CN1144499A - 摩擦搅拌焊 - Google Patents

摩擦搅拌焊 Download PDF

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CN1144499A
CN1144499A CN95192193A CN95192193A CN1144499A CN 1144499 A CN1144499 A CN 1144499A CN 95192193 A CN95192193 A CN 95192193A CN 95192193 A CN95192193 A CN 95192193A CN 1144499 A CN1144499 A CN 1144499A
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friction head
pin
weld
friction
welding
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CN1049618C (zh
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奥勒·泰耶·米德林
爱德华·詹姆斯·莫利
安德斯·桑维克
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Norsk Hydro ASA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114—Single butt joints
    • B29C66/1142—Single butt to butt joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
    • B23K20/1255—Tools therefor, e.g. characterised by the shape of the probe
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/0681—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding created by a tool
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114—Single butt joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/128—Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/1282—Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one overlap joint-segment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/128—Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/1284—Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one butt joint-segment
    • B29C66/12841—Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one butt joint-segment comprising at least two butt joint-segments
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/14—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections the joint having the same thickness as the thickness of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/434—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, fork connections or cross connections
    • B29C66/4342—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, e.g. for making V-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/43421—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, e.g. for making V-shaped pieces with a right angle, e.g. for making L-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/434—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, fork connections or cross connections
    • B29C66/4344—Joining substantially flat articles for forming fork connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/43441—Joining substantially flat articles for forming fork connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces, H-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/812—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8126—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/81264—Mechanical properties, e.g. hardness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81427—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single ridge, e.g. for making a weakening line; comprising a single tooth
    • B29C66/81429—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single ridge, e.g. for making a weakening line; comprising a single tooth comprising a single tooth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/836—Moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined, e.g. transversely to the displacement of the parts to be joined, e.g. using a X-Y table

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

一种改进的摩擦搅拌焊接方法，其特征在于通过把得到的塑性区材料沿着连接元件的表面暴露在一垂直压力下并在垂直方向沿着摩擦头的销产生同时发生的材料流允许在摩擦头后面使塑性区材料凝固，而由于与邻近的组合元件的纵向延伸部分垂直及侧向的增加的塑材流。还提供了一种非自耗摩擦头，包括一凹形的底部(23)，连着具有螺纹表面的可更换的销(24)，在一最佳实施例中，包括两个或更多的侧向突起的突片。

Description

摩擦搅拌焊
本发明涉及连接金属元件的摩擦焊的方法，更具体地涉及一种摩擦搅拌焊(friction stir welding)，它基于在较硬材料的摩擦头和要连接的元件之间的相对的摩擦运动而进行焊接。本发明还涉及在摩擦焊方法中用的改进的工具。
摩擦焊基于要焊接物件的摩擦产生足够的热量，因而在相邻的表面产生塑性化的状态的原理，这是公知的，已实践了几十年，摩擦热只由要连接的两元件产生。但是，由于使用的方法使最终的焊缝具有一些缺点。限制摩擦焊应用的主要缺点是至少其中一个要焊接的元件必须是轴对称的。因此，这种方法不能用于例如要求提供纵向连续焊缝的结构应用。
WO 93/10935公开了由摩擦焊改型的摩擦搅拌焊。在该方法中用了比要处理的工件更硬的材料制的摩擦头(第三物体)。摩擦搅拌焊是基于在摩擦头与工件间的相对的周期运动，把摩擦头与工件推压在一起，由于产生的摩擦热而在工件中产生一个塑性区，然后停止相对的周期运动，使塑性材料凝固。因此没有由于要焊接的元件之间的相对运动而产生的热量。通过不同工件材料(塑料，金属材料)，应用(修到裂缝、密封、连接)和应用的摩擦头实施例的一些实例说明了该方法。
当把挤压型材连成关键场合使用的结构时，没有一种上述的方法及装置可以符合没有孔洞及有合适的结构零件的冶金连接的高质量的整体焊缝，也不能提供搭接的焊缝结构。
为了得到焊接金属合适的连接，在整个焊接操作中(向前运动)，摩擦头底部(肩部)必须保持与要连接的元件的表面紧密的接触。如果在向前运动中，即使摩擦头肩部暂时从表面升起，在摩擦头后面会有少量塑性的焊接材料挤出，会由于没有材料充填挤出的材料造成的空间而产生孔洞。
另外，由于使用现有技术已知的“光滑的”焊接摩擦头会产生一些问题，也就是焊接速度要低以便得到材料足够的摩擦热(在摩擦头与连接元件之间的足够接触时间)，以保证塑性化的焊接材料的充分流动。
因此本发明的目的是提供一种改进的摩擦搅拌焊接方法，其能保证没有孔洞且有光滑表面的高质量的整体焊缝。
本发明的另一个目的是改进现有的摩擦搅拌焊接方法，能提供搭接焊缝及三个或三个以上元件连接起来的结构。
本发明再一个目的是提供一种新型的摩擦头，它能得到均匀的焊缝，具有小的热影响区。
通过权利要求1-7限定的摩擦搅拌焊接方法及装置(摩擦头)，可实现本发明的上述和其它目的。
通过下面参照附图对本发明的详细说明，可以明白本发明的上述和其它的目的、特点及优点，附图中：
图1是本发明应用的焊接装置/方法的示意的透视图；
图2是两元件摩擦头的放大的局部剖视图；
图3是示意示出本发明新型的摩擦搅拌焊接的特点的视图；
图4是示出在焊接和转动速度及在摩擦头上加的压力之间理想的关系的曲线图；
图5a-e是所提供焊缝的不同类型的示意的局部的透视图。
参照附图，特别见图1，一个非自耗的摩擦头1包括一个转动的圆柱体2，它的上部22和一个动力源，例如一个发动机(图中未示出)相连，其底部设有一分离的销24，它用来把端对端放置的两元件(金属板)3，4连接(焊接)起来。在压力下把摩擦头1插入两元件3，4之间并转动，以便在摩擦头1沿着端对端放置的两元件移动过程中，提供适当的摩擦热加热对接焊缝5。
图2更清楚地示出组合的两部分的摩擦头1的专门的新型结构，摩擦头的底部23和所用的销24的外形(结构)，其中转动圆柱体2的底部23显示有四面，而销24的外表面沿着纵轴线方向设有交替的突起及凹下的部分。
虽然在销的外表面可用一般的螺纹，可改善焊接的质量，但在摩擦头的销的一个最佳实施例中，表面结构(如图示)最好包括垂直设置并从销的中部侧面突起的两个或更多的分离的突片25。
用这种新型的销提供的焊缝的显微结构显示了具有最小的金属紊流的，由连接的两元件的连结的塑性段组成的牢固的接合。
所用的摩擦头1的组合设计与以前已知的摩擦头的整体设计相比，包括一分离的摩擦头的销，它具有一些优点。首先工具(摩擦头)可调整销的插入深度，这样使处理有灵活性。第二，销可以方便地在不同的工具单元之间更换，适宜于焊接各种壁厚的元件。
这种新型工具及改进的摩擦搅拌焊接的新特点可通过图3示出的摩擦头及焊接过程的示意图理解，图3中W表示焊接元件的厚度，ω-焊接速度，R-凹形的摩擦头肩部的曲率半径，F-加在摩擦头上的向下的力(压力)，rs-摩擦头的肩部半径，t-肩部进入焊缝材料的切入深度。
摩擦头1的凹形底面23显示相对与上述销24的螺纹结构结合的焊接面的结线有些倾斜，这样保证了塑性化的材料是垂直及横向被驱动进入焊接区，因此在穿过焊接剖面的不同水平间交换金属。摩擦头肩部的凹形对焊接元件的表面提供一定的非对称的压缩，导致金属的垂直流动/交换。这一点与销的外形使金属作水平运动结合导致得到高质量的无孔洞的焊缝。
图4示意地示出了在能确保具光滑表面，牢固的无孔洞不同转动速度下施加在摩擦头上的向下压力
Figure A9519219300051
和焊接速度ω(mm/min)之间的理想关系。实际的理想的压力/焊接速度值取决于一些因素，例如连接元件用的材料(Al合金)，摩擦头肩部的几何尺寸等。
用具有不同尺寸的摩擦头进行的一些焊接试验表明相应于连接元件的实际壁厚的摩擦头的肩部直径的减小除了可增加焊接度外对提供的接缝/焊缝的质量有好的作用。
因此把摩擦头肩部直径从20mm减到15mm，进一步减小到10mm，应用到合金6082.50的3mm厚的挤压平板，允许地焊接速度从0.3m/min提高到0.8m/min，可得到高质量的无孔洞焊缝并减小了热影响区(HAZ)。这是减小了热的输入，及热量集中在焊缝附近，可增加焊接速度及减少施加在摩擦头上的向下力，得到没有变形的焊接结构的综合结果。
限定摩擦头肩部的半径(rs)和焊接元件的壁厚(W)之间的理想关系的简单公式如下： 5 W 2 ≥ r s ≥ W 2
摩擦头的材料比要焊接的工件/元件硬，典型地用于铝合金元件的焊接，可以用在高温下有很好的强度的材料，例如热锻模具钢，高速钢或金属陶瓷材料。
图5a-e以局部透视图示意地示出用本发明的方法及摩擦头提供的各种焊缝，其中：
图5a示出普通的对接焊缝，图5b示出两元件之间T形断面的连接，图5c是搭接焊缝，图5d示出三元件构成的T形断面连接的另一种改型，最后图5e是两元件安排成相互成直角的角部焊缝。
因此，本发明的新的及改进的工具设计允许增加焊接速度，而仍保证产生足够的摩擦热。由于焊接材料的每单位体积的接触/加热时间延长并且产生的热更集中于焊缝线，就可得到上述作用。当焊接摩擦头经过时，在材料上加上更大的锻压力(压力)。上述作用理想的结构，使得整个焊接剖面是无孔洞的均匀焊缝，因而得到就冶金质量及机械性能言高离质量的焊缝。

Claims (8)

1.一种连接元件的摩擦搅拌焊接方法，特别用于连接组合的挤压型材，包括把要组合的元件朝向对方推及固定的步骤，用材料比要连接的元件硬的摩擦头在转动运动下沿着连接线进入组合的元件产生摩擦热使邻近的元件材料中产生的塑性区的步骤，
其特征在于还包括通过把得到的塑性区材料沿着连接元件的表面暴露在一垂直压力下并在垂直方向沿着所述的摩擦头的销产生同时发生的材料流允许在摩擦头后面使塑性区材料凝固，而由于与邻近的组合元件的纵向延伸部分垂直及侧向的增加的塑性材料流保证的最终的焊缝的均匀化的步骤。
2.按照权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，所述的摩擦头的底部(23)处在与焊接表面的法线稍微偏斜的位置与要连接的元件的相邻的表面接合。
3.按照权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于所述的摩擦头的销(24)的外部形状是可以保证塑性区材料的垂直及横向流穿过焊接区的形状。
4.按照前述权利要求中任一项的方法，其特征在于，两个或更多的元件连接成-T形焊接连接。
5.按照权利要求1-3中任一项的方法，其特征在于所提供的焊缝是搭接焊缝。
6.按照权利要求1-3中任一项的方法，其特征在于，所提供的焊缝是把安排成相互成任意角度的两元件连接起来的角部焊缝。
7.一种用于连接元件的摩擦搅拌焊接的非自耗摩擦头(1)，包括一可转动的圆柱形主体(2)，其上部(2)与一动力源连接，而底部(23)设有销(24)，其特征在于所述的摩擦头的底部(23)具有凹形表面，连接的销(24)是具有螺纹表面的，摩擦头的可更换的零件。
8.按照权利要求7的摩擦头，其特征在于，所述的销设有至少一对以所述的销动中部横的突起的垂直设置的突片。
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