CN113475183A - Coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting - Google Patents
Coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement. The invention provides a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, which comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner; (2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm; (3) fertilizing before and after rice planting; (4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth; (5) when more than 90% of rice grains are ripe and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested. According to the characteristics of serious soil hardening and small permeability coefficient of the coastal saline-alkali soil, a set of saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method is explored and summarized, and ecological economy and double harvest of the coastal saline-alkali soil can be realized. Practice proves that the normal production of hybrid indica rice in coastal saline-alkali soil can be realized by adopting the technical system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement, in particular to a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting.
Background
The development of crop production is seriously hindered due to the secondary salinization of soil caused by human activities and the primary salinization of soil caused by nature. Rice is one of the important grain crops in the world, and the rice planting area of China is the second place in the world and is about 3.0 multiplied by 107hm2. The planted rice has the function of ecological conservation, can recover wetland resources, and eluviates soluble saline-alkali components of soil, thereby achieving the purpose of promoting and improving saline-alkali soil.
The saline-alkali soil in China is mainly distributed in the north, so the research on saline-alkali soil treatment is mainly concentrated in the north. Planting salt-tolerant rice is an effective method for improving saline-alkali soil, but at present, japonica rice is mostly adopted for research in the aspect, and research on improving the saline-alkali soil based on indica rice, particularly on planting hybrid indica rice is very little.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, and the method achieves the purpose of improving and improving the saline-alkali soil.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, which comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner;
(2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm;
(3) fertilizing before and after rice planting;
(4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth;
(5) when more than 90% of rice grains are mature and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested.
Preferably, the height of a field water layer is 10-20 cm during rotary tillage and field washing; during rotary tillage and field washing, water is changed once every two rotary tillage times; the frequency of rotary tillage and field washing is 6-10 times per two years; the time of rotary tillage and field washing is 4-8 times of rotary tillage and field washing in 6 months in the first year, and 1-2 times of rotary tillage and field washing in 6 months in the next year; and after rotary tillage and field washing, the salinity in the plough layer soil is not higher than 4 per mill.
Preferably, the soil conditioner comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-50 parts of organic fertilizer, 1-2 parts of biological bacterial fertilizer and 1-2 parts of structure modifier; the using amount of the soil conditioner per hectare is 45-50 tons.
Preferably, the rice variety is Xiangliangyou 900.
Preferably, in the fertilization process, a base fertilizer is applied before planting, and a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer are applied after planting; organic fertilizer and/or chemical fertilizer are/is adopted in the fertilizing process.
Preferably, when the fertilizer is adopted in the fertilizing process, 16-20 kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 8-10 kg of phosphatic fertilizer and 16-20 kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each mu; the phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time; the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer comprise a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer according to a mass ratio of 4-5: 3: 2-3 by mass ratio.
Preferably, when organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers are adopted in the fertilizing process, 2800-3200 kg of organic fertilizers and 45-55 kg of compound fertilizers are used as base fertilizers per mu, 12-15.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are used as tillering fertilizers per mu, and 17.5-22.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are used as spike fertilizers; the tillering fertilizer is applied twice, 4.5-5.5 kg is applied in 5-7 days after seedling transplantation for the first time, and 7.5-10 kg is applied in 12 days after seedling transplantation for the second time; the ear fertilizer is applied by a flower promoting fertilizer and a flower protecting fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the flower promoting fertilizer per mu is 12.5-15 kg, the flower promoting fertilizer is applied in the 2 nd stage of differentiation of young ears of rice, and the application amount of the flower protecting fertilizer per mu is 5-7.5 kg, and the flower protecting fertilizer is applied in the 4 th stage of differentiation of young ears of rice.
Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is phosphorus pentoxide, the potassium fertilizer is potassium oxide, and the organic fertilizer is pig manure organic fertilizer.
Preferably, the method of water management comprises:
(1) transplanting stage to effective tillering termination stage
Keeping the height of a water layer to be 3-4 cm after transplanting, keeping the height of the water layer at the green turning stage to be 6-7 cm, and keeping the height of the water layer at the end stage of the effective tillering stage to be 2-3 cm after green turning;
(2) effective tillering is stopped to the stage of panicle differentiation
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 10-12 cm and the keeping time to be 5-7 days;
(3) differentiation of young ear to milk stage
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 6-7 cm;
(4) milk stage to mature stage
And after 20-25 days of heading, the water layer is not kept, and only the soil saturated water state is kept.
Preferably, the straws are returned to the field after harvesting, and the dry land crops are sown for rotation.
The invention provides a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, which comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner; (2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm; (3) fertilizing before and after rice planting; (4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth; (5) when more than 90% of rice grains are ripe and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested. According to the characteristics of serious soil hardening and small permeability coefficient of the coastal saline-alkali soil, a set of coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting is explored and summarized under the condition of stable fresh water supply, and the main technical key points of the method comprise: rotary tillage and field washing, application of modifying agent, application of organic fertilizer, selection of salt-tolerant hybrid indica rice, timely sowing and planting, graded fertilization, scientific irrigation and winter crop planting, thereby realizing ecological and economic double harvest.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, which comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner;
(2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm;
(3) fertilizing before and after rice planting;
(4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth;
(5) when more than 90% of rice grains are mature and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested.
In the invention, the plant row spacing is preferably 28-32 cm × 16-19 cm, and more preferably 30cm × 17-18 cm.
In the invention, before the rotary tillage field washing, the farmland is preferably divided into strip fields.
In the invention, the area of the strip field is preferably 10-15 acres, more preferably 11-14 acres, and still more preferably 12-13 acres.
In the invention, the rotary tillage and field washing are preferably carried out by a method of rotary tillage with water.
In the invention, the height of a water layer in the field during rotary tillage and field washing is preferably 10-20 cm, more preferably 13-17 cm, and still more preferably 15 cm.
In the invention, the rotary tillage field washing is preferably carried out once water changing every two times of rotary tillage, and the rotary tillage field washing is carried out for half a day before water changing.
In the invention, the frequency of rotary tillage field washing is preferably 6-10 times per two years, more preferably 7-9 times per two years, and even more preferably 8 times per two years.
In the invention, the rotary tillage field washing is preferably carried out 4-8 times in 6 months in the first year, and 1-2 times in 6 months in the next year.
In the invention, the number of times of rotary tillage and field washing for 6 months in the first year is preferably 5-7 times, and more preferably 6 times.
In the invention, the salt content in the plough layer soil after rotary tillage and field washing is not higher than 4 per mill.
In the invention, the soil conditioner comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-50 parts of organic fertilizer, 1-2 parts of biological bacterial fertilizer and 1-2 parts of structure modifier.
In the invention, the organic fertilizer is preferably 42 to 48 parts by weight, more preferably 44 to 46 parts by weight, and even more preferably 45 parts by weight.
In the invention, the weight part of the biological bacterial manure is preferably 1.5 parts.
In the present invention, the weight part of the structure-improving agent is preferably 1.5 parts.
In the invention, the using amount of the soil conditioner per hectare is preferably 45-50 tons, more preferably 46-49 parts, and still more preferably 47-48 parts.
In the present invention, the rice variety is preferably liangyou 900.
In the invention, in the fertilizing process, a base fertilizer is applied before planting, and a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer are applied after planting.
In the invention, organic fertilizer and/or chemical fertilizer is preferably adopted in the fertilizing process.
In the invention, when the fertilizer is adopted in the fertilizing process, 16-20 kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 8-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 16-20 kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each mu.
In the invention, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is preferably 17-19 kg, and more preferably 18 kg.
In the invention, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer per mu is preferably 9 kg.
In the invention, the application amount of the potash fertilizer per mu is preferably 17-19 kg, and more preferably 18 kg.
In the present invention, the phosphate fertilizer is preferably applied as a base fertilizer at one time.
In the invention, the preferable components of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer according to a mass ratio of 4-5: 3: 2-3 by mass ratio.
In the invention, when organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers are adopted in the fertilizing process, 2800-3200 kg of organic fertilizers and 45-55 kg of compound fertilizers are applied to each mu of land as base fertilizers, 12-15.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to each mu of land as tillering fertilizers, and 17.5-22.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to each mu of land as spike fertilizers.
In the invention, the application amount of the organic fertilizer per mu is preferably 2900-3100 kg, and more preferably 3000 kg.
In the invention, the application amount of the compound fertilizer per mu is preferably 48-52 kg, and more preferably 50 kg.
In the invention, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as the tillering fertilizer per mu is preferably 13-15 kg, and more preferably 14 kg.
In the invention, the tillering fertilizer is preferably applied twice, 4.5-5.5 kg is applied in 5-7 days after seedling transplantation for the first time, and 7.5-10 kg is applied in 12 days after seedling transplantation for the second time.
In the invention, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as the ear fertilizer per mu is preferably 18-22 kg, more preferably 19-21 kg, and even more preferably 20 kg.
In the invention, the spike fertilizer is applied by a flower promoting fertilizer and a flower preserving fertilizer.
In the present invention, the flower promoting fertilizer is preferably applied at the 2 nd stage of the young ear differentiation of rice.
In the present invention, the flower-keeping fertilizer is preferably applied at the 4 th stage of the differentiation of young ears of rice.
In the invention, the application amount of the flower promoting fertilizer per mu is preferably 12.5-15 kg, and more preferably 13-14 kg.
In the invention, the application amount of the flower retention fertilizer per mu is preferably 5-7.5 kg, and more preferably 6-7 kg.
In the present invention, the nitrogen fertilizer is preferably urea.
In the present invention, the phosphate fertilizer is preferably phosphorus pentoxide.
In the present invention, the potassium fertilizer is preferably potassium oxide.
In the invention, the organic fertilizer is preferably pig manure organic fertilizer.
In the invention, the biological bacterial fertilizer is preferably a microbial agent produced by the Hebei flourishing Biotech limited.
In the present invention, the texturizing agent is preferably technical grade corn starch.
In the present invention, the method of moisture management is preferably:
(1) transplanting stage to effective tillering termination stage
Keeping the height of a water layer to be 3-4 cm after transplanting, keeping the height of the water layer at the green turning stage to be 6-7 cm, and keeping the height of the water layer at the end stage of the effective tillering stage to be 2-3 cm after green turning;
(2) effective tillering is stopped to the stage of panicle differentiation
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 10-12 cm and the keeping time to be 5-7 days;
(3) differentiation of young ear to milk stage
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 6-7 cm;
(4) milk stage to mature stage
And after 20-25 days of heading, the water layer is not kept, and only the soil saturated water state is kept.
In the invention, in the early growth stage of the rice, fresh water is changed preferably every 5-7 days in rainy seasons, fresh water is changed every 8-10 days in rainy seasons, and the interval of changing fresh water in the middle and later stages is prolonged by 2-3 days compared with the early growth stage.
In the present invention, the early growth stage of rice is preferably before the booting stage.
In the present invention, the late mid-growth stage of rice is preferably after the booting stage.
In the present invention, the time for which the soil is kept in a saturated water state is preferably 21 to 24 days after heading, and more preferably 22 to 23 days after heading.
In the invention, the harvested straws are preferably returned to the field, and the dry land crops are sown for crop rotation.
In the present invention, the dry land crop is preferably one or more of barley, wheat, rape and alfalfa.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the improved methods of the present invention in detail, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1 Rotary tillage and soil washing
The cultivated land is divided into 15 mu strip fields, and the rotary tillage and salt washing are carried out on the strip fields. The method of rotary tillage with water and deep tillage with multiple rotations is adopted, and drainage is changed once every two rotary tillage. Standing for half a day before draining, and discharging water slowly to prevent water and soil loss. The above steps are repeated; according to the condition of salt reduction of water and soil of the strip field, the early-stage rotary washing frequency is high, the rotary washing frequency is reduced when the salinity is reduced to about five thousandths, the interval period of rotary cultivation is increased, and the salinity of the soil is slowly separated out. The times of rotary tillage and field washing are determined according to the change condition of water, soil and salinity, generally the rotary tillage and field washing is carried out for 8 times within two years, the field washing can be carried out for 6 times in the first 6 months and the field washing can be carried out for 2 times in the next 6 months. And (3) keeping a water layer in the field for 15cm after each fresh water rotary washing, draining water in time after rotary washing until mud in the field is exposed, and then filling fresh water for soaking and retting. After the field is washed, the salinity of the soil of the plough layer of the rice field is not more than 4 per thousand; after the organic fertilizer is spread, the soil is finely leveled by a leveling machine, the height difference between the upper part and the lower part of the ground is within 5cm, and the seedling transplantation in the later period is facilitated.
Salinity monitoring is carried out to soil in the district before and after salt washing of intaking at every turn, and the contrast is washed water and soil salinity and is changed around the salt. During the salt washing interval, the washed field surface cannot be exposed in the burning sun or in the strong wind, a thin water layer is kept on the field surface as much as possible, or the field is drained and dried in rainy days and nights to prevent strong evaporation and salt reversion.
The bank dyke at the water inlet and the water outlet is protected to prevent water and soil loss, and the concrete work content is as follows: a water inlet: the geotextile is adopted to protect the slope, the joints are compacted by adopting snakeskin bagged soil, and the pipe orifices are wrapped by the sunshade net, so that the impact effect of water flow is reduced; the pipe orifice can be blocked, and a hole is formed above the pipe to discharge water, so that direct impact on a ditch can be avoided; secondly, a water outlet and a pipeline opening are tamped by adopting snakeskin lifting and loading soil, so that soil loss is prevented; the elbow is added at the pipe orifice, so that sludge can be prevented from entering the pipeline and blocking the pipeline.
Example 2 soil improvement
The application amount of the organic fertilizer is 45t/hm2The application amount of the biological bacterial manure is 1.5t/hm2Application amount of structure improver is 1.5t/hm2. The organic fertilizer, the biological bacterial fertilizer and the structural modifier are uniformly mixed and then applied at one time. By applying the modifier, the organic fertilizer, the biological bacterial fertilizer and the like and performing agricultural cultivation and management for one year, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are greatly improved, the porosity of the soil is increased, and the granular structure is improvedGood formation, and the organic matter is generally increased to more than 6 per mill.
Example 3 planting of salt tolerant Rice
(1) Selecting rice variety with strong salt tolerance
In the aspect of screening salt-tolerant indica rice varieties, the variety with stronger salt tolerance, i.e. Xiangliangyou 900, is screened out. Wherein, under the sowing condition of No. 21 in 6 months, the yield levels of the above 3 indica rice varieties can reach 590.2 kg/mu, 586.7 kg/mu and 533.3 kg/mu respectively; if the sowing period is advanced to 5 months middle and late, the yield level can reach about 650 kg/mu, and the method is suitable for popularization and planting in coastal saline-alkali areas.
(2) Reasonable selection seedling and transplanting mode
The seedling transplanting mode should be selected reasonably according to the salt tolerance of the rice variety. Aiming at the variety with strong salt tolerance, a blanket seedling cultivation-seedling transplanting mode can be selected, the seedling cultivation cost is low, the bare root planting is easy to be affected by salt damage, the green turning and the survival are slow, and the variety with weak salt tolerance is not suitable for adopting the mode. Aiming at the varieties with weak salt tolerance, a pot seedling cultivation-transplanting mode can be selected, and the mode has high seedling cultivation cost, quick green turning and survival and poor salt tolerance.
(3) Reasonably determining the sowing period and density
The variety with longer growth period is generally sown in the middle and last 5 months, and is manually transplanted or mechanically transplanted in the middle and last 6 months. The breeding season is short, and the sowing period can be delayed to 6 middle ten days.
Taking Xiangliangyou 900 as a material, applying 18kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N) and phosphate fertilizer (P) per mu2O5)9kg of potash fertilizer (K)2O)18kg, phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer is applied at one time, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and spike fertilizer are applied for the third time, and the proportion is 0.5: 0.3: the planting density test result carried out under the condition of 0.2 shows that: the yield difference between treatments was significant at 3 plug densities (4 inches x 9 inches, 5 inches x 9 inches, 6 inches x 9 inches), with the yield per mu for the 4 inches x 9 inches, 5 inches x 9 inches, 6 inches x 9 inches treatments being 528.6kg, 610.3kg, and 578.9kg, respectively. It can be seen that the optimal machine insertion density of hybrid indica rice in Jiangsu coastal saline-alkali area is 5 inches multiplied by 9 inches.
(4) Method for reasonably determining nitrogen application amount and nitrogen fertilizer operation
Nitrogen fertilizer application and nitrogen fertilizer operation mode under pure fertilizer condition
Under the condition of applying pure fertilizer, tests of suitable nitrogen application amount and operation planning of hybrid sea rice are carried out by taking Xiangliangyou 900 as a material. Setting 3 nitrogen fertilizer levels, namely 15kg (A1), 18kg (A2) and 21kg (A3) of pure nitrogen per mu; 3 nitrogen fertilizer operation modes: base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and spike fertilizer 4: 3: 3(B1), 5: 3: 2(B2), 6: 3: 1 (B3). The acre yields of A1B1, A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B2, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, A3B3 treatments were found to be 540.0, 520.0, 513.3, 636.7, 576.7, 560.0, 533.3, 600.0, 626.7kg, respectively. Therefore, under the condition of less nitrogen fertilizer dosage (15-18 kg/mu), the method should adopt the following steps: 3: 3, under the condition of large nitrogen fertilizer dosage (21 kg/mu), the method should adopt 6: 3: mode 1. Therefore, the most suitable nitrogen application amount and operation mode of the saline-alkali soil hybrid indica rice is 18 kg/mu and 4: 3: 3.
second, nitrogen application amount and nitrogen fertilizer operation mode under organic fertilizer application condition
The method specifically comprises the following steps: 3000kg of organic fertilizer and 50kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land before land preparation, wherein the organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing and fermenting pig manure, cow manure and mushroom dregs; applying the fertilizer twice 6 days and 12 days after tillering, wherein 5kg of urea is applied for the first time, and 8kg of urea is applied for the second time; 13kg of urea is applied to each mu of the flower promoting fertilizer, 7kg of urea is applied to each mu of the flower protecting fertilizer according to the leaf color, and the water application and the deep application are realized by the fertilizing method.
(5) Reasonable water pipe
The overall concept of water management: the salinity of the water body on the field surface is controlled and the water and soil loss is inhibited by adopting a small quantity of repeated and frequent irrigation and drainage modes. The rice can keep a fresh water layer all the time in the whole growth period, and can not be dehydrated in the daytime, so that the salt content is prevented from rising along with the evaporation of water. In the early growth period of rice, fresh water is changed every 6 days in a high-temperature drought season, accumulated water with high salt content in the field is drained during water change, and fresh water is changed every 9 days in a rainy season. The interval of changing fresh water in the middle and later period can be prolonged by 2 days compared with the earlier period. Through the technologies of frequent changing and arranging, daily soaking and night dew and the like, the soil can be quickly desalted in the early stage, the seedling and root fixing are promoted, the tillering is enhanced in the middle stage, and the late stage grouting is full.
The specific irrigation method for each growth period is as follows:
transplanting stage to effective tillering terminating stage
Irrigating with shallow water after transplanting, soaking in night dew every day, and keeping water layer 4 cm; water layer of 7cm in the green turning period, and protecting seedlings with water; after turning green, the water layer of 3cm is kept until the effective tillering stage is finished. Draining water on the same day after transplanting, and applying pesticide or fertilizer for 5 days.
② effective tillering is terminated to the stage of panicle differentiation
Irrigating for 6 days at the depth of 11cm in deep water, and inhibiting late ineffective tillering; in the period of 5 days, water is changed for 1 time, all the water on the field surface is drained when the water is changed, and then the water is irrigated again to establish a water layer.
③ differentiation of young ear to milk stage
Irrigating with running water, and maintaining 7cm water layer.
Fourthly, from milk stage to mature stage
After 23 days after heading, the soil was kept in a saturated water state.
(6) Technology for preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds
The prevention principle is as follows: prevention is mainly carried out, and comprehensive prevention and control are carried out; agricultural control, physical control and biological control are preferably adopted, and the chemical control principle is scientifically and reasonably used.
Control objects and methods: the early prevention and control of diseases and insect pests such as rice stem borers, banded sclerotial blight, rice planthoppers and rice false smut are prevented, the possible occurrence period of the diseases and insect pests is obtained by combining with a disease and insect briefing issued by a local plant protection station, and the observation frequency is increased. Meanwhile, attention is paid to natural climate, such as typhoon, which may bring in ova, and for this reason, attention is paid to prevention and observation of insect damage after typhoon.
(7) Harvest period determination
When more than 90% of rice grains are mature and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested.
Example 4 rotation planting in paddy field and dry field
After the rice is harvested, the straws are immediately crushed and returned to the field, and the dry crops are planted, wherein the types of the crops which can be planted are as follows: barley, wheat, rape, alfalfa, etc.
Taking barley as an example: barley has strong adaptability to poor land, the growth speed of the barley is very fast, the differentiation time of the ear of the barley is much earlier than that of wheat, the root of the barley is very developed in the seedling period of the barley, and the nutrient absorption capacity of the barley is very strong, so that the barley is very important for planting management in the whole growth cycle. In the barley planting season, the measures of pre-harvest and seed-robbing are adopted, various plans are made in advance, soil moisture and groundwater in the area are controlled, and the whole sowing is basically completed before autumn rain comes. In the winter and spring, the period of high evaporation and salt rejection is adopted, and in the paddy-upland rotation planting process, corresponding geological and agricultural measures such as straw coverage, underground water control, leaf surface adjustment and the like are adopted according to the vegetation coverage of the strip field crops, the climatic conditions, the soil salinity, the ground temperature and the like, so that the stable increase of the soil fertility is ensured, and the salt rejection is controlled.
The experimental results are as follows: the demonstration areas of the salt city and the Nantong in 2019 are 250 mu and 150 mu respectively. The salt city demonstration area mainly develops variety demonstration and direct-seeding sea rice high-yield cultivation technology demonstration, and the Nantong mainly develops machine-inserted sea rice high-yield cultivation technology.
The yield is measured by randomly drawing 3 plots, the yield of the demonstration area of Jiangsu salt city is 519.7 kg/mu, 537.1 kg/mu and 531.6 kg/mu respectively, and the average yield reaches 529.5 kg/mu; the yield of the Jiangsu Nantong demonstration area is 523.6 kg/mu, 538.9 kg/mu and 551.0 kg/mu respectively, and the average yield reaches 537.8 kg/mu.
From the above embodiments, the invention provides a coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting, which comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner; (2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm; (3) fertilizing before and after rice planting; (4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth; (5) when more than 90% of rice grains are ripe and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested. According to the characteristics of serious soil hardening and small permeability coefficient of the coastal saline-alkali soil, a set of coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting is explored and summarized under the condition of stable fresh water supply, and the main technical key points of the method comprise: rotary tillage and field washing, application of modifying agent, application of organic fertilizer, selection of salt-tolerant hybrid indica rice, timely sowing and planting, graded fertilization, scientific irrigation and winter crop planting, thereby realizing ecological and economic double harvest.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A coastal saline-alkali soil comprehensive improvement method based on hybrid indica rice planting is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out rotary tillage and field washing before rice planting, and applying a soil conditioner;
(2) selecting a salt-tolerant rice variety, and transplanting rice seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 25-35 cm multiplied by 15-20 cm;
(3) fertilizing before and after rice planting;
(4) salinity is controlled by moisture management during rice growth;
(5) when more than 90% of rice grains are mature and turn yellow, the rice can be harvested.
2. The improvement method according to claim 1, wherein the height of the water layer in the field during rotary tillage and field washing is 10-20 cm; during rotary tillage and field washing, water is changed once every two rotary tillage times; the frequency of rotary tillage and field washing is 6-10 times per two years; the time of rotary tillage and field washing is 4-8 times of rotary tillage and field washing in 6 months in the first year, and 1-2 times of rotary tillage and field washing in 6 months in the next year; and after rotary tillage and field washing, the salinity in the plough layer soil is not higher than 4 per mill.
3. The improvement method according to claim 2, characterized in that the soil conditioner comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-50 parts of organic fertilizer, 1-2 parts of biological bacterial fertilizer and 1-2 parts of structure modifier; the using amount of the soil conditioner per hectare is 45-50 tons.
4. The improvement as claimed in claim 3, wherein the rice variety is Langliu 900.
5. The improvement method according to claim 4, characterized in that in the fertilization process, a base fertilizer is applied before planting, and tillering fertilizer and spike fertilizer are applied after planting; organic fertilizer and/or chemical fertilizer are/is adopted in the fertilizing process.
6. The improvement method as claimed in claim 5, wherein when a chemical fertilizer is used in the fertilizing process, 16-20 kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 8-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 16-20 kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu; the phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time; the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer comprise a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a spike fertilizer according to a mass ratio of 4-5: 3: 2-3 in proportion.
7. The improvement method according to claim 5, characterized in that when organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers are adopted in the fertilizing process, 2800-3200 kg of organic fertilizers and 45-55 kg of compound fertilizers are applied per mu as base fertilizers, 12-15.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are applied per mu as tillering fertilizers, and 17.5-22.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizers are applied per mu as spike fertilizers; the tillering fertilizer is applied twice, 4.5-5.5 kg is applied in 5-7 days after seedling transplantation for the first time, and 7.5-10 kg is applied in 12 days after seedling transplantation for the second time; the ear fertilizer is applied by a flower promoting fertilizer and a flower protecting fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the flower promoting fertilizer per mu is 12.5-15 kg, the flower promoting fertilizer is applied in the 2 nd stage of differentiation of young ears of rice, and the application amount of the flower protecting fertilizer per mu is 5-7.5 kg, and the flower protecting fertilizer is applied in the 4 th stage of differentiation of young ears of rice.
8. The improvement according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is phosphorus pentoxide, the potassium fertilizer is potassium oxide, and the organic fertilizer is pig manure.
9. The improvement as claimed in claim 8, wherein said method of moisture management is:
(1) transplanting stage to effective tillering termination stage
Keeping the height of a water layer to be 3-4 cm after transplanting, keeping the height of the water layer at the green turning stage to be 6-7 cm, and keeping the height of the water layer at the end stage of the effective tillering stage to be 2-3 cm after green turning;
(2) effective tillering is stopped to the stage of panicle differentiation
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 10-12 cm and the keeping time to be 5-7 days;
(3) differentiation of young ear to milk stage
Keeping the height of the water layer to be 6-7 cm;
(4) milk stage to mature stage
And after 20-25 days of heading, the water layer is not kept, and only the soil saturated water state is kept.
10. The improvement as claimed in claim 9, wherein the harvesting is followed by straw application and seeding of dry crops for crop rotation.
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