CN111226727A - Tobacco-autumn pea double cropping planting method - Google Patents
Tobacco-autumn pea double cropping planting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco crop rotation planting, and discloses a tobacco-autumn pea double cropping planting method, wherein the tobacco-autumn pea crop rotation is connected as follows: soil preparation and base fertilizer application; planting autumn peas: sowing, managing fertilizer and water and harvesting; autumn pea-tobacco crop rotation connection: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering; planting tobacco: seedling raising, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking. The invention can effectively solve the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle caused by the existing tobacco planting single cropping continuous cropping mode, balance soil nutrients, promote root system development, reduce harmful substance accumulation and plant diseases and insect pests, and improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves and the comprehensive economic benefit of tobacco fields. Experiments show that the organic matter of the soil can be improved by 10-20%, the plough layer structure is obviously improved, the disease incidence rate is reduced by 55%, the equal tobacco proportion on tobacco leaves is improved by 5-7%, the chemical component coordination and sensory evaluation score of the tobacco leaves are obviously improved, and the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers is increased by 15-20%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco crop rotation planting, and particularly relates to a method for planting tobacco-autumn peas twice a year.
Background
Currently, the closest prior art: the tobacco planting mode is a set of comprehensive technical system combining land utilization and land cultivation, which comprises planting arrangement, cultivation modes and technical measures matched with the cultivation modes and is one of key links of a tobacco cultivation and cultivation system, in order to realize layout distribution of planting structures of tobacco and other food crops or economic crops and achieve improvement and sustainable development of crop product quality under certain natural resources and social and economic conditions. The reasonable cultivation mode adopted in the tobacco production can not only reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, coordinate the supply of soil nutrients, improve the ecological environment of the soil, but also promote the reasonable utilization of agricultural resources and increase the economic benefit. The tobacco farming modes mainly comprise planting modes such as continuous cropping, rotation cropping, intercropping and relay intercropping, and soil cultivation systems such as soil fertilization, water and fertilizer management and soil farming. The tobacco agriculture of China is continuously developed towards scale and intensification, and the continuous cropping of tobacco is a common phenomenon due to the driving of economic benefits, the limitation of cultivated land and the restriction of production and cultivation conditions. The tobacco belongs to continuous cropping-prohibited crops, and the continuous cropping throughout the year causes aggravation of tobacco plant diseases and insect pests, influences the field growth of the tobacco, reduces the yield and quality of the tobacco and the like. The mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco mainly comprises soil nutrient imbalance, accumulation of harmful secretion of root system, change of soil microenvironment and microflora and the like. According to statistics, the tobacco continuous cropping area in China accounts for more than 60% of the total planting area of the flue-cured tobacco, and the economic loss caused by tobacco continuous cropping reaches 40 hundred million yuan every year, so that the tobacco continuous cropping area becomes an important factor for restricting the sustainable development of the tobacco in China. The tobacco farming system is adjusted, and the rotation, intercropping and relay intercropping modes which are reasonable and mainly use tobacco and are matched with other crops are adopted, so that the method is an effective measure for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco. The tobacco crop rotation and stubble replacement is the most effective method for solving continuous cropping obstacles, and researches show that the reasonable crop rotation has important effects on improving the structure of tobacco planting soil, improving soil fertility, preventing and treating tobacco diseases and insect pests and improving the small tobacco growth environment. Jiajian and other researches prove that the tobacco leaf growth is facilitated by the tobacco leaf rotation and relay intercropping, the activity of the soil enzyme is improved and balanced, and the aroma quality of the tobacco leaf is improved; researches on Chendan Mei and the like find that the tobacco-vetch-rice crop rotation mode can effectively improve the contents of organic matters, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil, improve the activity of soil enzyme, improve the ecological environment of soil and increase the number of fungus populations, thereby preventing pathogenic fungi from being propagated excessively and reducing the occurrence probability of fungal diseases; research on intelligence and the like shows that garlic and flue-cured tobacco rotate to reduce the occurrence and harm of tobacco black shank through the secretion of bacteria inhibitor of the root system of garlic, and the ecological prevention and control of diseases are realized; researches such as Jiazhihong and the like show that the diversity of soil microorganisms is improved under a tobacco crop rotation mode, and particularly the diversity of soil bacterial communities is obviously improved. The rotation mode of tobacco planting areas in China is different due to different climatic conditions, the tobacco rotation mode of one-year-one-harvest or two-year-three-harvest is mostly adopted in the northern tobacco areas due to shorter frost-free periods, and the tobacco rotation mode of one-year-two-harvest or two-year-four-harvest is mostly adopted in the southern tobacco areas due to sufficient annual heat conditions. Two factors should be considered for the selection of the previous crop in tobacco rotation: firstly, the nitrogen residual quantity in soil after the harvest of the previous crop cannot be too much, otherwise, the nitrogen dosage is not easy to be accurately controlled during the fertilization of tobacco, and the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves are influenced; secondly, the antework and the tobacco can not have homologous plant diseases and insect pests, otherwise, the morbidity is increased. Therefore, cereal crops and oil crops are suitable for future crops, and solanaceae crops and cucurbitaceae crops are not suitable for future crops.
In recent years, with the increase of continuous cropping years, the problem of soil barrier in tobacco areas, particularly nutrient imbalance, is more prominent, so that the root system is poor in development, diseases are aggravated, and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves are further seriously affected. The tobacco region crop rotation area is still small, and the problems that the crop rotation is various, the influence of previous crops on tobacco is unclear, the technical rules of the crop rotation mode are not established and the like exist. The existing tobacco planting mode is mainly a single-cropping continuous cropping mode of 'tobacco-slack winter-tobacco', and a few parts of the existing tobacco planting mode are a one-year two-cropping multiple cropping crop rotation mode of 'tobacco-smooth leaf vetch-tobacco', 'tobacco-garlic (cabbage) -tobacco' and a two-year four-cropping crop rotation mode of 'tobacco-wheat (rape) -rice-wheat (rape) -tobacco'. The tobacco single-cropping continuous cropping mode has the following defects: the continuous cropping of the tobacco throughout the year causes the imbalance of the soil nutrients of the tobacco field, the accumulation of harmful substances, the deterioration of the physical structure, the aggravation of the diseases and insect pests of the tobacco, the reduction of the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves, the reduction of the economic benefit and the like. The tobacco-smooth leaf sweet potato double-cropping mode has the following defects: the smooth leaf sweet potato can improve soil as green manure, but cannot generate direct economic benefit, and the planting enthusiasm of tobacco growers is low. The tobacco-garlic (cabbage) two-year-old mode has the following disadvantages: the vegetable planting input cost is high, the vegetable price fluctuation is large, the loss risk exists, and the vegetable planting cannot be applied in a large area. The two-year four-harvest rotation mode has the defects that: the rotation period is longer, the annual average economic benefit is lower than that of continuous cropping of tobacco, the application area of the mode is limited, and the mode is only adopted when the continuous cropping of tobacco fields is not followed by another.
In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows:
(1) the existing tobacco single cropping continuous cropping mode has the defects of reduced soil quality, imbalance of nutrients in tobacco field soil, accumulation of harmful substances, deterioration of physical structure, aggravation of tobacco diseases and insect pests, reduced tobacco yield and quality and reduced comprehensive economic benefit of the tobacco field caused by continuous cropping all year round.
(2) The existing tobacco-smooth leaf purple sweet potato two-harvest-a-year mode has the defect that smooth leaf purple sweet potato can improve soil as green manure, but cannot generate direct economic benefit, and the planting enthusiasm of tobacco growers is low.
(3) The existing tobacco-garlic (cabbage) two-year-old mode has the defects of high vegetable planting input cost, large vegetable price fluctuation, loss risk and incapability of large-area application of vegetable planting.
(4) The existing two-year four-harvest rotation mode has a longer rotation period and lower annual average economic benefit than tobacco continuous cropping, so that the mode is limited in application area and is only adopted when the continuous cropping tobacco field is not followed.
The difficulty of solving the technical problems is as follows: the southwest tobacco area is relatively dry in winter, crops planted in winter are few, direct economic benefits cannot be generated by the existing green manure planted in a small part of areas, tobacco growers cannot accept the green manure, vegetables are planted in a small part of areas, a large amount of water is needed for irrigation, and the southwest tobacco area cannot be popularized in a large area. The difficulty of solving the problem lies in how to find crops which can resist drought, effectively link with tobacco to realize two crops in one year, generate economic benefit and can be popularized in a large area.
The significance of solving the technical problems is as follows: the modern high-efficiency planting mode of double cropping and multiple cropping in one year and crop rotation, which is mainly based on tobacco and matched with autumn peas and suitable for the scale tobacco fields in the southwest tobacco areas, is established, the blank that two crops can not be planted in large area in one year in the tobacco fields in the areas can be filled, the problems of reduced soil quality, increased pest and disease damage, reduced economic benefits of the tobacco fields and the like caused by single cropping and continuous cropping for many years in the tobacco fields at present are solved, and the method has important significance for stable development of tobacco leaf production and continuous income increase of tobacco growers in the southwest tobacco fields.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for planting tobacco-autumn peas twice a year.
The invention is realized in such a way that a tobacco-autumn pea double cropping planting method comprises the following steps:
step one, linking tobacco-autumn pea crops: and (4) applying base fertilizer on the soil.
Step two, planting autumn peas: sowing, fertilizer and water management and harvesting.
Step three, connecting autumn pea and tobacco crops: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
Step four, planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
Further, the planting period is divided into four parts, namely the autumn pea planting season, the tobacco planting season and the stubble connection after two-season harvesting; the tobacco-autumn pea stubble connection is 15 days, the autumn pea planting season is 138-year 140 days, the autumn pea-tobacco stubble connection is 80 days, and the tobacco planting season is 130-year 135 days.
Further, in the first step, the time for soil preparation and base fertilizer application is as follows: middle and last ten months of 9 months.
The land preparation requirement is as follows: after the tobacco harvesting is finished, the tobacco stems and the tobacco roots are pulled out in time, and the ground is required to be flat through mechanical rotary tillage and harrowing, wherein the rotary tillage depth is preferably 15-20 cm.
The fertilization requirement is as follows: fertilizing and fertilizing by combining soil preparationThe dosage of the fertilizer is ternary compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O15: 15:15)25-30 kg/mu.
Further, in the second step, the sowing requirement is as follows: the seeding rate is 15-17 kg/mu, and irrigation is carried out in time according to soil moisture content and weather conditions after seeding, so that the seedlings are ensured to be uniform.
Further, in the second step, the fertilizer and water management comprises fertilizer management and water management.
(1) Fertilizer management
The autumn peas need to be cultivated by applying enough base fertilizer and applying additional fertilizer skillfully. After the fertilizer enters autumn, the temperature is reduced quickly, so that the problems of short vegetative growth period and nutrient accumulation are solved, and the fertilization principle of 'applying enough base fertilizer, applying early seedling fertilizer and applying flower pod fertilizer again' can be adopted in fertilization. The base fertilizer can be applied with 25-30kg of compound fertilizer per mu, the direct contact between the fertilizer and the seeds is avoided as much as possible during application, and the fertilizer can be applied in the whole field by adopting the no-tillage broadcast land. 5 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the four-leaf period, and 10 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the initial flowering period to increase the flower weight, the pod weight and the grain weight.
(2) Moisture management
Autumn peas are crops which are not suitable for water and drought. If the soil is too dry during sowing, water should be poured before or at the evening after sowing, water is drained after the full bed is wet, and water is poured again before seedling emergence according to soil moisture content. In the seedling stage and the flowering and pod bearing stage, furrow irrigation is also carried out if drought occurs.
Further, in the second step, the harvesting time is as follows: from 1 late month to 2 early months.
The harvesting requirements are as follows: autumn peas are generally eaten fresh, have full pods and round and straight seeds, are harvested in batches in time when cooking requirements and commodity standards are met, and are harvested once in 7-10 days generally. And returning the vegetative organs of the plants as green manure after the peas are harvested.
Further, in the third step, the time for soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering is as follows: 3 last to 4 last.
The land preparation requirement is as follows: and (3) mechanically deep ploughing and leveling in late 3 months, turning over the pea plants and returning the pea plants to the field, wherein the ground is required to be level, and the deep ploughing depth is preferably 20-25 cm.
The ridging and fertilizing requirements are as follows: in last ten days of 4 months, mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, in the ridging process, all organic fertilizers, 30% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 30% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides, the distance from the top of the ridge is about 20-25cm, and meanwhile, drip irrigation belts are laid for covering films. The total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 50%, and N is P2O5:K2O＝1:1:2.8。
Further, in the fourth step, the sowing time is as follows: 2.14-2.18, the seedling time is 70-75 days; the standard of seedling formation is as follows: 6 leaves with 1 core and the plant height of 6-8 cm.
The transplanting time is as follows: 4, month and 30 days; the transplanting mode is as follows: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, and watering 2-3kg per plant; the planting density is as follows: 1100 plants/mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing.
Further, in the fourth step, the field management comprises root-extending period management, vigorous growth period management and mature period management.
(1) Root stage management
Time range: transplanting till the seedling growing period (0-35 d).
The content is as follows:
① checking and replanting the seedling, 5-7 days after transplanting, checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedling, replanting the non-survival tobacco seedling in time, watering, and ensuring the seedling is complete and neat.
② irrigation to promote root growth, wherein the irrigation is carried out once 20 days after transplanting to ensure the root system to grow well.
(2) Vigorous long term management
Time range: from the colony stage to the bud stage (35-65 d).
The content is as follows:
① irrigating and fertilizing, namely irrigating once 40 days after transplanting, carrying out water fertilization, applying 50% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 30% of potassium fertilizer, and irrigating once 55 days after transplanting, carrying out water fertilization, and applying 20% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of potassium fertilizer.
② removing film and hilling, removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridge 50 days after transplanting, taking out, and intertilling and hilling.
(3) Management of maturity stage
Time range: and (6) in the bud period till the harvest is finished (65-130 d).
The content is as follows:
① topping and removing branches, namely topping when the central flower of the tobacco plant is open (about 70 days after transplanting), leaving 18-20 leaves, and removing the bud inhibitor, wherein the branches need to be removed in time.
② removing the bottom leaves, removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping, and improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field.
③ drainage and water damage prevention, if there is much rain in summer, drainage and water damage prevention should be performed in time.
Further, in the fourth step, the mature roasting time is as follows: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days after 7 months, and the upper leaves end after 10 days after 9 months.
The harvesting requirements are as follows: and harvesting and baking the tobacco leaves at each part when the tobacco leaves are normally mature.
In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are: the growth cycle of autumn peas is about 140 days, the growth cycle of tobacco is about 130 days, and the connection time between two crops is sufficient; all parameters in the steps of the method are obtained on the basis of analysis of test data, and the application of the parameters brings about improvement of the quality of soil and tobacco leaves and increase of comprehensive economic benefits. Aiming at the current situations that tobacco is low in multiple cropping index due to one-year-one-crop-cropping, soil quality is reduced due to continuous cropping for many years, plant diseases and insect pests are increasingly serious, comprehensive economic benefits of tobacco fields are reduced and the like, the invention establishes a modern high-efficiency planting mode of one-year-two-cropping multiple cropping and crop rotation which is mainly based on tobacco and matched with autumn peas and is suitable for a tobacco area, and therefore the purposes of reducing disease occurrence, improving the yield of effective tobacco leaves, optimizing the grade structure of the tobacco leaves and improving the income of tobacco growers are achieved.
The invention can effectively solve the problem of tobacco field soil obstacle caused by the existing tobacco planting single cropping continuous cropping mode, balance soil nutrients, promote root system development, reduce harmful substance accumulation and plant diseases and insect pests, and improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves and the comprehensive economic benefit of tobacco fields. Experiments show that the organic matter of the soil can be improved by 10-20%, the plough layer structure is obviously improved, the disease incidence rate is reduced by 55%, the equal tobacco proportion on tobacco leaves is improved by 5-7%, the chemical component coordination and sensory evaluation score of the tobacco leaves are obviously improved, and the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers is increased by 15-20%.
The existing planting mode of the southwest tobacco region is mainly a tobacco-winter fallow → tobacco-winter fallow single cropping continuous cropping mode (M1), the invention is a tobacco-autumn pea → tobacco-autumn pea one-year-two cropping and multiple cropping rotation mode (M2), and the data pairs of the invention and the prior art are shown in tables 1-6.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a method for planting two-cropping tobacco-autumn peas in one year according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for planting two crops in one year in autumn peas, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for planting two-cropping in one year in autumn peas provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101: linking tobacco-autumn pea crops: and (4) applying base fertilizer on the soil.
S102: planting autumn peas: sowing, fertilizer and water management and harvesting.
S103: autumn pea-tobacco crop rotation connection: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
S104: planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
The planting method for the tobacco-autumn peas twice a year provided by the embodiment of the invention divides a planting period of one year into four parts, wherein the four parts are respectively connected with autumn pea planting seasons, tobacco planting seasons and stubble after two seasons are harvested, and each part comprises a plurality of steps.
Tobacco-autumn pea stubble connection (15 days)
The content of the part is mainly that base fertilizer is applied to soil preparation.
Time: middle and last ten months of 9 months.
Land preparation requirement: after the tobacco harvesting is finished, the tobacco stems and the tobacco roots are pulled out in time, and the ground is required to be flat through mechanical rotary tillage and harrowing, wherein the rotary tillage depth is preferably 15-20 cm.
The fertilization requirement is as follows: fertilizing in combination with soil preparation, wherein the fertilizer dosage is ternary compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O15: 15:15)25-30 kg/mu.
Second, autumn pea planting season (138 + 140 days)
1. Seeding
Variety selection: medium pea number 6 and medium pea number 4 are recommended.
Time: 9 months and 25 days.
Sowing requirements are as follows: the seeding rate is 15-17 kg/mu. And after sowing, timely irrigating according to soil moisture content and weather conditions, and ensuring the seedlings to emerge orderly.
2. Management of fertilizer and water
(1) Fertilizer management
The autumn peas need to be cultivated by applying enough base fertilizer and applying additional fertilizer skillfully. After the fertilizer enters autumn, the temperature is reduced quickly, so that the problems of short vegetative growth period and nutrient accumulation are solved, and the fertilization principle of 'applying enough base fertilizer, applying early seedling fertilizer and applying flower pod fertilizer again' can be adopted in fertilization. The base fertilizer can be applied with 25-30kg of compound fertilizer per mu, the direct contact between the fertilizer and the seeds is avoided as much as possible during application, and the fertilizer can be applied in the whole field by adopting the no-tillage broadcast land. 5 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the four-leaf period, and 10 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the initial flowering period to increase the flower weight, the pod weight and the grain weight.
(2) Moisture management
Autumn peas are crops which are not suitable for water and drought. If the soil is too dry during sowing, water should be poured before or at the evening after sowing, water is drained after the full bed is wet, and water is poured again before seedling emergence according to soil moisture content. In the seedling stage and the flowering and pod bearing stage, furrow irrigation is also carried out if drought occurs.
3. Harvesting
Time: from 1 late month to 2 early months.
And (4) harvesting requirements: autumn peas are generally eaten fresh, have full pods and round and straight seeds, are harvested in batches in time when cooking requirements and commodity standards are met, and are harvested once in 7-10 days generally. And returning the vegetative organs of the plants as green manure after the peas are harvested.
(III) autumn pea-tobacco stubble connection (80 days)
The contents of the part mainly include land preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering.
Time: 3 last to 4 last.
Land preparation requirement: and (3) mechanically deep ploughing and leveling in late 3 months, turning over the pea plants and returning the pea plants to the field, wherein the ground is required to be level, and the deep ploughing depth is preferably 20-25 cm.
Ridging and fertilizing requirements: in last ten days of 4 months, mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, in the ridging process, all organic fertilizers, 30% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 30% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides, the distance from the top of the ridge is about 20-25cm, and meanwhile, drip irrigation belts are laid for covering films. The total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 50%, and N is P2O5:K2O＝1:1:2.8。
(IV) tobacco planting season (130-
1. Seedling (the step is realized in a seedling greenhouse, and the field time is not occupied)
The variety requirement is as follows: local main cultivars (Yunyan 87, Yunyan 116, honghuadajinyuan, Zhongchuan 208, etc.).
Sowing time: 2.14-2.18, and the seedling forming time is 70-75 days.
And (3) standard of seedling formation: 6 leaves with 1 core and the plant height of 6-8 cm.
2. Transplanting
Transplanting time: 4, month and 30 days.
Transplanting mode: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, and watering 2-3kg per plant.
Planting density: 1100 plants/mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing.
3. Management of field
(1) Root stage management
Time range: transplanting till the seedling growing period (0-35 d).
The content is as follows:
① checking and replanting the seedling, 5-7 days after transplanting, checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedling, replanting the non-survival tobacco seedling in time, watering, and ensuring the seedling is complete and neat.
② irrigation to promote root growth, wherein the irrigation is carried out once 20 days after transplanting to ensure the root system to grow well.
(2) Vigorous long term management
Time range: from the colony stage to the bud stage (35-65 d).
The content is as follows:
① irrigating and fertilizing, namely irrigating once 40 days after transplanting, carrying out water fertilization, applying 50% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 30% of potassium fertilizer, and irrigating once 55 days after transplanting, carrying out water fertilization, and applying 20% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of potassium fertilizer.
② removing film and hilling, removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridge 50 days after transplanting, taking out, and intertilling and hilling.
(3) Management of maturity stage
Time range: and (6) in the bud period till the harvest is finished (65-130 d).
The content is as follows:
① topping and removing branches, namely topping when the central flower of the tobacco plant is open (about 70 days after transplanting), leaving 18-20 leaves, and removing the bud inhibitor, wherein the branches need to be removed in time.
② removing the bottom leaves, removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping, and improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field.
4. Mature harvesting and roasting
Time: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days after 7 months, and the upper leaves end after 10 days after 9 months.
And (4) harvesting requirements: and harvesting and baking the tobacco leaves at each part when the tobacco leaves are normally mature.
The technical effects of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the experiments.
2017 and 2019, different tobacco planting mode tests are carried out in Yanbian county of Panzhihua city in Sichuan province.
1. Design of experiments
The experiment was performed with 4 treatments, respectively: t1: tobacco-slack winter → tobacco-slack winter single crop continuous cropping mode, T2: tobacco-rape → tobacco-rape self-flowing irrigation double cropping and multiple cropping crop rotation mode, T3: tobacco-rape → tobacco-rape optimized irrigation double cropping crop rotation mode for one year, T4: tobacco-autumn pea → tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping rotation mode. Wherein T1 is the planting mode mainly adopted by the current tobacco zone and is used as a contrast treatment.
2. Test results
(1) Influence of different planting modes on soil physicochemical properties
After the flue-cured tobacco harvesting in the last season is finished, the physical and chemical properties of the soil under different planting modes are investigated and measured, and the table 1 shows. The average penetration resistance, the soil volume weight and the like of the soil plough layer (0-30cm) treated by the T1 are obviously lower than those of the soil plough layer treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, which shows that the soil plough layer structure can be effectively improved by adopting a tobacco-autumn pea one-year-two-cropping and multiple-cropping mode. The organic matter content of the soil treated by the T1 is obviously lower than that of the soil treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, the indexes of total nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total potassium and the like are lower than those of the soil treated by the T2, the T3 and the T4, wherein the organic matter content of the soil treated by the T2 is increased by 15.12 percent, which shows that the soil nutrient, especially the organic matter content, can be improved by adopting a tobacco-autumn pea one-year double cropping and multiple cropping mode.
TABLE 1 soil physical and chemical properties in different planting modes
(2) Effect of different planting patterns on tobacco plant morbidity
The incidence of tobacco plants treated differently was investigated in the last season of flue-cured tobacco growth, as shown in table 2. The incidence of the tobacco plants treated by the control T1 is obviously higher than that of the tobacco plants treated by the other three treatments, wherein the incidence of the T4 is reduced by 56.64%, which shows that the tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping mode has obvious disease prevention effect.
TABLE 2 tobacco plant incidence rates for different planting patterns
(3) Influence of different planting modes on quality of roasted tobacco leaves
And collecting middle tobacco leaf samples when the flue-cured tobaccos are harvested in the last season, detecting chemical components, and evaluating sensory quality.
The chemical components of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are shown in Table 3, the reducing sugar content and the total sugar content of the tobacco leaves treated by T2, T3 and T4 are obviously higher than those of the tobacco leaves treated by a control T1, the total plant alkali content is obviously lower than that of the tobacco leaves treated by T1, and the sugar-alkali ratio and the chemical component coordination index of the tobacco leaves are both obviously higher than those of the control T1, so that the coordination of the chemical components of the tobacco leaves can be obviously improved by adopting a tobacco-autumn pea double cropping mode.
The sensory evaluation scores of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are shown in table 4, the scores of indexes such as aroma quality, aroma quantity, aftertaste, miscellaneous smell and irritation of the tobacco leaves treated by T2, T3 and T4 are all higher than those of a control T1, and the total evaluation score is higher than that of a control T1, so that the sensory evaluation quality of the tobacco leaves can be effectively improved by adopting a tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping mode.
TABLE 3 tobacco leaf chemical composition for different planting modes
TABLE 4 sensory evaluation score of tobacco leaves in different planting modes
(4) Influence of different planting modes on economic characters of roasted tobacco leaves
The economic traits of the tobacco leaves in different planting modes are investigated when the flue-cured tobacco in the last season is collected, and are shown in table 5. The yield and the output value of the T4 processed tobacco leaves are basically consistent with those of the T1 processed tobacco leaves, and the upper-grade tobacco proportion and the middle-grade tobacco proportion are obviously higher than those of the T1 processed tobacco leaves, which shows that the upper-grade tobacco proportion of the tobacco leaves can be obviously improved by adopting a tobacco-autumn pea one-year-two-harvest multiple cropping mode.
TABLE 5 economic characteristics of tobacco leaves in different planting modes
(5) Comprehensive economic benefit analysis of different planting modes
And (4) counting the yield, the output value and the input cost of all the crops in 2 planting seasons in the year with different planting modes, and calculating the annual comprehensive economic benefit as shown in table 6. The total yield of the T2, T3 and T4 treatments is higher than that of the T1 treatment control, the investment cost is higher than that of the T1 treatment, the pure income is higher than that of the T1 treatment, and the income increase ranges respectively to 18.04%, 22.10% and 19.69%. The result shows that the tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping mode is adopted, although the total investment is increased, the pure income is also improved, and the method has positive economic benefit.
TABLE 6 comprehensive economic benefits of different planting modes
3. Results
The results show that different planting modes have obvious influence on soil, tobacco leaves and income. The tobacco-autumn pea double cropping mode is adopted in the Sichuan tobacco area, so that the penetration resistance of a soil plough layer can be obviously reduced, the volume weight of the soil is reduced, the structure of the plough layer is effectively improved, the organic matter content of the soil is obviously improved, and the amplification is increased by over 10 percent; the occurrence of diseases can be effectively prevented, and the occurrence rate of the diseases is reduced by more than 55 percent; the tobacco leaf chemical component coordination can be effectively improved, and the tobacco leaf sensory evaluation quality is improved; the grade structure of the tobacco leaves can be improved, so that the first-class tobacco ratio is improved by more than 5 percent; effectively improves the land utilization efficiency and increases the comprehensive economic benefit of farmers by more than 15 percent. In conclusion, the tobacco-autumn pea double cropping and multiple cropping mode has obvious ecological benefit and economic benefit, and has popularization value and popularization potential.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The planting method for the double cropping of the tobacco-autumn peas in one year is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, linking tobacco-autumn pea crops: soil preparation and base fertilizer application;
step two, planting autumn peas: sowing, managing fertilizer and water and harvesting;
step three, connecting autumn pea and tobacco crops: soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering;
step four, planting tobacco: seedling raising in a seedling raising greenhouse, transplanting, field management, mature harvesting and baking.
2. The method for planting two-crop-one-year-old tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, characterized in that the planting period is divided into four parts, which are respectively the autumn pea planting season, the tobacco planting season and the crop rotation after two-crop-harvest;
the tobacco-autumn pea stubble connection is 15 days, the autumn pea planting season is 138-year 140 days, the autumn pea-tobacco stubble connection is 80 days, and the tobacco planting season is 130-year 135 days.
3. The planting method of two-year-old tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the time for applying base fertilizer to the whole land is as follows: middle and last ten days of month 9;
the land preparation requirement is as follows: removing tobacco stems and tobacco roots in time after the tobacco harvesting is finished, and mechanically rotary tilling and raking the tobacco stems and the tobacco roots to ensure that the ground is flat and the rotary tilling depth is 15-20 cm;
the fertilization requirement is as follows: fertilizing in combination with soil preparation, wherein the fertilizer dosage is N: P of ternary compound fertilizer2O5:K2O15: 15:15, 25-30 kg/mu.
4. The two-year-old planting method for tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the sowing requirement is as follows: the seeding rate is 15-17 kg/mu, and irrigation is carried out in time according to soil moisture content and weather conditions after seeding.
5. The two-year-old tobacco-autumn pea planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the fertilizer and water management comprises fertilizer management and water management;
(1) fertilizer management
25-30kg of compound fertilizer can be applied to each mu of base fertilizer, and the fertilizer can be applied to the whole field by adopting no-tillage broadcast plots; 5 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the four-leaf period, and 10 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu in the initial flowering period to increase the flower weight, the pod weight and the grain weight;
(2) moisture management
When autumn peas are sown, if the soil is too dry, water should be poured before sowing or in the evening after sowing, water is drained after the full furrow is wet, and water is poured again before seedling emergence according to soil moisture content.
6. The two-year-old planting method for tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the second step, the harvesting time is as follows: 1 ten days late to 2 ten days late; harvesting once in 7-10 days; and returning the vegetative organs of the plants as green manure after the peas are harvested.
7. The method for planting two-year-old tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, wherein in the third step, the time for soil preparation, ridging, base fertilizer application and film covering is as follows: 3, last ten days of month to 4 last ten days of month;
the land preparation requirement is as follows: mechanically deep ploughing and leveling in late 3 months, turning over pea plants and returning the pea plants to the field, wherein the ground is required to be level, and the deep ploughing depth is 20-25 cm;
the ridging and fertilizing requirements are as follows: in last ten days of 4 months, mechanically ridging and fertilizing, wherein the ridge distance is 120cm, in the ridging process, all organic fertilizers, 30% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers and 30% of potassium fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the ridge in strips at two sides, the distance from the top of the ridge is about 20-25cm, and meanwhile, drip irrigation belts are laid for covering films; the total nitrogen dosage is 7.0-7.5 kg/mu, the proportion of organic nitrogen in the total nitrogen is 50%, and N is P2O5:K2O＝1:1:2.8。
8. The two-year-old planting method for tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the fourth step, the sowing time is as follows: 2.14-2.18, the seedling time is 70-75 days; the standard of seedling formation is as follows: 1 core with 6 leaves and the plant height of 6-8 cm;
the transplanting time is as follows: 4, month and 30 days; the transplanting mode is as follows: transplanting on a conventional film, digging a deep pit during transplanting, and watering 2-3kg per plant; the planting density is as follows: 1100 plants/mu, 120cm row spacing and 50cm plant spacing.
9. The two-year-old tobacco-autumn pea planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the field management comprises root-extending period management, vigorous long-term management and mature period management;
(1) managing in a root extending period, and transplanting until a root growing period is 0-35 d;
the method for managing the root extension period comprises the following steps: seedling checking and supplementing: checking the survival condition of the tobacco seedlings 5-7 days after transplanting, and timely replanting and watering the tobacco seedlings which are not alive; irrigating and promoting roots: irrigating once 20 days after transplanting;
(2) managing for a long time from the colony period to the bud period, 35-65 days;
the method for the high-maintenance long-term management comprises the following steps: irrigation and fertilization: irrigating once 40 days after transplanting, and applying 50% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 30% of potassium fertilizer with water; irrigating once 55 days after transplanting, and applying 20% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of potassium fertilizer with water; uncovering the film and hilling: removing the mulching film on the tobacco ridges and taking out 50 days after transplanting, and intertilling and hilling;
(3) managing the maturation period, and 65-130d from the bud period to the end of harvesting;
the method for managing the maturity period comprises the following steps: topping and wiping: when the central flower of the tobacco plant is opened, topping 70 days after transplanting, leaving 18-20 leaves, and smearing the bud inhibitor, wherein the twigs of the tobacco are removed in time; removing bottom leaves: and removing the bottom leaves without harvesting value in time after topping.
10. The method for planting two-year-old tobacco-autumn peas according to claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the time for harvesting and baking the ripe peas is as follows: the lower leaves begin to be harvested in 20 days after 7 months, and the upper leaves end in 10 days after 9 months.
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