CN111955298A - Crop rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a crop rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil, and belongs to the technical field of crop planting in saline-alkali soil. The crop rotation planting method of the rice and the winter wheat in the saline-alkali soil comprises the steps of (1) weeding before ploughing, (2) leveling dry land, (3) applying a soil directional conditioner and a base fertilizer, (4) rotary tillage soil preparation, (5) field soaking and pulping, (6) leveling water, (7) rice planting, (8) rotary tillage land, (9) wheat planting and (10) rice crop rotation. The crop rotation planting method of the invention not only can achieve the effect of land improvement, but also can realize high yield of crops all the year round and improve economic benefit.

Description

Crop rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting in saline-alkali soil, and particularly relates to a crop rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil.

Background

Saline-alkali soil is a generic term for saline soil and alkaline earth. Saline soils are alkaline and contain high levels of chloride or sulphate, but not necessarily high pH. The alkaline earth soil is alkaline and has a high pH value, and contains carbonate or heavy phosphate. The saline-alkali soil has the advantages of low organic matter content, low soil fertility, poor physical and chemical properties, more anions and cations harmful to crops and difficult seedling promotion of the crops.

At present, rice and winter wheat are planted in the saline-alkali soil improvement process, but a rice and winter wheat rotation mode adopted in the improvement process is not developed. The growth period of the rice is 4-6 months, the growth period of the winter wheat is about 7 months, the planting time is reasonably arranged, the crop planting can be realized all the year round, and the planting method for coordinating the crop rotation of the rice and the winter wheat on the improved saline-alkali soil is provided, so that the effect of land improvement can be achieved, the crop yield all the year round can be realized, and the economic benefit is improved.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a planting method for coordinating rotation of rice and winter wheat on an improved saline-alkali soil.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a crop rotation planting method of rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:

(1) weeding before ploughing

In the first year, the herbicide acetochlor is sprayed and applied evenly 15-20 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation;

(2) leveling of drought

Finely leveling the land parcel with a height difference of +/-3 cm, and ensuring the water layer control of the rice;

(3) applying soil directional conditioner and base fertilizer

1-2 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation, spreading a soil directional conditioner, wherein the dosage per mu is 60-70 kg; after the soil directional conditioner is applied, 100-150kg of finished organic fertilizer and 40-50kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land;

(4) rotary tillage soil preparation

After applying the soil conditioning directional conditioner and the base fertilizer, ploughing the soil conditioning directional conditioner and the base fertilizer to a depth of 20-25 cm; mixing a fertilizer and a soil directional conditioner with soil;

(5) soaking and pulping

After ploughing, establishing a 15-20cm water layer, soaking for 3-5 days to saturate soil water and facilitate pulping; the surface layer of the land is more than 10cm in slurry shape, which is beneficial to standing the seedlings;

(6) water leveling

Leveling water by adopting a paddy field harrow belt planker, moving high and padding to reach water without exposing mud, keeping a shallow water layer after leveling, preventing running slurry from falling dry and preventing surface soil from sinking and compacting;

(7) rice planting

Rice seedling raising is carried out in the last ten days of 4 months, rice varieties with the whole growth period within 4-5 months are selected, and after seed selection, seed drying, seed soaking and disinfection, seedling raising is carried out in a wet seedling raising or dry seedling raising mode;

transplanting rice seedlings at the end of 5 months when the rice seedlings reach 3 leaves and one heart to 4 leaves and one heart, wherein the transplanting distance is 30cm by 20 cm;

after the rice seedlings are aligned, performing conventional water and fertilizer management according to the growth period, and paying attention to prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and weeds;

in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the rice enters the yellow maturity stage, and the rice is organized, tested and harvested mechanically;

(8) rotary tillage land

2-3 days after harvesting, carrying out rotary tillage on the rice, wherein the depth is 20-25cm, no large soil blocks exist, and the soil moisture content is good;

(9) wheat planting

After rotary tillage of the land in the beginning of 10 months, sowing wheat, wherein the seed consumption per mu of wheat is 10-15kg, the compound fertilizer is 40-50kg, and the sowing depth is 3-4 cm;

when the emergence rate of wheat is 80-90%, carrying out first irrigation to ensure that surface soil is saturated in irrigation and surface water accumulation is not caused;

in the last ten days of 11 months to the last 12 months, the temperature is not lower than 3 ℃, the irrigation is carried out in winter, and the flood irrigation is avoided, the water accumulation and the freezing damage are avoided when the irrigation is carried out in winter;

after beginning spring in the next year, when the average temperature rises to more than 3 ℃, irrigating green-turning water in the green-turning period of the wheat, and applying 15-20kg of urea per mu;

at the end of 4 months, the winter wheat enters the later growth stage, and at the moment, rice seedling raising is carried out on a seedling raising field block to prepare for rice seedling transplanting at the end of 5 months;

in the middle and late ten days of 5 months, the winter wheat enters the yellow maturity stage, and the yield is measured and harvested;

(10) rotation of rice

After harvesting the winter wheat, immediately organizing rotary tillage, field soaking and pulping, finishing in the last ten days of the month, transplanting rice seedlings, and circularly performing crop rotation in the way.

On the basis of the scheme, the soil directional conditioner in the step 3) consists of the following components in percentage by weight:

50-55% of phosphogypsum, 10-15% of weathered coal, 20-25% of humic acid, 5-10% of biogas residue, 5-10% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.

Preferably, the soil oriented conditioner in the step 3) consists of the following components in percentage by weight:

50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 25% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.

The technical scheme of the invention has the advantages that:

the crop rotation planting method of the invention combines the use of the soil directional conditioner, not only can achieve the effect of improving the land, but also can realize the high yield of crops all the year round and improve the economic benefit.

Detailed Description

Terms used in the present invention have generally meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, unless otherwise specified.

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following data in conjunction with specific examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Example 1 rotation of rice and winter wheat was carried out in a saline-alkali soil with a Qingdao salt content of 4.1 ‰, and a pH of 8.1

(1) Soil directional conditioner with different proportions

Proportioning one: 55% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning two: 50% of phosphogypsum, 15% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning three: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 25% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning four: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 10% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning five: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 10% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.

(2) The concrete operation steps

In the first year, 18 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation, a herbicide acetochlor is sprayed and applied in a windless day, the spraying amount of the acetochlor per mu is 80mL (the herbicide is 90% of acetochlor missible oil, the specification is 900g/L), and the herbicide is uniformly sprayed; fine leveling work of a single land block is well done, the control of a water layer of rice is guaranteed, and the height difference is +/-3 cm; dividing 5 planting fields 1 day before rotary tillage and soil preparation, and respectively applying 5 soil directional conditioners with different proportions, wherein the dosage per mu is 70 kg; after the soil directional conditioner is applied, 120kg of finished organic fertilizer and 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15) are applied to each mu of land; after the soil conditioner and the base fertilizer are applied, ploughing is carried out, the ploughing depth is 20-25cm, no dead furrow appears, the soil is loosened, and the air permeability is increased; the fertilizer and the soil conditioner are mixed with the soil to prevent the fertilizer from being exposed in the air to cause pulverization and loss; after ploughing, establishing a water layer of 15-20cm, soaking for 3-5 days according to soil conditions to saturate soil water and facilitate pulping; the surface layer of the land is more than 10cm in slurry shape, which is beneficial to standing the seedlings; a paddy field harrow belt planker is adopted, the height is increased and the padding is lowered to the extent that mud is not exposed in water, a shallow water layer is kept after leveling, slurry leakage and dry falling are prevented, and surface soil is settled; the method adopts a wet seedling raising or dry seedling raising mode to raise the seedlings, the whole growth period of the rice variety is selected to be within 4-5 months, the rice seedling raising needs to be carried out on seeds firstly, the steps of seed selection, seed drying, seed soaking sterilization and the like are carried out, and the seedling raising time is selected to be in the late 4 months; transplanting rice seedlings when the rice seedlings reach 3 leaves and one heart to 4 leaves and one heart, wherein the transplanting time is selected to be 5 months bottom; the transplanting distance is 30cm by 20 cm; after the rice seedlings are aligned, performing water and fertilizer management according to the growth period, and paying attention to pest and disease damage and weed prevention and control; the rice enters the yellow maturity stage in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and then the rice can be organized, tested and harvested mechanically; 2 days after harvesting the rice, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil, wherein the depth is 20-25cm, no large soil blocks exist, and the soil moisture content is good; after rotary tillage of the land in the beginning of 10 months, sowing wheat, wherein the seed consumption per mu of wheat is 10kg, the ternary compound fertilizer is 50kg, and the sowing depth is 3-4 cm; when the emergence rate of wheat is 80-90%, irrigating the tissue until the surface soil is saturated, so that surface water accumulation cannot be caused; the irrigation time in winter is generally from 11 late ten days to 12 early days, the temperature is not lower than 3 ℃, and when winter irrigation is carried out in the wheat field, flood irrigation is avoided as much as possible so as to avoid excessive accumulated water and severe freezing injury; after beginning spring in the next year, when the average temperature rises to more than 3 ℃, the wheat begins to turn green and grow, and then enters the wheat turning green period, watering and fertilizing are carried out at the time, the effect is best, and 20kg of urea is applied per mu; and (3) in the later growth period of the winter wheat, entering the bottom of 4 months, arranging reserved seedling raising field blocks for rice seedling raising, preparing for seedling transplanting at the bottom of 5 months, entering a yellow maturity period in the middle and last ten days of the winter wheat in 5 months, and performing tissue yield measurement and harvesting. Immediately organizing operations such as rotary tillage, field soaking, pulping and the like after wheat is harvested, transplanting rice seedlings after the completion of the last ten days of the month, and circulating the steps.

The results are shown in table 1:

TABLE 1 test record table

Group of	Rice yield (kg/mu)	Winter wheat yield (kg/mu)
			Proportioning one	322.7	387.1
Proportioning two	318.6	369.4
			Proportioning three	352.8	418.7
Ratio of four	333.5	390.2
			Proportioning five	335.7	376.4

After comparing the soil directional conditioners with different proportions, the rice yield and the winter wheat yield are the highest after the three-soil directional conditioner is applied, so that the formula of the three-soil directional conditioner is the optimal formula.

Example 2 rotation of rice and winter wheat was carried out in a saline-alkali soil with a Qingdao salt content of 3.8 ‰, and a pH of 7.9

(1) Soil directional conditioner with different proportions

Proportioning one: 55% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning two: 50% of phosphogypsum, 15% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning three: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 25% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning four: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 10% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate;

proportioning five: 50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 20% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 10% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.

(2) The concrete operation steps

In the first year, the herbicide acetochlor is sprayed 15 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation, the spraying amount of the acetochlor per mu is 75mL (the herbicide is 90% of acetochlor missible oil, the specification is 900g/L) in windless days, and the herbicide is uniformly sprayed; fine leveling work of a single land block is well done, the control of a water layer of rice is guaranteed, and the height difference is +/-3 cm; dividing 5 planting fields 2 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation, and respectively applying 5 soil directional conditioners with different proportions, wherein the dosage per mu is 65 kg; after the soil directional conditioner is applied, 135kg of finished organic fertilizer and 45kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15) are applied to each mu of land; after the soil conditioner and the base fertilizer are applied, ploughing is carried out, the ploughing depth is 20-25cm, no dead furrow appears, the soil is loosened, and the air permeability is increased; the fertilizer and the soil conditioner are mixed with the soil to prevent the fertilizer from being exposed in the air to cause pulverization and loss; after ploughing, establishing a water layer of 15-20cm, soaking for 3-5 days according to soil conditions to saturate soil water and facilitate pulping; the surface layer of the land is more than 10cm in slurry shape, which is beneficial to standing the seedlings; a paddy field harrow belt planker is adopted, the height is increased and the padding is lowered to the extent that mud is not exposed in water, a shallow water layer is kept after leveling, slurry leakage and dry falling are prevented, and surface soil is settled; the method adopts a wet seedling raising or dry seedling raising mode to raise the seedlings, the whole growth period of the rice variety is selected to be within 4-5 months, the rice seedling raising needs to be carried out on seeds firstly, the steps of seed selection, seed drying, seed soaking sterilization and the like are carried out, and the seedling raising time is selected to be in the late 4 months; transplanting rice seedlings when the rice seedlings reach 3 leaves and one heart to 4 leaves and one heart, wherein the transplanting time is selected to be 5 months bottom; the transplanting distance is 30cm by 20 cm; after the rice seedlings are aligned, performing water and fertilizer management according to the growth period, and paying attention to pest and disease damage and weed prevention and control; the rice enters the yellow maturity stage in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and then the rice can be organized, tested and harvested mechanically; 2 days after harvesting the rice, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil, wherein the depth is 20-25cm, no large soil blocks exist, and the soil moisture content is good; after rotary tillage of the land in the beginning of 10 months, sowing wheat, wherein the seed consumption per mu of wheat is 12kg, the ternary compound fertilizer is 50kg, and the sowing depth is 3-4 cm; when the emergence rate of wheat is 80-90%, irrigating the tissue until the surface soil is saturated, so that surface water accumulation cannot be caused; the irrigation time in winter is generally from 11 late ten days to 12 early days, the temperature is not lower than 3 ℃, and when winter irrigation is carried out in the wheat field, flood irrigation is avoided as much as possible so as to avoid excessive accumulated water and severe freezing injury; after beginning spring in the next year, when the average temperature rises to more than 3 ℃, the wheat begins to turn green and grow, and then enters the wheat turning green period, watering and fertilizing are carried out at the time, the effect is best, and 18kg of urea is applied per mu; and (3) in the later growth period of the winter wheat, entering the bottom of 4 months, arranging reserved seedling raising field blocks for rice seedling raising, preparing for seedling transplanting at the bottom of 5 months, entering a yellow maturity period in the middle and last ten days of the winter wheat in 5 months, and performing tissue yield measurement and harvesting. Immediately organizing operations such as rotary tillage, field soaking, pulping and the like after wheat is harvested, transplanting rice seedlings after the completion of the last ten days of the month, and circulating the steps.

The results are shown in table 2:

TABLE 2 test record table

After comparing the soil directional conditioners with different proportions, the rice yield and the winter wheat yield are the highest after the three-soil directional conditioner is applied, so that the formula of the three-soil directional conditioner is the optimal formula.

According to the test results, the application of the soil oriented conditioner can obviously increase the yield of rice and winter wheat.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to a few embodiments, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but rather, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (3)

1. A crop rotation planting method of rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) weeding before ploughing

In the first year, the herbicide acetochlor is sprayed and applied evenly 15-20 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation;

(2) leveling of drought

Finely leveling the land parcel with a height difference of +/-3 cm, and ensuring the water layer control of the rice;

(3) applying soil directional conditioner and base fertilizer

1-2 days before rotary tillage and soil preparation, spreading a soil directional conditioner, wherein the dosage per mu is 60-70 kg; after the soil directional conditioner is applied, 100-150kg of finished organic fertilizer and 40-50kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land;

(4) rotary tillage soil preparation

After applying the soil conditioning directional conditioner and the base fertilizer, ploughing the soil conditioning directional conditioner and the base fertilizer to a depth of 20-25 cm; mixing a fertilizer and a soil directional conditioner with soil;

(5) soaking and pulping

After ploughing, establishing a 15-20cm water layer, soaking for 3-5 days to saturate soil water and facilitate pulping; the surface layer of the land is more than 10cm in slurry shape, which is beneficial to standing the seedlings;

(6) water leveling

Leveling water by adopting a paddy field harrow belt planker, moving high and padding to reach water without exposing mud, keeping a shallow water layer after leveling, preventing running slurry from falling dry and preventing surface soil from sinking and compacting;

(7) rice planting

Rice seedling raising is carried out in the last ten days of 4 months, rice varieties with the whole growth period within 4-5 months are selected, and after seed selection, seed drying, seed soaking and disinfection, seedling raising is carried out in a wet seedling raising or dry seedling raising mode;

transplanting rice seedlings at the end of 5 months when the rice seedlings reach 3 leaves and one heart to 4 leaves and one heart, wherein the transplanting distance is 30cm by 20 cm;

after the rice seedlings are aligned, performing conventional water and fertilizer management according to the growth period, and paying attention to prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and weeds;

in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the rice enters the yellow maturity stage, and the rice is organized, tested and harvested mechanically;

(8) rotary tillage land

2-3 days after harvesting, carrying out rotary tillage on the rice, wherein the depth is 20-25cm, no large soil blocks exist, and the soil moisture content is good;

(9) wheat planting

After rotary tillage of the land in the beginning of 10 months, sowing wheat, wherein the seed consumption per mu of wheat is 10-15kg, the ternary compound fertilizer is 40-50kg, and the sowing depth is 3-4 cm;

when the emergence rate of wheat is 80-90%, carrying out first irrigation to ensure that surface soil is saturated in irrigation and surface water accumulation is not caused;

in the last ten days of 11 months to the last 12 months, the temperature is not lower than 3 ℃, the irrigation is carried out in winter, and the flood irrigation is avoided, the water accumulation and the freezing damage are avoided when the irrigation is carried out in winter;

after beginning spring in the next year, when the average temperature rises to more than 3 ℃, irrigating green-turning water in the green-turning period of the wheat, and applying 15-20kg of urea per mu;

at the end of 4 months, the winter wheat enters the later growth stage, and at the moment, rice seedling raising is carried out on a seedling raising field block to prepare for rice seedling transplanting at the end of 5 months;

in the middle and late ten days of 5 months, the winter wheat enters the yellow maturity stage, and the yield is measured and harvested;

(10) rotation of rice

After harvesting the winter wheat, immediately organizing rotary tillage, field soaking and pulping, finishing in the last ten days of the month, transplanting rice seedlings, and circularly performing crop rotation in the way.

2. A rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the soil directional conditioner in the step 3) comprises the following components in percentage by weight:

50-55% of phosphogypsum, 10-15% of weathered coal, 20-25% of humic acid, 5-10% of biogas residue, 5-10% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.

3. A rotation planting method for rice and winter wheat in saline-alkali soil according to claim 2, wherein the soil directional conditioner in the step 3) comprises the following components in percentage by weight:

50% of phosphogypsum, 10% of weathered coal, 25% of humic acid, 5% of biogas residue, 5% of woody peat and 5% of potassium sulfate.