CN115299307A - Integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos - Google Patents

Integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115299307A
CN115299307A CN202210948589.2A CN202210948589A CN115299307A CN 115299307 A CN115299307 A CN 115299307A CN 202210948589 A CN202210948589 A CN 202210948589A CN 115299307 A CN115299307 A CN 115299307A
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ridging
transplanting
ridge
tobacco
integrated
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陈秀斋
杨杰
刘树村
谭青涛
周龙
杨兴娥
高强
徐京涛
徐蕊
付成龙
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Shandong Linyi Tobacco Co Ltd
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Shandong Linyi Tobacco Co Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/45—Tobacco
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B13/00—Ploughs or like machines for special purposes ; Ditch diggers, trench ploughs, forestry ploughs, ploughs for land or marsh reclamation
    • A01B13/02—Ploughs or like machines for special purposes ; Ditch diggers, trench ploughs, forestry ploughs, ploughs for land or marsh reclamation for making or working ridges, e.g. with symmetrically arranged mouldboards, e.g. ridging plough
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B15/00—Elements, tools, or details of ploughs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B15/00—Elements, tools, or details of ploughs
    • A01B15/02—Plough blades; Fixing the blades
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B33/00—Tilling implements with rotary driven tools, e.g. in combination with fertiliser distributors or seeders, with grubbing chains, with sloping axles, with driven discs
    • A01B33/08—Tools; Details, e.g. adaptations of transmissions or gearings
    • A01B33/10—Structural or functional features of the tools ; Theoretical aspects of the cutting action
    • A01B33/103—Structural or functional features of the tools ; Theoretical aspects of the cutting action the rotating shaft being oriented horizontally
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B49/00—Combined machines
    • A01B49/02—Combined machines with two or more soil-working tools of different kind
    • A01B49/022—Combined machines with two or more soil-working tools of different kind at least one tool being actively driven
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B49/00—Combined machines
    • A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B49/00—Combined machines
    • A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
    • A01B49/06—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising
    • A01B49/065—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising the soil-working tools being actively driven
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C11/00—Transplanting machines
    • A01C11/02—Transplanting machines for seedlings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0287—Devices for laying-out or removing ground coverings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/02—Watering arrangements located above the soil which make use of perforated pipe-lines or pipe-lines with dispensing fittings, e.g. for drip irrigation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M21/00—Apparatus for the destruction of unwanted vegetation, e.g. weeds
    • A01M21/04—Apparatus for destruction by steam, chemicals, burning, or electricity
    • A01M21/043—Apparatus for destruction by steam, chemicals, burning, or electricity by chemicals

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Transplanting Machines (AREA)
  • Fertilizing (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco, which comprises 5 working procedures of ridging, fertilizing, pipe laying, film mulching and transplanting, and comprises the following steps of (1) ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, ridging is carried out; (2) fertilizing: the fertilizer application adopts organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer special for tobacco, (3) transplanting: inserting a conical column type well cellar device into the ridge body to vertically manufacture a well cellar; watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under soil. (4) Pipe laying: the pipe laying is to lay drip irrigation tapes; (5) film covering: covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body. The invention combines the 5 procedures to realize the whole-course integrated mechanical operation of the tobacco seedlings from the seedling cultivation factory to the tobacco field, optimizes and improves the technical specification and realizes the following technical effects: firstly, the working efficiency is improved; secondly, the tobacco planting cost is reduced, thirdly, the tobacco field homogenization level is improved, and the standardized production is promoted.

Description

Integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation, in particular to an integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco.
Background
Ridging and transplanting are two important links of flue-cured tobacco production, and high ridging and deep planting of tobacco are commonly known nowadays. And (3) transplanting after ridging, wherein the transplanting is carried out after ridging for 10-20 days, and ridging and fertilizing integrated operation can be realized by means of machinery. At present, the machine is mature relatively and mainly comprises a single-ridge fertilizer applicator, a double-ridge fertilizer applicator, a ridging and fertilizing all-in-one machine and a ridging and pipe laying all-in-one machine in the market.
The tobacco seedling transplanting is a more-manpower and more-centralized link in the tobacco planting process, and at present, two transplanting methods are mainly adopted, namely, the transplanting of seedlings under the film; and secondly, well cellar type seedling transplanting.
Transplanting under-membrane plantlets refers to transplanting under-membrane plantlets of suitable age (four to five leaves and one heart), picking up plantlets, applying fertilizer and sealing holes when tobacco plantlets grow to about 1cm away from the top of the membrane. The method can make full use of natural resources such as light, temperature, gas, water, fertilizer, soil and the like and the effect of mulching, so that the transplanting period is advanced, the peak of myzus persicae is avoided, and the incidence of virus diseases is greatly reduced. However, the transplanting of the seedlings under the film has the following disadvantages, one of the disadvantages is that the transplanting procedures comprise digging holes, watering, planting the seedlings, covering the film, poking holes and buckling the seedlings, so that the labor intensity of tobacco growers is high, the technology is not uniform, the early-stage uniformity of the tobacco field is greatly influenced, the inconsistent early-stage uniformity of the tobacco field can bring adverse effects on the later-stage normal mature yellowing and baking of tobacco leaves, and the benefit of the tobacco growers is reduced; the second disadvantage is that the planting area is large, the transplanting time is long, the influence of dry hot air is easily caused in the late planting period, the seedlings are burnt and lack, the seedlings are replenished after the lack, and the labor is increased.
The well cellar type seedling transplanting refers to a tobacco seedling planting method for using special well cellar manufacturing equipment to manufacture well cellars with proper specifications on ridge bodies of tobacco fields and transplanting seedlings with proper ages into the well cellars to enable the tobacco seedlings to grow normally. The transplanting method has the advantages of good heat preservation and soil moisture preservation effects, high mechanical punching efficiency of the well cellar, lower transplanting cost, advanced centralized transplanting period, short seedling revival period of tobacco seedlings, high survival rate of the tobacco seedlings and high early-stage uniformity of the tobacco field. However, the well cellar type seedling transplantation has the following defects that one of the defects is that the soil moisture content standard requirement for manufacturing the well cellar is high, the soil is required to be held by a hand to form a cluster and fall to the ground to be scattered, when the water content of the soil is smaller, the soil moisture needs to be built, time and labor are wasted, when the water content of the soil is larger, the wall of the manufactured well cellar is smooth for the soil with larger viscosity, the root system of a tobacco plant is not favorable to grow, the tobacco plant grows slowly in the early stage, and the tobacco plant is thin and small and is susceptible to diseases; the other disadvantage is that the well cellar type seedling transplanting needs a special well cellar type transplanter, which not only has high mechanical acquisition and maintenance cost, but also has high labor intensity for tobacco growers. The method utilizes water flow to manufacture well cellars with proper size and depth on tobacco ridges, and plants tobacco seedlings with proper age into the well cellars when water does not completely permeate into soil. However, the water-making well cellar transplanting needs a large amount of manual operation, and the manual operation causes that the well cellar standard is not uniform, the seedling planting depth is not uniform, the efficiency cannot be continuously improved, and thus the tobacco field uniformity is not uniform.
The problems of high labor intensity, high labor cost, long transplanting period, non-uniform transplanting well cellar standard, non-uniform seedling planting depth, non-continuous efficiency improvement and the like caused by well cellar type seedling transplanting and water-making well cellar transplanting are urgently needed to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems that the current transplanting well cellar standard is not unified, the seedling planting depth is not unified, the efficiency cannot be continuously improved and the like, the invention provides an integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a flue-cured tobacco integration ridging transplanting method, ridging, fertilization, pipe laying, tectorial membrane and 5 processes of transplanting adopt two ridges fertilization to spout medicine tectorial membrane and transplant all-in-one and once only accomplish (whole integrated mechanical operation), and the concrete operation of each process is as follows:
1) Ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, when the ground temperature is stable and exceeds 13 ℃ in a depth of 10cm, ridging is carried out;
2) Fertilizing: the fertilizer application adopts organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer special for tobacco, and the organic fertilizer is applied to the center line of the ridge and is 18cm-22cm deep; applying inorganic fertilizer to both sides of the ridge, wherein the depth is 10cm-15cm, and the fertilizing amount is uniform;
3) Transplanting: inserting a conical column type well cellar device into the ridge body to vertically manufacture a well cellar; watering and planting seedlings simultaneously, adding the seedling extraction fertilizer into the well cellar before watering, planting the tobacco seedlings into the center in the cellar, and deeply planting root systems of the tobacco seedlings under the soil;
4) Pipe laying: the pipe laying is to lay a drip irrigation tape, and the laying position is 4cm-6cm away from the well cellar;
5) Film covering: covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm.
Furthermore, the ridging can be divided into common trapezoidal ridges, double-row concave ridge integrated ridging and wide-narrow row integrated ridging.
Furthermore, the distance between the trapezoidal ridges is 100cm-130cm, the height of the ridges is 25cm-30cm, the width of the ridge top is 30cm-35cm, and the width of the ridge bottom is 75cm-85cm.
Furthermore, the well cellar is manufactured by inserting a conical column type well cellar into the ridge body vertically, the depth of the well cellar is 10cm-14cm, the diameter is 10cm, and the distance is 45cm-50cm.
Furthermore, the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
Further, the inorganic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass, N: p 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =10:10:20, the using amount is 18 kg/mu-22 kg/mu; the organic fertilizer has 65% of organic matter content and the using amount of 28 kg/mu-30 kg/mu.
Further, the seedling raising fertilizer comprises diammonium phosphate and prasugrel protein.
Further, the diammonium phosphate (by mass ratio, N: P) 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =18:46: 0) The use concentration is 180-220 times for dilution, and the use amount is 180 ml/cellar-220 ml/cellar; the above-mentioned prideng fish protein (organic matter content is greater than or equal to 30%, amino acid content is greater than or equal to 10%, nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content is greater than or equal to 6%) is diluted by 180-220 times of concentration, and its dosage is 180 ml/cellar-220 ml/cellar.
Further, transplanting in the step 3), wherein the distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, and the transplanting density is 1200Strain/667 m 2 1300 strains/667 m 2 。
Further, the tobacco seedlings obtained in the step 3) have stems 3cm-5cm high, 5-6 functional leaves and no plant diseases or insect pests.
Has the advantages that: the flue-cured tobacco integrated ridging and transplanting method provided by the invention combines 5 procedures of ridging, fertilizing, pipe laying, film mulching and transplanting of tobacco, optimizes and improves technical specifications, and realizes the whole-course integrated mechanical operation of tobacco seedlings from a seedling culturing factory to a tobacco field. The method has the advantages that firstly, the working efficiency is improved, and the centralized transplanting is realized. Secondly, the tobacco planting cost is reduced, and the problems of difficult and expensive hiring workers are solved. And thirdly, all the procedures are integrally completed, perfect fit is realized, and the problem that traditional machines are not matched is solved. Fourthly, the labor intensity is reduced, and the operation comfort level is improved. Fifthly, agricultural and mechanical technology integration is realized, standardized production is promoted, and tobacco field homogenization level is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of double rows of ridges.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a double row of plateaus ridges.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of wide and narrow row high ridges.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a double-ridge fertilization, pesticide spraying, film mulching and transplanting all-in-one machine.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a double-ridge fertilization, pesticide spraying, film covering and transplanting all-in-one machine.
In the figure, 1, seedling tray rack; 2. a cartridge; 3. a fertilizer box; 4. a frame; 5. a ridging plough; 6. a traction frame; 7. a rotary blade; 8. a seat; 9. a drip tape capstan; 10. covering soil in a tray; 11. a film pressing wheel; 12. a furrow plough; 13. a seedling discharging device; 14. arranging ridge plates; 15. a hole-making transplanting device; 16. a film hanging frame; 17. and (5) a film pressing roller.
Detailed Description
In order to make the implementation objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Inorganic fertilizers, organic fertilizers and seedling raising fertilizers used in the examples and comparative examples of the invention are all commercially available. The inorganic fertilizer comprises a special inorganic fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the special inorganic fertilizer for tobacco comprises the following components in percentage by mass, N: p 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =10:10:20, the using amount is 25 kg/mu; the organic fertilizer has 65 percent of organic matter content and 30 kg/mu of usage amount. The seedling raising fertilizer comprises diammonium phosphate and pridenfish protein, wherein diammonium phosphate (N: P) 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =18:46: 0) Diluting with 200 times of concentration, wherein the using amount is 200 ml/cellar; the prideng fish protein (the organic matter content is more than or equal to 30 percent, the amino acid content is more than or equal to 10 percent, and the total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 6 percent) is diluted by 200 times with the use concentration of 200 ml/cellar. In examples 1 to 5 and comparative example 1, the inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and seedling raising fertilizer were used in the same amounts as described above.
The invention uses as shown in figures 4 and 5, a double-ridge fertilizing, pesticide spraying, film covering and transplanting all-in-one machine completes integrated operation, the all-in-one machine comprises a frame 4, the upper part of the front side of the frame 4 is connected with a traction frame 6, the upper part of the front side of the frame 4 is connected with a gearbox, the front side of the frame 4 is connected with a ridging device, a ridging plate 14 is arranged behind the ridging device, the upper part of the ridging plate 14 is connected with the frame 4, a hole making and transplanting device 15 is arranged behind the ridging plate 14, the hole making and transplanting device 15 is connected with the middle part of the frame 4, the upper part of the middle part of the frame 4 is connected with a seedling tray frame 1, a seat 8 and a seedling discharging device 13, the seedling discharging device 13 is assembled and connected with the hole making and transplanting device 15, the two sides of the middle part of the frame 4 are connected with a furrow plough 12, the rear part of the frame 4 is connected with a film covering device, the upper part of the front side of the frame 4 is connected with a medicine cartridge 2 and a fertilizer box 3, and a power output device is connected with the ridging device, the hole making and the seedling discharging device 13 through a transmission device.
The hole-making transplanting device 15 can be provided with various structures, such as a punching transplanting device of the prior art with a published proposal CN 203313636U.
The structure of the seedling dropping device can be provided with a plurality of structures, such as a transplanting device of an automatic seedling transplanting machine in the prior art with a published scheme CN202120364819.1 and a cotton seedling guide tubular transplanting machine in the prior art with a scheme CN 201020608655.4.
The outlet of the fertilizer box 3 is connected with a fertilizer outlet on the ridge top of the ridge forming device through a pipeline.
The outlet of the medicine cylinder 2 is connected with a spray head on the ridge top of the ridge forming device or a spray head on the hole making transplanting device 15 through a pipeline.
The transmission device comprises gear transmission and belt transmission.
The ridging device comprises a middle ridging plough 5, two side ridging ploughs 5 and a rotary blade 7, wherein the middle ridging plough 5 and the two side ridging ploughs 5 are fixed on the frame 4 through a support, the rotary blade 7 is connected with a power output wheel of a gearbox through a transmission device, and the middle ridging plough 5 and the two side ridging ploughs 5 are arranged on the front side of the rotary blade 7.
The traction frame 6 is connected with a power head, and the power head comprises a four-wheel tractor.
The outlet of the fertilizer box 3 is connected with a quantitative fertilizer feeding device which comprises a fertilizer quantity speed regulator connected with a fertilizer feeding motor.
The film covering device comprises a film hanging frame 16 fixed on the frame 4 and used for hanging a mulching film, a film pressing roller 17 fixed on the frame 4 and used for guiding the mulching film, a film pressing wheel 11 fixed on the frame 4 and used for pressing the edge of the mulching film on a furrow, and a soil covering disc 10 fixed on the frame 4 and used for covering soil beside the furrow on the edge of the mulching film.
The upper side of the tail part of the frame 4 is connected with a drip irrigation tape winch 9.
The cartridge 2 is sprayed by means of a spray pump.
The equipment completes operations such as rotary tillage, ridging, fertilization, pesticide spraying, film mulching, transplanting, pipe laying and the like at one time in the field, has complete functions, compact structure, high operation efficiency, good operation performance, time and labor saving, economy and practicality, and is suitable for wide popularization.
The equipment utilizes a four-wheel tractor as power, is connected with a matched power output shaft through a gearbox, drives a machine tool to move forward, utilizes the ridging plough 5 and the rotary tillage cutter 7 to loosen and carry out rotary tillage on hardened soil, achieves the purpose of loosening the soil, and arranges the ridge shaping plate 14 at the rear end of the rotary tillage cutter 7 to realize ridge shaping. The machine moves forward, and a proper amount of fertilizer is adjusted through the fertilizer feeding motor and the fertilizer amount speed regulator to drive the fertilizing shaft to rotate so as to realize fertilization. Meanwhile, the switch of the pesticide spraying pump is started, and the pesticide liquid in the pesticide barrel 2 is sprayed on the ridge top to realize pesticide spraying. The drip irrigation tape is wound on the drip irrigation belt wheel, one end of the drip irrigation tape and one end of the mulching film are simultaneously pressed when the machine advances, and the drip irrigation tape laying and mulching film covering are simultaneously finished when the machine advances. The film pressing wheel 11 is arranged on the upper surface of the ridge top to compact the mulching film. Seedling device 13 sets up cam mechanism down, chain drive, and the seedling tray that the tobacco seedling was placed on seedling tray frame 1 puts in the tobacco seedling in seedling cup under of seedling device 13 through the manual work, through sprocket feed, gets into seedling duckbilled under the ware of opening cave, realizes that the tobacco seedling transplants and waters, seals the cave. This machines are multiple functional, once accomplish rotary tillage ridging fertilization and spout medicine tectorial membrane and drip irrigation and transplant, reach labour saving and time saving efficient effect.
The machine is provided with a rotary tillage ridging device, which consists of 24 pieces of dry land rotary tillage cutters 7 and a left ridging plough 5, a middle ridging plough 5 and a right ridging plough 5, wherein when a cutter roller runs, the left and right ridging cutters rotate soil to the ridging top direction, the middle ridging cutters are bilaterally symmetrical to separate the soil, and the dry land rotary tillage cutters 7 perform loose rotary tillage on hardened soil to achieve the purpose of loosening the soil.
The left and right fertilizer boxes 3 are respectively provided with 1 fertilizer feeding motor and a fertilizer feeding speed regulator, so that the fertilizer feeding amount and speed can be adjusted at any time according to needs, time and labor are saved, and the purpose of fertilizer application is achieved.
The machines left end sets up 1 and spouts the medicine pump, and when the machines gos forward, the start spout medicine pump switch, and the liquid medicine in the cartridge case 2 sprays at the ridge top, realizes the purpose that the medicine was spouted in the weed control.
The machine is provided with a film covering device and a drip irrigation device, a mulching film is hung on the film hanging frame 16, one end of the mulching film and one end of the drip irrigation tape are pressed and fixed, the machine drives the mulching film to rotate when moving forwards, and meanwhile, film laying and drip irrigation tape laying are completed; the film pressing roller 17 presses the mulching film flatly, the film pressing wheel 11 presses the mulching film in the ditch opened by the ditching plow 12, the soil covering disc 10 supports soil on two sides of the ridge and covers the soil on the edges of the mulching film on two sides of the ridge to prevent the mulching film from being lifted by wind. The paved drip irrigation tape is convenient for drip irrigation and watering in the drought weather, so that the aim of resisting drought is fulfilled.
Examples 1 to 5 and comparative example 1 were carried out in Yiyi prefecture, lin-Yi, shandong province in 2021.
Example 1: under-film integrated ridging transplanting method
The under-film ridging integrated transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and late ten days of 4 months, the ground temperature is stabilized to be more than 13 ℃ at a depth of 10cm, the daily rainfall reaches 20mm-25mm, and the ridge is formed 2-3 days after rain; the ridge shape is a trapezoidal ridge, the ridge distance is 120cm, the ridge height is 25cm, the ridge top width is 30cm, and the ridge bottom width is 75cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, and the special base fertilizer for the tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied on the central line of the ridge in strips and is 18cm deep; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge, and the depth is 15 cm; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(3) Transplanting: the conical column type well cellar is inserted into the ridge body to vertically manufacture the well cellar, the depth of the well cellar is 10cm, the well cellar is nearly conical, the diameter of the top is 10cm, and the distance is 48cm. Watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the well cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under the soil. The distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, the tobacco field reaches 'three-in-one-out center', namely 'visible light, visible leaf, visible core, no seedling lack, seedling in the middle of the hole', the transplanting density is 1250 plants/667 m 2 。
(4) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the tobacco seedlings to be ejected out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and is away from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(5) Film covering: covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm. The mulching films are tightly attached to the ridge surfaces, and soil is covered on two sides of each mulching film and on the top of each mulching film at intervals of two meters.
Example 2: integrated ridging and transplanting method on membrane
The membrane integrated ridging transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and late ten days of 4 months, ridging is carried out when the ground temperature is stable to be more than 13 ℃ in a depth of 10cm, the daily rainfall reaches 20mm-25mm, and the ridging is carried out 2-3 days after rain; the ridge shape is a trapezoidal ridge, the ridge distance is 110cm, the ridge height is 30cm, the ridge top width is 35cm, and the ridge bottom width is 85cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, and the special base fertilizer for the tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied on the central line of the ridge in strips and is 20cm deep; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge, and the depth is 15 cm; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(3) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the tobacco seedlings to be ejected out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and deviates from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(4) Film covering: and covering a black mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm. The mulching films are tightly attached to the ridge surfaces, and soil is covered on two sides of each mulching film and on the top of each mulching film at intervals of two meters.
(5) Transplanting: the conical column type well cellar is inserted into the ridge body to vertically manufacture the well cellar, the depth of the well cellar is 12cm, the well cellar is nearly conical, the diameter of the top of the well cellar is 10cm, and the distance is 45cm-50cm. Watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under soil. The distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, the tobacco field reaches 'three-in-one-without-one' which means 'visible light, visible leaf, visible core, no seedling shortage, seedling in the middle of a hole', the transplanting density is 1200 plants/667 m 2 1300 plants/667 m 2 。
Example 3: double-row concave-ridge integrated ridging transplanting method
The double-row concave-ridge integrated ridging transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, ridging is carried out when the ground temperature is stable to be more than 13 ℃ in a depth of 10cm, and the ridge body is shown in figure 1; adopting a wide-narrow row mode, wherein the wide-row ridge spacing is 130, and the narrow-row ridge spacing is 100cm; the two ridges are close to each other, have more soil and are concave, the depth of the concave is 17cm, and the height of the ridge is 30cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, and the special base fertilizer for tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied on the central line of the ridge in strips and is 22cm deep; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge, and the depth of the inorganic fertilizer strips is 14 cm; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(3) Transplanting: vertical system for inserting ridge body by conical column type well cellarThe well cellar is made to be 14cm deep, the well cellar is nearly conical, the diameter of the top of the well cellar is 10cm, and the distance between the well cellar and the top of the well cellar is 45cm-50cm. Watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the well cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under the soil. The distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, the tobacco field reaches 'three-in-one-without-one' which means 'visible light, visible leaf, visible core, no seedling shortage, seedling in the middle of a hole', the transplanting density is 1200 plants/667 m 2 1300 strains/667 m 2 。
(4) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the tobacco seedlings to be ejected out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and deviates from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(5) Film covering: covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm. The mulching film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, and both sides of the mulching film are covered with soil, and the top of the mulching film is covered with soil at intervals of two meters.
Example 4: double-row platform integrated ridging transplanting method
The double-row platform integrated ridging transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, ridging is carried out when the ground temperature is stable to be more than 13 ℃ in a depth of 10cm, and the ridge body is shown in figure 2; the platform is trapezoidal, the middle of the platform is slightly concave, the height of the platform is 5cm lower than that of two sides, the height of each ridge is 30cm, the width of the platform is 100cm, and the ridge interval is 230cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, and the special base fertilizer for the tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied on the central line of the ridge in strips and is 20cm deep; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge and are 13 cm deep; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(3) Transplanting: the conical column type well cellar is inserted into the ridge body to vertically manufacture a well cellar, the depth of the well cellar is 12cm, the well cellar is nearly conical, the diameter of the top is 10cm, and the distance is 45cm-50cm. Watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under soil. The distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, the tobacco field reaches 'three-in-one-out center', namely 'light, leaf, core, no seedling lack, seedling in the middle of the hole', and the tobacco field is transplantedThe planting density is 1200 plants/667 m 2 1300 plants/667 m 2 。
(4) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the tobacco seedlings to be ejected out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and is away from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(5) Film covering: covering a black and white mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the mulching film is a silver gray mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01 mm. The mulching films are tightly attached to the ridge surfaces, and soil is covered on two sides of each mulching film and on the top of each mulching film at intervals of two meters.
Example 5: wide-narrow row integrated ridging transplanting method
The wide-narrow row integrated ridging transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, ridging when the ground temperature is stable to exceed 13 ℃ in a depth of 10 cm; as shown in FIG. 3, the ridge body is implemented with wide and narrow rows, alternating wide rows and narrow rows, with a wide row spacing of 130cm, a narrow row spacing of 110cm and a ridge height of 30cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, and the special base fertilizer for tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied on the central line of the ridge in strips and is 22cm deep; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge and are 12cm deep; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(3) Transplanting: the conical column type well cellar is inserted into the ridge body to vertically manufacture the well cellar, the depth of the well cellar is 12cm, the well cellar is nearly conical, the diameter of the top of the well cellar is 10cm, and the distance is 45cm-50cm. Watering and planting seedlings are carried out simultaneously, before watering, the seedling extracting fertilizer is added into the cellar, the tobacco seedlings are planted in the center of the cellar, and root systems of the tobacco seedlings are deep under soil. The distance between the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, the tobacco field reaches 'three-in-one-out center', namely 'light, leaf, core, no seedling lack, seedling in the middle of the hole', the transplanting density is 1200 plants/667 m 2 1300 plants/667 m 2 。
(4) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the ejection of the tobacco seedlings out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and deviates from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(5) Film covering: covering a silver-black mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01mm on the ridge body. The mulching film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, and both sides of the mulching film are covered with soil, and the top of the mulching film is covered with soil at intervals of two meters.
Comparative example 1
The conventional ridging transplanting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Ridging: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, the ground temperature is stabilized to be over 13 ℃ at a depth of 10cm, the rainfall reaches 20mm-25mm, and ridges are formed 2-3 days after rain; the ridge shape is a trapezoidal ridge, the ridge distance is 120cm, the ridge height is 30cm, the ridge top width is 30cm, and the ridge bottom width is 80cm.
(2) Fertilizing: the application amount of the base fertilizer is required to be uniformly mixed in advance according to the fertilization formula, the special base fertilizer for the tobacco comprises organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied to the center line of the ridge in strips, and the depth of the organic fertilizer is 18 cm; inorganic fertilizer strips are applied to the two sides of the ridge, and the depth of the inorganic fertilizer strips is 10 cm; the fertilizing amount is uniform and consistent.
(2) Transplanting: after ridging and fertilizing for 10-20 days, starting artificial transplanting, wherein the transplanting method is water-based well cellar transplanting, and the specific method comprises the following steps: the front end of the well cellar maker is slowly and vertically inserted into the middle of the ridge body, the limiting plate is inserted by the aid of impulsive force of water flow, the well cellar maker is pulled out vertically after the limiting plate rotates slightly and water overflows the ridge body, and the well cellar maker is quickly moved to a next cellar making point after cellar making action is completed. The diameter of each well cellar is 8cm, the depth of each well cellar is 12cm, the distance between every two well cellars is 45cm-50cm, and each well cellar is watered by more than 2.5 kg. Planting the tobacco seedling into the center of the cellar when water is not completely infiltrated and the water depth is 1/3-1/2, so as to keep the tight combination of the root system of the tobacco seedling and the soil. The distance between the growing point of the tobacco seedling after planting and the mulching film is 5cm-7cm, and the transplanting density reaches 1250 plants/667 m 2 。
(4) Pipe laying: the laying position of the drip irrigation tape is 5cm away from the well cellar so as to prevent the tobacco seedlings from being scalded or influence the ejection of the tobacco seedlings out of the well cellar; the laying length of the drip irrigation tape is 600 m/mu, the drip irrigation tape is provided with drip holes, one side of each drip hole is upward and deviates from the ground, and the distance between the drip holes is 30cm.
(5) Film covering: covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm. The mulching film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, and both sides of the mulching film are covered with soil, and the top of the mulching film is covered with soil at intervals of two meters.
The experimental results are as follows:
the integrated ridging transplanting method is implemented by using a double-ridge fertilizing, pesticide spraying and film mulching transplanting integrated machine according to the technical scheme of the embodiment 1 of the invention, and 1 ten thousand mu of land is planted; the conventional ridging transplanting method is implemented according to the technical scheme of the invention in a comparative example 1, and 1 ten thousand mu of plants are planted. Data arrangement and comparison are carried out on the implementation effects of the integrated ridging transplanting method and the conventional ridging transplanting method, and the comparison result is as follows:
the survival rate of tobacco seedlings was investigated 3-4 days after the cultivation, and the questionnaire of the conditions after both the cultivation is shown in table 1. As can be seen from table 1, the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings is slightly larger than that of the tobacco seedlings, which indicates that the integrated ridging transplanting method is more favorable for survival of the tobacco seedlings than conventional ridging transplanting; the time for the tobacco seedlings to grow out of the well cellar is slightly less than that of the tobacco seedlings, which shows that the integrated ridging transplanting method can accelerate the growth of the tobacco seedlings compared with the conventional ridging transplanting method.
TABLE 1 two post-planting condition questionnaires
Figure BDA0003788461010000091
The two field uniformity questionnaires are shown in table 2, and it can be seen from table 2 that the former is greater than the latter in the field uniformity in the tobacco small-clump period, which indicates that the integrated ridging transplanting method is more beneficial to uniform growth of tobacco seedlings than the conventional ridging transplanting method, and indicates that the integrated ridging transplanting standardization degree is higher.
TABLE 2 two field uniformity questionnaires
Method Time period Uniformity (%)
Integrated ridging and transplanting Small group period 98
Conventional ridging and transplanting Small colony period 87
The operation efficiency questionnaires of the two are shown in table 3, and the table 3 shows that in the transplanting link, the integrated ridging transplanting method can realize 35 mu transplanted by each machine every day, while the conventional ridging transplanting method only needs 1.7 mu/single person every day, and the operation efficiency is greatly improved compared with the former ridging transplanting method, so that the centralized transplanting and centralized baking are facilitated, and the tobacco homogenization level is improved.
TABLE 3 questionnaire of both work efficiency
Figure BDA0003788461010000092
The cost questionnaires of the two are shown in table 4, and as can be seen from table 4, the integrated ridging transplanting method combines the steps of ridging, fertilizing, transplanting, pipe laying and film covering, so that integration is completed at one time, the total cost is reduced by 94 yuan/mu compared with the conventional ridging transplanting method, and the total cost reduction rate is 58.75%.
TABLE 4 questionnaire of different processing costs
Figure BDA0003788461010000093
Figure BDA0003788461010000101

Claims (10)

1. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for the flue-cured tobaccos is characterized in that 5 procedures of ridging, fertilizing, pipe laying, film mulching and transplanting are completed at one time by adopting a double-ridge fertilizing, pesticide spraying, film mulching and transplanting all-in-one machine, and the operation of each step is as follows:
s1, ridging
In the middle and last ten days of 4 months, when the ground temperature is stable and exceeds 13 ℃ in a depth of 10cm, ridging is carried out;
s2, fertilizing
Applying organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer specially used for tobacco on the central line of the ridge, wherein the depth of the organic fertilizer is 18-22 cm; applying inorganic fertilizer to both sides of the ridge, wherein the depth is 10cm-15cm, and the fertilizing amount is uniform;
s3, transplanting
Firstly, making a well cellar, then simultaneously watering and planting seedlings, adding a seedling extraction fertilizer into the well cellar before watering, planting tobacco seedlings into the center in the cellar, and enabling root systems of the tobacco seedlings to deeply penetrate below soil;
s4, laying pipes
The pipe laying is to lay a drip irrigation tape, and the laying position is 4cm-6cm away from the well cellar;
s5, coating
Covering a silver gray mulching film on the ridge body, wherein the thickness of the mulching film is more than 0.01 mm.
2. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein ridging in S1 is trapezoidal ridging, double-row concave-ridge integrated ridging or wide-and-narrow-row integrated ridging.
3. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 2, wherein the trapezoidal ridges are 100cm-130cm in ridge distance, 25cm-30cm in ridge height, 30cm-35cm in ridge top width and 75cm-85cm in ridge bottom width.
4. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the well cellar is manufactured by inserting a conical cylindrical well cellar into a ridge body vertically, the depth of the well cellar is 10cm-14cm, the diameter of the well cellar is 10cm, and the distance between the well cellar and the ridge body is 45cm-50cm.
5. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein drip irrigation tapes are laid for 600 m/mu, drip irrigation holes are formed in the drip irrigation tapes, and the distance between the drip irrigation holes is 30cm.
6. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fertilizer is selected from the group consisting of, by mass, N: p 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =10:10:20, the using amount is 18 kg/mu-22 kg/mu; the organic fertilizer has 65 percent of organic matter content and the using amount of 28 kg/mu-32 kg/mu.
7. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the seedling raising fertilizer comprises diammonium phosphate and pridenfish protein.
8. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 7, wherein the diammonium phosphate is diluted by 180-220 times in concentration and used in a 180 ml/pit-220 ml/pit; the pridenfish protein is diluted by 180-220 times of concentration, and the using amount is 180 ml/cellar-220 ml/cellar.
9. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that transplanting in S3 is carried out, the growing point of the planted tobacco seedling is 5cm-7cm away from a mulching film, and the transplanting density is 1200 plants/667 m 2 1300 strains/667 m 2 。
10. The integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobacco according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein in step S3, tobacco seedlings are 3cm to 5cm high in stems, 5 to 6 functional leaves are free of plant diseases and insect pests.
CN202210948589.2A 2022-08-09 2022-08-09 Integrated ridging and transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos Pending CN115299307A (en)

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