CN1258323A - 表面耐磨损烧结机件及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
表面耐磨损机件包括一个粉末冶金烧结金属体及其用激光技术喷涂的金属陶瓷涂层。该涂层有一定的厚度,而且其中一部分与金属体冶金性地结合。激光喷涂可使待涂的烧结件表面在激光作用下熔化。被融合的待喷涂烧结件表面可达10微米到1毫米厚,这就可以使其表面的微孔(烧结件的典型特征)闭合,从而增强它的抗冲击性。另外,激光束不断移动瞬间通过极微小的表面,在金属环境体热散逸效应的作用下,使暴露区自动淬火。由于粉末在激光作用下充分熔合,所以根据本发明得到的金属陶瓷涂层的多孔性也是很弱的。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用激光对机件进行表面耐磨损处理，更具体地说，是用激光对粉末冶金烧结机件进行表面金属陶瓷涂层处理。金属陶瓷是一种在金属粘结剂中掺入陶瓷成分的复合材料。本发明还涉及这种机件的制造方法。
现有技术说明
用球状碳化钨复合于镍铬基体里的涂料对传统的生铁和钢(非烧结件)进行激光涂层的技术已经存在。加拿大专利申请2126517就是这种涂层技术的一个实例。激光喷涂是一种使金属件表面较厚的附着一层硬质材料的涂层技术。连续的CO2激光释放的红外光束所产生的能量用于熔化待处理金属体表层和要加入的细金属粉末。一根由激光束贯穿其中心的导管，用于接收并与激光束同轴注入形成涂层的粉末。所形成的涂层就好象一条焊带。到目前为止，这类激光喷涂只用于对非烧结传统金属件的涂层，特别是用在磨损环境极为恶劣的情况下。
众所周知，在现有的技术条件下，粉末冶金机件不具备抗应力、耐磨损和耐摩擦的物理特性。这是因为这类烧结件的表面存在大量微孔的缘故，而且与锻造件和机加工件相比，其裂纹形成期缩短了。也就是说，粉末冶金烧结机件表面的多孔性，导致其裂纹形成期极短，阻碍了其抗冲击和耐磨损的能力。
发明概述
本发明的目的之一是提出一种粉末冶金烧结机件，具有很强的抗冲击、耐磨损和耐摩擦的性能，同时也是非常有机械耐力的机件。
更具体地说，本发明的表面耐磨损机件包括：
粉末冶金烧结金属体；
金属体涂有一层金属陶瓷，形成一个耐磨损的外表面。所述涂层有一定的厚度，并且其中一部分与金属体冶金性地结合。
本领域技术人员皆知，“与金属体冶金性地结合”意味着涂层融合在烧结件的表面，涂层的显微结构与金属体的显微结构完全结合成一体。
这种机件包括所有用于在高度磨损和高应力环境下工作的各种机件，例如，用于木材剥皮机机臂上的刀头。
本发明还涉及所述机件的制造方法。具体地说，制造方法包括以下步骤：
a)预备一件粉末冶金烧结机件；
b)用激光在所述金属件的外表面喷涂金属陶瓷。
激光喷涂最好包括下面几个步骤：
-向机件外表面发射一束激光，激光束释放一定的温度将所述外表面熔化一定的厚度。
-向激光束注入形成金属陶瓷涂层的陶瓷粉与金属粉的混合剂。陶瓷粉的熔点比激光温度高，而金属粉的熔点比激光温度低，因此，激光可以将混合粉中的金属粉融合在机件外表面。
-相对机件移动激光束，使其扫描机件外表面，进而形成金属陶瓷涂层。
混合剂可通过以激光贯穿其中心的导管，同轴注入激光束，该管可接收混合剂并将其注入激光束。
激光束最好是固定的，而将机件安装在一个可以相对激光束移动的台子上。
根据本发明，用激光喷涂可使待涂层的烧结件表面在激光的作用下熔化。待涂层的烧结件表面可形成10微米到1毫米的熔化层。于是可以封闭表面的微孔，特别是对于烧结件，可增加其抗冲击的能力。另外，激光束不断移动瞬间通过极小的表面，在金属环境体热散逸效应的作用下，使暴露区自动淬火。由于粉末在激光作用下充分熔合。所以根据本发明得到的金属陶瓷涂层的多孔性也是很弱的。
本发明的其它特征和优点可结合以下附图通过对最佳实施例的描述体现出来。
附图说明
图1是一个木材剥皮机机臂的立体图，图中显示了一个具有本发明最佳实施例的耐磨损涂层的烧结刀头。
图2是图1所示的木材剥皮机机臂刀头工作面的横向剖面图。
图3是本发明使用的激光喷涂装置的一部分。
图4是一张电子显微扫描的照片。显示了在通过等离子喷涂工艺得到的涂层与金属体之间的接触面的显微结构。
图5是一张电子显微扫描的照片。显示了在粉末冶金的金属基体上用激光喷涂得到的本发明涂层间的接合区的显微结构。
本发明最佳实施例的描述
图1显示了转环式木材剥皮机的一个机臂2，并显示了机臂上利用本发明制造的一个刀头4，该臂2包括第一端6，可固定安装在木材剥皮机环状旋转盘上。该臂2第二端8构成该臂2的一个工作面。当该臂在环状旋转盘内纵向移动时，该工作面可剥去树皮。刀头4根据操作功能固定在第二端。第二端8是机臂的一部分，用来剥去树皮并能够经得起磨损的恶劣环境的考验。利用本发明方法得到的木材剥皮机的刀头，有很大的使用优势，这是因为这种木材剥皮机的刀头具有一层硬质金属陶瓷涂层，能够经得起这种恶劣的工作环境。应该明白的是，尽管这里描述的最佳实施例是一个木材剥皮机刀头，这只不过是利用本发明得到的众多机件的一个实例。事实上，所有用在恶劣磨损或高应力环境下的传统机件，都可利用本发明来制造。下面的机件就是利用本发明制造出来的其他机件的实例。
-在露天采矿工业中：碾碎机、球磨机、破碎机、输送机等；
-在陶瓷及相关工业中：刮磨机、刀具、模型、传送机螺杆、闸门的底座等；
-在造纸工业中：均浆机板、纸浆底板、刮刀等；
-在冶金工业中：轧辊、套圈、滑轮等；
-在塑料加工工业中：挤出机和注射机的螺丝顶等；
-在农产品食品工业中：辊子、挤压模、导向装置等。
如图2所示，表面耐磨损木材剥皮机的刀头4或所有其它根据本发明制造的机件，都包括粉末冶金烧结金属体10和覆盖在金属体10上的金属陶瓷涂层12。涂层外表面14构成机件的耐磨损表面。涂层12有一定的厚度，并且其中的一部分构成与金属体10的冶金性的结合层。如图5所示的那样，这部分最好有10微米到1毫米厚。
金属陶瓷涂层12的主要成分最好是复合于金属基体18的球状碳化钨16、碳化钛或碳化硼。
金属基体18的主要成分最好是至少选自于由镍、铬和钴构成的金属组之一的金属。特别是最好同时包括镍、铬和钴，最佳模式是Ni-9％Cr-Co。
涂层12最好包含65％重量的碳化钨16，并基本上没有微孔。
根据本发明，烧结机件的涂层12是用激光喷涂得到的。
如图3所示，一根导管20，从出口处射出一束6KW的CO2激光束22，并连续向该激光束22定量注入一股要喷涂的粉末材料24。激光束22熔化了粉末24，以线形焊接在金属基体4上并构成涂层12。通过扫描机件4的表面，可在所需要的地方形成涂层。激光涂层12含有复合于镍铬基体18的、高硬度的碳化钨16微粒，它具有优秀的耐磨损和耐侵蚀的性能，而且还具有很强的耐腐蚀性。图5显示了通过等离子喷涂得到的碳化物28涂层26的显微结构。而图5显示了烧结机件4表面的激光涂层的显微结构。正如所看到的，激光涂层12中的碳化钨16微粒是球状的，而等离子喷涂形成的涂层26中的碳化物28是趋向于角状的。同时也可以看出，涂层12中烧结机件4表面与金属基体18的融合。这种融合可以使金属烧结件4表面的微孔闭合。
激光22是被固定的，一个用于放置待涂零件4的、四轴数控平台30，可以通过相对激光束移动零件4实现精确而均匀的喷涂。通过连续扫射激光22可实现小于1毫米或大于10毫米的涂层。
作为激光涂层的材料通常是具有高纯度的、高硬度的碳化钨、碳化钛或碳化硼的混合物，根据不同的使用场合，它可与以镍铬钴为主要成分的金属粉末熔合。在喷涂过程中，金属粉末被激光22熔化，而碳化钨粉仍处于固体状态并保持同样的高硬度。这类金属陶瓷材料使得涂层12具有优秀的耐磨损和耐侵蚀的性能，而且还具有很强的耐腐蚀性。
由于激光喷涂的多种特性，所以利用这种技术得到的涂层12具有几个超常的特性。首先，激光涂层与金属物10实现冶金性地连结并获得理想的密度(没有微孔)。零件10与涂层12实现了出色的粘结。与之相反，高温涂层会出现很多微孔，而且为了保证好的粘结效果还要对待处理表面进行特殊准备。
通过准确控制对金属体表面的能量投入，使得可获得小于1％的金属体熔释量，并且可尽量缩小、甚至避免各种变形。另外，由于在处理过程中的快速冷却，使得激光喷涂可以得到冶金性的、完美的显微结构，同时增强金属基体16的硬度(2400至3600HV)。最后，利用程序和CNC控制系统使得喷涂在一定的时间内重新进行，因此，涂层的最终厚度可以完全被控制。大批量的机件也可进行涂层处理。本发明在工业中的应用
不具备本发明所述金属陶瓷涂层的粉末冶金机件具有下列一些物理和经济特性：
-表面存在大量微孔；
-抗冲击力弱；
-从总体上讲，机械性能比锻造件差；
-密度较低；
-可吸收噪音；
-可利用在液态方式下不可混合的合金；
-可利用自动淬火的合金；
-系统机件的生产成本较低。
这些特性决定了粉末冶金机件进入生产技术市场的能力，但也表明了局限性。
粉末冶金与锻造件及机加工件相比，由于表面的多孔性导致的裂纹形成期极短，影响了其抗冲击性和/或耐磨损性。这就是为什么粉末冶金机件通常不被用在高度磨损和高应力的环境下。正因为如此，本发明所指的机件，具体的说用激光喷涂的WC涂层，在这一工业领域展示了一个革新的概念。
例如，激光喷涂得到的涂层含有65％的复合于Ni-9％Cr-Co基体的球状WC微粒，可以使粉末冶金烧结件的表面有如下改进：
-机件表面被熔化10微米到1毫米厚。这就可以使机件表面的微孔闭合，因此而增强抗冲击性能；
-激光束不断移动瞬间通过极微小的表面，在金属环境体热散逸效应的作用下，使暴露区自动淬火。
-由于激光将Ni-9％Cr的粉末完全融合，所以涂层表面几乎不存在微孔，少于1％。这是其它喷涂工艺、比如等离子焊枪或乙炔焊枪的喷涂工艺所作不到的。因为当达到熔化粉末所必要的温度时，大量的热量被发射在机件表面，于是机件淬火被摧毁。
-由于有一层熔焊区，所以涂层很紧密地结合在机件上。
另外，利用本发明得到的涂层包含有球状碳化钨，使其具有如下优点：
-由于与几何多角形碳化物相比球状碳化物的产生裂纹的倾向极小，所以具有极强的抗冲击能力；
-由于与几何多角形碳化物相比球状碳化物的摩擦系数很小，所以摩擦磨损很有限；
-由于碳化物的刚性，所以机件表面固有的简单损耗和纯粹损耗很有限。
此外，上述的Ni-9％Cr基体具有出色的高于钢的韧性。
总之，带有本发明所述涂层的烧结机件具有如下优点：
-由于涂层与金属体之间的冶金性连结，所以涂层具有优良的粘附性；
-与等离子喷射的喷涂技术相反，微孔和裂缝的消失产生很强的抗冲击的能力；
-厚度从0.5毫米直到几个毫米(可重新修补机件)；
-碳化物微粒在整个喷涂工艺中呈固态，进而保持了极强的刚性。
本发明可在很多领域应用。特别是，木材剥皮机机臂上的刀头可优先选用本发明制造，还有每一个上述列举的机件。
Claims (19)
1.表面耐磨损机件(4)，包括：
粉末冶金金属烧结体(10)；
覆盖于金属体(10)的金属陶瓷涂层，并形成耐刮研磨损外表面(14)，所述涂层(12)有一定的厚度，并且其中一部分与金属体(10)冶金性地结合。
2.根据权利要求1的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征在于，涂层(12)用激光喷涂到金属体(10)上。
3.根据权利要求1或2的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征在于，金属陶瓷涂层(12)的主要成分是以复合于金属基体的碳化钨、碳化钛和碳化硼构成的碳化物组(16)。
4.根据权利要求3的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，碳化物是球状碳化钨(16)。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，涂层部分与金属体(10)冶金性地结合，其厚度有10微米到1毫米。
6.根据权利要求3至5之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，金属基体(18)的主要成分是至少选自由镍、铬和钴构成的金属组中的一种金属。
7.根据权利要求3至6之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，金属基体(18)是以镍、铬和钴构成的。
8.根据权利要求3至7之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，金属基体(18)是Ni-9％Cr-Co基体。
9.根据权利要求3至8之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，涂层(12)含有65％重量的碳化钨(16)。
10.根据权利要求1至8之一的表面耐磨损机件(4)，其特征是，涂层(12)基本消除了多孔性。
11.表面耐磨损粉末冶金烧结机件(4)的制造方法，包括如下步骤：
a)预备一个粉末冶金烧结机件(4)
b)用激光在所述机件(4)的外表面喷涂金属陶瓷涂层(12)。
12.根据权利要求11的制造方法，其特征是，激光喷涂包括下面几个步骤：
-向机件(4)外表面发射一束激光(22)，激光束(22)释放一定的温度并熔化所述外表面的一定厚度；
-向激光束(22)稳定注入一股构成金属陶瓷涂层(12)的陶瓷粉末与金属粉末的混合剂(24)，陶瓷粉末的熔点比激光束温度高，而金属粉末的熔点比激光温度低，因此，激光可以将混合粉末中的金属粉末熔合在机件(4)外表面；
-相对机件(4)移动激光束(22)，使其扫描金属体(10)外表面，并形成金属陶瓷涂层(12)。
13.根据权利要求12的方法，其特征是，混合剂可通过以激光束(22)贯穿其中心的导管(20)注入激光束(22)，该导管(20)可接收混合剂并将其注入激光束(22)；
14.根据权利要求13的方法，其特征是，激光束(22)是固定的，而将机件(4)安装在一个可以相对激光束(22)移动的台子(30)上。
15.根据权利要求10至14之一的方法，其特征是，金属陶瓷涂层(12)包括复合于金属基体(18)里的碳化钨(16)。
16.根据权利要求12至15之一的方法，其特征是，陶瓷粉末是指碳化钨粉末，而金属粉末是至少包含镍、铬和钴构成的元素组中的一种元素的粉末。
17.根据权利要求16的方法，其特征是，金属粉末是Ni-9％Cr-Co粉末。
18.木材剥皮机刀头(4)，包括其内侧适于安装在木材剥皮机机臂(2)一端的金属体(10)和耐磨损的工作表面，其特征是：
-金属体(10)是粉末冶金烧结金属体，
-耐磨损的工作表面具有一层覆盖于金属体(10)的金属陶瓷涂层(12)，涂层(12)有10微米到1毫米厚并与金属体冶金性地结合在一起。
19.根据权利要求18的木材剥皮机刀头(4)，其特征是，涂层(12)是用激光喷涂在金属体(10)上的金属陶瓷涂层。
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- 1997-05-28 CA CA002207579A patent/CA2207579A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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- 1998-05-27 JP JP50003699A patent/JP4083817B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-27 WO PCT/CA1998/000516 patent/WO1998054379A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1998-05-27 US US09/424,586 patent/US6623876B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-27 AT AT98922560T patent/ATE210209T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-27 KR KR1019997010927A patent/KR100540461B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-27 DE DE69802800T patent/DE69802800T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-27 BR BR9809467-0A patent/BR9809467A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-27 CN CNB988055473A patent/CN1190517C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-27 PL PL98336929A patent/PL186654B1/pl unknown
- 1998-05-27 EP EP98922560A patent/EP0986653B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-27 AU AU75175/98A patent/AU733070B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-05-27 EA EA199901088A patent/EA001332B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-11-26 NO NO19995828A patent/NO321415B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102230173A (zh) * | 2010-06-22 | 2011-11-02 | 张宗海 | 平行双螺杆挤出机用全披覆熔覆性螺纹元件 |
| CN102230173B (zh) * | 2010-06-22 | 2013-04-24 | 张宗海 | 平行双螺杆挤出机用全披覆熔覆性螺纹元件 |
| CN103088339A (zh) * | 2013-02-25 | 2013-05-08 | 苏州天弘激光股份有限公司 | 一种提高镁合金az91d表面性能的激光熔覆方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EA199901088A1 (ru) | 2000-06-26 |
| NO321415B1 (no) | 2006-05-08 |
| EP0986653B1 (fr) | 2001-12-05 |
| AU733070B2 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
| PL336929A1 (en) | 2000-07-17 |
| DE69802800D1 (de) | 2002-01-17 |
| EP0986653A1 (fr) | 2000-03-22 |
| US6623876B1 (en) | 2003-09-23 |
| AU7517598A (en) | 1998-12-30 |
| KR20010012957A (ko) | 2001-02-26 |
| JP2002510361A (ja) | 2002-04-02 |
| EA001332B1 (ru) | 2001-02-26 |
| CN1190517C (zh) | 2005-02-23 |
| NO995828D0 (no) | 1999-11-26 |
| PL186654B1 (pl) | 2004-02-27 |
| DE69802800T2 (de) | 2002-08-08 |
| ATE210209T1 (de) | 2001-12-15 |
| CA2207579A1 (fr) | 1998-11-28 |
| NO995828L (no) | 1999-12-10 |
| KR100540461B1 (ko) | 2006-01-12 |
| BR9809467A (pt) | 2000-06-20 |
| WO1998054379A1 (fr) | 1998-12-03 |
| JP4083817B2 (ja) | 2008-04-30 |
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