CN115568394A - Method for synergistically eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by virtue of microorganisms and microenvironment - Google Patents
Method for synergistically eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by virtue of microorganisms and microenvironment Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cooperatively reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by microorganisms and microenvironment, which breaks a soil obstacle layer of a thin purple soil slope land through soil and matrix integrated cultivation, accelerates the matrix soil forming process, increases the effective soil layer depth, forms alternately distributed cultivation areas and no-tillage areas, and promotes the downward extension of tobacco roots by using soil profile structures at intervals of density; organic matters and available nutrients are respectively supplemented to the lower part and the upper part of the purple soil through deep burying of straws for returning to the field and planting of rape green manure, so that the problem of reduction of the utilization rate of the soil fertilizer caused by continuous cropping of the purple soil tobacco field is solved; a tobacco-rape crop rotation mode is formed by planting rape green manure, soil-borne pathogenic bacteria and pests in soil are killed by utilizing the biological fumigation effect generated by the sulfur-containing characteristic of the rape, and the soil disinfection effect is improved; inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria by applying a microbial agent; strengthens the synergistic effect of soil microorganisms and microenvironment and provides a green method for breaking the continuous cropping obstacle of purple soil tobacco.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco leaf production, and particularly relates to a method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by using microorganisms and a microenvironment.
Background
Tobacco is a continuous cropping-prohibited crop, and continuous cropping obstacles such as tobacco plant malnutrition and serious soil-borne diseases are caused by long-term continuous cropping, so that the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves are adversely affected. The main causes of continuous cropping obstacles can be summarized as follows: (1) soil microorganism changes and infectious diseases and insect pests are aggravated; (2) deterioration of physicochemical properties of soil; (3) Self-toxicity caused by root secretion, stubble decomposition, etc. With the increase of the continuous cropping age of the flue-cured tobacco, the yield per unit, the average price and the upper and middle tobacco proportion of the tobacco leaf are all obviously reduced, and continuous cropping obstacles become one of factors limiting the sustainable development of tobacco leaf production. The purple soil is mostly rich in nutrient elements such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium and the like, and is more suitable for agricultural production. However, the purple soil hilly area sloping fields have shallow soil layers, serious water and soil loss, poor water and fertilizer retention capability of the soil, and generally low organic matter and total nitrogen content of the purple soil, so that the growth condition of crops is limited. Particularly, the cultivated land of the purple soil tobacco area is limited, the continuous cropping phenomenon of tobacco is common, the continuous cropping obstacle is gradually aggravated, and the benign interaction of the soil microenvironment and the microbial community structure of the purple soil tobacco area is damaged.
Currently, the commonly used tobacco continuous cropping obstacle repair technologies mainly comprise the following technologies: a method for repairing tobacco planting soil (CN 113330845A) comprises deep ploughing and loosening the soil with a powder ridge machine one month before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, spreading bean curd residue on the surface of tobacco field, mixing with soil with rotary cultivator, irrigating tobacco field to flood state, covering with mulching film, and compacting with soil. The method can avoid destroying tobacco planting soil, save cost and relieve the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of soil. However, the technology can not be applied to the purple soil slope farmland for flooding treatment. A method for improving tobacco planting soil in southern purple soil dry slope land (CN 104541646A) comprises planting herba Cancriniae Lasiocarpae on southern purple soil dry slope land after tobacco harvesting to obtain green manure, planting at the beginning of 7 months with a planting period of 4-5 months, and performing green pressing treatment after harvesting to improve soil environment and improve tobacco leaf quality and production benefit. Although the technology is effective in relieving continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco fields, the planting of the fava beans is time-consuming and labor-consuming for local farmers, the planting of the fava beans cannot bring additional economic benefits to the farmers, and the popularization is difficult.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of continuous cropping obstacles such as unbalanced soil nutrients, deteriorated soil environment, aggravated soil-borne diseases and the like caused by continuous cropping of tobacco in the prior art, the invention provides a method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by microorganisms and microenvironment, which aims to: the interaction relation between the microbial community structure and the microenvironment of the tobacco planting soil with continuous cropping obstacles is optimized by utilizing the comprehensive means of physics, chemistry and microbes, and the cooperation of the microbial community structure and the microenvironment is realized to reduce the continuous cropping obstacles.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by microorganisms and microenvironment comprises the following steps:
s1: cleaning tobacco stalks and tobacco roots in the field after the tobacco fields are harvested, carrying out soil and mother rock integrated cultivation on cultivation areas with thin tobacco field ascending soil layers along the contour lines by using a vertical ultra-deep rotary cultivator, breaking the plough bottom layer and increasing the depth of soil body, forming alternate distribution of the cultivation areas and no-tillage areas at the same time, and improving the deep soil microenvironment;
s2: after soil and mother rock are integrally cultivated, mechanically crushing corn straws, decomposing a maturing agent, deeply burying the corn straws and returning the corn straws to the field, and burying the processed corn straws at the bottom of a cultivation area;
s3: after the straw is returned to the field, a rotary cultivator is used for soil preparation, then rape is planted, 80% of the rape is harvested at the beginning of 4 months and used as silage, and 20% of the rape is left for green manure;
s4:4, ridging and raising the tobacco field to a compartment in middle ten days of the month, then performing balanced fertilization, and performing pit fertilization on the tobacco ridge at fixed points by using a double-layer annular fertilization method;
s5: applying the microbial agent for 3 times by adopting a root irrigation method after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, respectively applying the microbial agent on the transplanting day, the 10 th day and the 20 th day, preventing and treating the tobacco black shank soil-borne disease by applying the microbial agent, and performing topdressing while applying the microbial agent for the 2 nd time and the 3 rd time;
preferably, the tillage depth of the soil and mother rock integrated tillage in the S1 is set to be 50cm, and the widths of the tillage area and the no-tillage area are respectively 20cm and 40cm, which are alternately distributed;
preferably, the straw returning in S2 adopts corn straws, the crushing length is 1.5cm, and the corn straw returning amount is 3750kg/hm 2 The decomposing inoculant and the sawdust are mixed according to the proportion of 1:5, uniformly stirring the mixture and applying the mixture to the bottom of a farming area, wherein the selected decomposing agent is a microbial preparation containing efficient strains such as cellulose decomposing bacteria, probiotics, bacillus, trichoderma viride, saccharomycetes and the like, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 8.0 hundred million/g, and the using amount of the decomposing agent is 30kg/hm 2 ；
Preferably, the sowing density of the Chinese cabbage in the S3 is 3000g/ha 2 The row spacing is 20-25cm, the fertilizer is applied according to the local conventional requirements in combination with the land preparation, the field standard management is carried out according to the crop growth and development requirements, and the green manure turnover depth is 15cm;
preferably, ridging and ridging in S4 includes ridging along the direction of the same slope, the height difference between ridge tops and furrows is more than 30cm, the distance between the ridge tops of two adjacent ridges is 1.2 meters, pit digging is performed at fixed points, large pits are deeply planted, the pit distance is 50-55 cm, the pit depth is 25cm, the caliber is 30cm, base fertilizer is applied to pits after ridging, and the fertilizer application amount is N: p: k =5:5:10 kg of tobacco special fertilizer, 20kg of oil cake, 120kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, a regulator and an insect-resistant medicament,15kg of potassium sulfate and 10kg of potassium nitrate; the planned fertilizing amount is 600kg/hm 2 60% -70% of tobacco special fertilizer, organic fertilizer, regulator and insect-proof drug, wherein the base fertilizer is uniformly mixed with the soil in the pit, a layer of isolation soil is covered on the base fertilizer, all potassium sulfate, half potassium nitrate and the rest tobacco special fertilizer are annularly applied on the isolation soil, the pit is covered with soil, and then the ridge is covered with a film; during pit digging, each pit point is positioned in a cultivation area to form a cross section structure of pit point-cultivated soil-mother rock fragment;
preferably, the root irrigation amount of the microbial agent in S5 is 200ml per strain, the selected effective strains of the microbial agent are trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 20 hundred million/g, the dosage per mu is 1-2 kg, and the ratio of the microbial agent to water is 1:200, uniformly mixing and then applying; and evenly performing topdressing on the residual potassium nitrate twice in a water-soluble irrigation mode, and performing topdressing and the twice transplanted microbial agents together.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) According to the invention, a soil barrier layer of a thin purple soil slope land is broken through soil and matrix integrated cultivation, the matrix soil forming process is accelerated, the effective soil layer depth is increased, alternately distributed cultivation areas and no-tillage areas are formed, and the downward extension of tobacco roots is promoted by using the soil profile structure with alternate density; mother rock fragments and immature corn straw fragments below a farming area increase the water containing space of purple soil, improve the water retention and drought resistance of the purple soil, and the straw returning can also increase the porosity of deep soil, reduce the soil volume weight and improve the soil ventilation condition and the water content condition; the green manure turning and pressing can improve the surface soil structure, improve the soil-conserving water-retaining capacity of the soil and improve the soil sticky and heavy plate-bonding condition. The physical properties of the tobacco continuous cropping soil are improved, and a suitable soil environment is provided for deep rooting and rapid colonization of beneficial microorganisms.
2) Aiming at the problem that the soil nutrient conversion rate is reduced due to the increase of the application amount of the purple soil flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping fertilizer for a long time, organic matters and quick-acting nutrients are respectively supplemented to the lower part and the upper part of purple soil through deep burying and returning of straws and rape green manure planting, so that the problem that the soil fertilizer utilization rate is reduced due to continuous cropping of a purple soil tobacco field is solved; the method comprises the following steps of carrying out integrated cultivation on soil and mother rock to break the mother rock, accelerating the release of rich mineral nutrients of the mother rock fragments, and providing trace elements required for the growth and development of tobacco; by balanced fertilization, the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced, the proportion of the organic fertilizer and the micro-fertilizer is increased, the diversity and effectiveness of the growth and development of tobacco seedlings on nutrient requirements are ensured, meanwhile, the colonization of a beneficial microbial community in soil is facilitated, and the soil hardening caused by long-term application of the fertilizer is avoided. The fertility level of the continuous cropping soil of the tobacco is improved, and excellent nutritional conditions are provided for the growth and development of the tobacco and the colonization of beneficial microorganisms.
3) Aiming at the problems of the deterioration of the soil microbial community structure, the reduction of beneficial microorganisms and the increase of pathogenic bacteria and allelochemicals generated by the continuous cropping of tobacco, the invention forms a tobacco-rape crop rotation mode by planting rape green manure, and utilizes the biological fumigation effect generated by the sulfur sensitivity-containing characteristic of rape to kill soil-borne pathogenic bacteria and pests in soil, thereby increasing the soil disinfection effect; by applying a microbial agent, the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria are inhibited by utilizing the competitive action, parasitic action, antibiotic action, induced plant resistance and growth promotion action of trichoderma harzianum, an epidemic prevention system in tobacco is activated, the growth and development of tobacco are promoted, meanwhile, the trichoderma harzianum degrades allelochemicals such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid and cinnamic acid generated by crop root systems, and the degradation rate can reach more than 80%. The microbial community structure of the tobacco continuous cropping soil is adjusted, allelopathic self-toxic substances in rhizosphere soil are reduced, and the quantity of beneficial microorganisms is increased.
4) The synergistic effect of tobacco continuous cropping soil microorganisms and a microenvironment is enhanced, and the continuous cropping obstacle of purple soil tobacco is eliminated. The method is comprehensively implemented by physical, chemical and microbial means, so that the physical properties, fertility conditions and microbial community structures of the soil of the purple soil continuous cropping tobacco field are optimized; the method provides suitable conditions for colonization of beneficial microorganisms in soil, improves the quantity level of the beneficial microorganisms, optimizes and stabilizes the microbial community structure of the soil, strengthens the synergistic effect of the soil microorganisms and a microenvironment, forms positive feedback between the flue-cured tobacco, the soil and the microorganisms, forms a high-standard tobacco field suitable for healthy growth of tobacco, and provides a green method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a method provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the tobacco black shank morbidity rate under different microbial inoculum treatment.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by microorganisms and microenvironment comprises the following steps:
s1: after the tobacco field is harvested, cleaning tobacco stalks and tobacco roots in the field, carrying out soil and parent rock integrated cultivation on a cultivation area with a thin tobacco field ascending soil layer by using a vertical ultra-deep rotary cultivator along a contour line, breaking a plough bottom layer, increasing the depth of a soil body, forming alternative distribution of the cultivation area and a no-tillage area at the same time, and improving a deep soil microenvironment;
s2: after soil and mother rock are integrally cultivated, mechanically crushing corn straws, decomposing a maturing agent, deeply burying the corn straws and returning the corn straws to the field, and burying the processed corn straws at the bottom of a cultivation area; compared with the mode of returning the straws to the field directly, the straw returning mode can accelerate the decomposition efficiency of the straws and improve the release amount of organic matters and available nutrients after the straws are decomposed, and the straws can further enhance the water storage and retention capacity of the mother rock debris dark tank, so that the aims of activating deep soil nutrients, strengthening the water storage and retention capacity and improving the microenvironment of the deep soil are fulfilled;
s3: after the straw is returned to the field, a rotary cultivator is used for soil preparation, then rape is planted, 80% of the rape is harvested at the beginning of 4 months and used as silage, and 20% of the rape is left for green manure; the tobacco-rape crop rotation can improve the surface soil microenvironment and enrich the soil microbial community structure, strengthen the interaction of surface soil microbes and the microenvironment, in addition, the green manure for planting can utilize idle cultivated land resources to increase the income of farmers, and the green manure can fertilize the surface soil of the tobacco field after being turned over and pressed;
s4:4, ridging and raising the tobacco field in the middle ten days of the month, then performing balanced fertilization, and performing pit fertilization on the tobacco ridges at fixed points by using a double-layer annular fertilization method; the application amount of the fertilizer can be reduced, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved to a certain extent, the microbial population and structure of the soil can be optimized, and the biomass of beneficial bacteria in the soil can be increased;
s5: after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, applying the microbial inoculum for 3 times by adopting a root irrigation method, respectively applying the microbial inoculum on the transplanting day, the 10 th day and the 20 th day, preventing and treating the tobacco black shank soil-borne disease by applying the microbial inoculum, treating the bacteria by bacteria, reducing the using amount of pesticides, supplementing the quantity of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and performing topdressing while applying the microbial inoculum for the 2 nd time and the 3 rd time; realize the cooperative regulation and control of the water-fertilizer-antagonistic bacteria in the seedling stage and promote the healthy growth of tobacco seedlings in the root extending stage.
Preferably, the tillage depth of the soil and mother rock integrated tillage in the S1 is set to be 50cm, and the widths of the tillage area and the no-tillage area are respectively 20cm and 40cm, which are alternately distributed; the soil profile structure of the cultivation area is loose soil and parent rock chippings, and the soil profile structure of the no-tillage area is hard soil and parent rock blocking peduncles; the method has the advantages that the mother rock is broken by integrally cultivating the soil and the mother rock, the soil forming process of the mother rock fragments is accelerated, the effective soil layer thickness is increased, the problem that the purple soil is shallow is solved, meanwhile, the artificial acceleration of the mother rock soil forming can release the quick-acting nutrients rich in the purple soil mother rock, and the deep soil is fertile; mother rocks in a cultivation area are crushed to increase a water containing matrix, a water containing space is enlarged, the water receiving and stagnation receiving effect is improved, a water retaining and blocking barrier is formed in a no-tillage area, interflow is reduced, and the purple soil water retaining and drought resisting capability is improved due to the alternate distribution of the cultivation area and the no-tillage area; proper soil moisture can reduce the secretion of phenolic acid substances of root systems, avoid the unbalance of rhizosphere microecology and simultaneously prevent the inter-plant propagation of tobacco diseases (such as black shank and the like) taking water as a propagation medium; compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the soil and mother rock integrated cultivation can improve the microenvironment of deep soil and provide good conditions for colonization of beneficial microorganisms at the tobacco rhizosphere;
preferably, the straw returning in S2 adopts corn straws, the crushing length is 1.5cm, and the corn straw returning amount is 3750kg/hm 2 The decomposing inoculant and the sawdust are mixed according to the proportion of 1:5, uniformly stirring the mixture and applying the mixture to the bottom of a farming area, wherein the selected decomposing agent is a microbial preparation containing efficient strains such as cellulose decomposing bacteria, probiotics, bacillus, trichoderma viride, saccharomycetes and the like, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 8.0 hundred million/g, and the using amount of the decomposing agent is 30kg/hm 2 (ii) a The crushed length of the corn straws is 1.5cm, so that the specific surface area of the corn straws and a decomposing agent is increased, the decomposing speed of the straws is accelerated, and the deep burying of the straws strengthens the water retention and storage capacity of the mother rock fragments on one hand, and provides a better straw decomposing environment and improves the release amount of organic matters and available nutrients after the straws are decomposed on the other hand; returning the straws to the field can increase the porosity of the soil, reduce the compactness of the soil, reduce the volume weight of the soil, improve the aeration condition and the moisture condition of the soil, improve the water locking and soil fixing effects of the soil, further strengthen and activate the nutrients of the deep soil on the basis of the step A, strengthen the water storage and retention capacity and improve the microenvironment of the deep soil;
preferably, the sowing density of the Chinese cabbage in the S3 is 3000g/ha 2 The row spacing is 20-25cm, the fertilizer is applied according to the local conventional requirements in combination with the land preparation, the field standard management is carried out according to the crop growth and development requirements, and the green manure turnover depth is 15cm; the green manure is turned and pressed to improve organic matters and available nutrients of surface soil, increase the total amount of 3 groups of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil, improve the condition of soil sticking, heavy plate and caking, kill soil-borne pathogenic bacteria and pests in soil under the biological fumigation action of rape stubble, provide a good soil environment for the growth of young roots of tobacco seedlings in the root extending period, improve the microenvironment of the surface soil and enrich the quantity of microorganisms, and regulate and control the interaction relationship between the microenvironment of the soil and the microorganisms;
preferably, ridging and ridging in S4 includes ridging along the direction of the same slope, the height difference between ridge tops and furrows is more than 30cm, the distance between the ridge tops of two adjacent ridges is 1.2 meters, pit digging is performed at fixed points, large pits are deeply planted, the pit distance is 50-55 cm, the pit depth is 25cm, the caliber is 30cm, base fertilizer is applied to pits after ridging, and the fertilizer application amount is N: p: k =5:5:10 kg of special tobacco fertilizer, 20kg of oil cake and 12 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer0kg of regulator and insect-proof drug, 15kg of potassium sulfate and 10kg of potassium nitrate; the planned fertilizing amount is 600kg/hm applied to the bottom layer of the pit 2 60% -70% of tobacco special fertilizer, organic fertilizer, regulator and insect-proof drug, wherein the base fertilizer is uniformly mixed with the soil in the pit, a layer of isolation soil is covered on the base fertilizer, all potassium sulfate, half potassium nitrate and the rest tobacco special fertilizer are annularly applied on the isolation soil, the pit is covered with soil, and then the ridge is covered with a film; during pit digging, each pit point is positioned in a farming area to form a cross section structure of pit point-soil loosening-mother rock debris; the roots of adjacent flue-cured tobaccos are separated by using a no-tillage area, so that the propagation path of soil-borne diseases along a down slope is reduced, the propagation path of the soil-borne diseases along a transverse slope is reduced due to the separation of furrows, and a healthy soil environment is established for the growth of the flue-cured tobaccos; through balanced fertilization, the contents of various nutrient elements and soil organic matters in the soil can be improved, the physicochemical property of the soil can be improved to a certain extent, the microbial population and the structure of the soil can be optimized, the biomass of beneficial bacteria in the soil can be increased, the microenvironment of the soil and the interaction of microorganisms can be enhanced, and the continuous cropping obstacle of the soil can be relieved;
preferably, the root irrigation amount of the microbial agent in S5 is 200ml per strain, the selected effective strains of the microbial agent are trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 20 hundred million/g, the dosage per mu is 1-2 kg, and the ratio of the microbial agent to water is 1:200, uniformly mixing and then applying; evenly performing topdressing on the rest potassium nitrate twice in a water-soluble irrigation mode, and performing topdressing and the two transplanted microbial agents together; the main antagonistic bacteria of the selected microbial inoculum is trichoderma harzianum which can prevent and treat soil-borne diseases such as damping off, fusarium wilt, damping-off, phytophthora root-knot nematode and the like; the biological control effect of trichoderma harzianum on plant diseases is mainly embodied in the following aspects: (1) competitive action: the trichoderma harzianum grows rapidly around plant roots and leaves, field planting sites on the surface of the plant are occupied, a protective layer is formed on the surface of the plant, pathogenic microorganisms are prevented from contacting the root system and the surfaces of the leaves of the plant, and therefore the plant and the roots are protected from being infected by pathogenic bacteria; (2) parasitic action: the trichoderma harzianum secretes certain metabolites to enable the trichoderma harzianum to grow towards a host, once the host is identified by the trichoderma harzianum, a parasitic relationship is established, the trichoderma harzianum can grow and propagate by taking the host as a nutrition, and therefore germs are disintegrated and die; (3) antibiotic effect: trichoderma harzianum may also secrete some antibiotics during growth to prevent colonization by pathogenic bacteria, these substances include: trichodermin, gliomycin, and chloroxylin; the substances can directly inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria; (4) inducing plant resistance: the colonization of trichoderma harzianum at the plant rhizosphere and the activation of an epidemic prevention system in a plant body can be induced by various plant elicitor analogues secreted in the growth process of trichoderma harzianum, so that the plant is protected from being infected by a large number of pathogenic microorganisms; (5) growth promoting effect: this is mainly due to the role of some secondary metabolites produced by trichoderma harzianum, which are mainly: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and the like can promote the growth and development of crops; compared with other pathogenic bacteria, the trichoderma harzianum has strong adaptability to the environment and high growth speed, and competes with the pathogenic bacteria in nutrition or space; finally, the purposes of increasing the number of beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere soil, optimizing the soil microorganism community structure, making the soil microenvironment succeed to the healthy level and relieving continuous cropping obstacles of calcareous purple soil tobacco are achieved.
Example 2
Based on example 1
The results of comparing the corn stover decomposition and carbon release rates in the different return modes are shown in Table 1
TABLE 1 corn stover decomposition and carbon Release rates under different Return modes
Note: no tillage and straw mulching in the field (NT); no-tillage and straw mulching in the field + decomposing inoculant (NT + S); deep scarification and deep rotary tillage returning (PT); deep scarification, deep rotary tillage returning and decomposition agent (PT + S)
As can be seen from Table 1, the decomposition rate and carbon release rate of PT are higher than NT, and the decomposition rate and carbon release rate of PT are improved to a certain extent by adding the decomposition agent.
Researches show that compared with direct returning of the straws to the field, returning of the finely-crushed straws to the field (deep ploughing) can increase the mass accumulation of the maximum seedling dry matter of the crops by 1.8-4.2 g/plant. After the straw passes through the deep ploughing, the deep scarification and the returning and the decomposition agent, the decomposition ratio of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is respectively 35.29 percent, 83.13 percent and 84.39 percent after the test period of one year; compared with the soil before the test, the contents of the SOC, the MBC and the DOC of the soil are also higher than those of the no-tillage direct mulching returning field and the decomposing agent, and are increased by 2.12g/kg, 13.09mg/kg and 25.10mg/kg.
The influence of different rape green manure turning and pressing returning amount treatment on the yield value of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is compared, and the result is shown in table 2;
TABLE 2 influence of different rape green manure turnover and field returning amount treatment on the yield value of the roasted tobacco leaves
Note: the rape is all turned over and pressed and returned to the field (T1); the rape stubble is turned, pressed and returned to the field (T2); winter idle (CK)
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the other two treatments, the yield, average price and first-class tobacco ratio of the T2 pair of flue-cured tobaccos are improved to the maximum, the yield is higher than CK, and the yield improvement of the T2 pair of flue-cured tobaccos is the maximum in a comprehensive view.
According to research, compared with the soil without green manure rolling, the green manure rolling is carried out after rape stubble is crushed, the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 0.064g/cm < 3 > during harvesting, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the organic matters respectively reach 112.2mg/kg, 32.1mg/kg, 127.2mg/kg and 20.8g/kg, and the microbial communities of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are respectively 2.4 × 106CFU/g, 1.4 × 104CFU/g and 1.1 × 103 CFU/g.
Three treatments are arranged in the control effect experiment of the field bactericide in the Guangyuan tobacco field: CK (72% methylosine-manganese-zinc wettable powder), T1 (bacillus subtilis, the number of effective live bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/gram) and T2 (trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis, the number of effective live bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/gram), wherein 39 tobacco seedlings are planted in each treatment, the agronomic characters are investigated in the vigorous growth period and the mature period, and the morbidity is investigated in the black shank disease development period.
As can be seen from tables 3 and 4, the agronomic characters of the tobacco are improved to the greatest extent by T2 compared with other two treatments, and as can be seen from fig. 2, the incidence rates of black shank of T1 (bacillus subtilis, the number of effective live bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g) and T2 (trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis, the number of effective live bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g) are lower than that of CK (72% methylbloom-manganese-zinc wettable powder), so that the T2 can better promote the growth and development of the tobacco and prevent and control the black shank comprehensively; according to effective strains of T1 and T2, the compound microbial inoculum of trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis has better effect than that of the bacillus subtilis when applied alone, and indirectly proves that the trichoderma harzianum has an important effect on breaking continuous cropping obstacles of purple tobacco fields.
TABLE 3 influence of different fungicide treatments on agronomic traits of flourishing tobacco
TABLE 4 influence of different fungicide treatments on the agronomic traits of tobacco in the mature period
Claims (6)
1. A method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by microorganisms and microenvironment is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
s1: cleaning tobacco stalks and tobacco roots in the field after the tobacco fields are harvested, carrying out soil and mother rock integrated cultivation on cultivation areas with thin tobacco field ascending soil layers along the contour lines by using a vertical ultra-deep rotary cultivator, breaking the plough bottom layer and increasing the depth of soil body, forming alternate distribution of the cultivation areas and no-tillage areas at the same time, and improving the deep soil microenvironment;
s2: after soil and mother rock are integrally cultivated, mechanically crushing corn straws, decomposing a maturing agent, deeply burying the corn straws and returning the corn straws to the field, and burying the processed corn straws at the bottom of a cultivation area;
s3: after the straw is returned to the field, a rotary cultivator is used for soil preparation, then rape is planted, 80% of the rape is harvested at the beginning of 4 months and used as silage, and 20% of the rape is left for green manure;
s4:4, ridging and raising the tobacco field in the middle ten days of the month, then performing balanced fertilization, and performing pit fertilization on the tobacco ridges at fixed points by using a double-layer annular fertilization method;
s5: and (3) applying the microbial agent for 3 times by adopting a root irrigation method after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, respectively applying the microbial agent on the transplanting day, the 10 th day and the 20 th day, preventing and controlling the tobacco black shank soil-borne diseases by applying the microbial agent, and performing topdressing while applying the microbial agent for the 2 nd time and the 3 rd time.
2. The method for synergistically eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by using microorganisms and microenvironment according to claim 1, wherein the tillage depth of soil and mother rock integrated tillage in S1 is set to be 50cm, and the widths of tillage areas and no-tillage areas are respectively 20cm and 40cm, which are alternately distributed.
3. The method for synergistically eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by using microorganisms and microenvironment according to claim 1, wherein corn straws are adopted for straw returning in S2, the smashing length is 1.5cm, and the corn straw returning amount is 3750kg/hm 2 The decomposing inoculant and the sawdust are mixed according to the proportion of 1:5, uniformly stirring the mixture and applying the mixture to the bottom of a farming area, wherein the selected decomposing agent is a microbial preparation containing efficient strains such as cellulose decomposing bacteria, probiotics, bacillus, trichoderma viride, saccharomycetes and the like, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 8.0 hundred million/g, and the using amount of the decomposing agent is 30kg/hm 2 。
4. The method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by using microorganisms and microenvironment according to claim 1, wherein sowing density of the rape seed in S3 is 3000g/ha 2 The row spacing is 20-25cm, the fertilization is combined with the soil preparation according to the local conventional requirements, the field standard management is carried out according to the growth and development requirements of crops, and the green manure rolling depth is 15cm.
5. According to claimThe method for synergistically reducing purple soil tobacco continuous cropping obstacles by microorganisms and microenvironment is characterized in that ridging and ridging in S4 are performed along the direction of the same slope, the height difference between the ridge top and a furrow is more than 30cm, the space between the ridge tops of two adjacent ridges is 1.2 meters, the fixed-point pit digging is performed, the large pit deep planting is performed, the pit distance is 50-55 cm, the pit depth is 25cm, the caliber is 30cm, the pit fertilization base fertilizer is performed after ridging, and the fertilizing amount is N applied to each mu of tobacco lands: p: k =5:5: 40kg of tobacco special fertilizer, 20kg of oil cake, 120kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 15kg of potassium sulfate and 10kg of potassium nitrate as regulators and insect-preventing medicaments; the planned fertilizing amount is 600kg/hm applied to the bottom layer of the pit 2 60% -70% of tobacco special fertilizer, organic fertilizer, regulator and insect-proof drug, wherein the base fertilizer is uniformly mixed with soil in the pit, a layer of isolation soil is covered on the base fertilizer, all potassium sulfate, half potassium nitrate and the rest tobacco special fertilizer are annularly applied on the isolation soil, then pit points are covered with soil, and then mulching is carried out on ridges; during the hole digging, each pit point is positioned in a farming area to form a cross section structure of pit point-soil loosening-mother rock chipping.
6. The method for synergistically reducing continuous cropping obstacles of purple soil tobacco by using microorganisms and microenvironment according to claim 1, wherein the root irrigation amount of the microbial inoculum in S5 is 200ml per plant, the selected effective strains of the microbial inoculum are trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 20 hundred million/g, the dosage per mu is 1-2 kg, and the ratio of the microbial inoculum to water is 1:200, uniformly mixing and then applying; and (4) evenly performing topdressing on the potassium nitrate twice in a water-soluble irrigation mode, and performing topdressing and the two times of transplanted microbial agents together.
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