CN114097547A - Method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology - Google Patents

Method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology Download PDF

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CN114097547A
CN114097547A CN202111337194.0A CN202111337194A CN114097547A CN 114097547 A CN114097547 A CN 114097547A CN 202111337194 A CN202111337194 A CN 202111337194A CN 114097547 A CN114097547 A CN 114097547A
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wheat
corn
planting
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straw
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郭松
周子军
喻华
何明江
秦鱼生
上官宇先
陈琨
曾祥忠
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Institute Of Agricultural Resources And Environment Sichuan Academy Of Agricultural Sciences
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Institute Of Agricultural Resources And Environment Sichuan Academy Of Agricultural Sciences
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, which comprises the following steps: the first station is used for clean production of winter wheat and summer corn, straws are smashed and subjected to rotary tillage in situ to return to the field during harvesting, and decomposed bio-organic fertilizer is applied; in the second station, interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, crushing straws, and rotary tillage and returning to the field; carrying out idle winter planting of green manure in wheat seasons, and turning over and returning to the field 20-35 days before corn sowing; and in the third station, interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, leaving 5-15 cm piles for wheat and corn, covering the whole harvested straws to return to the field, spreading the fungus residues and the animal manure on the surfaces of the straws to promote the straw decomposition, and crushing and turning the straws into soil 20-35 days before sowing in the next year. The invention divides the slope farmland into three stations according to the characteristics of the hilly area from the gully paddy field to the top land of the slope, and the invention aims at the characteristics of the slope farmland of each stationMaking straw returning measures, planting measures and fertilizing measures in a sexual field. By the method of the invention, N is used in the year2The O emission is reduced by more than 14.70 percent, and the N is reduced2The O emission intensity is more than 24.74 percent.

Description

Method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop planting, and relates to a method for planting wheat and corn.
Background
Hills are one of the local forms of the five continental foundations of the world. In China, there are mainly southeast hills, south-of-the-Yangtze hills, Jianghuai hills, Zhejiang hills, Shuangguang hills, Shandong hills, Liaodong hills, Chuanzhong hills and loess hills, and the total area is about 100 kilo square kilometers. Only for the hilly areas in the middle and the Sichuan province, the corn and wheat production area is important in China, and wheat/corn crop rotation is the main planting system in the area. The perennial planting area of the corn is 2000 ten thousand mu, which accounts for about one third of the southwest area, the total yield is 793 ten thousand tons, and the perennial planting area of the wheat is 1600 ten thousand mu, and the total yield is 413 ten thousand tons. The land area of the Sichuan province is large, the specific gravity of the land area of hills and mountainous areas is large and accounts for about 97.46 percent of the land area of the Sichuan province, and the corn and the wheat are mainly planted on slopes (platforms) of the hills and mountainous areas, the dry slopes have barren cultivated land soil and complex terrain, the farmer is unreasonable in fertilization, and the planting management technology level is low.
The increase of crop yield depends on the genetic potential of the variety, good cultivation technique, comprehensive fertility condition of soil and other factors. After professional analysis, the contents of quick-acting nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the soil are gradually reduced from the top of a slope to a gully rice field in the hilly area from the top of the slope to the bottom of the slope, and the contents of iron and manganese are opposite. The soil fertility and productivity of slope farmland gradually increase from the top of the slope to the bottom of the slope, and the optimal fertilizing amount decreases with the decrease of the platform for the same target yield. The reason that the utilization rate of straw resources is low in hilly areas is that the hilly areasThe area returning technology is imperfect, which results in a great deal of straw waste, meanwhile, the terrain of hilly areas is complex, the degree of agricultural mechanization is very low, the extensive returning of the straws can increase the difficulty of cultivation, and therefore the discarding proportion is high. According to calculation, the gas emission intensity of the dry land greenhouse in the Szechuan basin is 732kg of CO2 eq Mg-1grain is 2 times of that in northeast corn area and 1.5 times of that in North China corn area. As a major source of emissions in dry farmlands, N2O emission reduction is an important component for global control and greenhouse effect alleviation, and nitrogen fertilizer application is N2The major contributors to O emissions.
Therefore, the farmland production technology is closely related to the safety and stability of grains and the emission reduction of greenhouse gases. If the soil can be fertilized by straw returning technology, the soil fertility is improved, the use of chemical fertilizer is reduced, and the method has great significance for realizing grain safety, carbon neutralization and agricultural sustainable development in China.
The existing straw returning technology mainly aims at straw returning and soil fertility improvement of a mechanized operation corn-wheat rotation system in a plain area, and does not consider the combination of straw returning in slope farmland and wheat-corn planting technology, including variety selection, farming mode, fertilizing method, mechanization level, relay cropping clean cropping system and the like under different slopes; the decomposition characteristics of the corn-wheat straw under the change of the gradient are not researched; the technology is not combined with the technology for preventing and controlling the diseases, pests and weeds; is free from greenhouse gas N2And (4) combining emission reduction technologies.
Due to the reasons of high multiple cropping index, poor soil quality, much nutrient loss, unreasonable fertilization and the like, the problems of low fertilizer utilization rate, poor production benefit, farmland non-point source pollution and the like in hilly areas are caused. The production management mode is also relatively extensive due to limitations of farming conditions.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for improving the soil quality of dry slope farmland, reducing the nitrogen fertilizer dosage and reducing N2And (4) discharging O, and improving the crop yield.
The inventor continuously reforms and innovates through long-term exploration and trial, and multiple experiments and endeavors, and in order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is to provide a method for planting wheat and corn by using a straw returning technology, which comprises the steps of returning straws to fields, and distinguishing planting according to the gradient of a planting field:
a first station: the gradient interval is [ 0-6 DEG ],
the method comprises the following steps of (1) performing clean crop of winter wheat and summer corn, crushing straws in situ, performing rotary tillage and returning to the field during harvesting, and applying decomposed bio-organic fertilizer;
a second station: the gradient interval is (6-15 degrees),
interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, crushing stalks, rotary tillage and returning to the field; carrying out idle winter planting of green manure in wheat seasons, and turning over and returning to the field 20-35 days before corn sowing;
a third station: the gradient interval is [ 15-25 degrees ],
and (3) interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, keeping 5-15 cm of piles for the wheat and the corn, covering the whole straw to return to the field after harvesting, spreading bacterial residues and animal manure on the surfaces of the straw to promote the straw to become thoroughly decomposed, and crushing and turning the straw into soil 20-35 days before sowing in the next year.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by using the straw returning technology, the corn variety selected to be planted on the first platform is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, Xiuyu 901, Xindan 901 and Chuandan 15; selecting one or more of Mianmai 367, Sichuan wheat 104, Sichuan wheat 969 and Sichuan wheat 42 as the planted wheat variety;
on the second station, the selected corn variety to be planted is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, zhongdan 901 and Chuandan 15; selecting one or more of Sichuan wheat 104 and Sichuan wheat 969 as the planted wheat variety;
on the third station, the selected corn variety to be planted is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, zhongdan 901 and Chuandan 15; the wheat variety selected for planting is Sichuan wheat 104.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting the wheat and the corn by using the straw returning technology, on the first platform, the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 60cm, the planting density is 63000-;
on the second platform, the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, the planting density is 50000-63000 plants/hectare;
on the third station, the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 115-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, and the planting density is 45000-.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, the corn season N, P is planted on the first station2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 12.9kg, 5.25kg and 5.25kg, the wheat season is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is 7.2kg, 4.00kg and 3.20kg respectively;
on the second station, the corn season is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 14.62kg, 5.95kg and 5.95kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of each acre is 8.1kg, 4.5kg and 3.6 kg;
on the third station, corn season N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 13.76kg, 5.6kg and 5.6kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of O mu is respectively 7.65kg, 4.25kg and 3.4 kg.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, the animal manure is pig manure, and the mushroom dregs are mushroom dregs.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, the ratio of the using amount of the bacterial residues to the using amount of the animal manure is 1: (0.5-2), 300kg per mu.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting the wheat and the corn by using the straw returning technology, the content of the decomposed biological organic fertilizer NPK is more than or equal to 6%, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 40%, and the content of effective active bacteria is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, the decomposed bio-organic fertilizer raw materials comprise tobacco stems, bran, mushroom dregs and cow dung.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology, the wheat and the corn are planted at equal heights.
According to one embodiment of the method for planting the wheat and the corn by using the straw returning technology, the winter wheat and the spring corn are intercropped in a wide-narrow row mode of 130cm multiplied by 70cm, the winter wheat is planted in the wide row, and the spring corn is planted in the narrow row.
Compared with the prior art, one of the technical solutions has the following advantages:
a) in one embodiment of the method for planting wheat and corn by using the straw returning technology, the slope farmland is divided into three stations according to the characteristics of the hilly area from the gully paddy field to the top land of the slope, and straw returning measures, planting measures and fertilizing measures are made according to the characteristics of each station slope farmland.
b) The test data prove that: by adopting the method, the wheat yield of the first station test group is increased by 14.93 percent, and the corn yield is increased by 10.3 percent; the wheat yield of the second station test group is increased by 8.96%, and the corn yield is increased by 15.9%; the wheat yield of the third bench test group increased 8.74% and the corn yield increased 10.1%. Therefore, the yield can be increased under the condition of reducing fertilizer application by matching straw returning technology with different gradients with high-yield varieties and fertilization measures. According to the method, the fertilizing amount of the corn quaternary fertilizer on the first station is 80% of the traditional fertilizing amount, and the fertilizing amount of the wheat quaternary fertilizer is 75% of the traditional fertilizing amount; the fertilizing amount of the corn quaternary fertilizer on the second station is 85% of the traditional fertilizing amount, and the fertilizing amount of the wheat quaternary fertilizer is 90% of the traditional fertilizing amount; the fertilizer application amount of the corn season fertilizer on the third station is 80 percent of the traditional fertilizer application amount, and the fertilizer application amount of the wheat season fertilizer is 85 percent of the traditional fertilizer application amount.
c) The test data prove that: by the method of the invention, N is used in the year2The O emission is reduced by more than 14.70 percent, and the N is reduced2The O emission intensity is more than 24.74 percent.
d) The straw returning is easy to increase the occurrence of soil diseases and insect pests, and the investigation finds that the technology has obvious effect on preventing and controlling the diseases, the pests and the weeds in the corn season. One is that the selected variety is a high-yield multi-resistant variety, and the resistance to diseases and insect pests is higher than that of a control group. Secondly, the variety and the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil can be increased by applying the biological organic fertilizer to the first station, so that the breeding opportunities of other pathogenic microorganisms are limited; meanwhile, some microorganisms have antagonistic action on pathogenic bacteria, or secrete antibiotics to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria, so that the crop disease is relieved. The biocontrol microbial inoculum can relieve or avoid the harm of corn stalk rot, ear rot, root rot, sheath blight, corn bacterial brown rot and corn borer to a certain extent. And thirdly, the second station is interplanted with the green manure in winter, and a large amount of secondary metabolites, enzymes, volatile compounds and the like can be generated in the decomposition process after the green manure is planted and rolled. On one hand, the substances have the functions of directly promoting the growth of crops and improving the disease resistance of the crops; and the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the microbial population structure of the soil can be changed, and the occurrence of diseases can be indirectly inhibited. And fourthly, the third station can improve the soil microbial community and the soil environment through returning the mushroom dregs to the field, so that the soil fertility can be maintained, the effect of improving the soil can be achieved, and the antibacterial substances in the third station can help plants to resist diseases. The effect of the bio-organic fertilizer can be achieved by the fungus residue and the straw which are decomposed with the pig manure. The effects of inhibiting weeds can be achieved by straw covering, straw plowing, green manure planting and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the identification of wheat varieties at different stands in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the identification of maize varieties at different stands in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the decomposition rates of straws in different straw returning manners in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and a specific embodiment.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention.
The method for planting wheat and corn by using the straw returning technology described in the embodiment distinguishes planting according to the gradient of a planting field. Due to the fact that the thickness, nutrient conditions and mechanization levels of soil plough layers with different gradients are greatly different. Therefore, the most suitable planting mode and straw returning mode are designed at different stations (slopes).
A first station: the slope interval [ 0-6 degrees ], in this embodiment, the first station is also called the lower station and is located at the lower part of the slope.
The slope is suitable for whole-process mechanized operation, equal-height planting, clean winter wheat and summer corn, harvesting by a mechanical seeder, crushing straws during harvesting, carrying out rotary tillage on the spot and returning the straws to the field, distributing decomposed biological organic fertilizer according to the standard of 300 plus materials of 500 kilograms per mu, and carrying out primary basal application before all seeding. The NPK content of the decomposed biological organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 6 percent, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 40 percent, and the effective active bacteria is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g. The decomposed bio-organic fertilizer comprises tobacco stems, bran, mushroom dregs and cow dung as raw materials. The biological organic fertilizer is a fertilizer which is compounded by microorganisms with specific functions and organic materials mainly prepared from animal and plant residues such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straws and the like through harmless treatment and decomposition. During production, farmers can prepare the biological organic fertilizer by themselves and can purchase organic fertilizer commodities according to the technical requirements of the invention.
Different varieties have different yields and nutrient absorption efficiencies under different slopes, so that suitable varieties are selected according to different slopes (stations). The inventors screened wheat varieties, i.e., cotton wheat 367 (variety 1), Sichuan wheat 104 (variety 2), Sichuan wheat 969 (variety 3), and Sichuan wheat 42 (variety 4), and the results of the study are shown in FIG. 1. The inventors screened corn varieties, namely NE34 (variety 1), chengdan 716 (variety 2), xiyu 901 (variety 3), zhongdan 901 (variety 4), chuan dan 15 (variety 5) and chengdan 30 (variety 6), and the results of the study are shown in fig. 2. Experiments prove that the wheat or the corn of different varieties are planted on the same station, the yield is different, and the wheat or the corn of the same variety is planted on different stations, and the yield is also different. It should be noted that these varieties are varieties of materials obtained by screening by the inventors.
On the first station, wheat and corn are planted at equal height. Selecting one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, Xiuyu 901, Xindan 901 and Chuandan 15 as planted corn varieties; the selected wheat variety is one or more of Mianmai 367, Mianmai 104, Mianmai 969 and Mianmai 42. The wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 60cm, and the planting density is 63000-. Corn season N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 12.9kg, 5.25kg and 5.25kg, the wheat season is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of O mu is respectively 7.2kg, 4.00kg and 3.20 kg.
A second station: the slope interval is (6-15), and in this embodiment, the second station is also called a middle station and is located in the middle of the slope.
The slope is suitable for small-sized mechanical operation, can be harvested by a mechanical seeder, adopts equal-height planting, interplanting of winter wheat and spring corn, adopts wide and narrow rows of 130cm multiplied by 70cm, planting of winter wheat in the wide rows and planting of spring corn in the narrow rows. Crushing straws, rotary tillage and returning to the field; and (3) carrying out idle winter planting of green manure in wheat seasons, and turning over and returning to the field 20-35 days before corn sowing.
On the second station, wheat and corn are planted at equal height. Selecting one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, Chuandan 901 and Chuandan 15 as planted corn varieties; the wheat variety selected for planting is one or more of Sichuan wheat 104 and Sichuan wheat 969. The wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, and the planting density is 50000-63000 plants/ha. Corn season N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 14.62kg, 5.95kg and 5.95kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of O mu is respectively 8.1kg, 4.5kg and 3.6 kg.
A third station: the gradient interval is [15 ° -25 °), and in this embodiment, the third station is also called an upper station and is located at the top of the slope.
At the third station, the grade is not suitable for mechanical operation, thus reducing the operation flow. The winter wheat and the spring corn are intercropped, the wide and narrow rows are 130cm multiplied by 70cm, the winter wheat is planted in the wide rows, the spring corn is planted in the narrow rows, and the wheat and the corn are planted at equal height. Selecting one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, Chuandan 901 and Chuandan 15 as planted corn varieties; the wheat variety selected for planting is Sichuan wheat 104. The wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, the planting density is 115-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, and the planting density is 45000-. Corn season N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 13.76kg, 5.6kg and 5.6kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of O mu is respectively 7.65kg, 4.25kg and 3.4 kg.
Wheat and corn are left 5-15 cm long, the left piles can position the straws to prevent the straws from rolling down, the whole harvested straws are covered and returned to the field, the fungus residues and animal manure are scattered on the surfaces of the straws to promote the straws to be thoroughly decomposed, and the straws are crushed and turned into the soil 20-35 days before sowing in the next year. The animal manure is pig manure, and the mushroom dregs are mushroom dregs. The using amount ratio of the bacterial residues to the animal manure is 1: (0.5-2), the recommended ratio is 1:1, and the dosage is 200-300kg per mu.
The inventor researches the straw degradation speed in different straw returning treatment measures, and referring to fig. 3, the research result shows that straw crushing and rotary tillage returning are the mode with the highest straw degradation speed. And the decomposition effect is better after the straw whole plant is covered and the rotary tillage is carried out for 5 months. Therefore, according to the mechanized levels and planting methods with different gradients, the first station and the second station select the straw crushing and returning and rotary tillage modes, and the third station selects the straw whole plant covering and rotary tillage returning mode.
In order to further explain the technical effects of the present invention, the following description will be made by specific tests.
(1) Increasing wheat and corn yield
The first station is crop rotation clean sowing of winter wheat/summer corn, wheat is planted at 11-month and 5-day of 2020, wheat is harvested at 5-month and 13-day of 2021, and planting density is 15 ten thousand plants/mu. The corn is planted at 28 days 5 and 9 days 29 in 2021, and the planting density is 4200 plants/mu. The wheat variety of the control group is Sichuan wheat 42, and the corn variety is Chengdan 30. The wheat variety of the test group is Sichuan wheat 104, and the corn variety is NE 34. Corn season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 17.2kg, 7kg and 8 kg/mu, and the test group is N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is 75 percent of that of the control group. Wheat season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 9kg, 5kg and 4 kg/mu, and the test group is N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is 80 percent of that of the control group.
The second station planting type is the rotation interplanting of winter wheat/spring corn, and the field configuration of 1m/1m is adopted. Wheat is planted at 11/5/2020 and harvested at 2021/5/13, and the planting density is 12 ten thousand plants/mu. The corn is planted at 15 days 4 and 8 days 29 in 2021, and the planting density is 4000 plants/mu. The variety of the wheat in the group is Sichuan wheat 42, and the variety of the corn is Chengdan 30. The wheat variety of the test group is Sichuan wheat 104, and the corn variety is NE 34. Corn season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 17.2kg, 7kg and 7 kg/mu, and the test group is N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is 85 percent of that of the control group. Wheat season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 9kg, 5kg and 4 kg/mu, and the test group is N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is 90 percent of that of the control group.
The third station crop planting type is winter wheat/spring corn rotation interplanting, and 1m/1m field configuration is adopted. Wheat is planted at 11/5/2020 and harvested at 2021/5/13, and the planting density is 9 ten thousand plants/mu. The corn is planted at 15 days 4 and 8 days 29 in 2021, and the planting density is 3300 plants/mu. The variety of the wheat in the group is Sichuan wheat 42, and the variety of the corn is Chengdan 30. The wheat variety of the test group is Sichuan wheat 104, and the corn variety isChuandan 15. Corn season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 17.2kg, 7kg and 7 kg/mu, and the test group is N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is 80 percent of that of the control group. Wheat season control group N, P2O5、K2The dosage of O is respectively 9kg, 5kg and 4 kg/mu, and the dosages of the test group N, P2O5 and K2O are 85 percent of that of the control group.
Figure BDA0003350999470000061
Figure BDA0003350999470000071
The wheat yield of the first bench test group increased 14.93%, and the corn yield increased 10.3%. The wheat yield of the second bench test group increased 8.96%, and the corn yield increased 15.9%. The wheat yield of the third bench test group increased 8.74% and the corn yield increased 10.1%. Therefore, the yield can be increased under the condition of reducing fertilizer application by matching straw returning technology with different gradients with high-yield varieties and fertilization measures.
(2) Reduction of nitrogen fertilizer input and N2O-discharge
Figure BDA0003350999470000072
N2O(kg N hm-2) Direct discharge calculation formula:
spring corn is 0.576X EXP (0.0049X nitrogen fertilizer input)
Summer maize is 0.593 XEXP (0.0045 Xnitrogen fertilizer input)
Wheat (0.0054X nitrogen fertilizer input)
N2Intensity of O emission (kg CO)2 eq Mg-1grain)＝N2O direct discharge/yield x 298
Wheat-corn crop rotation anniversary N2Direct discharge of O-wheat (N)2Direct discharge of O + jadeRice N2Direct discharge of O
Wheat-corn crop rotation anniversary N2Annual N-crop rotation of wheat and corn2O direct discharge/(wheat yield + corn yield) × 298.
The inventor proves that the method can reduce the annual N of wheat-corn rotation2O discharge amount is more than 14.70%, and N is reduced2The O emission intensity is more than 24.74 percent.
(3) Reduce the incidence rate of diseases, pests and weeds
The straw returning is easy to increase the occurrence of soil diseases and insect pests, and the investigation finds that the technology has obvious effect on preventing and controlling the diseases, the pests and the weeds in the corn season.
One is that the selected variety is a high-yield multi-resistant variety, and the resistance to diseases and insect pests is higher than that of a control group.
Secondly, the variety and the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil can be increased by applying the biological organic fertilizer in the first station. The breeding opportunities of other pathogenic microorganisms are limited; meanwhile, some microorganisms have antagonistic action on pathogenic bacteria, or secrete antibiotics to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria, so that the crop disease is relieved. Researches show that the biocontrol microbial inoculum can relieve or avoid the harm of corn stalk rot, ear rot, root rot, banded sclerotial blight, corn bacterial brown rot and corn borer to a certain extent.
And thirdly, the second station is interplanted with the green manure in winter, and a large amount of secondary metabolites, enzymes, volatile compounds and the like can be generated in the decomposition process after the green manure is planted and rolled. On one hand, the substances have the functions of directly promoting the growth of crops and improving the disease resistance of the crops; and the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the microbial population structure of the soil can be changed, and the occurrence of diseases can be indirectly inhibited.
And fourthly, the third station can improve the soil microbial community and the soil environment through returning the mushroom dregs to the field, so that the soil fertility can be maintained, the effect of improving the soil can be achieved, and the antibacterial substances in the third station can help plants to resist diseases. The effect of the bio-organic fertilizer can be achieved by the fungus residue and the straw which are decomposed with the pig manure. The effects of inhibiting weeds can be achieved by straw covering, straw plowing, green manure planting and the like.
Figure BDA0003350999470000081
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that the above preferred embodiment should not be considered as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the scope defined by the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these modifications and adaptations should be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology comprises the step of straw returning, and is characterized in that planting is distinguished according to the gradient of a planting field:
a first station: the gradient interval is [ 0-6 DEG ],
the method comprises the following steps of (1) performing clean crop of winter wheat and summer corn, crushing straws in situ, performing rotary tillage and returning to the field during harvesting, and applying decomposed bio-organic fertilizer;
a second station: the gradient interval is (6-15 degrees),
interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, crushing stalks, rotary tillage and returning to the field; carrying out idle winter planting of green manure in wheat seasons, and turning over and returning to the field 20-35 days before corn sowing;
a third station: the gradient interval is [ 15-25 degrees ],
and (3) interplanting winter wheat and spring corn, keeping 5-15 cm of piles for the wheat and the corn, covering the whole straw to return to the field after harvesting, spreading bacterial residues and animal manure on the surfaces of the straw to promote the straw to become thoroughly decomposed, and crushing and turning the straw into soil 20-35 days before sowing in the next year.
2. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the corn variety selected for planting on the first platform is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, Xiuyu 901, Xindan 901 and Chuandan 15; selecting one or more of Mianmai 367, Sichuan wheat 104, Sichuan wheat 969 and Sichuan wheat 42 as the planted wheat variety;
on the second station, the selected corn variety to be planted is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, zhongdan 901 and Chuandan 15; selecting one or more of Sichuan wheat 104 and Sichuan wheat 969 as the planted wheat variety;
on the third station, the selected corn variety to be planted is one or more of NE34, Chengdan 716, zhongdan 901 and Chuandan 15; the wheat variety selected for planting is Sichuan wheat 104.
3. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 60cm, the planting density is 63000-;
on the second platform, the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 180-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, the planting density is 50000-63000 plants/hectare;
on the third station, the wheat planting row spacing is 22cm, and the planting density is 115-; the row spacing of the corn cultivation is 40cm, and the planting density is 45000-.
4. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the corn season N, P is on the first station2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 12.9kg, 5.25kg and 5.25kg, the wheat season is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is 7.2kg, 4.00kg and 3.20kg respectively;
on the second station, the corn season is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 14.62kg, 5.95kg and 5.95kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of each acre is 8.1kg, 4.5kg and 3.6 kg;
on the third station, corn season N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount per mu is respectively 13.76kg, 5.6kg and 5.6kg, and the fertilizing amount per mu is N, P2O5、K2The fertilizing amount of O mu is respectively 7.65kg, 4.25kg and 3.4 kg.
5. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the animal manure is pig manure, and the mushroom dregs are mushroom dregs.
6. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ratio of the amount of the mushroom dregs to the amount of the animal manure is 1: (0.5-2), 300kg per mu.
7. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decomposed bio-organic fertilizer NPK content is not less than 6%, the organic matter content is not less than 40%, and the effective active bacteria content is not less than 0.2 hundred million/g.
8. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 7, wherein the decomposed bio-organic fertilizer raw materials comprise tobacco stems, bran, mushroom dregs and cow dung.
9. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wheat and corn are planted at equal height.
10. The method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interplanting mode of winter wheat and spring corn is 130cm x 70cm wide and narrow rows, the winter wheat is planted in the wide rows, and the spring corn is planted in the narrow rows.
CN202111337194.0A 2021-11-12 2021-11-12 Method for planting wheat and corn by straw returning technology Pending CN114097547A (en)

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