调节剂的存在量是约0.2~15重量%。
16.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,包含可多达95重量%填料,所述填料包含碳微纤维和下列中的至少一种:银,铜,铝,及其合金;氮化硼,氮化铝,银包铜,银包铝,和碳纤维;及其混合物。
17.按照权利要求1的柔软且可交联材料,其中,所述填料占该材料的约90~95重量%。
18.一种可用来作为电子器件界面材料的柔软且可交联材料的可分配糊料,包含至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶和至少一种有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶以及至少一种热导性填料。
19.一种可用来作为电子器件界面材料的柔软且可交联材料的片材或薄膜,包含至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶和至少一种有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶以及至少一种热导性填料。
20.制作一种柔软且可交联材料的方法,包含将至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的马来化橡胶,至少一种有羟基末端的烯烃橡胶和至少一种热导性填料混合在一起。
21.按照权利要求20的方法,进一步包含配制所述材料的可分配糊料。
22.按照权利要求20的方法,进一步包含把所述材料模塑成为一种能切割成一定尺寸并作为电子器件中各部件之间的界面施用的片材或薄膜。
23.按照权利要求20的方法,包含掺合一种填料,该填料包含下列中的至少一种:银,铜,铝,及其合金;氮化硼,氮化铝,银包铜,银包铝,和碳纤维;及其混合物。
24.按照权利要求23的方法,除一种或多种其它填料外进一步包括碳微纤维。
25.一种提高一种柔软且可交联材料热导率的方法,该方法包括:
提供一种如权利要求1所述的柔软且可交联的材料;
在该材料中掺入碳微纤维和至少一种热导性填料;和
使该材料交联。
26.按照权利要求25的方法,其中,所述碳微纤维的存在量是至少约0.5重量%,或碳微纤维与柔软且可交联材料的重量比为至少0.05。
27.按照权利要求26的方法,其中,所述热导性填料包含下列中的至少一种:银,铜,铝,及其合金;氮化硼,氮化铝,银包铜,银包铝,和碳纤维;及其混合物。
28.按照权利要求25的方法,其中,所述柔软且可交联材料包含至少一种有马来酐加合到该分子上的饱和或不饱和马来化橡胶和至少一种饱和或不饱和、有末端羟基的烯烃橡胶。
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104726076A (zh) * 2015-01-29 2015-06-24 无锡昊瑜节能环保设备有限公司 一种燃烧炉内胆用导热材料
CN104726076B (zh) * 2015-01-29 2017-09-22 海门市瑞泰纺织科技有限公司 一种燃烧炉内胆用导热材料

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US6238596B1 (en) 2001-05-29
KR20020075360A (ko) 2002-10-04
DE60027452D1 (de) 2006-05-24
DE60027452T2 (de) 2006-10-12
CN1940007A (zh) 2007-04-04
JP2003509574A (ja) 2003-03-11
EP1224669A1 (en) 2002-07-24
AU7585600A (en) 2001-04-17
EP1224669A4 (en) 2003-05-02
EP1224669B1 (en) 2006-04-19
WO2001020618A1 (en) 2001-03-22

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