CN1152926A - 重多胺衍生的润滑油用琥珀酰亚胺分散剂 - Google Patents
重多胺衍生的润滑油用琥珀酰亚胺分散剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1152926A CN1152926A CN95194063A CN95194063A CN1152926A CN 1152926 A CN1152926 A CN 1152926A CN 95194063 A CN95194063 A CN 95194063A CN 95194063 A CN95194063 A CN 95194063A CN 1152926 A CN1152926 A CN 1152926A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
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- C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/42—Introducing metal atoms or metal-containing groups
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
- C10L1/301—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals
- C10L1/303—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals boron compounds
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/54—Amines
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/221—Organic compounds containing nitrogen compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2462—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/2475—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2493—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium compounds of uncertain formula; reactions of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, acids, esters) with sulfur or sulfur containing compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
- C10L1/2666—Organic compounds containing phosphorus macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/2683—Organic compounds containing phosphorus macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
- C10L1/2691—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction of organic compounds (hydrocarbons acids, esters) with Px Sy, Px Sy Halz or sulfur and phosphorus containing compounds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/26—Amines
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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Abstract
琥珀酰亚胺分散剂是通过卤化(如氯化)、热“烯”反应或自由基接枝而官能化的烃或聚合物并经重多胺衍生的反应产物。重多胺是除了主要含每个分子具有7个或7个以上氮原子的、2个或2个以上伯胺的、并较常规多胺混合物支链多的低聚物外,还含少量低级多胺(如四亚乙基五胺和五亚乙基六胺)低聚物的聚亚烷基多胺的混合物。
Description
本发明涉及由官能化的烃或聚合物与“重多胺”(“Heavypolyamine”)反应(如衍生化)而制得的琥珀酰亚胺分散添加剂。本文所指“重多胺”包括分子量较高的聚亚烷基(如多亚乙基)胺低聚物的混合物,该聚亚烷基胺混合物除主要包括每个分子有7个或7个以上氮原子、2个或2个以上伯胺并较常规多胺混合物支链多的低聚物外,还含少量五亚乙基六胺,但基本不含四亚乙基五胺。使用重多胺的目的是使分散剂分子中含氮量较先有技术的胺高,这样可获得优良的淤渣分散性。本文公开的琥珀酰亚胺分散剂可作燃料及润滑油中的添加剂使用。
题为“Lubricating Oil Dispersants Derived from HeavyPolyamine”的USSN261554(申请日期1994年6月17日)公开了经Koch反应的官能化聚合物与重多胺的酰胺化反应(衍生化作用),该内容已列入本文供参考。题为“Amidation of EsterFunctionalized Hydrocarbon Polymers”的USSN261507(申请日期1994年6月17日)公开了一种经Koch反应官能化的聚合物与采用重多胺的优选酰胺化方法。这些内容已列入本文供参考。
多链烯基琥珀酰亚胺是一类广泛用于润滑剂及燃料中的分散剂。它们是由例如通过聚异丁烯与马来酸酐反应生成聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐;接着与多亚乙基胺进行缩合反应而制得的。
EPA0475609A1公开了“重多胺”的用途,所公开的重多胺是多亚乙基胺混合物,购自Union Carbide Co.牌号为PolyamineHPA-X.
US-A-5230714公开了由亚烷基多胺混合物衍生的“多胺残渣”的用途。“多胺残渣”(“polyamine bottoms”)的特征是含有低于2%,通常低于1%(重量)的沸点低于约200℃的物质。对亚乙基多胺残渣来说,公开了残渣中二亚乙基三胺(DETA)或三亚乙基四胺(TETA)的总量低于约2%(重量)。购自Dow ChemicalCompany,牌号为“E-100”的这类亚乙基多胺的典型样品中的氮百分含量为33.15%(重量),气相色谱分析显示,它含约0.93%“轻馏分 ”(DETA)、0.72%TETA、21.74%四亚乙基五胺及76.61%的五亚乙基六胺和胺含量更高的多胺(以上均指重量百分比)。
US-A-4938881也类似公开了“多胺残渣”的应用。
US-A-5164101公开了多胺的聚丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺,其中多胺有特定的分子式。
US-A-5114435公开了从聚亚烷基琥珀酸或酸酐与具有特定分子式的多亚烷基多胺反应制备的聚亚烷基琥珀酰亚胺。公开了六亚乙基七胺也是一种适用的胺。
US-A-4927551公开了与Dow E-100重多胺(平均分子量Mw=303,购自Dow Chemical Company)反应的聚丁烯基琥珀酸酐。
US-A-5241003公开了由具有特定分子式的胺衍生的琥珀酰亚胺,公开了可购到的多种牌号的、适用而价廉的多亚乙基多胺混合物,如“PolyamineH”,“Polyamine400”,“Dow PolyamineE-100”及“DowS-1107”。
US-A-4152499公开了将异丁烯聚合物与马来酸酐反应,然后将所得加成物与具有特定分子式的多胺反应转变为润滑油添加剂。公开了二亚乙基三胺和三亚乙基四胺是适用的胺。
US-A-5053152及其分案US-A-5160648公开了胺反应剂与羟基烷基或羟基芳基反应剂在酸催化剂作用下经缩合反应而制得的缩合产物。公开的胺反应剂是高分子量的增充多胺。
本发明是一种包括已与重多胺反应的官能化烃的油溶性分散剂。本发明还涉及包括下述步骤的制备分散剂的方法:a)用羧酸或酸酐试剂对选自烃、聚合物及聚丁烯的主链通过卤化、烯反应或自由基接枝而官能化;b)然后用重多胺与所述主链反应。重多胺的每一分子平均至少含约7个氮原子,每克多胺中伯胺含量至少约6.3-约8.5毫克当量,且总氮量至少约32%(重量)。
本发明涉及由官能化的烃或聚合物与“重多胺”反应(或衍生化)而制备的琥珀酰亚胺分散添加剂。本文所指的“重多胺”包括多亚烷基(如多亚乙基)胺高级低聚物的混合物,该多亚烷基胺混合物除主要包括具有6个以上氮原子并较常规多胺混合物支链多的低聚物外,还至多含少量五亚乙基六胺,但基本不合四亚乙基五胺。本文公开的琥珀酰亚胺分散剂可用作燃料和润滑油的添加剂。
可用不同方法,包括借助卤素(如氯)官能化、热“烯”反应及采用催化剂(如过氧化物)的自由基接枝使烃或聚合物官能化,并且“重多胺”使该聚合物进一步衍生。
本文所用名词重多胺是指每分子含6个以上氮原子,但优选每分子含7个或7个以上氮原子的并每分子有2个或2个以上伯胺的多胺低聚物。重多胺包括高于28%(重量,如>32%)总氮,伯胺基当量为120-160克/当量。商品化分散剂的主要成分是羧酸部分与多胺(如每分子有五个氮原子的四亚乙基五胺(TEPA))的反应产物。商品化TEPA是一种蒸馏馏分,含有三个和四个氮原子的多胺低聚物。其它通称为PAM的商品化多胺,是一种TEPA和五亚乙基六胺(PEHA)为多胺主要部分的(一般低于约80%)亚乙基胺混合物。代替性PAM是市场上可买到的、诸如由Dow ChemicalCompany提供的E-100或是由Union Carbide Company提供的HPA-X。该类混合物通常由低于1.0%(重量)的低分子量胺、10-15%(重量)TEPA、40-50%(重量)PEHA、其余为六亚乙基七胺(HEHA)和含更多胺的低聚物所组成。典型的PAM每克含8.7-8.9毫当量伯胺(每当量伯胺为115-112克)及约33-34%(重量)的总氮量。
业已发现,PAM低聚物中的重馏份除主要含6个以上氮原子及较多支化的低聚物外,实际上不含TEPA,而只含极少量PEHA。用该馏分制造的分散剂较用常规商品化PAM与相同聚合物主链在类似条件下制造的分散剂有更好的分散性。这些重多胺组合物的一个实例是可从Dow Chemical Company购买的商品名为Polyamine HA-2的多胺。
HA-2是蒸馏出包括TEPA的低沸点多亚乙基胺低聚物(轻馏分)后得到的。TEPA含量低于1%(重量)。混合物中只含少量、低于25%(重量),通常为5-15%(重量)的PEHA。其余是支化程度较高的氮含量较高的低聚物。优选的重多胺基本不含氧。
对HA-2作典型分析,得出每克多胺中的伯胺氮原子约为7.8毫当量(meg)(如7.7-7.8)伯胺/克多胺。据此计算出其当量(EW)为128克/当量(g/eq)。总氮量约为32.0-33.0%(重量)。对商品化PAM进行分析,得每克PAM含8.7-8.9毫当量伯胺,氮含量约33-34%(重量)。
本发明涉及采用重多胺使官能化烃或聚合物衍生(酰亚胺作用),其中聚合物主链的数均分子量高于300,优选800-7500,最优选1000-3000。优选的数均分子量决定于具体主链的性质。例如,乙烯α烯烃共聚物的优选分子量为1500-5000(如2000-4000),聚丁烯的优选分子量为900-2000。官能化聚合物的典型实例是聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐(PIBSA),它是聚异丁烯与马来酸酐的反应产物。该反应是通过卤素官能化(如氯化)作用,热“烯”反应或用催化剂(如过氧化物)进行自由基加成反应进行的。这些反应在本领域是众所周知的。本发明的官能化主链随后用重多胺衍生,PIBSA与重多胺反应得到聚丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺。
由Mn低于300的主链制备的分散剂可用于二冲程发动机润滑油中。本发明包括用于该方面的分散剂。
适用的烃和聚合物
用于本发明的优选的烃或聚合物包括均聚物、共聚物或较低分子量的烃。优选聚合物包括至少一种具有化学式为H2C=CHR1、C3-C28的α-烯烃,式中R1是含1-26个碳原子的直链或支链烷基基团且其中聚合物含碳-碳不饱和,优选含高度不饱和亚乙烯基末端。用于本发明的优选聚合物包括乙烯与至少一种具有上式的α-烯烃的共聚物,其中R1是1-18个碳原子的烷基,更优选是1-8个碳原子的烷基,特别优选1-2个碳原子的烷基。因此,适用的α-烯烃单体和共聚单体包括诸如丙烯、丁烯-1、己烯-1、辛烷-1、4-甲基戊烯-1、癸烯-1、十二碳烯-1、十三碳烯-1、十四碳烯-1、十五碳烯-1、十六碳烯-1、十七碳烯-1、十八碳烯-1、十九碳烯-1以及它们的混合物(如丙烯与丁烯-1混合物等)。这类聚合物中的典型代表是丙烯均聚物、丁烯-1均聚物、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-丁烯-1共聚物等,聚合物至少含若干末端不饱和度和/或内不饱和度。优选的聚合物是不饱和的乙烯与丙烯共聚物及乙烯与丁烯-1共聚物。本发明共聚物可含少量如0.5-5%(摩尔)的C4-C18非共轭二烯烃共聚单体。然而,本发明优选的聚合物只含α-烯烃均聚物、α-烯烃共单体的共聚物及乙烯与α-烯烃共聚单体的共聚物。本发明中聚合物的乙烯摩尔含量优选范围为20-80%、更优选为30-70%。当采用丙烯和/或丁烯-1作为与乙烯共聚的共聚单体时,这种共聚物中的乙烯含量最优选为45%与65%之间,虽然乙烯含量也可更高或更低。
本发明采用的聚合物的Mn一般为300-10000,优选为800-7500,更优选为1000-3000(如1500-2500),这类聚合物的Mn可按几种已知方法进行测定,如筛析色谱法(也通称为凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)),该方法也能提供分子量分布数据。
适用的聚合物一般具有窄的分子量分布(MWD),分子量分布是指用重均分子量(Mw)与(Mn)的比率衡量的多分散性。Mw/Mn低于5、优透低于4的聚合物是最理想的。适用聚合物的多分散性如为1-5。因此,这类聚合物通常具有的特性粘度(在135℃四氢化萘中测量)为0.025-0.9分升/克,优选0.05-0.5分升/克,最优选0.075-0.4分升/克。本发明采用的聚合物优选具有结晶度,在接枝后基本成为无定形聚合物。
低分子量聚合物是Mn低于20000,优选500-20000(如1000-20000),更优选1500-10000(如2000-8000),最优选1500-5000的聚合物。数均分子量是用蒸气渗透压法或上述GPC法测定的。低分子量聚合物适用于制造润滑添加剂用分散剂。
高分子量聚合物的Mn范围为20000-200000,优选25000-100000,更优选25000-80000,适用作润滑油组合物的粘度调节剂。
按常规,已知的聚合技术,可用来制备本发明聚合物的末端和内烯烃单体的具体实例有乙烯、丙烯、丁烯-1、丁烯-2、异丁烯、戊烯-1等;四聚丙烯、二异丁烯、三聚异丁烯、丁二烯-1,2、丁二烯-1,3,戊二烯-1,2、戊二烯-1,3等。
适用的聚合物包括α-烯烃均聚物和共聚物,以及乙烯α-烯烃共聚物和三元共聚物。聚链烯烃的具体实例包括聚丙烯、聚丁烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-丁烯共聚物、丙烯-丁烯共聚物、苯乙烯-异丁烯共聚物、异丁烯-丁二烯-1,3共聚物等及异丁烯、苯乙烯与戊间二烯的三元共聚物、80%乙烯与20%丙烯的共聚物。由丁烯含量约35-约75%(重量)和异丁烯含量约30-约60%(重量)的C4炼油厂物料流在Lewis酸催化剂如三氯化铝或三氟化硼存在下,聚合得到的聚异丁烯是适用的聚合物原料。
USSN992871(申请日期1992年12月17日)提出的高分子量聚正丁烯也是适用的。
制造聚正丁烯的单体的最好来源是原油原料流如RaffinateII。这类原料已在本领域中公开,如US-A-4952739。
用于本发明的聚合物的优选特征在于聚合物链的95%及以上是具有亚乙烯基型不饱和末端的,这些聚合物可由α-烯烃单体或α-烯烃单体混合物或含乙烯和至少一种C3-C28α-烯烃单体的混合物在至少一种金属茂(如环戊二烯基-过渡金属化合物)和铝氧烷化合物的催化剂系统存在下的聚合来制备。优选用于本发明的后一类型共聚物可用式POLY-C(R1)=CH2表征,式中R1是C1-C26烷基、优选C1-C18烷基、更优选C1-C8烷基,最优选C1-C2烷基(如甲基或乙基),且式中POLY代表聚合物链。R1烷基基团的链长随用于聚合的所选共聚单体而不同。少量的聚合物链可含乙烯基不饱和末端,即POLY-CH=CH2,部分聚合物可含内单不饱和性,如POLY-CH=CH(R1),其中R1的规定如上。
考虑供本发明用的优选聚合物至少约30%聚合物链具有亚乙烯基不饱和末端。这类具有亚乙烯基不饱和末端的聚合物链优选至少含50%、更优选至少60%、最优选至少75%(如75-98%)。可用FTIR光谱分析、滴定分析或C13NMR分析法测定有亚乙烯基不饱和末端的聚合物链百分比。
可通过已知的金属茂催化技术制备用于本发明优选的末端不饱和共聚物。也可按照USSN992871、992690及992192(申请日期都是1992年12月17日)中所述方法制备用于本发明的优选聚合物。
通过含乙烯与其它单体如具有3-28个碳原子(优选3-4个碳原子、即丙烯、丁烯-1及其混合物)的α-烯烃的单体混合物在至少含一种金属茂(如环戊二烯基-过渡金属化合物)和铝氧烷化合物的催化剂系统存在下聚合来制备优选的共聚物。共聚单体用量可随所选金属茂催化剂成分而不同,并通过调节各单体的分压加以控制。用于本发明的聚合物最优选的是基本不含乙烯均聚物。
优选的催化剂是大体积配体的过渡金属化合物,大体积配体可含具有多价性的能与一个或多个必要时使用的杂原子形成环状基团的成键原子,优选碳原子。大体积配体可以是环戊二烯基的单核或多核衍生物。也可以是一个或多个大体积配体与过渡金属相键合(“Group”是指元素周期表的同一族,在F.A.Cotton,G.Wilkinson的“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”,Fifth Edition,1988,JohnWiley&Sons中有全面的介绍)。其它配体也可与过渡金属键合,优选的可被助催化剂分离的基团如烃基或卤素离去基团。该催化剂是由下式化合物衍生的:
[L]mM[X]n式中L是大体积配体,X是离去基团,M是过渡金属,m和n是相当于过渡金属原子价的总配位价。优选催化剂是四配位价的,以便该化合物是可电离成1+价状态的。
配体L和X可以相互间成桥键,如果存在两个配体L和/或X,它们可成为桥式。金属茂可以是有两个环戊二烯基基团配体L的金属夹心化合物或只有一个环戊二烯基基团配体L的半夹心化合物。
对本专利说明书来说,名词“金属茂”规定为含一个或多个与元素周期表中过渡金属结合的环戊二烯基。在一个实施方案中金属茂催化剂组分用通式(Cp)mMRnR’p表示,式中Cp是一个取代的或未取代的环戊二烯基环;M是第IV、V或VI族过渡金属;R和R’各自选自卤素、烃基基团或具有1-20个碳原子的氢羧酸(hydrocarboxyl)基团,m=1-3、n=0-3,p=0-3,且m+n+p的总和等于M的氧化态。在另一个实施方案中的金属茂催化剂以下式表示:
(C5R’m)pR”s(C5R’m)MeQ3-P-X及
R”s(C5R’m)2MeQ’式中Me是第IV、V或VI族过渡金属,C5R’m是取代的环戊二烯基,每个R’可以是相同的或不相同的氢、有1-20个碳原子的链烯基、芳基、烷芳基或芳烷基或是两个碳原子结合在一起构成的C4-C6环的一部分,R”是一个或多个含碳原子、锗原子、硅原子、磷原子或氮原子或它们的组合的取代在两个C5R’m环上或形成桥或与一个C5R’m环并连接Me成桥的基团,当p=0时,x=1,否则x总是等于0,每个Q可以是相同的或不相同的具有1-20个碳原子的芳基烷基、链烯基、烷芳基或芳烷基或氢,Q’是1-20个碳原子的亚烷基基团,s是0或1,当s是0时,m是5,p是0、1或2,当s是1时m是4、p是1。
各种形态的金属茂型催化剂系统都可用于本发明聚合过程。本领域中供乙烯聚合的金属茂催化剂的开发实例已公开在Hoel的US-A-4871705、Ewen等的US-A-4937299、EP-A-0129368(公开日期1989年7月26)及Welborn,Jr.的US-A-5017714和5120867中。这些专利内容介绍了金属茂催化剂的结构和作为助催化剂的铝氧烷。制备铝氧烷有种种不同的方法,其中之一是公开在US-A-4665208中的方法。
就本专利说明书来说,名词“助催化剂或活化剂”是可互换使用的,并规定为任何能活化大体积配体过渡金属化合物的化合物或成分。在实施方案中活化剂通常含元素周期表中第II和第III族金属。在优选实施方案中,大体积配体过渡金属化合物是可被烷基铝类化合物、线型和环状铝氧烷或致电离的离子活化剂或化合物(如四(五氟代苯基)硼酸三(正丁基)铵)活化的金属茂。这种致电离的离子活化剂能使中性金属茂化合物电离。这类致电离的化合物可含一个活性质子或某种其它的、与致电离离子化合物中其余离子结合的,但不是配位,或只是松散配位的阳离子。在EP-A-0520732、EP-A-0277003和EP-A-0277004(公布日期1988年8月3日)及US-A-5153157、5198401和5241025中已公开了这类化合物。此外,金属茂催化剂成分可以是含杂原子单环戊二烯基化合物。这种杂原子可被铝氧烷或离子活化剂所活化,形成制造适用于本发明聚合物的活性聚合催化剂系统。这种类型的催化剂系统已在如PCT International Publication WO 92/00333(公布日期1992年1月9日),US-A-5057475、5096867、5055438和5227440及EP-A-0420436、WO 91/04257中公开。此外,适用于本发明的金属茂催化剂还包括非环戊二烯基催化剂成分或辅助配体如与过渡金属结合的硼硫酸钾钠或carbollides。此外,US-A-5064802和PCT公开WO 93/08221与WO 93/08199(公开日期1993年4月29日)中叙述的催化剂和催化系统也没有超出本发明的范围。本发明所有催化剂系统必要时可预聚合或与辅助成分或净化成分一起使用以提高催化产率。
金属茂的说明性实例是二烷基金属茂,如二甲基·双(环戊二烯基)合钛、二甲基·双(环戊二烯基)合铪、二新戊基·双(环戊二烯基)合锆等。其它适用的金属茂实例是单环戊二烯基钛茂,如三氯化五甲基环戊二烯基合钛、取代的双(Cp)合Ti(IV)化合物如二苯基·双(茚基)合钛等。适用的锆茂实例是三氯化五甲基环戊二烯基合锆等。混合的环戊二烯基金属茂化合物如二氯化环戊二烯基·(五甲基环戊二烯基)合锆也可使用。二氯化双(环戊二烯基)合铪是其它金属茂的例子。某些优选的金属茂是二甲基·双(环戊二烯基)合锆及二氯化1,2-亚乙基桥双(4,5,6,7-四氢茚基)合锆的外消旋和/或内消旋的异构体。
用于聚合过程的铝氧烷类化合物可以是环状的或线型的。环状铝氧烷可用通式(R-A1-O)n表示,而线型铝氧烷则用通式R(R-A1-O)n’AlR2表示。通式中R是C1-C5烷基基团如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基和戊基,n是3-20整数,n’是1-20整数。优选R是甲基,n和n’是4-18。通常,由三甲基铝与水制备铝氧烷时得到的是线型和环状化合物的混合物。优选的制备方法是使水与三烷基铝溶液(如三甲基铝在适宜有机溶剂如甲苯或脂族烃中的溶液)相接触。铝氧烷中铝与所采用的金属茂中总金属的摩尔比为0.5∶1至1000∶1,理想的是1∶1至100∶1。优选的摩尔比为50∶1至约5∶1,最优选为20∶1至5∶1。用来制备催化剂系统的溶剂是惰性烃类,具体说是相对于催化剂系统是惰性的烃溶剂,这类溶剂包括异丁烷、丁烷、戊烷等。
聚合反应通常在温度范围为20°与300℃之间、优选30°与200℃之间进行的。反应时间不是关键,可在几小时或以上至几分钟或更少时间内变动,反应时间取决于反应温度,共聚的单体等因素。技术熟练人员可根据日常的实验方法从所给定的反应参数容易地确定最佳反应时间。本文所述的催化剂系统适用于在宽的压力范围内在溶液中聚合烯烃。聚合反应优选在10-3000巴压力下完成,而通常在40巴-2000巴压力下、最优选在50巴-1500巴压力下完成。聚合后,必要时使催化剂失活(如用常规方法、使聚合反应介质与水或醇:甲醇、丙醇、异丙醇等接触,或冷却或闪蒸介质以中止聚合反应),聚合产物可用已知方法回收。过量反应剂可闪蒸蒸出。可采用液态单体(如液态丙烯)或液体单体混合物(如液态丙烯与作为反应介质的1-丁烯的混合物)进行聚合反应。此外,也可在对聚合反应是惰性的烃类溶剂(如丁烷、戊烷、异戊烷、己烷、异辛烷、癸烷、甲苯、二甲苯等)的存在下完成聚合反应。在上述情况下,在给定的操作条件下制备的聚合产物的分子量高于所希望的数值,本领域中已知的各种控制分子量的方法,如使用氢气和/或控制聚合温度的方法都可用于本发明。如果需要,可在氢气存在下进行聚合以降低聚合物的分子量。然而,必须保持亚乙烯基不饱和末端的含量不致降低到低于优选的至少是聚合物链的30%。
然而,因优选的聚合物是具有亚乙烯基型不饱和末端的反应性聚合物,所以在制备聚合物时应基本上不存在氢气是优选的。也就是说,允许添加的氢气量应不致于降低聚合物的分子量。较优选的聚合反应是在添加低于5wppm氢气、更优选低于1wppm氢气(以充入聚合区域的乙烯单体摩尔计)的条件下进行。
在以分批方式进行聚合时,反应稀释剂(如果有的话)、乙烯和α-烯烃共聚单体按适当比率充入适用的反应器中。
可用连续方式进行聚合,如向反应器供入反应稀释剂(如果采用的话)、单体、催化剂和助催化剂时,同时从反应器抽出溶剂、未反应单体和聚合物,要使各组分的停留时间足够长以能形成所要求的分子量的聚合物并能使其从反应混合物中分离出来。
聚异丁烯是本发明最优选的主链,因为它容易通过丁烯物料流的阴离子聚合(如采用AlCl3催化剂)而容易得到。这种聚异丁烯中的残余不饱和含量通常为每一聚合物链约一个乙烯双键分布在该聚合物链上。
采用的聚异丁烯聚合物通常以Mn为约900-2500的碳氢链为主要成份。Mn低于约300的聚异丁烯,因其分子量低不能使分散剂分子在润滑油中保持充分的溶解,故用作分散剂时易造成性能不良的后果。制造聚异丁烯的方法是已知的。可通过卤化(如氯化)、热“烯”反应或如下述的在催化剂(如过氧化物)存在下的自由基接枝方法使聚异丁烯官能化。
其它聚合物,如数均分子量高于10000(如20000-200000)的乙烯-α烯烃共聚物(如乙烯-丙烯共聚物和含非共轭二烯的三元共聚物)是适用于供制备本发明分散剂或多官能粘度调节剂的聚合物。然而,制造上述分子量的乙烯-α烯烃共聚物只能采用ziegler-Natta催化剂的同时使用氢气以终止共聚物的链增长使分子量达到上述范围。不使用氢气或其它常规的所谓“链终止剂”,那么用Ziegler-Natta催化剂制造的共聚物的分子量会大大超过上述范围。(这种高分子量共聚物以非接枝形态广泛用作粘度指数改进剂,并在官能化后用重多胺衍生时(如下所述)可用作分散剂-粘度指数改进剂聚合物(如多官能粘度改性剂))。采用氢气作为链终止剂存在使共聚物中烯烃双键饱和的缺点。因此,虽然理论上制备较低分子量共聚物是可能的,但共聚物的不饱和度低(并伴随低的接枝共聚物产率)会使以共聚物与二元羧酸部分的热“烯”反应进一步官能化制备分散剂的方法失去吸引力。
官能化(借助卤素、“烯”反应或自由基接枝)主链的制备
聚合物或烃可用例如能产生羧酸部分(优选酸或酸酐)与聚合物或烃反应而官能化,该官能化反应可借助卤素(如氯)官能化方法或热“烯”反应使官能部分或官能试剂(即酸、酸酐、酯部分等)加成到聚合物或烃主链的碳-碳不饱和位置上(也指乙烯或烯烃不饱和)。当采用催化剂(如过氧化物)的自由基接枝方法时,官能化作用是沿聚合物链随机发生的。在一个实施方案中,选择性官能化是通过卤化(如氯化或溴化)来实现的,其方法是将氯或溴通入温度为60-250℃、优选110-160℃(如120-140℃)的聚合物中持续约0.5-10小时,优选1-7小时,使不饱和的α-烯烃聚合物氯化或溴化到含约1-8%(重量)、优选3-7%(重量)的氯或溴(以聚合物或烃重量计)。然后使卤化的聚合物或烃(下文中称主链)与能够将官能部分加成到主链上的单不饱和反应剂(如单不饱和羧基反应剂)在100-250℃、通常约180-235℃下反应约0.5-10小时(如3-8小时),所得产物中每摩尔卤化主链含有所需摩尔数的单不饱和羧基反应剂。此外,也可将聚合物主链与单不饱和羧基反应剂混合并加热,其时将氯加到已加热的物料中的方法来实现官能化。
根据本发明,烃或聚合物主链可用能产生羧酸部分(优选酸或酸酐部分)、并按上面提及的三种方法或以这些方法的任何次序的组合形式,选择在聚合物或烃链中碳-碳不饱和位置或随机地在主链上进行官能化。
可用于官能化的优选单不饱和反应剂包括一元和二元羧酸衍生物,即酸、酸酐或酸的酯,包括:(i)、单不饱和的C4-C10二元羧酸,其中(a)羧基是邻位的(即位于邻接碳原子上)和(b)至少一个、优选两个所述邻接碳原子是所述单不饱和的一部分;(ii)、(i)的衍生物如酸酐或(i)衍生的C1-C5醇的单酯或二酯;(iii)、单不饱和C3-C10一元羧酸,其中碳-碳双键与羧基共轭,即具有-C=C-CO-结构;及(IV)、(iii)的衍生物如C1-C5醇衍生的(iii)的单酯或二酯。单不饱和羧酸衍生物(i)-(iv)的混合物也可采用。单不饱和羧酸反应剂一旦与主链反应,单不饱和度就成为饱和状态。由此,例如马来酸酐成为主链一取代的琥珀酸酐,丙烯酸成为主链一取代的丙酸。这种单不饱和羧酸的代表是富马酸、衣康酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、氯代马来酸、氯代马来酸酐、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、肉桂酸及上述酸的低级烷基(如C1-C4烷基)酯如马来酸甲酯、富马酸乙酯及富马酸甲酯。单不饱和羧酸反应剂优选马来酸酐,典型用量范围为约0.01-约20%(重量),优选0.5-10%(重量,以聚合物或烃重量计)。
虽然氯化一般有助于增加原料烯烃聚合物与单不饱和官能化反应剂的反应活性,但对用于本发明的聚合物或烃来说,具体说对那些优选的具有高末端键含量和高反应活性的聚合物或烃不必考虑氯化。因此,主键与单不饱和官能度反应剂,如羧酸反应剂在高温接触而引发热“烯”反应是优选的。烯反应是已知的。
数均分子量20000-200000的高分子量乙烯/丙烯,共聚物和乙烯/丙烯/二烯三元共聚物通常采用Ziegler-Natta催化剂,一般为VCl4或VOCl3与卤化物如有机铝卤化物和/或氢卤化物而制备的。这种高分子量EP和EPDM聚合物可用作粘度改性剂。
这些高分子量乙烯/丙烯共聚物可用各种方法在聚合物主链上随机接上官能部分而官能化。例如,溶液状态或固态的聚合物可在自由基引发剂存在下,如上所述,用单不饱和羧酸反应剂接枝而官能化。当在溶液中反应时,接枝反应在约100-260℃,优选120-240℃的高温下进行。自由基引发的接枝反应可优选在含1-50%(重量),优选5-30%(重量,以初始总油溶液计)聚合物的矿物润滑油溶液中完成。
可采用的自由基引发剂是过氧化物、过氧化氢及偶氮化合物。为提供自由基,沸点高于约100℃的热分解温度处于接枝温度范围内的引发剂是优选的。这些自由基引发剂的代表是偶氮丁腈、2,5-二甲基己-3-烯-2,5-双-叔丁基过氧化物和过氧化二枯基。使用引发剂的典型用量是0.005%与1%(重量)之间(以反应混合物溶液重量计)。通常,上述的单不饱和羧基反应剂与自由基引发剂的重量比为约1.0∶1-30∶1,优选3∶1-6∶1。接枝反应优选在惰性气氛如氮气氛下进行。得到的接枝聚合物的特征是羧酸(或酯或酸酐)部分随机地连接在聚合物链上的,当然,某些聚合物链仍然是未接枝的,这是不言而喻的。上述自由基接枝也可用于本发明的其它聚合物和烃。该已官能化的高分子量共聚物可用重多胺衍生化。
用重胺衍生化
本发明的新型分散剂是以如USSN992192(申请日期1992年12月17日)公开的聚烯烃为主要成分,该专利内容已列入本文供各种情况参考。这些聚合物可采用卤素助官能化作用(如氯)、热“烯”反应或采用催化剂(如过氧化物)经自由基接枝而被官能化。已经发现,分散剂中的胺链段类型对于分散剂的性能和使由重多胺制造的分散剂优于由常规多胺混合物(PAM)制的分散剂是很关键的。
例如,当分散剂主链的分子量增加时,分子中极性链段会成为先有技术多胺体系(如三亚乙基四胺和四亚乙基五胺)分散性能的限制因素。虽然增加胺对聚合物的化学计量比可提高氮含量,但会明显地产生有损于内燃发动机和弹性体密封性能的未反应游离多胺。
采用高于本发明重多胺的胺是有害的,因为高级胺是不溶的或只部分溶于油中,并会使润滑油组合物产生混浊。较重多胺更高级的胺中伯胺含量低于约6.0毫当量伯胺/每克,(另一方面,伯胺当量大于约160克/每当量)和每分子多于约12个氮原子。
制备润滑剂分散剂的多胺反应剂的公开内容介绍了每分子多胺中氮原子数为1-12,氮原子的种种间隔基团及胺基团上的取代方式。我们已经发现由下述优选组合物衍生的分散剂较先有技术有高得惊人的分散性能,而在油中仍保持优良的溶解性。
具体说,本发明的一个实施方案包括C2-C18α-烯烃聚合物、共聚物、均聚物或烃用羧酸或酸酐部分官能化后,再与含N>28%、更优选含N>30%(如>32%)、伯胺基团当量为120-160克/当量之间,更优选120-150克/当量,如125-140克/当量的重多亚烷基多胺反应而衍生的油溶性组合物。当多胺中每分子平均含多于6个氮原子(更优选7个或7个以上,如每分子多于8个氮原子)且每分子平均含两个以上伯胺(优选>2.2个,如>2.4个)时可得到最好的结果。当氮原子间的间隔基团是C2-C3时可得到好的结果。优选的重多胺基本不含氧。
具有这些特征的多胺可从市场购得,也可从标准多亚乙基胺混合物蒸出四亚乙基五胺和大部分五亚乙基六胺馏分而得到。此外,这种多胺可通过多亚乙基或多亚丙基五胺或六胺的伯胺基团的氰乙基化反应、随后氢化的方法来合成。
优选的衍生化(酰亚胺化)方法已在US-A-5277833中公开,该内容已列入本文供各种情况参考。
本发明的方法中,官能化主链与重多胺间的反应是在官能化聚合物能充分形成酰亚胺基并伴随分离水的条件下进行一定时间。这一反应的进程可用红外光谱分析跟踪。
分散剂的制备
分散剂的生成反应可在极性或非极性溶剂中(如二甲苯、甲苯、苯等)进行。且优选有矿物油或合成润滑油存在下进行。
重多胺容易与所选的物料,如聚丁烯基取代的琥珀酸或琥珀酸酐进行反应,如与含5-95%(重量)的聚合物取代一元或二元羧酸或酸酐的油溶液,在约100°-250℃,优选125°-175℃反应1-10小时(如2-6小时)直到除去规定量水分。加热有利于形成酰亚胺或酰亚胺与酰胺混合物而不利于酰胺与盐的形成。
一元和二元羧酸或酸酐官能化的聚合物与胺当量的反应比例如随反应剂和成键类型可有相当大的不同。例如,当该聚合物是由单不饱和二元羧酸或酸酐或其酯衍生物产生的二元羧酸部分取代的聚合物时,通常,重多胺中每当量伯胺需用0.1-5,优选约0.5-2,如0.8-1.2当量的二元羧酸部分(如接枝的马来酸酐量)。
分散剂
分散剂能使油不溶性物质在油质流体中保持悬浮状态,从而防止淤渣絮凝和沉淀。适用的分散剂包括如产生灰分的分散剂(也称为去垢剂)和无灰型分散剂,后者是优选的。本发明衍生的聚合物或烃组合物可作为润滑剂用和燃料组合物用分散剂和多官能粘度指数改进剂。
后处理
衍生后的聚合物可进行后处理。该聚合物或烃的后处理方法与常规分散剂和先有技术的MFVM的后处理方法相似。因此,可采用相同的反应条件、反应剂比例等。于是,衍生的聚合物或烃可用这样一类试剂进行后处理:如尿素、硫脲、二硫化碳、醛、酮、羧酸、烃取代的琥珀酸酐、腈、环氧化物、硼化合物、磷化合物等。
如上述的本发明胺衍生的聚合物或烃可进行后处理,尤其用作分散剂和粘度改性剂的聚合物或烃与一种或多种后处理剂,如硼化合物、氮化合物、磷化合物、氧化合物、琥珀酸及酸酐(如琥珀酸酐、十二烷基琥珀酸酐及C1-C30烃基取代的琥珀酸酐)、其它一些酸和酸酐,如马来酸和富马酸及其酸酐,上述酸的酯如马来酸甲酯相接触以进行后处理。胺衍生的聚合物或烃优选用氧化硼、卤化硼、硼酸酯或硼酯进行处理,用量按每摩尔氮组合物中有0.1-20个原子比例的硼。用作分散剂的硼化衍生的聚合物可含0.05-2.0%(重量),如0.05-0.7%(重量)的硼(以所述硼化的含氮分散剂化合物的总重量计)。
向所述氮化合物添加所述硼化合物,优选一般为硼酸浆液,加热至约135°-190℃,如140°-170℃,并搅拌1-5小时可实现后处理。
本发明衍生的聚合物或烃也可用可聚合的内酯(如ε-己内酯)处理,以形成分散剂加合物。
润滑剂组合物
本发明添加剂可掺混在油质材料如燃料和润滑油中使用。燃料通常包括液体石油燃料如中沸程65-430℃馏份,如煤油、内燃机燃料、家用加热燃油、喷气发动机燃料等。燃料中添加剂的浓度通常采用0.001-0.5%(重量),优选0.005-0.15%(重量,以组合物总重量计)。
本发明的添加剂可用于采用基油的润滑油组合物中,添加剂是溶解或分散在基油中的。这类基油可以是天然的或合成的。适用制造本发明润滑油组合物的基油包括那些常规用于火花点火和压缩点火内燃机如汽车和卡车发动机、船舶和铁路用柴油发动机等中的曲轴箱润滑油。将本发明添加剂混合物应用于常规用基油中和/或用于动力传递液、通用拖拉机流体和水力流体、重型水力流体、动力操纵流体等中也获得了好的结果。齿轮润滑剂、工业用油、泵油和其它润滑油组合物也能从添加本发明添加剂中得到益处。
天然油包括动物油和植物油(如蓖麻油、猪油)、液态石油及氢化精制的,经溶剂处理的或酸处理的石蜡系,环烷基及石蜡系一环烷基混合型的矿物润滑油。从煤或页岩提取的润滑用粘性油类也是常用的基油类。
合成润滑油包括烃油和卤代烃油、如聚合的和共聚合的烯烃类(如聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯-异丁烯共聚物、氯化聚丁烯等)。末端羟基已经酯化、醚化改性的烯化氧聚合物和共聚物以及它们的衍生物等是另一类已知的合成润滑油。其它适用的合成润滑油包括二元羧酸的酯类。适用作合成润滑油的酯也包括由C5-C12一元羧酸与多元醇和多元醇醚如新戊二醇等反应制得的酯。硅基油类如聚烷基一、聚芳基-、聚烷氧基-或聚芳氧基硅氧烷油类及硅酸酯油类是另一类适用的合成润滑剂。未精制的、精制的及再精制的油类都可用作本发明的润滑剂。
本发明的添加剂,尤其是适宜用作分散剂或粘度改性剂的添加剂可用任何方便的方法掺混在润滑油中。因此,可采用分散或溶解的方法,将添加剂直接添加到油中。这种混合方法可在室温或较高温度下将添加剂混入润滑油中。还有另一种方法,可先将添加剂制成浓缩物,然后将其掺混到油中。通常,这种分散剂浓缩物中作为在基油中的活性成分(AI)的添加剂含量为10-80%(重量),典型的为20-60%(重量),优选40-50%(重量)(以浓缩物重量计)。MFVI浓缩物通常含5-50%(重量)的AI。
本发明的添加剂还可与其它选自具有至少一种所需功能的添加剂混合使用。这类常用的辅助添加剂是去垢剂、粘度改性剂、磨损抑制剂、氧化抑制剂、腐蚀抑制剂、摩擦改性剂、抑泡剂、防锈剂、破乳剂、抗氧化剂、润滑油流动改良剂及密封膨胀调节剂。
含这些添加剂的组合物通常掺混入基油中的用量为能有效地发挥它们的辅助功能。这类添加剂的代表性有效用量列于下表:组合物 (一般)重量% (优选)重量%VI改进剂 1-12 1-4腐蚀抑制剂 0.01-3 0.01-1.5氧化抑制剂 0.01-5 0.01-1.5分散剂 0.1-1 00.1-5润滑油流动改良剂 0.01-2 0.01-1.5防垢剂和防锈剂 0.01-6 0.01-3倾点降低剂 0.01-1.5 0.01-1.5抑泡剂 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.01抗磨剂 0.001-5 0.001-1.5密封膨胀剂 0.1-8 0.1-4摩擦改性剂 0.01-3 0.01-1.5润滑基油 余量 余量
采用其它添加剂时,制备添加剂浓缩物或将本发明主题添加剂的浓缩液或分散体与一种或多种所述其它添加剂包装在一起是理想的,虽不是必需的。通过溶剂并温和地加热混合物,可将添加剂浓缩物容易地溶解在润滑油中。最终配方常采用2-20%(重量),如约10%(重量)的添加剂组,其余为基油的包装。
本文中所表示的所有重量百分比(除非另有说明)都是以个别添加剂的活性成份(A.I.)含量及添加剂组或配方的总重量计,该添加剂组或配方包括油或稀释剂的总重量。
实施例
下列实施例是由重多胺制的琥珀酰亚胺分散剂的代表。
由经氯化方法制备的数均分子量为2225,以基油稀释后的皂化值为38.6的聚异丁烯衍生的、并用80克ExxonS150N基油稀释的400克(0.1376琥珀酸酐当量)聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐(PIBSA)放入装有温度计、空气搅拌器及氮气入口管的反应烧瓶中。稀的PIBSA用211.2克S150N稀释并加热至150。其后,在氮气氛下将15.9克含总氮为约33.5%(重量)的商品化PAM(0.1376当量伯胺)滴加到反应混合物中。滴加完后,在150℃用氮气吹洗反应混合物2小时。经分析,反应产物含氮0.85%。
实施例2(对照)实施例1的硼化处理
将560克上述反应产物加热至145℃并于1小时内加入6.08克硼酸。加毕时将反应混合物加热至150℃并用氮气吹洗1小时。分析过滤后的油溶液,含0.78%氮和0.19%硼。
实施例3PIBSA/HA-2重胺分散剂的制备
实施例1的400克(0.1376琥珀酸酐当量)PIBSA按与实施例1相同的方法稀释和反应,但采用17.9克(0.1376伯胺当量)重多胺(购自Dow Chemical Company商品名为HA-2 PAM(总氮量32.8%重量))和215克S150N。经分析,得到的分散剂含0.98%氮。
实施例4 实施例3的硼化处理
将560克实施例3的产物按与实施例2基本相同的方法用6.08克硼酸进行处理。分析过滤后产物的油溶液,含0.97%氮和0.19%硼。
淤渣小型试验结果
SIB(淤渣抑制小型试验)
SIB试验可预测润滑剂在汽油发动机中的性能。试验方法叙述于下:
SIB试验采用初始粘度为约325SSU(37.8℃)的用过的曲轴箱矿物润滑油组合物,该组合物已用于一般只作短距离行驶的出租汽车,从而产生高浓度的淤渣前体。所采用的润滑油只含精制的基础矿物物油、粘度指数改进剂、倾点降低剂及二烷基二硫磷酸锌抗磨损添加剂。油中不含淤渣分散剂。这种用过的油是指出租车每隔行驶1000-2000哩后从曲轴箱中排出的油。
SIB试验按下法进行:将用过的曲轴箱油中淤渣在约39000gs重力下离心半小时。倾出所得清亮红色润滑油与不溶淤渣微粒分开。然而,上层清油仍含有油溶性淤渣前体,在该试验条件下前体会形成另外的油不溶性淤渣沉淀。向部分用过的油中添加0.5%(重量,活性成分)待试的添加剂进行添加剂的抑制淤渣试验。每一油试样取10克置于不锈钢离心管中并于140℃空气中加热16小时。加热后,冷却含试油的离心管然后在约39000gs下离心30分钟。用倾出上层清油的方法分出油中形成的任何新淤渣沉淀,然后用15毫升戊烷仔细地洗涤以除去淤渣上所有残油。干燥和称量本试验中新形成的固体淤渣的重量(以毫克计)。试验结果以每10克淤渣中淤渣毫克数报告,测量偏差小到万分之一。新形成的淤渣越少,添加剂作为分散剂的效果越好。换言之,如果添加剂是有效的,由于加热和氧化所形成的新淤渣至少有部分会稳定地悬浮在油中,在离心时不会沉淀。
对实施例1-4制备的分散剂试样进行标准的淤渣抑制小型试验(SIB)。对PIBSA-PAM试样进行SIB试验以供本发明的PIBSA-重 多胺分散剂与相应的先有技术PIBSA-PAM分散剂之间进行比较。实施例 化合物 SIB试验结果(淤渣mg/10g淤渣)
浓 度1(对照)PIBSA-2225/PAM 0.3% 0.5%
7.92 3.82(对照)B-PIBSA-2225/PAM 5.10 4.03 PIBSA-2225/HA-2 4.30 0.244 B-PIBSA-2225/HA-2 1.15 0.48空白 10.0
SIB试验结果指出,由HA-2重多胺制的、未经硼酸处理及经硼酸处理过的分散剂的淤渣分散性能优于商品化PAM制的,等当量活性成分的分散剂的淤渣分散性能。数值越低表示分散性能越好。实施例5将购自Mobil Chemical Company(品名为MCP1515)数均分子量为450、皂化值为178的630克(1.0琥珀酸酐当量)聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐置于装置有搅拌器、125毫升滴液漏斗、温度计及鼓泡装置的2升四颈瓶中,并向瓶中添加244克Exxon Solvent 150中性基油,加热至150℃。于40分钟内向该混合物添加119克(0.91伯胺当量)HA-2重多胺。用氮气对混合物鼓泡90分钟。分析反应产物,含氮量为4.03%。该产物可用作二冲程发动机润滑油的分散添加剂。
Claims (18)
1.包括已与重多胺反应的官能化烃的油溶性分散剂。
2.权利要求1的分散剂,其中所述烃是聚合物。
3.权利要求2的分散剂,其中所述官能化聚合物是聚丁烯基琥珀酸或酸酐。
4.权利要求1的分散剂,其中所述重多胺基本上不含氧。
5.权利要求1的分散剂,其中所述重多胺的当量为每当量伯胺约120-160克,并至少含约28%(重量)氮。
6.权利要求1的分散剂,其中所述重多胺平均每分子至少有约7个氮原子,且当量为每当量伯胺约125-140克。
7.权利要求1的分散剂,其中所述重多胺包括低于约1%(重量)五胺和较低级多胺,以及低于约25%(重量)己胺。
8.平均最多达两个官能基团官能化的权利要求1的分散剂。
9.权利要求2的分散剂,其中所述聚合物包括数均分子量高于300的乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物。
10.权利要求9的分散剂,其中所述聚合物包括乙烯/丙烯或乙烯/T烯共聚物。
11.制造分散剂的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)选自烃、聚合物和聚丁烯的主链通过卤化、烯反应或自由基接技方法用羧酸或酸酐试剂官能化;
b)然后使所述主链与重多胺反应。
12.权利要求11方法的产物,其中所述试剂是包括马来酸酐的酸酐。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中所述主链是在氯化步骤中被卤化的。
14.权利要求1产物在燃料或润滑剂中作为添加剂的用途。
15.包括权利要求1产物的油质组合物。
16.一种油质组合物,包括权利要求1产物及润滑油形态的基油或润滑油添加剂组形态的基油。
17.权利要求1的产物,其中所述重多胺中每分子平均至少有约7个氮原子、伯胺含量至少约6.3-约8.5毫当量伯胺/克,总氮含量至少约32%(重量)。
18.权利要求2的分散剂在二冲程发动机油中作为添加剂的用途,其中所述聚合物的数均分子量低于300。
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CN1671828B (zh) * | 2002-06-28 | 2012-05-30 | 新日本石油株式会社 | 润滑油添加剂,包含这种添加剂的润滑油组合物,以及这种添加剂和组合物的生产方法 |
CN101255369B (zh) * | 2006-12-15 | 2013-04-03 | 雅富顿公司 | 含钛润滑油组合物 |
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- 1995-07-11 JP JP50445496A patent/JP4083796B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-11 DE DE69505981T patent/DE69505981T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-11 CN CNB951940635A patent/CN1203097C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-11 ES ES95925596T patent/ES2124002T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-11 AU AU29674/95A patent/AU712427B2/en not_active Ceased
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1671828B (zh) * | 2002-06-28 | 2012-05-30 | 新日本石油株式会社 | 润滑油添加剂,包含这种添加剂的润滑油组合物,以及这种添加剂和组合物的生产方法 |
CN101255369B (zh) * | 2006-12-15 | 2013-04-03 | 雅富顿公司 | 含钛润滑油组合物 |
CN111690143A (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-09-22 | 新乡市瑞丰新材料股份有限公司 | 一种高分子量高氮无灰分散剂的制备方法 |
CN111690143B (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2022-08-05 | 新乡市瑞丰新材料股份有限公司 | 一种高分子量高氮无灰分散剂的制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4083796B2 (ja) | 2008-04-30 |
MX9700294A (es) | 1998-03-31 |
CA2191483C (en) | 2003-02-25 |
CA2191483A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
AU2967495A (en) | 1996-02-09 |
CN1203097C (zh) | 2005-05-25 |
EP0770098B1 (en) | 1998-11-11 |
ES2124002T3 (es) | 1999-01-16 |
EP0770098B2 (en) | 2010-03-03 |
BR9508269A (pt) | 1999-06-01 |
US5792730A (en) | 1998-08-11 |
WO1996001854A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
JPH10502864A (ja) | 1998-03-17 |
DE69505981T2 (de) | 1999-04-29 |
AU712427B2 (en) | 1999-11-04 |
EP0770098A1 (en) | 1997-05-02 |
DE69505981T3 (de) | 2010-10-28 |
DE69505981D1 (de) | 1998-12-17 |
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