CN111226729A - Tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double-cropping planting method in southwest tobacco area - Google Patents
Tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double-cropping planting method in southwest tobacco area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco crop rotation planting, and discloses a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method in a southwest tobacco area, wherein the tobacco-rape stubble is linked: soil preparation and base fertilizer application; planting rape: sowing, field management and mature harvesting; rape-tobacco crop rotation linking: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering; planting tobacco: seedling raising, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking. The method can effectively solve the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle caused by the existing tobacco planting single-cropping continuous cropping mode in the southwest tobacco field, balance soil nutrients, reduce accumulation of harmful substances and plant diseases and insect pests, and improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves and the comprehensive economic benefit of the tobacco field. Experiments show that the organic matter of the soil can be improved by 15-20%, the plough layer structure is obviously improved, the disease incidence rate is reduced by 60%, the equal tobacco proportion on tobacco leaves is improved by 5-7%, the chemical component coordination and sensory evaluation score of the tobacco leaves are obviously improved, and the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers is increased by 15-20%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco crop rotation planting, and particularly relates to a tobacco-rape self-flowing irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method in a southwest tobacco area.
Background
Currently, the closest prior art: the tobacco planting mode is a set of comprehensive technical system combining land utilization and land cultivation, which comprises planting arrangement, cultivation modes and technical measures matched with the cultivation modes and is one of key links of a tobacco cultivation and cultivation system, in order to realize layout distribution of planting structures of tobacco and other food crops or economic crops and achieve improvement and sustainable development of crop product quality under certain natural resources and social and economic conditions. The reasonable cultivation mode adopted in the tobacco production can not only reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, coordinate the supply of soil nutrients, improve the ecological environment of the soil, but also promote the reasonable utilization of agricultural resources and increase the economic benefit. The tobacco farming modes mainly comprise planting modes such as continuous cropping, rotation cropping, intercropping and relay intercropping, and soil cultivation systems such as soil fertilization, water and fertilizer management and soil farming.
The tobacco agriculture of China is continuously developed towards scale and intensification, and the continuous cropping of tobacco is a common phenomenon due to the driving of economic benefits, the limitation of cultivated land and the restriction of production and cultivation conditions. The tobacco belongs to continuous cropping-prohibited crops, and the continuous cropping throughout the year causes aggravation of tobacco plant diseases and insect pests, influences the field growth of the tobacco, reduces the yield and quality of the tobacco and the like. The mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco mainly comprises soil nutrient imbalance, accumulation of harmful secretion of root system, change of soil microenvironment and microflora and the like. According to statistics, the tobacco continuous cropping area in China accounts for more than 60% of the total planting area of the flue-cured tobacco, and the economic loss caused by tobacco continuous cropping reaches 40 hundred million yuan every year, so that the tobacco continuous cropping area becomes an important factor for restricting the sustainable development of the tobacco in China. The tobacco farming system is adjusted, and the rotation, intercropping and relay intercropping modes which are reasonable and mainly use tobacco and are matched with other crops are adopted, so that the method is an effective measure for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco.
The tobacco crop rotation and stubble replacement is the most effective method for solving continuous cropping obstacles, and researches show that the reasonable crop rotation has important effects on improving the structure of tobacco planting soil, improving soil fertility, preventing and treating tobacco diseases and insect pests and improving the small tobacco growth environment. Jiajian and other researches prove that the tobacco leaf growth is facilitated by the tobacco leaf rotation and relay intercropping, the activity of the soil enzyme is improved and balanced, and the aroma quality of the tobacco leaf is improved; researches on Chendan Mei and the like find that the tobacco-vetch-rice crop rotation mode can effectively improve the contents of organic matters, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil, improve the activity of soil enzyme, improve the ecological environment of soil and increase the number of fungus populations, thereby preventing pathogenic fungi from being propagated excessively and reducing the occurrence probability of fungal diseases; research on intelligence and the like shows that garlic and flue-cured tobacco rotate to reduce the occurrence and harm of tobacco black shank through the secretion of bacteria inhibitor of the root system of garlic, and the ecological prevention and control of diseases are realized; researches such as Jiazhihong and the like show that the diversity of soil microorganisms is improved under a tobacco crop rotation mode, and particularly the diversity of soil bacterial communities is obviously improved. The rotation mode of each tobacco planting area is different due to different climatic conditions, the tobacco rotation mode of one-year-one-harvest or two-year-three-harvest is adopted for the northern tobacco areas due to shorter frost-free periods, and the tobacco rotation mode of one-year-two-harvest or two-year-four-harvest is adopted for the southern tobacco areas due to sufficient annual heat conditions. Two factors should be considered for the selection of the previous crop in tobacco rotation: firstly, the nitrogen residual quantity in soil after the harvest of the previous crop cannot be too much, otherwise, the nitrogen dosage is not easy to be accurately controlled during the fertilization of tobacco, and the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves are influenced; secondly, the antework and the tobacco can not have homologous plant diseases and insect pests, otherwise, the morbidity is increased. Therefore, cereal crops and oil crops are suitable for future crops, and solanaceae crops and cucurbitaceae crops are not suitable for future crops.
In recent years, with the increase of continuous cropping years, the problem of soil barrier in tobacco areas, particularly nutrient imbalance, is more prominent, so that the root system is poor in development, diseases are aggravated, and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves are further seriously affected. The tobacco region crop rotation area is still small, and the problems that the crop rotation is various, the influence of previous crops on tobacco is unclear, the technical rules of the crop rotation mode are not established and the like exist.
Meanwhile, the existing tobacco planting mode in the southwest tobacco area is mainly a single-cropping continuous cropping mode of 'tobacco-slack winter-tobacco', and a two-cropping multiple-cropping rotation mode of 'tobacco-smooth leaf potato-tobacco', 'tobacco-garlic (cabbage) -tobacco' and a four-cropping rotation mode of 'tobacco-wheat (rape) -rice-wheat (rape) -tobacco' are also few. The tobacco single-cropping continuous cropping mode has the following defects: the continuous cropping of the tobacco throughout the year causes the imbalance of the soil nutrients of the tobacco field, the accumulation of harmful substances, the deterioration of the physical structure, the aggravation of the diseases and insect pests of the tobacco, the reduction of the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves, the reduction of the economic benefit and the like. The tobacco-smooth leaf sweet potato double-cropping mode has the following defects: the smooth leaf sweet potato can improve soil as green manure, but cannot generate direct economic benefit, and the planting enthusiasm of tobacco growers is low. The tobacco-garlic (cabbage) two-year-old mode has the following disadvantages: the vegetable planting input cost is high, the vegetable price fluctuation is large, the loss risk exists, and the vegetable planting cannot be applied in a large area. The two-year four-harvest rotation mode has the defects that: the rotation period is longer, the annual average economic benefit is lower than that of continuous cropping of tobacco, the application area of the mode is limited, and the mode is only adopted when the continuous cropping of tobacco fields is not followed by another.
Aiming at the current situations that the current tobacco is low in multiple cropping index due to one-year-one-crop-year-one-crop-year, the soil quality is reduced, the plant diseases and insect pests are increasingly serious, the comprehensive economic benefit of a tobacco field is reduced and the like, a modern high-efficiency planting mode suitable for one-year-two-cropping multiple cropping crop rotation with rape as a main crop is established, so that the aims of reducing the occurrence of diseases, improving the yield of effective tobacco leaves.
In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows:
(1) the existing tobacco planting single cropping continuous cropping mode easily causes the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle, particularly the phenomenon of nutrient unbalance becomes more and more prominent, soil nutrient imbalance, root system dysplasia, harmful substance accumulation, physical structure deterioration and tobacco pest and disease aggravation, and further causes the reduction of tobacco yield and quality, the reduction of tobacco field comprehensive economic benefit and the like.
(2) The prior tobacco region crop rotation area is still small, and the problems that the crop rotation is various, the influence of previous crops on tobacco is unclear, the technical rules of the crop rotation mode are not established, and the like exist.
(3) The conventional tobacco planting mode has a long crop rotation period and low annual average economic benefit compared with continuous cropping of tobacco, so that the mode is limited in application area and is only adopted when continuous cropping of tobacco fields is not followed.
The difficulty of solving the technical problems is as follows: the southwest tobacco area is relatively dry in winter, crops planted in winter are few, direct economic benefits cannot be generated by the existing green manure planted in a small part of areas, tobacco growers cannot accept the green manure, vegetables are planted in a small part of areas, a large amount of water is needed for irrigation, and the southwest tobacco area cannot be popularized in a large area. The difficulty of solving the problem lies in how to find crops which can resist drought, effectively link with tobacco to realize two crops in one year, generate economic benefit and can be popularized in a large area.
The significance of solving the technical problems is as follows: the modern high-efficiency planting mode of double cropping and multiple cropping in one year and crop rotation, which is suitable for the tobacco field in the southwest tobacco area and mainly uses tobacco and is matched with rape to carry out self-flow irrigation, is established, the blank that the tobacco field in the area can not plant two crops in large area in one year can be filled, the problems of soil quality reduction, aggravation of plant diseases and insect pests, reduction of economic benefits of the tobacco field and the like caused by single cropping and continuous cropping for many years in the current tobacco area are solved, and the method has important significance for stable development of tobacco leaf production in the southwest tobacco area and continuous income increase of tobacco grow.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method in the southwest tobacco area, aiming at solving the problems that the tobacco planting in the tobacco area lacks reasonable crop collocation, can not realize effective crop rotation, breaks through continuous cropping obstacles and improves economic benefits.
The invention is realized in such a way that the tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method in the southwest tobacco area comprises the following steps:
step one, linking tobacco-rape crops: and (4) applying base fertilizer on the soil.
Step two, rape planting: sowing, field management and mature harvesting.
Step three, linking rape-tobacco stubble: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
Step four, planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
Further, the planting period is divided into four parts, namely the rape planting season, the tobacco planting season and the stubble connection after two-season harvesting;
the linking period of the tobacco-rape crop is 15 days; the planting season of the rapes is 205-207 days; the rape-tobacco stubble linking period is 10 days; the tobacco planting season is 130-135 days.
Further, in the first step, the time for soil preparation and base fertilizer application is as follows: middle and last ten months of 9 months.
The land preparation requirement is as follows: after the tobacco harvesting is finished, the tobacco stems and the tobacco roots are pulled out in time, and the ground is required to be flat through mechanical rotary tillage and harrowing, wherein the rotary tillage depth is preferably 15-20 cm.
The fertilization requirement is as follows: fertilizing in combination with soil preparation, wherein the fertilizer consumption is 50 kg/mu of cake fertilizer and the fertilizer is compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O10: 5:8)50 kg/mu and boric fertilizer 1 kg/mu.
Further, in the second step, the sowing requirement is as follows: the sowing time is 9 days later, the seeds are sown after rainfall without artificial irrigation, the sowing quantity is 300 g/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5cm, and the row spacing is 20 cm.
The field management comprises management before winter, management in a green turning period, management in a flowering period and management in a flowering period. The irrigation requirements are as follows: the whole rape growing season does not carry out artificial irrigation, and the natural rainfall gravity irrigation is relied on.
Further, the time range of management before winter is as follows: after emergence to before winter.
The method for managing before winter specifically comprises the following steps:
① thinning and final singling, adjusting the density of seedlings in the field, pulling out partial crowded seedlings to obtain necessary nutrition area between plants, thinning in 3-4 true leaf period after 14 days of rape seedling emergence to keep the distance between plants at 6-7 cm.
Further, the time range of the management of the green turning period is as follows: from the green turning stage to the bolting stage.
The method for managing the green turning period specifically comprises the following steps:
① applying bolting fertilizer, applying green-turning bolting fertilizer in the late 2 th to the early 3 rd in combination with rainfall condition, and applying 3-5kg of urea per mu.
② cultivating and loosening soil, namely cultivating and weeding in time after the rape is turned green, loosening the soil and preventing lodging after spring.
Further, the time ranges of the management of the bolting period and the flowering period are as follows: bolting period to fruiting.
The method for managing the budding period and the flowering period specifically comprises the following steps:
① drainage and water retention prevention, in case of spring rain, drainage and water retention prevention should be performed in time.
② supplementary pollination is carried out by helping pollination or artificial pollination by breeding bees.
Further, in the second step, the requirements of mature harvest are as follows: mechanical harvesting is carried out in the yellow ripe stage of the silique, at the moment, the main inflorescence silique turns yellow and is glossy, the silique which is branched near the base begins to fade, and the middle upper part also turns yellow and green. And (4) harvesting the seeds and crushing the straws for returning to the field.
Further, in the third step, the time for soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering is as follows: the end of 4 months.
The land preparation requirement is as follows: the rape straws are smashed and returned to the field, and then mechanical deep ploughing and raking are carried out, the ground is required to be flat, and the deep ploughing depth is generally 20-25 cm.
The ridging and fertilizing requirements are as follows: and (3) mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, and all organic fertilizers, 50% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 50% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides and are about 20-25cm away from the top of the ridge during ridging. The total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 30 percent, and N is P2O5:K2O＝1:1:2.8。
Further, in the fourth step, the sowing time is as follows: 2.14-2.18, the seedling time is 70-75 days; the standard of seedling formation is as follows: 6 leaves with 1 core and the plant height of 6-8 cm.
The transplanting time is as follows: 4, month and 30 days; the transplanting mode is as follows: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, and watering 2-3kg per plant; the planting density is as follows: 1100 plants/mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing.
The mature roasting time is as follows: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days after 7 months, and the upper leaves end after 10 days after 9 months; the harvesting requirements are as follows: and harvesting and baking the tobacco leaves at each part when the tobacco leaves are normally mature.
Further, in the fourth step, the field management comprises root-extending period management, vigorous growth period management and mature period management; the irrigation requirements are as follows: the artificial irrigation is not carried out in other periods except the watering during transplanting in the whole tobacco growing season, and the natural rainfall gravity irrigation is relied on.
(1) Root stage management
Time range: transplanting until the seedling growing period is 0-35 d;
the method for managing the root extension period specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling checking and supplementing: checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, and timely replanting and watering the tobacco seedlings which are not alive;
(2) vigorous long term management
Time range: 35-65 days from the glomeration period to the bud period;
the method for the vigorous long-term management specifically comprises the following steps:
① topdressing, namely topdressing is carried out about 45 days after transplanting before rainfall according to rainfall condition, and 50 percent of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 50 percent of potassium fertilizer are applied.
② removing film and hilling, removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridge 50 days after transplanting, taking out, and intertilling and hilling;
(3) management of maturity stage
Time range: 65-130d from the bud period to the end of harvesting;
the method for managing the maturity period specifically comprises the following steps:
① topping and removing branches, namely topping when the central flower of the tobacco plant is open, leaving 18-20 leaves, and removing the bud inhibitor, wherein the branches are removed in time;
② removing the bottom leaves, removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping, and improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field.
③ drainage and water damage prevention, if there is much rain in summer, drainage and water damage prevention should be performed in time.
In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are: the tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method for the tobacco in the southwest tobacco area can effectively solve the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle caused by the existing tobacco planting single-crop continuous cropping mode, balance soil nutrients, promote root development, reduce harmful substance accumulation and plant diseases and insect pests, and improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves and the comprehensive economic benefit of tobacco fields. Experiments show that the organic matter of the soil can be improved by 15-20%, the plough layer structure is obviously improved, the disease incidence rate is reduced by 60%, the equal tobacco proportion on tobacco leaves is improved by 5-7%, the chemical component coordination and sensory evaluation score of the tobacco leaves are obviously improved, and the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers is increased by 10-15%.
The existing planting mode of the southwest tobacco area is mainly a tobacco-winter fallow → tobacco-winter fallow single cropping continuous cropping mode (M1), the invention is a tobacco-rape → tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two cropping and multiple cropping crop rotation mode (M2), and the data pairs of the invention and the prior art are shown in tables 1-6.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method in a southwest tobacco region provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The existing tobacco planting single cropping continuous cropping mode easily causes the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle, particularly the phenomenon of nutrient unbalance becomes more and more prominent, soil nutrient imbalance, root system dysplasia, harmful substance accumulation, physical structure deterioration and tobacco pest and disease aggravation, and further causes the reduction of tobacco yield and quality, the reduction of tobacco field comprehensive economic benefit and the like. The prior tobacco region crop rotation area is still small, and the problems that the crop rotation is various, the influence of previous crops on tobacco is unclear, the technical rules of the crop rotation mode are not established, and the like exist. The conventional tobacco planting mode has a long crop rotation period and low annual average economic benefit compared with continuous cropping of tobacco, so that the mode is limited in application area and is only adopted when continuous cropping of tobacco fields is not followed.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double-cropping planting method in a southwest tobacco zone, and the invention is described in detail below by combining the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco areas provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101: linking tobacco-rape crops: and (4) applying base fertilizer on the soil.
S102: planting rape: sowing, field management and mature harvesting.
S103: rape-tobacco crop rotation linking: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
S104: planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
The tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year two-harvest planting method for the southwest tobacco area, provided by the embodiment of the invention, divides a one-year planting period into four parts, namely rape planting season, tobacco planting season and stubble connection after two-season harvesting, wherein each part comprises a plurality of steps. The following experiments were carried out in the Sichuan area.
Tobacco-rape stubble linking (15 days)
The content of the part is mainly that base fertilizer is applied to soil preparation.
Time: middle and last ten months of 9 months.
Land preparation requirement: after the tobacco harvesting is finished, the tobacco stems and the tobacco roots are pulled out in time, and the ground is required to be flat through mechanical rotary tillage and harrowing, wherein the rotary tillage depth is preferably 15-20 cm.
The fertilization requirement is as follows: and (3) fertilizing in combination with land preparation, wherein the fertilizer dosage is 50 kg/mu of cake fertilizer, 50 kg/mu of compound fertilizer (N: P2O5: K2O: 10:5:8) and 1 kg/mu of boron fertilizer.
(II) rape planting season (205-
1. Seeding
Variety selection: and (5) drought-resistant varieties, recommending cabbage type variety Sichuan oil 48.
Time: 9 months and 25 days.
Sowing requirements are as follows: the seeding rate is 300 g/mu, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, and the row spacing is 20 cm. And after sowing, timely irrigating according to soil moisture content and weather conditions, and ensuring the seedlings to emerge orderly.
2. Management of field
(1) Management before winter
Time range: after emergence to before winter.
The content is as follows:
thinning and final singling: and (4) field adjustment is carried out on the seedling emergence density phenomenon, and partially overcrowded seedlings are pulled out, so that necessary nutrition area is obtained among plants. After the seedlings of the rapes emerge for 14 days, thinning is carried out in the period of 3-4 true leaves, and the distance between the plants is kept between 6 cm and 7 cm.
(2) Management of the green stage
Time range: from the green turning stage to the bolting stage.
The content is as follows:
① applying bolting fertilizer, applying green-turning bolting fertilizer in the late 2 th to the early 3 rd in combination with rainfall condition, and applying 3-5kg of urea per mu.
② cultivating and loosening soil, namely cultivating and weeding in time after the rape is turned green, loosening the soil and preventing lodging after spring.
(3) Management of flowering phase and flowering phase
Time range: bolting period to fruiting.
The content is as follows:
① drainage and water retention prevention, in case of spring rain, drainage and water retention prevention should be performed in time.
② supplementary pollination is achieved by helping pollination or artificial pollination with bee breeding
3. Harvest at maturity
Time: harvesting about 4 months and 20 days.
And (4) harvesting requirements: mechanical harvesting is carried out in the yellow ripe stage of the silique, at the moment, the main inflorescence silique turns yellow and is glossy, the silique which is branched near the base begins to fade, and the middle upper part also turns yellow and green. And (4) harvesting the seeds and crushing the straws for returning to the field.
(III) rape-tobacco stubble linking (10 days)
The contents of the part mainly include land preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
Time: the end of 4 months.
Land preparation requirement: the rape straws are smashed and returned to the field, and then mechanical deep ploughing and raking are carried out, the ground is required to be flat, and the deep ploughing depth is generally 20-25 cm.
Ridging and fertilizing requirements: and (3) mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, and all organic fertilizers, 50% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 50% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides and are about 20-25cm away from the top of the ridge during ridging. The total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 30%, and N is P2O5, K2O is 1:1: 2.8.
(IV) tobacco planting season (130-
1. Seedling (the step is realized in a seedling greenhouse, and the field time is not occupied)
The variety requirement is as follows: local main cultivars (Yunyan 87, Yunyan 116, honghuadajinyuan, Zhongchuan 208, etc.).
Sowing time: 2.14-2.18, and the seedling forming time is 70-75 days.
And (3) standard of seedling formation: 6 leaves with 1 core and the plant height of 6-8 cm.
2. Transplanting
Transplanting time: 4, month and 30 days.
Transplanting mode: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, watering 2-3kg per plant, performing peritoneum after transplanting, and buckling tobacco seedlings.
Planting density: 1100 plants/mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing.
3. Management of field
(1) Root stage management
Time range: transplanting till the seedling growing period (0-35 d).
The content is as follows:
seedling checking and supplementing: and 5-7 days after transplanting, checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedlings, timely replanting and watering the tobacco seedlings which do not survive to ensure that the seedlings are complete and neat.
(2) Vigorous long term management
Time range: from the colony stage to the bud stage (35-65 d).
The content is as follows:
① irrigation and fertilization, namely irrigating once 45 days after transplanting, and carrying out water fertilization and applying 50% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 50% of potassium fertilizer.
② removing film and hilling, removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridge 50 days after transplanting, taking out, and intertilling and hilling.
(3) Management of maturity stage
Time range: and (6) in the bud period till the harvest is finished (65-130 d).
The content is as follows:
① topping and removing branches, namely topping when the central flower of the tobacco plant is open (about 70 days after transplanting), leaving 18-20 leaves, and removing the bud inhibitor, wherein the branches need to be removed in time.
② removing the bottom leaves, removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping, and improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field.
③ drainage and water damage prevention, if there is much rain in summer, drainage and water damage prevention should be performed in time.
3. Mature harvesting and roasting
Time: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days after 7 months, and the upper leaves end after 10 days after 9 months.
And (4) harvesting requirements: and harvesting and baking the tobacco leaves at each part when the tobacco leaves are normally mature.
The technical effects of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the experiments.
2017 and 2019, different tobacco planting mode tests are carried out in Yanbian county of Panzhihua city in Sichuan province.
1. Design of experiments
The experiment was performed with 4 treatments, respectively: t1: tobacco-slack winter → tobacco-slack winter single crop continuous cropping mode, T2: tobacco-rape → tobacco-rape self-flowing irrigation double cropping and multiple cropping crop rotation mode, T3: tobacco-rape → tobacco-rape optimized irrigation double cropping crop rotation mode for one year, T4: tobacco-autumn pea → tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping rotation mode. Wherein T1 is the planting mode mainly adopted by the current tobacco zone and is used as a contrast treatment.
2. Test results
(1) Influence of different planting modes on soil physicochemical properties
After the flue-cured tobacco harvesting in the last season is finished, the physical and chemical properties of the soil under different planting modes are investigated and measured, and the table 1 shows. The average penetration resistance, the soil volume weight and the like of the soil plough layer (0-30cm) treated by the T1 are obviously lower than those of the soil plough layer treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, which shows that the soil plough layer structure can be effectively improved by adopting a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest multiple cropping mode. The organic matter content of the soil treated by the T1 is obviously lower than that of the soil treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, the indexes of total nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total potassium and the like are lower than those of the soil treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, wherein the increase of the organic matter content of the soil treated by the T2 reaches 15.12 percent, which shows that the soil nutrient, especially the organic matter content, can be improved by adopting a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest multiple cropping mode.
TABLE 1 soil physical and chemical properties in different planting modes
(2) Effect of different planting patterns on tobacco plant morbidity
The incidence of tobacco plants treated differently was investigated in the last season of flue-cured tobacco growth, as shown in table 2. The incidence of the tobacco plants treated by the control T1 is obviously higher than that of the tobacco plants treated by the other three treatments, wherein the incidence of the T2 is reduced by 60.35 percent, which shows that the tobacco-rape self-flowing irrigation double cropping and multiple cropping mode in one year has obvious disease prevention effect.
TABLE 2 tobacco plant incidence rates for different planting patterns
(3) Influence of different planting modes on quality of roasted tobacco leaves
And collecting middle tobacco leaf samples when the flue-cured tobaccos are harvested in the last season, detecting chemical components, and evaluating sensory quality.
The chemical components of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are shown in Table 3, the reducing sugar content and the total sugar content of the tobacco leaves treated by T2, T3 and T4 are obviously higher than those of the tobacco leaves treated by a control T1, the total plant alkaloid content is obviously lower than that of the tobacco leaves treated by T1, and the sugar-base ratio and the chemical component coordination index of the tobacco leaves are both obviously higher than those of the control T1, so that the coordination of the chemical components of the tobacco leaves can be obviously improved by adopting a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest multiple planting mode.
The sensory evaluation scores of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are shown in table 4, the scores of indexes such as aroma quality, aroma quantity, aftertaste, miscellaneous gas and irritation of the tobacco leaves treated by T2, T3 and T4 are all higher than those of a control T1, and the total evaluation score is higher than that of a control T1, so that the sensory evaluation quality of the tobacco leaves can be effectively improved by adopting a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest multiple mode.
TABLE 3 tobacco leaf chemical composition for different planting modes
TABLE 4 sensory evaluation score of tobacco leaves in different planting modes
(4) Influence of different planting modes on economic characters of roasted tobacco leaves
The economic traits of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are investigated when the flue-cured tobacco in the last season is collected, and are shown in table 5. The yield and the output value of the T2 processed tobacco leaves are basically consistent with those of the T1 processed tobacco leaves, and the average, the upper equal-grade and the middle-grade tobacco proportions are higher than those of the T1 processed tobacco leaves, which shows that the equal-grade tobacco proportion of the tobacco leaves can be obviously improved by adopting a tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double cropping mode in one year.
TABLE 5 economic characteristics of tobacco leaves in different planting modes
(5) Comprehensive economic benefit analysis of different planting modes
And (4) counting the yield, the output value and the input cost of all the crops in 2 planting seasons in the year with different planting modes, and calculating the annual comprehensive economic benefit as shown in table 6. The total yield of the T2, T3 and T4 treatments is higher than that of the T1 treatment control, the investment cost is higher than that of the T1 treatment, the pure income is higher than that of the T1 treatment, and the income increase ranges respectively to 18.04%, 22.10% and 19.69%. The results show that the tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double cropping and multiple cropping mode for one year is adopted, although the total investment is increased, the pure income is also improved, and the method has positive economic benefits.
TABLE 6 comprehensive economic benefits of different planting modes
3. Results
The results show that different planting modes have obvious influence on soil, tobacco leaves and income. The tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest multiple cropping mode is adopted in the Sichuan tobacco area, so that the penetration resistance of a soil plough layer can be obviously reduced, the volume weight of the soil is reduced, the plough layer structure is effectively improved, the organic matter content of the soil is obviously improved, and the amplification is increased by more than 15%; the occurrence of diseases can be effectively prevented, and the occurrence rate of the diseases is reduced by over 60 percent; the tobacco leaf chemical component coordination can be effectively improved, and the tobacco leaf sensory evaluation quality is improved; the grade structure of the tobacco leaves can be improved, so that the first-class tobacco ratio is improved by more than 5 percent; effectively improves the land utilization efficiency and increases the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers by more than 15 percent. In conclusion, the tobacco-rape self-flow irrigation double cropping and multiple cropping mode has obvious ecological benefit and economic benefit, and has popularization value and popularization potential.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The planting method for the tobacco and the rape in the southwest tobacco area by the artesian irrigation and the two cropping in one year is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, linking tobacco-rape crops: soil preparation and base fertilizer application;
step two, rape planting: sowing, field management and mature harvesting;
step three, linking rape-tobacco stubble: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering;
step four, planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
2. The self-irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco field according to claim 1, wherein the planting period is divided into four parts, namely, the rape planting season, the tobacco planting season and the stubble connection after two-season harvest;
the linking period of the tobacco-rape crop is 15 days; the planting season of the rapes is 205-207 days; the rape-tobacco stubble linking period is 10 days; the tobacco planting season is 130-135 days.
3. The self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method for the tobacco-rapes in the southwest tobacco area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step one, the time for the land preparation and the base fertilizer application is as follows: middle and last ten days of month 9;
the land preparation requirement is as follows: removing tobacco stems and tobacco roots in time after the tobacco harvesting is finished, and mechanically carrying out rotary tillage and raking, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15-20 cm;
the fertilizing comprises the following steps: and (4) fertilizing by combining land preparation, wherein the fertilizer consumption is 50 kg/mu of cake fertilizer, 50 kg/mu of compound fertilizer and 1 kg/mu of boric fertilizer.
4. The self-irrigation two-cropping-one-year planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second step, the sowing requirement is as follows: the sowing time is ten days after 9 months, the seeds are sown after rainfall without artificial irrigation, the sowing quantity is 300 g/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5cm, and the row spacing is 20 cm;
the field management comprises management before winter, management in a green turning period, management in a flowering phase and management in a flowering phase, artificial irrigation is not carried out in rape growing seasons, and natural rainfall self-flowing irrigation is relied on.
5. The self-watering two-crop-a-year planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco areas as claimed in claim 4, wherein the management time range before winter is as follows: after seedling emergence to before winter; the method for managing before winter specifically comprises the following steps:
① thinning and final singling, adjusting the density of seedlings in the field, pulling out the partially crowded seedlings, thinning the seedlings in 3-4 true leaf stages after the seedlings emerge for 14 days, and keeping the distance between plants at 6-7 cm.
6. The self-irrigation two-cropping-a-year planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco areas as claimed in claim 4, wherein the green turning period management time ranges from: from the green turning stage to the bolting stage; the method for managing the green turning period specifically comprises the following steps:
① applying bolting fertilizer, namely applying green-turning bolting fertilizer in the late 2 th to the early 3 rd in combination with rainfall condition, and applying 3-5kg of urea per mu;
② cultivating and loosening soil, namely cultivating and weeding in time after the rape turns green and loosening the soil.
7. The self-irrigation annual-maturity-two-cropping planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco areas as claimed in claim 4, wherein the time ranges of the management of the budding period and the flowering period are as follows: bolting period to fruiting; the method for managing the budding period and the flowering period specifically comprises the following steps:
① timely draining water and preventing water stain;
② it can help pollination or catch up powder manually by means of breeding bees.
8. The self-watering two-crop-one-year planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in southwest tobacco fields as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second step, the yellow ripe stage of the silique is mechanically harvested; and (4) harvesting the seeds and crushing the straws for returning to the field.
9. The self-flow irrigation one-year-two-harvest planting method for tobacco-oilseed rape in the southwest tobacco area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the third step, the time for soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film mulching is as follows: the end of 4 months;
the land preparation requirement is as follows: after the rape straws are crushed and returned to the field, mechanical deep ploughing and raking are carried out, the ground is required to be flat, and the deep ploughing depth is 20-25 cm;
the ridging and fertilizing requirements are as follows: mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, and in ridging, all organic fertilizers, 50% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 50% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides and 20-25cm away from the top of the ridge; the total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 30 percent, and N is P2O5:K2O＝1:1:2.8。
10. The self-irrigation double-cropping planting method for tobacco-rape in southwest tobacco fields as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the sowing time is as follows: 2.14-2.18, the seedling time is 70-75 days; the standard of seedling formation is as follows: 1 core with 6 leaves and the plant height of 6-8 cm;
the transplanting time is as follows: 4, month and 30 days; the transplanting mode is as follows: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, and watering 2-3kg per plant; the planting density is as follows: 1100 plants per mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing;
the mature roasting time is as follows: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days in 7 months, and the upper leaves end in 10 days in 9 months; the harvesting comprises the following steps: harvesting and baking tobacco leaves at each part when the tobacco leaves are normally mature;
the field management comprises root-extending period management, vigorous growth period management and mature period management, and the irrigation requirements are as follows: in the growing season of the tobacco, the artificial irrigation is not carried out except for the watering in the transplanting, and the natural rainfall gravity irrigation is used; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) root stage management
Time range: transplanting until the seedling growing period is 0-35 d;
the method for managing the root extension period specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling checking and supplementing: checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, and timely replanting and watering the tobacco seedlings which are not alive;
(2) vigorous long term management
Time range: 35-65 days from the glomeration period to the bud period;
the method for the vigorous long-term management specifically comprises the following steps:
① topdressing, namely topdressing is carried out after 45 days of transplanting and before rainfall according to rainfall condition, and 50 percent of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 50 percent of potassium fertilizer are applied;
② removing film and hilling, removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridge 50 days after transplanting, taking out, and intertilling and hilling;
(3) management of maturity stage
Time range: 65-130d from the bud period to the end of harvesting;
the method for managing the maturity period specifically comprises the following steps:
① topping and removing branches, namely topping when the central flower of the tobacco plant is open, leaving 18-20 leaves, and removing the bud inhibitor, wherein the branches are removed in time;
② removing the bottom leaves, removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping, improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field;
③ drainage and water damage prevention, if there is much rain in summer, drainage and water damage prevention should be performed in time.
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