CN116034803A - Hilly and mountain area operation slope planting method suitable for machine operation - Google Patents
Hilly and mountain area operation slope planting method suitable for machine operation Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/30—Moss
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
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Abstract
The invention relates to a hilly mountain suitable machine operation side slope planting method, which is characterized in that a suitable wide tread is excavated on a mountain body which is planned to be planted with a certain pitch contour, the tread is used as a mechanically operated machine tillage way, crops are planted in a side slope between two adjacent machine tillage ways (terraces), and the mechanically operated links such as sowing planting, soil management, fertilization, disease and insect pest prevention, shearing, harvesting and the like of crop production are carried out by depending on the machine tillage way, so that the problems of inconvenient mechanical operation, low mechanization rate, high labor cost, labor force aging shortage and the like in the current hilly mountain crop planting are solved, the damage to mountain land features and water and soil loss can be remarkably reduced, and the production and development of hilly mountain areas and the income increase of peasants are promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a hilly and mountain area operation slope planting method.
Background
The hilly and mountain areas of China occupy 43% of the land area, the county and cultivated areas of the hilly and mountain areas occupy 34.62% of the national cultivated areas, and the sowing area occupies 34.20%, so that the method has important and unique positions in agricultural production, and is particularly suitable for the production of economic crops. The production of crops in hilly and mountain areas is very important for the national and local governments at all levels, a series of standard standards and regulations are adopted, the tea industry with the contribution yield of more than 99% in hilly and mountain areas is taken as an example, the national and local agricultural industry standards of the people's republic of China (NY/T5018-2015), the Pu' er tea production technical regulations of Yunnan province (DB 53/T172-2006), the tea safety production and planting technical regulations of Zhejiang province (DB 33/T675-2008), the Xinyang Maojian tea clean production technical regulations of Henan province (DB 41/T715-2012), the Guangxi autonomous region (mountain tea downhill cultivation technical regulations of mountain areas) (DB 45/T1387-2016) and the like are issued for the national and local agricultural industry standards, but the regulations and regulations are basically the bias prescribing various production links and steps from the agricultural aspects, namely how to apply the agricultural industry regulations and the fresh mechanical regulations to the aspects of planning, crop planting, soil management and fertilization, pest control, crop repair, crop protection, harvesting, collection and the like. For example, the agricultural industry standard of the people's republic of China (NY/T5018-2015) refers to straight line planting of a flat tea garden and horizontal slope equal-height planting of a sloping field tea garden only in the general description of the 4.2.1 section; planting by adopting a single-row strip planting or double-row strip planting mode, meeting the field mechanical operation requirement, and 8.4 tea leaves are said to be 'mechanical tea leaf picking'; the Guangxi autonomous region (mountain tea garden downhill cultivation technical regulations (DB 45/T1387-2016)) is popularized to a planting mode of 'not opening a ladder surface, excavating planting furrows along the contour line of a sloping field', and the method has the advantages of reducing water and soil loss and maintaining soil surface fertility without changing the mountain topography, but is difficult for a machine to enter the ground. The application publication No. CN 109168394A discloses a "method for mechanized soil remediation in hilly and mountainous areas", which is to push and dig small-sized field soil into large-sized field soil so as to adapt to the operation of medium and large-sized machines, but has the advantages of large project amount and high cost of reconstruction, serious damage to mountains and limitation to soil remediation with the gradient of less than 25 degrees. The newly developed cultivation garden in hilly and mountain areas is more in the steep mountains, the gradient of the garden is often more than 30 degrees, the local gradient reaches more than 40 degrees, if the cultivation is carried out on a large-scale surface, collapse landslide is often caused by too high ladder wall, water and soil loss is caused, the garden is easily damaged, so that farmers more adopt manpower to excavate narrow-step cultivation, and the subsequent mechanical operation conditions are more insufficient. These factors also affect market expectations objectively, and cause that the enthusiasm of agricultural machinery research and development enterprises for developing machines suitable for hilly and mountain land operation is not high, and the machines suitable for hilly and mountain land operation are less and poor in adaptability. In a word, at present, the problem of inconvenient mechanical operation caused by insufficient combination of agriculture and agricultural machinery generally exists in hilly and mountain crop planting, the mechanization rate is low, the labor cost is high, the labor force is gradually aged and short, the labor expenditure of the hilly and mountain crop planting is heavier and heavier, the market competition pressure is high, the production planting technology for organically combining the agriculture and the agricultural machinery is urgently needed to be explored and improved, the management benefit of hilly and mountain parks is improved, and the standardized development of industry is promoted.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a hilly and mountain land operation slope planting method which is convenient for agricultural machinery application, can obviously reduce damage to mountain land features and water and soil loss, and promotes production and development of hilly and mountain lands and income increase of farmers.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a hilly and mountain area operation slope planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Digging a plurality of terraces with high outside and low inside along the contour line of the mountain on the mountain planned to be planted with suitable crops as a machine ploughing path for the operation of agricultural machinery;
(2) Planting crops in the side slope between two adjacent machine cultivation channels in the step (1), and carrying out mechanized operation of the field management links such as sowing and planting, soil management, fertilization management, disease and pest control, harvesting and the like by depending on the machine cultivation channels.
Further, in the step (1), the width of the tractor-ploughing path is 0.8-1.2 m, and the height difference between the outermost side and the innermost side of the tractor-ploughing path is 4-8 cm.
Further, in the step (2), a main road and a branch road are built on the side slope for the working machine to enter or carry the working machine in place, and the working area is not provided with the walk.
Further, in the step (2), the width of the side slope is 1.2-2.0 m.
Further, the crop planted in the side slope in the step (2) is an economic crop.
Further, when the tea trees are planted in the side slope in the step (2), the width of the machine-cultivated road is set to be 1m, the width of the side slope is set to be 1.2m, the tea trees are planted according to the 3-row strip planting specification, and the row spacing of the inclined plane is 0.35 m and the cluster spacing is 0.33 m.
Further, before planting crops in the step (2), climbing the terracotta, moss and plagiosa between the terrazzo of the mountain and the side slope to prevent the terrazzo from collapsing; moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall from bottom to top in sequence.
Further, the moss is sphagnum nigrum, sphagnum megaterium or sphagnum griseoum; the planting height of the moss is 10-15 cm; the planting height ratio of the climbing orchid to the grass is as follows: climbing the ground blue: baccarat = 1:1.2 to 1:1.5.
further, after planting crop seedlings in the step (2), covering a layer of dried rice straw with the thickness of 4-5 cm on the slope open land, and covering ground cloth on the rice straw to reduce water and soil loss in the mountain land and block weed germination.
Further, after removing the ground cloth covered by the straw in the step (2), planting the horseshoe gold on the ground of the side slope to reduce the water and soil loss of the mountain land.
The invention relates to a hilly mountain area suitable machine operation side slope planting method, which comprises the steps of pre-constructing a trunk and branch road which are convenient to transport and mechanically self-propelled in the hilly mountain area where crops are planned to be planted, and removing sundries such as mountain weeds, stones, larger tree roots and the like; starting from the mountain top, using a field management machine or a small-sized excavating machine with an excavating and opening function to excavate the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces step by step along the contour lines of the downhill from the top to the bottom along the branch road, and taking the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces as the mechanically cultivated road for the operation of the field cultivating machine; the length of the machine tillage is determined according to the planned road supporting interval or the hillside geographic shape, the width is based on meeting the safety passing requirement of tillage machinery used in each link of production in the park, the tillage machinery is suitable for miniaturization in hilly and mountainous areas with larger gradient, so that the width of the machine tillage is reduced, and the width is controlled within 0.8-1.2 meters; when needed, the road head leaves a proper road head road; digging a planting ditch in a side slope according to planting specifications and requirements by using a machine matched with an operation machine by depending on a machine tillage road, transporting base fertilizer and seedlings (seeds) by using the operation machine and applying according to regulations, and completing crop planting with the assistance of manpower; and the mechanized operation of all links of field management such as hilly and mountain soil management and fertilization, disease and pest control, crop pruning, picking and collecting and the like can be carried out by using a machine-assisted machine or a dedicated machine according to the gardening process of crop production.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method provides a solving way for the problems of low mechanization rate and poor mechanical operation condition caused by insufficient combination of agricultural and agricultural machines in the current hilly and mountain crop production, is beneficial to standardized construction of the hilly and mountain production park, promotes standardization of park management, and also provides compliance for development, manufacture, matching, machine purchasing, repairing and popularization and application of the hilly and mountain operation machine.
2. Balance the contradiction between popularization of mechanical operation and reduction of water and soil loss, and is beneficial to mountain land, hilly and mountain land agricultural gardensA kind of electronic deviceLong-term operation, and improves the application mechanical enthusiasm. Theory calculates that, in the hillside planting crop of 100 meters high, with excavation 2 meters wide terraced face planting and excavation 1 meter wide machine-ploughing way at 1.2 meters wide hillside planting and compare, when the slope 30, the planting area is basically equal, but the terraced wall is about 1.2 meters and about 0.6 meter respectively, and when the slope 40, the terraced face planting is than the area that the side slope was planted less, and the terraced wall is about 1.7 meters and about 0.8 meter respectively. Obviously, in hilly and mountain land, the slope planting is about half lower than the level land planting for opening a large ladder surface for meeting the requirements of medium and large mechanical operation, and the damage to mountain land features and water and soil loss can be obviously reduced.
3. The agricultural crop species is planted in the side slope, the foundation is the original soil of the side slope, and the slope protection soil fixing effect is better. Meanwhile, the excavated surface soil is basically retained in the side slope, so that the soil fertility can be better maintained. The side of the tractor-ploughing road is convenient for laying and management, and the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is installed. Particularly, the method utilizes the proper height difference between the side slope and the tractor-ploughing path, is easy to operate the opening and closing of the covered ground cloth (film), is more convenient for the operation of trunk, tree root and ground, performs weeding, soil loosening, fertilization, pest control and maintenance and management of park facilities, better overcomes the defects of difficult root observation, inconvenient cultivation, easy damage to the trunk, insufficient pest control on the leaf bottom and the like in mechanical operation, and provides better conditions for mechanized popularization.
4. The mechanical operation is realized by depending on the tractor-ploughing way, the labor efficiency is improved, the embarrassment conditions of high labor intensity, high labor cost and labor aging shortage and interweaving faced by mountain tea gardens can be effectively relieved, the aging of field management is improved, the yield and income of crops are increased, and the orderly long-term development of the gardens is promoted.
According to the planting method for the side slope suitable for machine operation in hilly and mountain lands, the climbing orchid, moss and grass are planted between the terraces between the machine ploughing ways of the mountain and the side slope, so that the terraces can be effectively prevented from collapsing, and the maintenance amount of the terraces in rainy seasons can be effectively reduced; after crop seedlings are planted, firstly, a layer of dried rice straw with the thickness of 4-5 cm is covered on a side slope, and then, ground cloth is covered on the rice straw, so that water and soil loss in mountain areas can be reduced, and weed germination can be blocked; after the ground cloth covered by the straw is removed, the horseshoe gold is planted on the ground of the side slope, so that the water and soil loss of the mountain area can be further reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a mountain side slope and a tractor-ploughing path; reference numerals in the drawings: 1 is a side slope, 2 is a tractor-ploughing road, and 3 is a ladder wall;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of planting arrangement of tea trees on a side slope;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a ladder wall height comparison.
Detailed Description
The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in a more complete understanding of the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
A hilly mountain area operation slope planting method is applied to mountain area citrus orchards with a slope of about 30 degrees, which are planned to be planted into citrus trees with an age of about 2 meters. The crawler-type comprehensive mountain land and garden management machine with the functions of opening a way (step), digging a pit, weeding, fertilizing (water), loosening soil, lifting (trimming and picking), spraying medicine, transporting and the like is used, the total width of the chassis is 0.8 meter, the width of a machine tillage path is 1 meter, and the side slope is 2.0 meters. The method is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. round land arrangement
And in the mountain land where the citrus trees are planted in a planning mode, a trunk and branch road which are convenient to transport and mechanically self-propelled are built, and sundries such as mountain weeds, stones, tree roots and the like are removed.
2. Machine tillage path opening
Starting from the mountain top, the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces are excavated step by step along the contour line of the downhill from the top to the bottom of the branch road by using the excavating function of the machine, and the length of the machine is determined according to the planned interval between two branch roads or the geographical shape of the mountain slope as the machine road for the operation of the citrus orchard cultivation machine. Moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall between the machine-cultivated road and the side slope of the mountain in sequence from bottom to top; moss is sphagnum nigrum; the planting height of the moss is 10 cm, namely, the moss is fully planted in the ladder wall with the slope being 0-10 cm upwards; the planting height ratio of the climbing violet to the baixi grass is as follows: climbing the ground blue: baccarat = 1:1.2.
3. slope arrangement
And from the second stage, when the machine is excavated, the slope on the upper part is leveled to facilitate the subsequent planting and other operations.
4. Seedling planting
Depending on the machine ploughing, digging planting furrows in the upper slope and the lower slope according to the planting specification and requirements by utilizing the digging function of the working machine, transporting base fertilizer and seedlings and applying according to regulations, and completing the citrus seedling planting under the assistance of manpower. Covering a layer of dried straw with the thickness of 4 cm on the side slope, and covering ground cloth on the straw; after the citrus seedlings grow, removing the ground cloth covered by the straw, and planting the Zantedeschia aethiopica on the ground of the side slope, wherein the sowing quantity of the Zantedeschia aethiopica seeds is 12 jin per mu.
5. Water and fertilizer management
Depending on the tractor-ploughing path, the water (fertilizer) transporting tank is mechanically transported, and the method of continuously applying along the downhill from the outer edge of the tractor-ploughing path is adopted to finish the process step by step. When organic and granular fertilizers are required to be applied, the weeding and pruning can be simultaneously carried out, small ditching, rotary tillage and other machines matched with machinery are used, ditching, applying, mixing and covering are carried out on a downhill line by line, and meanwhile, soil around tree roots is loosened, so that fertilizer absorption and root system development and growth are promoted. Advocates the benefit of utilizing the tractor-ploughing way limit to be convenient for cloth and management, installs the integrative irrigation system of liquid manure.
6. Weeding in garden
Weeds on the machine tillage path and the ladder wall are removed or utilized by mower (tool) and rotary cultivator matched with the working machine or independent from the working machine according to the conditions; weeds in the tree cluster are removed or utilized by small mowing and rotary tillage machines matched with the working machinery. In particular, after citrus seedlings are planted, namely, the grass germination is blocked by covering the land cloth or the mulching film on the slope, and after 3-5 years of citrus forestation, the grass is removed, so that the weeding frequency and the workload can be greatly reduced.
7. Pest control
Depending on the tractor-ploughing path, when the plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated by using the medicine, the medicine spraying machine matched with the operation machine or the independent medicine spraying machine is used for spraying medicine to the citrus trees on the upper side slope and the lower side slope simultaneously, and the medicine is sprayed to the bottom surfaces of branches and leaves on the upper side slope from the root, and the crown surface of the lower side slope is sprayed simultaneously. At ordinary times, the pest sticking plate and the pest trapping lamp are arranged on the road edge.
8. Picking up
Depending on the tractor-ploughing path, the harvester matched with the working machine is used for mechanical harvesting. And (5) picking citrus fruits of the up-side slope citrus trees by the local-level mechanical cultivation path.
9. Collecting and transporting
A rail conveyer is installed on the garden road, and bulk materials such as water fertilizer, liquid medicine, harvested fruits and the like are supplied or collected on the periphery of the garden and matched with the rail conveyer.
Example 2
A slope planting method suitable for machine operation in hilly and mountain areas is applied to mountain areas with the slope of about 30 degrees for planning and planting tea in new tea gardens. The field management machine with the total width of 0.8 meter and the functions of excavating and opening a way can comprehensively perform operations such as weeding, fertilization (water), soil loosening, pruning, pesticide spraying, transportation and the like. Setting the width of a tractor-ploughing road to be 1 meter and the width of a side slope to be 1.2 meters; planting according to the 3-row strip planting specification, wherein the row spacing of the inclined plane is 0.35 m and the cluster spacing is 0.33 m. The method is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. tea field arrangement
Mountain areas for planting tea leaves in tea gardens are planned, dry roads and branch roads which are convenient to transport and mechanically self-propelled are built, and sundries such as mountain weeds, stones and tree roots are removed.
2. Machine tillage path opening
Starting from the mountain top, the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces are excavated step by step along the contour line of the downhill from the top to the bottom along the branches, and the length of the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces is determined according to the planned interval between two branches or the geographical shape of the mountain slope as the machine cultivation road for tea garden cultivation machinery operation.
3. Slope arrangement
And from the second stage, when the machine is excavated, the slope on the upper part is leveled to facilitate the subsequent planting and other operations.
4. Tea tree planting
Depending on the machine ploughing, the digging function of the working machinery is utilized to excavate planting furrows in the upper slope and the lower slope according to the planting specification and requirements, and the base fertilizer and the seedlings (tea seeds) are transported and applied according to regulations, so that the planting of the tea trees is completed under the assistance of manpower.
5. Water and fertilizer management
Depending on the tractor-ploughing path, the water (fertilizer) transporting tank is mechanically transported, and the method of continuously applying along the downhill from the outer edge of the tractor-ploughing path is adopted to finish the process step by step. When organic and granular fertilizers are required to be applied, the weeding and pruning can be simultaneously carried out, small ditching, rotary tillage and other machines matched with machinery are used, ditching, applying, mixing and covering are carried out on a downhill line by line, and meanwhile, soil around tree roots is loosened, so that fertilizer absorption and root system development and growth are promoted. Advocates the benefit of utilizing the tractor-ploughing way limit to be convenient for cloth and management, installs the integrative irrigation system of liquid manure.
6. Tea garden weeding
Weeds on the machine tillage path and the ladder wall are removed or utilized by mower (tool) and rotary cultivator matched with the working machine or independent from the working machine according to the conditions; weeds in the tree cluster are removed or utilized by small mowing and rotary tillage machines matched with the working machinery. In particular, after the tea seedlings are planted, the weeds are blocked from sprouting by covering the ground cloth or the mulching film, and after 3-5 years of tea trees are planted, the tea trees are removed, so that the weeding frequency and the workload can be greatly reduced.
7. Tea garden pruning
Depending on the same machine-cultivated road, using a trimming machine matched with an operation machine to trim the crown surface and the lower side surface of the tea tree on the upper side slope, and the upper side surface of the tea tree on the lower side slope in the shaping period, the rich period, the aging period and other tea tree management and protection. The trimming time, specification and method should meet the technical specifications of NY/T5018 and various special tea planting, and the crown surface of the tree keeps the inclination roughly parallel to the side slope.
8. Pest control
Depending on the machine farmland, when the plant diseases and insect pests are controlled by using the medicines, the medicine spraying machine matched with the operation machinery or a separate medicine spraying machine is used for spraying the medicines on tea trees on the upper side slope and the lower side slope simultaneously, and the medicines are sprayed on the branches on the upper side slope and the bottom surfaces of the tea leaves from the root parts and the crown surfaces of the lower side slope simultaneously. At ordinary times, the pest sticking plate and the pest trapping lamp are arranged on the road edge.
9. Tea picking
Depending on the tractor-ploughing path, the tea picking machine matched with the working machine is used for mechanical picking. The blade on the upper side slope is picked by the machine tillage way of the present stage.
10. Fresh leaf collection
Depending on the tractor-ploughing way, the picked fresh leaves are timely conveyed to a branch road collecting point by using the working machine. It is recommended to install a rail conveyor on the branch road of the tea garden, and large amounts of materials such as water fertilizer, liquid medicine, fresh leaves and the like are supplied or collected on the periphery of the tea land and matched with rail transportation.
Example 3
A slope planting method suitable for machine operation in hilly and mountain areas is applied to planning and reconstruction of old mountain tea gardens planted in narrow steps or along slopes. The small excavator with the total width of the chassis of 0.8 meter and the garden management machine with the total width of 0.8 meter with the excavating and open-circuit functions can be mainly used for comprehensively performing operations such as weeding, fertilization (water), soil loosening, pruning, pesticide spraying, transportation and the like. The width of the machine ploughing channel is set to be 1 meter, the side slope width is flexibly determined according to the original tea tree row spacing, but the working width of the tea-picking machine tool is not suitable to be exceeded. The method is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. tea field arrangement
And (5) planning, building or maintaining the branch road of the old tea garden again.
2. Machine tillage path opening
According to the condition of the original tea tree planting, the width of a side slope is set, the tea tree is gradually dug and removed from the mountain top along the contour line of the sloping field from top to bottom by using an excavating machine, the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces are excavated by using a field management machine in a matching way, the tea tree is used as a machine tillage channel for the tea garden tillage machine operation, and the length is determined according to the interval between two delimited branch channels or the geographical shape of the mountain slope. The mature tea trees are used as the supplementary planting of the burst row tea lines and for replacing the mature aged tea trees. Moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall between the machine-cultivated road and the side slope of the mountain in sequence from bottom to top; moss is sphagnum megaterium; the planting height of the moss is 15 cm, namely, the moss is fully planted in the ladder wall with the height of 0-15 cm upwards on the side slope; the planting height ratio of the climbing violet to the baixi grass is as follows: climbing the ground blue: baccarat = 1:1.5.
3. slope arrangement
After the tractor-ploughing channel is excavated, the tea tree is transplanted and reseeded in place by depending on the tractor-ploughing channel and using a matched machine tool of the comprehensive field management machine. And combining with the subsequent fertilization or weeding operation, and if necessary, carrying out proper inclined plane leveling on the side slope on the upper side so as to facilitate the field management of the tea garden in the future.
The rest of the procedure is the same as in example 2.
Example 4
A method for planting a slope suitable for machine operation in hilly and mountain land is applied to a mountain land with a slope of about 30 degrees for planning planting of dwarf star anise. The field management machine with the total width of 0.8 meter and the functions of excavating and opening a way can comprehensively perform operations such as weeding, fertilization (water), soil loosening, pruning, pesticide spraying, transportation and the like. The width of the tractor-ploughing road is set to be 1 meter, and the width of the side slope is set to be 2.0 meters. The method is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. round land arrangement
In the mountain land where the dwarf star anise is planned to be planted, a trunk and branch road which is convenient for transportation and mechanical self-walking are built, and sundries such as mountain weeds, stones, tree roots and the like are removed.
2. Machine tillage path opening
The machine is used for excavating the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces step by step along the contour line of the sloping field from the top to the bottom of the branches from the mountain top, and is used as a machine cultivation road for the operation of the garden tillage machine, and the length of the machine is determined according to the planned interval between the two branches or the geographical shape of the mountain. Moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall between the machine-cultivated road and the side slope of the mountain in sequence from bottom to top; moss is Botrytis cinerea; the planting height of the moss is 12 cm, namely, the moss is fully planted in the ladder wall with the height of 0-12 cm upwards on the side slope; the planting height ratio of the climbing violet to the baixi grass is as follows: climbing the ground blue: baccarat = 1:1.4.
3. slope arrangement
And from the second stage, when the machine is excavated, the slope on the upper part is leveled to facilitate the subsequent planting and other operations.
4. Dwarfing star anise planting
Digging planting holes in the side slope according to planting specifications and requirements by using a drilling machine matched with an operation machine by depending on a tractor-ploughing way, transporting base fertilizer and seedlings and applying according to regulations, and completing planting of dwarf star anise under the assistance of manpower. Covering a layer of dried straw with the thickness of 5 cm on the side slope, and covering ground cloth on the straw; after the dwarf star anise tree grows, removing the ground cloth covered by the straw, and planting the horseshoe gold on the ground of the side slope, wherein the sowing quantity of the horseshoe gold seeds is 12 jin per mu.
The rest of the operation steps are the same as in example 1 except that the picking step performs different operations according to different crops.
Comparative example 1
The slope planting method for the machine operation in hilly and mountain areas comprises the steps of firstly, changing slope planting in the embodiment 1 into trapezoidal surface planting; 2. the ladder wall is kept as it is, moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are not planted; 3. after the orange tree grows, removing the ground cloth covered by the straw, and not planting the horseshoe gold; the rest of the procedure is the same as in example 1.
By observing the soil loss of each of the planting sites in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example 1, it was found that the soil loss in comparative example 1 was as high as 500 tons/km, whereas the citrus orchard was planted in the manner of example 1 with a soil loss of about 70 tons/km, and the tea garden was planted in the manner of example 2 with a soil loss of about 100 tons/km; when moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall between the machine-cultivated road and the side slope of the mountain in sequence from bottom to top, the maintenance amount of the ladder wall in the rainy season is reduced by more than 45 percent; therefore, according to the hilly and mountain land slope planting method suitable for machine operation, the hilly and mountain land where crops are planted is planned to be planted, the dry road and the branch road which are convenient to transport and mechanically self-propelled are built in advance, and sundries such as mountain weeds, stones and larger tree roots are removed; starting from the mountain top, using a field management machine or a small-sized excavating machine with an excavating and opening function to excavate the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces step by step along the contour lines of the downhill from the top to the bottom along the branch road, and taking the outer high and inner low ladder surfaces as the mechanically cultivated road for the operation of the field cultivating machine; the length of the machine tillage is determined according to the planned road supporting interval or the hillside geographic shape, the width is based on meeting the safety passing requirement of tillage machinery used in each link of production in the park, the tillage machinery is suitable for miniaturization in hilly and mountainous areas with larger gradient, so that the width of the machine tillage is reduced, and the width is controlled within 0.8-1.2 meters; when needed, the road head leaves a proper road head road; digging a planting ditch in a side slope according to planting specifications and requirements by using a machine matched with an operation machine by depending on a machine tillage road, transporting base fertilizer and seedlings (seeds) by using the operation machine and applying according to regulations, and completing crop planting with the assistance of manpower; and the mechanized operation of all links of field management such as hilly and mountain soil management and fertilization, disease and pest control, crop pruning, picking and collecting and the like can be carried out by using a machine-assisted machine or a dedicated machine according to the gardening process of crop production.
The invention provides a method for planting hilly and mountain land suitable machine operation side slopes, which solves the problems of low mechanization rate and poor mechanical operation conditions caused by insufficient combination of agricultural machinery in hilly and mountain land crop production, is beneficial to standardized construction of hilly and mountain land production parks, promotes standardization of park management, and provides compliance for hilly and mountain land operation machinery research, manufacturing, matching and machine purchasing subsidies, popularization and application; balance the contradiction between popularization of mechanical operation and reduction of water and soil loss, and is beneficial to mountain land, hilly and mountain land agricultural gardensA kind of electronic deviceLong-term operation, improved application machineryAnd (5) enthusiasm. Theory calculates that, in the hillside planting crop of 100 meters high, with excavation 2 meters wide terraced face planting and excavation 1 meter wide machine-ploughing way at 1.2 meters wide hillside planting and compare, when the slope 30, the planting area is basically equal, but the terraced wall is about 1.2 meters and about 0.6 meter respectively, and when the slope 40, the terraced face planting is than the area that the side slope was planted less, and the terraced wall is about 1.7 meters and about 0.8 meter respectively. Obviously, in hilly and mountain land, compared with the slope planting and the flat land planting which is used for satisfying the requirement of mechanical operation and is used for opening a large ladder surface, the ladder wall is about half lower, so that the damage to mountain land features and the water and soil loss can be obviously reduced; the agricultural crop species is planted in the side slope, the foundation is the original soil of the side slope, and the slope protection soil fixing effect is better. Meanwhile, the excavated surface soil is basically retained in the side slope, so that the soil fertility can be better maintained. The side of the tractor-ploughing road is convenient for laying and management, and the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is installed. Particularly, the method utilizes the proper height difference between the side slope and the tractor-ploughing path, is easy to operate the opening and closing of the covered ground cloth (film), is more convenient for the operation of trunk, tree root and ground, performs weeding, soil loosening, fertilization, pest control and maintenance and management of park facilities, better overcomes the defects of difficult root observation, inconvenient cultivation, easy damage to the trunk, insufficient pest control on the leaf bottom and the like in mechanical operation, and provides better conditions for mechanized popularization; mechanical operation is realized by depending on a tractor-ploughing way, the labor efficiency is improved, the embarrassment of high labor intensity, high labor cost and short labor aging and interweaving faced by hilly mountain plantation can be effectively relieved, the aging of field management is improved, the yield and income of crops are increased, and the orderly long-term development of the garden is promoted; the method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The climbing orchid, moss and grass are planted in the ladder wall between the hillside and the machine-ploughing path of the mountain, so that the collapse of the ladder wall can be effectively prevented, and the maintenance amount of the ladder wall in rainy season can be effectively reduced; after crops are planted, firstly, a layer of dried rice straw with the thickness of 4-5 cm is covered on the side slope, and then, ground cloth is covered on the rice straw, so that the water and soil loss of the mountain area can be reduced, and weed germination can be blocked; after the ground cloth covered by the straw is removed, the horseshoe gold is planted on the ground of the side slope, so that the water and soil loss of the mountain area can be further reduced.
While the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing general description and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications and improvements can be made thereto. Accordingly, such modifications or improvements may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. The hilly and mountain area working slope planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Digging a plurality of terraces with high outside and low inside along the contour line of the mountain on the mountain planned to be planted with suitable crops as a machine ploughing path for the operation of agricultural machinery;
(2) Planting crops in the side slope between two adjacent machine cultivation channels in the step (1), and carrying out mechanized operation of the field management links such as sowing and planting, soil management, fertilization management, disease and pest control, harvesting and the like by depending on the machine cultivation channels.
2. The hilly and mountain area working slope planting method according to claim 1, wherein the width of the machine-cultivated land in the step (1) is 0.8-1.2 m, and the height difference between the outermost side and the innermost side of the machine-cultivated land is 4-8 cm.
3. The method for planting hilly and mountain working slopes as set forth in claim 1, wherein the machine-cultivated road in the step (1) is connected with a garden road for the working machine to enter, and the working area is no longer provided with a pavement.
4. The hilly and mountain working slope planting method according to claim 1, wherein the width of the slope in the step (2) is 1.2-2.0 m.
5. The hilly mountain working slope planting method of claim 1, wherein the crops planted in the slope in step (2) are commercial crops.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein in the step (2), when the tea tree is planted in the slope, the width of the machine-cultivated road is set to 1m, the width of the slope is set to 1.2m, the planting is performed according to the 3-row planting specification, the row spacing of the inclined plane is 0.35 m, and the cluster spacing is 0.33 m.
7. The method for planting hilly and mountain land on the side slope according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) is characterized by planting climbing orchid, moss and grass between the walls between the hilly and mountain cultivation path and the side slope before planting the crops, so as to prevent the collapse of the walls; moss, climbing the ground orchid and the baixi grass are planted on the ladder wall from bottom to top in sequence.
8. The hilly and mountain working slope planting method of claim 7, wherein the moss is sphagnum nigrum, sphagnum makinsii or sphagnum makinsii; the planting height of the moss is 10-15 cm; the planting height ratio of the climbing orchid to the grass is as follows: climbing the ground blue: baccarat = 1:1.2 to 1:1.5.
9. the hilly and mountain area working slope planting method according to claim 1, wherein after the crop seedlings are planted in the step (2), a layer of dried rice straw with the thickness of 4-5 cm is covered on the slope space, and then ground cloth is covered on the rice straw, so that water and soil loss of the hilly area is reduced, and weed germination is blocked.
10. The method for planting hilly and mountain area mechanical operation slope according to claim 9, wherein after removing the ground cloth covered by the straw in the step (2), horseshoe gold is planted on the ground of the slope to reduce the water and soil loss of the mountain area.
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