CN109287233B - Water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation method suitable for dry-season tobacco field - Google Patents
Water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation method suitable for dry-season tobacco field Download PDFInfo
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- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 182
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 170
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- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 18
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 15
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 13
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 12
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- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 3
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- Soil Sciences (AREA)
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation method suitable for a dry-season tobacco field, which is characterized in that an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer are proportionally applied in the seedling returning period, the seedling extending period, the vigorous growing period and the mature period of ridging and flue-cured tobacco, and the water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation is adopted to supplement necessary water and nutrients in different time periods in the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco, so that the disease resistance of the flue-cured tobacco is improved, and the morbidity and disease index of climate spot disease are reduced. The method is suitable for areas with little precipitation, dry years, inconvenient irrigation and serious water shortage in dry seasons, has low cost and high water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, is beneficial to the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco and the improvement of the quality, and meets the water and fertilizer integrated management requirement of the dry tobacco fields.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation, and particularly relates to a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation mode based on organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer distribution and application, which is suitable for a dry-season tobacco field.
Background
Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a commercial crop intended for the harvesting of tobacco. The moisture is related to the intensity and direction of metabolism of the flue-cured tobacco, the formation and accumulation of various organic matters in the flue-cured tobacco are also influenced, and the influence on the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves is great. And to irrigating the inconvenient tobacco field that relies on the rainfall to satisfy the flue-cured tobacco to the demand of moisture, in case the rainfall is not enough, can't satisfy the demand of flue-cured tobacco to moisture and nutrient, just can influence the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco. The tobacco plant has far less phosphorus absorption amount than nitrogen and potassium, but the phosphate fertilizer utilization rate is low, so the fertilizing amount is equal to or higher than nitrogen, and potassium is the element with the most phosphorus and potassium absorption amount in the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and is of great importance to the quality of tobacco leaves. The black shank, brown spot, bacterial wilt, mosaic disease and climate spot are common diseases of the flue-cured tobacco, have great influence on the quality and yield of the flue-cured tobacco and are of great importance for the prevention and treatment of the diseases.
At present, in addition to inorganic fertilizers (such as special fertilizers for flue-cured tobaccos with a certain nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio) according to the growth needs of flue-cured tobaccos, organic fertilizers (generally used as base fertilizers) are often applied to tobacco fields. Through the matched application of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is rich in various organic acids, peptides and rich nutrient elements including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, so that the tobacco curing agent not only can provide comprehensive nutrition for flue-cured tobacco, but also has long fertilizer efficiency, can increase and update soil organic matters, promotes the propagation of microorganisms, and improves the characteristics of physicochemical property and biological activity of soil.
However, the excessive application of the organic fertilizer not only increases the planting cost of the flue-cured tobacco, but also causes the organic fertilizer to be a non-negligible factor for inducing the flue-cured tobacco diseases in the actual production. For example, the chinese patent "a method for integrally managing tobacco fertilizer, water and pesticide" (CN108293814A) proposes a measure of irrigating a fertilizer solution and a drug solution in a tobacco field by using a drip irrigation system, so as to meet the requirements of the growth of flue-cured tobacco on water and fertilizer, take pest control into consideration, and improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. However, due to the use of a large amount of organic fertilizers, water and pesticide integrated disease prevention measures are needed in the growth of flue-cured tobacco, so that the pollution of soil and water resources is aggravated to a certain extent, and the reduction of planting cost and the improvement of tobacco quality are not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation method suitable for a tobacco field in dry seasons, which is used for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation in different periods of growth and development of flue-cured tobacco by optimizing the proportion of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, supplying nutrients and moisture to the flue-cured tobacco in time and improving the disease resistance of the flue-cured tobacco and the quality of tobacco leaves.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
1) determining the application rates of the tobacco field fertilizer and N, P, K in the fertilizer; applying one part of the fertilizer as a base fertilizer and the other part of the fertilizer as an additional fertilizer; the base fertilizer consists of an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, the additional fertilizer is a chemical fertilizer, and the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to all the chemical fertilizers (namely the sum of the chemical fertilizers in the base fertilizer and the chemical fertilizers adopted in the additional fertilizer) in the fertilizer is 3: 7-7: 3 according to the N element;
2) applying the base fertilizer to the tobacco field and ridging before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, and applying the additional fertilizer for multiple times in the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco by using a drip irrigation system after transplanting the tobacco seedlings to the tobacco field, and ensuring that the water content of the tobacco field meets the growth requirement of the flue-cured tobacco.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer is selected according to the region of the tobacco field (such as vinasse, rape seed cake and the like), and the chemical fertilizer comprises special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco (which is also provided with N, P, K) and supplementary P fertilizer (such as P fertilizer)2O5) And/or K fertilizers (e.g., K)2O), N (P) in fertilizer special for tobacco2O5) Potassium (K)2O) is (8-10) to (8-18) to (18-26) by mass ratio.
Preferably, the content of N element in the fertilizers constituting the base fertilizer is 1/3-1/2 of the mass of N element in all the fertilizers, 2/9-1/3 (in terms of mass, the same below) of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the base fertilizer, and 2/9-1/3 (in terms of mass, the same below) of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the base fertilizer.
Preferably, the top dressing is applied according to the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco: watering the cured tobacco in the seedling returning period (from transplanting to surviving) without watering fertilizer, watering the cured tobacco in the extending period (from surviving to mass) for 1-2 times (water) fertilizer, watering the cured tobacco in the growing period (from mass to bud) for 3-5 times (water) fertilizer, and watering the cured tobacco in the maturing period (from bud to end of tobacco leaf harvesting) for 1 time (water) fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount is calculated according to the fertilizer and water requirements in each period.
Preferably, the content of N element in the top dressing in the stretching period is 1/8-1/6 of the mass of the N element in all the fertilizers, 1/9-2/9 of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing, and 1/9-2/9 of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing.
Preferably, the content of N element in the top dressing for the fast growing period is 1/3-1/2 of the mass of the N element in all the fertilizers, 1/4-5/9 of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing, and 1/4-5/9 of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing.
Preferably, the additional fertilizer in the mature period does not contain N element, 1/9-1/3 of the P fertilizer supplemented according to the application ratio of N, P, K in the fertilizer is applied as a component of the additional fertilizer, and 1/9-1/3 of the K fertilizer supplemented according to the application ratio of N, P, K in the fertilizer is applied as a component of the additional fertilizer.
Preferably, in the step 1), the application amount is calculated according to the nitrogen application amount of the tobacco field being 3.5-7.5 kg/mu, and the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizer is N: P2O5:K2The mass ratio of O is (8-10) to (8-18) to (18-26).
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention determines the proportion of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer according to the growth condition, disease resistance and tobacco quality of the flue-cured tobacco in different periods, the organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer for one time, one part of quick-acting nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (chemical fertilizer) is used as base fertilizer, the other part of the quick-acting nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (chemical fertilizer) is used as additional fertilizer, the slow release property of the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting property of the chemical fertilizer are balanced, the base fertilizer is applied, and the drip irrigation system is used for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated multiple additional fertilizer, so that the water utilization rate and the soil moisture content can be obviously improved, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, the requirement of the normal growth of the flue-cured tobacco is met, the occurrence of diseases and the disease index are reduced, and the yield and the quality of the tobacco are improved.
Furthermore, the invention uses partial fertilizer as base fertilizer and applies the base fertilizer and organic fertilizer together to promote the early growth and quick growth of tobacco plants before and in the middle period of growth.
Furthermore, the invention controls the fertilization times of the flue-cured tobacco in each growth period, especially in the vigorous growth period and the mature period, and controls the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the additional fertilization according to different periods, thereby improving the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, the yield of tobacco leaves and the quality of tobacco leaves.
Furthermore, the top dressing in the mature period does not contain N element, so that nitrogen in the fertilizer is basically absorbed completely during topping, and the condition that too much nitrogen is absorbed in the mature period, leaves are rough and thick, and the nicotine content is too high is prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a drip irrigation system in an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: 1. a water tank; 2. a main valve; 3. a water supply pipe; 4. a venturi switch and a water meter; 5. a venturi switch; 6. a water meter; 7. a fertilizer suction pipe; 8. a main pipe; 9. a branch pipe; 10. a branch valve; 11. a dropping hole; 12. and (5) curing tobacco.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, which are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
According to experiments, the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are applied in a matching way according to the proportion of N of 3:7 (scheme 1), 1:1 (scheme 2) and 7:3 (scheme 3), so that the slow release performance of the organic fertilizer and the quick action performance of the inorganic fertilizer are balanced, and the disease resistance of flue-cured tobacco (flue-cured tobacco diseases such as black shank, brown spot, bacterial wilt and the like), the soil fertility and the tobacco quality are improved. On the basis, the method aims to reduce the use of organic fertilizers and takes the effects of the preparation and application schemes into consideration (preparation and application scheme 3, preparation and application scheme 1 and preparation and application scheme 2), utilizes water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation to perform multiple topdressing, provides continuous nutrients and moisture for the flue-cured tobacco, reduces the incidence rate and disease index of the climate leaf spot of the flue-cured tobacco, ensures the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco in the dry tobacco field, and thus improves the yield and quality of the tobacco to the maximum extent.
Example 1
The experimental site is Binchuan village in Cao Jia Ju county, Gangji City. Selecting 9 mu of tobacco field as a test field, wherein 3 mu of tobacco field is applied with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in a matched mode, hole application and topdressing are carried out, natural rainfall is used for irrigating the tobacco field, the tobacco field is used as an experimental group T1, the other 3 mu of tobacco field is applied with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in a matched mode, topdressing adopts water and fertilizer integrated treatment, the tobacco field is used as an experimental group T2, and finally, the tobacco field is applied with chemical fertilizer only, hole application and topdressing, natural rainfall is used for irrigating the tobacco field, and the tobacco field is used as a control group (CK). The flue-cured tobacco variety is Liao 17, the organic fertilizer is vinasse, and the chemical fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco and P fertilizer (P)2O5) And K fertilizer (K)2O), vinasse and chemical fertilizer according to application proportion (mass ratio)Calculated as N) is 3:7, and the ring manure and the retted straw fertilizer are applied when soil preparation is carried out before autumn and winter (the proportion of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer is not counted, and the three treatments of T1, T2 and CK are all applied).
1. Experimental procedure
(1) Seedling raising
And (3) firstly shoveling the selected seedbed land to remove the floating soil with the weed seeds on the surface, shallowly ploughing for 20cm, freezing and killing germs, insect eggs and the weed seeds, raking the selected seedbed land flat and finely raking the selected seedbed land in the next year, and waiting for manufacturing the seedbed. The tobacco seedlings are grown according to the tobacco seedling growing standard (for example, the technical scheme of 2017 tobacco production in Ankang city), and the intervention is not carried out.
(2) Tobacco field selection and soil preparation
And (3) selecting a tobacco field with medium fertility and uniform soil fertility, mashing the ring manure and the retted straw fertilizer after autumn and before winter, spreading the mashed ring manure and the retted straw fertilizer on the tobacco field, and then deeply turning the tobacco field to a tilling depth of about 30-35 cm. And harrowing the tobacco field once again from 3 late months to 4 early months of the next year, smashing soil blocks, picking up root stubbles, and preparing for ridging.
(3) Drip irrigation system
The water application and the fertilizer application of the tobacco field during the cultivation of the flue-cured tobacco are completed by using a drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system comprises a water tank 1, a fertilizer suction pipe 7, a water supply pipe 3, a Venturi switch 5, a water meter 6, a main pipe 8 and a branch pipe 9. The branch pipe 9 adopts a water delivery capillary, is connected with the water supply pipe 3 through a branch pipe valve 10 and a main pipe 8, and is placed at a position 15cm away from the tobacco plant in the drip hole 11, wherein the flue-cured tobacco 12 has a developed root system and the best absorption effect. The water tank 1 is 1.5m, 1m and 1m long, wide and high respectively. The Venturi switch 5 and the water meter 6 are both arranged on the water supply pipe 3, the water tank 1 is connected with the water supply pipe 3 through a fertilizer suction pipe 7, a main valve 2 is arranged on the fertilizer suction pipe 7, and a branch pipe valve 10 is arranged at the connecting end of the water delivery capillary pipe and the main pipe 8. The water meter 6 is close to the water delivery capillary, so that the water consumption can be better reflected.
(4) Water application and fertilizer application
The nitrogen application amount in the tobacco field is 4.5 kg/mu, and the local required nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio (mass ratio) is nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P)2O5) Potassium (K)2O) is 8:16:20, the vinasse is applied during ridging, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco2O5) Potassium (K)2O) is 8:14:18 (mass ratio), not enoughP fertilizer (P) for phosphorus and potassium2O5) And K fertilizer (K)2O) for replenishment. The fertilizer special for flue-cured tobacco, the P fertilizer and the K fertilizer are ground into powder and sieved by a 200-mesh sieve.
In the seedling returning period of the flue-cured tobacco, the tobacco plant has small nutrient, less evaporation and low water consumption in the tobacco field. However, the root system is damaged during transplanting, the absorption capacity is reduced, the transpiration of the overground part is still carried out, the moisture in the tobacco plant is volatilized and is unbalanced, and the tobacco plant is withered. Therefore, sufficient water is required to be supplied in the seedling returning period, and the water content of the soil is 70-80% of the maximum field water capacity. And the water consumption is gradually increased in the extension period, and the water content of the soil is preferably kept to be 50-60% of the maximum field water capacity. The vigorous growth period is the period when the flue-cured tobacco grows vigorously and dry matters are accumulated most, the stems of tobacco plants grow tall and thick rapidly, leaves are increased and enlarged rapidly, root systems grow further to the longitudinal depth, the physiological activities of the tobacco plants are vigorous, the transpiration amount is increased rapidly, if the water supply amount is insufficient in the period, irreparable influence is caused on the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves, irrigation needs to be enhanced, and the water content of soil is kept to be more than 80% of the maximum field water holding capacity so as to meet the requirement of the tobacco plants for the vigorous growth period. The water consumption in the mature period is reduced to a certain extent, and in order to ensure that the tobacco leaves are normally yellow and mature, the water content of the soil is kept to be 60-65% of the maximum field water capacity.
The concrete water application and fertilizer application steps of the water and fertilizer integrated treatment (T2) are as follows: before ridging, 1/3(13.13 kg/mu) of flue-cured tobacco special fertilizer, 1/3(3.43 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/3(2.21 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 45 kg/mu of all organic fertilizers (vinasse commercial organic fertilizers) are ditched and applied to the bottom of a ridge in strips, and then the ridge is formed. Then 6 pots of water (no fertilizer) are applied in the seedling return period (from transplanting to surviving) of the flue-cured tobacco, 1/6(6.57 kg/mu) of special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco, 1/6(1.72 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/6(1.11 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 12 pots of water are applied in the middle period (from surviving to mass), 1/2(19.69 kg/mu) of special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco, 1/4(2.56 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/4(1.67 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 42 pots of water are applied in three times (once per week in the first three weeks and with equal application of water and fertilizer) in the vigorous growing period (from mass to bud), 1/2 (bud to end of tobacco leaf harvest) after the lower tobacco is mature, 1/4(2.56 kg/mu) P fertilizer, 1/4(1.67 kg/mu) K fertilizer and 12 pots of water were applied. When raining, the use of water is properly reduced according to the specific rainfall, and the fertilizer is normally used. T1 and CK refer to the above fertilization rates.
The concrete measures of water application and fertilizer in the same period are as follows: taking water and fertilizer application in a stretching period as an example, crushing and mixing the fertilizer, dividing the fertilizer into 10 equal parts, paving a water delivery capillary at a position 15cm away from flue-cured tobacco, paving a film between ridges, checking whether each interface is intact before fertilizing and watering, enabling a No. 1 tank to be free of dissolved fertilizer, enabling a Venturi switch 5 to be maximum, adjusting the Venturi switch 5 to be minimum after drip irrigation is finished, respectively dissolving 10 divided fertilizers in the next 10 tanks, 1 tank 1, enabling the fertilizers to drip around the root system of the flue-cured tobacco by properly adjusting the Venturi switch 5, finally enabling the fertilizers to be free of dissolved fertilizer in the No. 1 tank, then adjusting the Venturi switch 5 to be large, and carrying out drip irrigation and watering on the tobacco field until drip irrigation is finished.
The water-soluble fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) is used, after being dissolved in the water tank, the water pressure is reduced by controlling the Venturi switch to carry out drip irrigation fertilization at a slower speed, a part of water is sprayed at a faster speed before and after fertilization, the distance between the water delivery capillary and the tobacco plant is controlled, the fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) can reach the periphery of the root system of the flue-cured tobacco at the lower layer of the soil, and the water and the fertilizer act together, so that the fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) can be better absorbed and utilized by the flue-cured tobacco.
2. Results of the experiment
As can be seen from table 1, the growth period time of the T1 treatment was not significantly changed, and the time in each period was almost the same as that of CK, and T2 extended the top leaf maturation period of flue-cured tobacco by about 10 days, while the other periods were unchanged. The water and fertilizer integrated treatment prolongs the mature period of the top leaves and is beneficial to the development and maturation of the top leaves.
As can be seen from table 2, the plant height, stem circumference, pitch, effective leaf number, upper leaf, middle leaf, and lower leaf area of T1 treated did not change significantly compared to CK, and T2 significantly increased the area of upper leaf, middle leaf, and maximum leaf in plateau (belonging to maturity).
As can be seen from table 3, the T1 treatment significantly reduced the incidence and disease index of climatic plaques compared to CK, and the T2 treatment also significantly reduced the incidence and disease index of climatic plaques compared to T1 treatment (climatic plaques reduce tobacco yield and value).
As can be seen from Table 4, compared with CK, the single leaf weight and the proportion of medium tobacco and lower tobacco processed by T1 have no significant change, the average price, the per mu yield value and the upper tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco are all significantly increased, and the average price, the per mu yield value and the upper tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco are significantly increased by T2 processing. Compared with the T1 treatment, the T2 remarkably increases the average price, the yield per mu value and the first-class tobacco ratio of the flue-cured tobacco.
TABLE 1 main birth date recording table (day/month, day)
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 2 main agronomic characters recording table
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 3 record of the onset of major diseases and pests
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 4 economic characters questionnaire
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
Example 2
Site of experimentIs the new gulf village in the same town as the Han Bin district in Ankang city. Selecting 4 mu of tobacco field, applying organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in a hole mode, applying additional fertilizer, irrigating the tobacco field by utilizing natural rainfall to serve as an experimental group T1, applying the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer in the other 4 mu of tobacco field, performing water-fertilizer integrated treatment to serve as an experimental group T2, applying only the chemical fertilizer in the other 4 mu of tobacco field, applying additional fertilizer in a hole mode, and irrigating the tobacco field by utilizing natural rainfall to serve as a control group (CK). The flue-cured tobacco variety is Yun 97, the organic fertilizer is rapeseed cake, and the chemical fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco and P fertilizer (P fertilizer)2O5) And K fertilizer (K)2O). The rapeseed cake and the fertilizer are applied in a matched manner according to the application ratio (mass ratio, calculated by N) of 3: 7. The ring manure and the retted straw fertilizer are applied when soil preparation is carried out before winter after autumn (the proportion of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer is not counted, and the three treatments of T1, T2 and CK are all applied).
1. Experimental procedure
(1) The seedling raising, tobacco field selection and land preparation and drip irrigation system are the same as in example 1.
(2) Water application and fertilizer application
The nitrogen application amount per mu of tobacco field is 6 kg/mu, and the local required nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5) Potassium (K)2O) is 10:12:18, the rapeseed cakes are applied during ridging, and the proportion of the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P)2O5) Potassium (K)2O) is 10:12:18, and P fertilizer (P) for insufficient phosphorus and potassium2O5) And K fertilizer (K)2O) for replenishment. The fertilizer special for flue-cured tobacco, the P fertilizer and the K fertilizer are ground into powder and sieved by a 200-mesh sieve.
The specific water application and fertilizer application steps of the water and fertilizer integrated treatment are as follows: before ridging, 1/3(14 kg/mu) of flue-cured tobacco special fertilizer, 2/9(1.2 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 2/9(0.93 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and all organic fertilizers (rapeseed cake commercial organic fertilizer) are applied to the bottom of a ridge in furrows, and then the ridge is formed. Then 6 pots of water (no fertilizer) are applied in the seedling return period (from transplanting to surviving) of the flue-cured tobacco, 1/6(7 kg/mu) of special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco, 1/9(0.6 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/9(0.47 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 12 pots of water are applied in the middle period (from surviving to mass) of the flue-cured tobacco, 1/2(21 kg/mu) of special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco, 1/3(1.8 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/3(1.4 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 42 pots of water are applied in three times (once per week in the first three weeks, the water and fertilizer are applied in equal amount in three times) in the vigorous growing period (from mass to bud), and 1/3(1.8 kg/mu) of P fertilizer, 1/3(1.4 kg/mu) of K fertilizer and 12 pots of water are applied in the maturing period after harvesting of the lower tobacco. When raining, the use of water is properly reduced according to the specific rainfall, and the fertilizer is normally used. T1 and CK refer to the above fertilization rates.
2. Results of the experiment
As can be seen from table 5, the growth period times of the T1 and T2 treated flue-cured tobaccos were nearly identical to those of the controls, with no significant change, compared to CK. The T1 treatment and the water and fertilizer integrated treatment T2 have no obvious effect on the growth period of the tobacco.
As can be seen from table 6, the T1 treatment significantly increased the plant height, upper leaf, middle leaf, lower leaf, and maximum leaf area of flue-cured tobacco during the dome stage (belonging to the mature stage) compared to CK. The T2 treatment obviously increases the plant height of the flue-cured tobacco, and increases the area of the upper leaves, the middle leaves, the lower leaves and the maximum leaves.
As can be seen from table 7, T1 and T2 treatments had no significant effect on the incidence and disease index of mosaic disease of flue-cured tobacco compared to CK. The diseases such as black shank, brown spot, bacterial wilt and the like which are easy to occur to the flue-cured tobacco are not recorded. No relation between climatic patch and local environmental quality was recorded.
As can be seen from table 8, compared with CK, T1 treatment significantly increased the acre yield, and the ratio of medium tobacco, and decreased the ratio of lower tobacco, and T2 treatment significantly increased the average price, acre yield, the ratio of upper tobacco, and medium tobacco, and decreased the ratio of lower tobacco. The average price, the yield per mu and the smoke-forming rate are significantly increased by the treatment of T2 compared with the treatment of T1.
TABLE 5 main birth date recording table (day/month, day)
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 6 description of the main agronomic traits
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 7 record of the onset of major diseases and pests
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
TABLE 8 economic characters questionnaire
Note: different letters after the number indicate that the difference is significant among the groups, and the same letters indicate that the difference is not significant among the groups
The method is suitable for areas with little precipitation, dry years, inconvenient irrigation and serious water shortage in dry seasons, has low cost and high water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, can reduce the morbidity and disease index of climatic leaf spot, improves the disease resistance, is beneficial to the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco and the improvement of the quality, and is suitable for the water and fertilizer integrated management requirement of dry tobacco fields.
Claims (1)
1. A water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation method suitable for dry-season tobacco fields is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
1) determining the application rates of the tobacco field fertilizer and N, P, K in the fertilizer; applying one part of the fertilizer as a base fertilizer and the other part of the fertilizer as an additional fertilizer; the base fertilizer consists of an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, the additional fertilizer is a chemical fertilizer, and the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to all the chemical fertilizers in the fertilizer is 3: 7-7: 3 according to the N element;
in the step 1), the application amount is calculated according to the nitrogen application amount of the tobacco field of 4.5-7.5 kg/mu, and the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizer is N: P2O5:K2The mass ratio of O is (8-10) to (8-18) to (18-26);
the N element content in the fertilizers forming the base fertilizer is 1/3-1/2 of the mass of the N elements in all the fertilizers, 2/9-1/3 of P fertilizers supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the components of the base fertilizer, and 2/9-1/3 of K fertilizers supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the components of the base fertilizer;
2) applying the ring manure and the retted straw fertilizer to land preparation before autumn and winter, and not counting the proportion of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer; applying the base fertilizer to the tobacco field and ridging before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, and applying the additional fertilizer to the tobacco seedlings for multiple times in the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco by using a drip irrigation system after transplanting the tobacco seedlings to the tobacco field, and ensuring that the water content of the tobacco field meets the growth requirement of the flue-cured tobacco;
the additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco: watering the cured tobacco in the seedling returning period without watering the fertilizer, watering the cured tobacco for 1-2 times in the stretching period, watering the cured tobacco for 3-5 times in the vigorous growing period, and watering the cured tobacco for 1 time;
wherein, the seedling returning period refers to the period from transplanting to surviving, the extending period refers to the period from surviving to mass, and the vigorous growth period refers to the period from mass to bud;
the organic fertilizer is selected according to regions, the fertilizer comprises special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco, P fertilizer and K fertilizer, and N, P, K mass ratio of the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is N: P2O5:K2O is (8-10), (8-18) and (18-26);
the content of N element in the top dressing in the stretching period is 1/8-1/6 of the mass of the N element in all fertilizers, 1/9-2/9 of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing, and 1/9-2/9 of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing;
the content of N element in the top dressing for the fast growing period is 1/3-1/2 of the mass of the N element in all fertilizers, 1/4-5/9 of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing, and 1/4-5/9 of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizers is used as the component of the top dressing;
the top dressing in the mature period does not contain N elements, 1/9-1/3 of P fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizer is used as the component of the top dressing, and 1/9-1/3 of K fertilizer supplemented according to the application proportion of N, P, K in the fertilizer is used as the component of the top dressing.
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| CN107211637A (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2017-09-29 | 四川省烟草公司攀枝花市公司 | One grows tobacco under-film drip irrigation fertilizing method |
| CN107615967A (en) * | 2017-09-30 | 2018-01-23 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所 | A kind of drip irrigation N application method for improving flue-cured tobacco utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer |
| CN108293394A (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2018-07-20 | 云南五佳生物科技有限公司 | One kind being suitable for Yunnan Mountains cigarette water-fertilizer integral dynamic Nutrition Management method |
| CN108781681A (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2018-11-13 | 潍坊市烟草专卖局 | A kind of fertilizing method of flue-cured tobacco |
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| CN107211637A (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2017-09-29 | 四川省烟草公司攀枝花市公司 | One grows tobacco under-film drip irrigation fertilizing method |
| CN108781681A (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2018-11-13 | 潍坊市烟草专卖局 | A kind of fertilizing method of flue-cured tobacco |
| CN107615967A (en) * | 2017-09-30 | 2018-01-23 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所 | A kind of drip irrigation N application method for improving flue-cured tobacco utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer |
| CN108293394A (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2018-07-20 | 云南五佳生物科技有限公司 | One kind being suitable for Yunnan Mountains cigarette water-fertilizer integral dynamic Nutrition Management method |
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