CN109964761B

CN109964761B - Ecological efficient planting and cultivating method for chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil

Info

Publication number: CN109964761B
Application number: CN201910341710.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 张斌; 秦岭; 朱文卿; 王颖; 马德源; 范仲学; 游银伟; 刘晶; 赵倩
Original assignee: Biotechnology Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Biotechnology Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2019-04-26
Filing date: 2019-04-26
Publication date: 2021-07-27
Anticipated expiration: 2039-04-26
Also published as: CN109964761A

Abstract

The invention provides an ecological efficient planting and cultivating method for chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil, which is used for improving the soil by methods of removing alkali from the soil, turning over for multiple times, applying a soil conditioner of calcium superphosphate, applying an organic fertilizer, covering plant ash or straws, increasing the temperature and preserving the soil moisture, applying an acidic fertilizer to neutralize the saline and alkaline, and the like. The quinoa seeds are soaked by hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate to improve the salt tolerance of crops. Ridging and close planting and shallow sowing are adopted for planting, so that the single plant is uniform and full. In the growing period of the chenopodium quinoa, a phosphate fertilizer and a trace element fertilizer are sprayed on the leaf surfaces to promote flowering and fructification and grain filling, accelerate the ripening of the chenopodium quinoa, avoid a high-temperature period and a rainy season, prevent the germination of ears, and prevent seeds from mildewing and birds from eating by spraying thiram in the filling period.

Description

Ecological efficient planting and cultivating method for chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of crop cultivation, relates to an ecological efficient chenopodium quinoa planting and cultivating method, and particularly relates to a method for planting and cultivating chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil.

Background

In recent years, the salinization problem of the land is becoming serious, the salinization problem becomes a worldwide problem which is commonly concerned at home and abroad, the salinization problem becomes an important reason for limiting the agricultural development, and the improvement of the saline-alkali land is imminent. China is one of countries with large coastal saline soil areas in the world, and is also an important reserve land resource to be researched, developed and utilized in China. Among them, the improvement of saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta is difficult. At present, the content of organic matters in the saline-alkali soil of the yellow river delta is relatively low, the soil nutrition condition is poor, the emergence rate is low due to soil hardening, the normal growth condition of crops is damaged, and the yield reduction of the crops is finally caused. Chenopodium quinoa has the characteristics of salt and alkali resistance and drought resistance, belongs to excellent halophyte economic crops, and has immeasurable effect on improvement of saline-alkali soil. Scientists at home and abroad prove that most chenopodium quinoa varieties generally show salt tolerance in the germination period by researching the influence of salt stress on chenopodium quinoa and the salt tolerance mechanism of chenopodium quinoa. Other researches show that although different quinoa germplasm resources have different salt tolerance, the salt stress does not have a remarkable influence on the growth period and the final yield of quinoa is relatively small, so that the economic value of quinoa planted in a saline soil environment is not greatly reduced. However, chenopodium quinoa willd planted in saline-alkali soil has some technical difficulties, such as small chenopodium quinoa willd seed grains, weak soil-jacking capability, low germination rate, high-temperature sterility, germination of ears in rainy season, and the like. The saline-alkali soil is low in organic matter content, firm in soil and poor in air permeability, so that the rate of emergence of the chenopodium quinoa willd is low, the quality and the yield are reduced, and therefore, the research on the technology and measures for solving the difficulty in planting the chenopodium quinoa willd becomes important for establishing a saline-alkali soil chenopodium quinoa willd ecological efficient cultivation technology system.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problem that no saline-alkali soil quinoa cultivation method exists at present, the invention provides the saline-alkali soil quinoa ecological efficient planting cultivation method, which can improve the salt tolerance of crops and ensure the yield of quinoa.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme.

An ecological and efficient planting and cultivating method for chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:

(1) selecting land, preparing land and fertilizing: covering high-quality foreign soil on the surface layer of a selected land mass with 3-10 parts per mu before harvesting or reclaiming the previous crops; then, carrying out primary plowing with the plowing depth of 20-25 cm;

carrying out secondary plowing before planting, wherein the plowing depth is 10 cm; adding 2500 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate, farmyard manure and ternary compound fertilizer in the plowing process, and then leveling the land to ensure that the land is uniform and fine;

(2) seed treatment and sowing: selecting full and complete quinoa seeds with uniform size and no mildew, and mixing with parched millet after stress resistance treatment;

(3) sowing: when the daily average temperature reaches 15-20 ℃ and the 10cm ground temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, ridge forming and planting are carried out on chenopodium quinoa, the ridge width is 35cm, the ridge surface is 20cm, the ridge height is 15cm, the row spacing is 35cm, the plant spacing is 20-30cm, and the seeding amount is 0.3-0.5 kg/mu; covering soil with the thickness of 1-2cm after sowing;

(4) filling and thinning seedlings: after 10 days after seeding, replanting seeds if no seedling emerges; thinning the seedlings for the first time when the seedlings grow to the height of about 5cm, wherein the plant spacing is 15-25cm, and the seedling density is 8000-; 30-40 days after sowing, removing residual, weak and diseased seedlings after the seedlings grow to 15-20cm in length by secondary thinning, and keeping the seedlings with good growth vigor to ensure that the seedling density is 7000-110000 plants/mu;

(5) field management:

fertilizing, namely adding a nitrogen fertilizer when the quinoa grows to 50-70 cm; before blooming and in the filling period, spraying a phosphate fertilizer and a trace element fertilizer on the leaf surfaces;

irrigation-after seedling emergence and after flowering period, carrying out primary irrigation respectively;

weeding and intertillage for the first time during the second thinning; when the leaves are 8 leaves old, carrying out secondary weeding, impurity removing and deep intertillage, and combining root ridging;

pest control-the agent for controlling soil insects and base fertilizer are used in soil preparation, and physical, biological or chemical control is adopted to control pests in time after emergence of seedlings; in the grouting period, thiram is sprayed to prevent seeds from mildewing and birds from eating;

(6) harvesting: the leaves turn yellow and red and most of the leaves fall off, the trunk of the plant begins to dry, the seeds are harvested when no moisture exists, and the seeds are threshed in time and are aired and air-dried.

Preferably, in the step (1), the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2000-3000 kg/mu; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer is 20-30 kg/mu.

In the step (2), the stress resistance treatment is to soak the materials for 30min by using 0.1% hydrogen peroxide, wash the materials by using clean water and spread and dry the materials in the air; or soaking the seeds in warm water at 50 deg.C for 20-30min, taking out, soaking in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 15min, cleaning with clear water, and air drying.

In the step (2), the mass ratio of the seeds to the millet is 1: 2-4.

And (4) optimally, covering the soil in the step (3) with plant ash or straws with the thickness of 1-2 cm. The straw is preferably wheat or corn stover.

In the step (5), the nitrogen fertilizer is urea ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride, and the application amount is 10-15 kg/mu. The phosphate fertilizer is preferably monopotassium phosphate, and the spraying concentration is 0.1-0.2%. The trace elements comprise 0.1-0.2% of zinc, 0.01-0.02% of copper fertilizer, 0.1-0.2% of manganese fertilizer, 0.1-0.2% of boron fertilizer and 0.01-0.1% of molybdenum fertilizer. The total liquid consumption of the spray fertilizer is 30-45 kg/mu.

The invention relates to a chenopodium quinoa planting and cultivating technology for saline-alkali soil, which adopts the methods of foreign soil alkali reduction, multiple plowing, application of soil conditioner calcium superphosphate, application of organic fertilizer, covering with plant ash or straw for temperature increase and moisture preservation, application of acid fertilizer for neutralization of saline and alkali, and the like to improve the soil. The quinoa seeds are soaked by hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate to improve the salt tolerance of crops. In the growing period of the chenopodium quinoa, a phosphate fertilizer and a trace element fertilizer are sprayed on the leaf surfaces to promote blooming, fructification and grain filling, accelerate the ripening of the chenopodium quinoa, avoid the high-temperature period and the rainy season and prevent the germination of ears.

The invention has the following advantages:

the method for planting and cultivating chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil effectively breaks through the obstacles existing in chenopodium quinoa planting and the difficulty of planting and cultivating in saline-alkali soil, enlarges the planting range of chenopodium quinoa germplasm resources, improves the yield and the quality of chenopodium quinoa, realizes the improvement of the saline-alkali soil, improves the utilization rate of the saline-alkali soil, fully develops the saline-alkali soil resources, obtains higher economic benefits, lays a solid foundation for the chenopodium quinoa to be planted in the saline-alkali soil of yellow river delta, and promotes the sustainable development of agriculture in China.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1 quinoa seed treatment

1. Quinoa seed treatment

Selecting 100 full seeds with the same size in 10 parts of the same batch, and adopting the following 5 treatment modes, wherein each treatment mode comprises 2 parts and 200 seeds in total:

(1) soaking seeds in warm water at 65 ℃ for 2 hours, and naturally cooling without heat preservation in the process;

(2) soaking seeds in 20000 times of diluent of Bibao (0.136% Chi, Inetha and Brassica wettable powder) for 1 h;

(3) soaking seeds in 0.1% hydrogen peroxide for 30min, washing with clear water for 3 times, and spreading and drying;

(4) soaking seeds in warm water at 50 ℃ for 30min, then fishing out the seeds, draining off water, soaking in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 15min, then washing with clear water for 3 times, and then spreading and drying in the air;

(5) sterile water soaking seeds for 2h (CK).

2. Germination test and salt stress

Placing the seeds in a 9cm culture dish paved with three layers of wet filter paper, wherein 20 seeds are placed in each dish, and repeating for 5 times; after marking, the cells are cultured in a dark and moisture-preserving climate box at 25 ℃. At the same time, 9cm nutrition pots, each 300cm nutrition pot, are prepared³Sterilizing nutrient soil, compacting, watering thoroughly, placing 20 seeds on the soil surface, covering with 3cm thick soil, repeating for 5 times, and covering with film in 25 deg.C climate chamber for moisture-keeping culture with photoperiod 14:10 (light/dark). Observing the germination and mold growth conditions after the culture dish is used for 5 days, and calculating the germination rate and the mold growth rate; observing 80% of seedling emergence time (seedling aligning time) in a nutrition pot within 7 days, calculating that the seedling emergence time is less than 80% according to the time when the seedling emergence is not carried out any more, and observing the growth vigor of the seedlings after potted seedlings are treated differently and film is removed in time and the seedlings are aligned.

Culturing potted seedlings subjected to different treatments to a height of 8-10cm, and carrying out salinity stress treatment: the roots were drenched with a solution containing 100mM NaCl, 150mL per pot. Watering 100mL of the seedlings in each pot on the 3 rd day after treatment, observing the growth vigor of the seedlings on the 3 rd day and the 7 th day after treatment, and grading according to the following standards:

level 0: compared with the CK treated by clear water, the CK treated by the water treatment method has no obvious visible leaf color and morphological change;

level 1: compared with CK treated by clear water, the CK treated by clear water has no obvious change of leaf color or leaf tip dryness and yellowing which are not more than 1cm, and leaves are slightly wilted;

and 3, level: compared with CK treated by clear water, the withered and yellow leaf tips are more than 1cm and less than or equal to 3 cm; leaf wilting;

and 5, stage: compared with CK treated by clear water, the leaf apex withered and yellow is more than 3 cm; leaf wilting or plant death;

the damage index (%) was calculated according to the following formula:

data analysis was performed using SPSS software and analysis of variance using Duncan test.

3. Results and analysis

The germination and emergence results for the various treatments are shown in table 1: in the filter paper method, there was no statistical difference in the germination percentage of each treatment. However, the mildew rate was significantly lower for treatments 1, 3 and 4 than for the control; the mildew rate of treatment 2 was lower than the control, but was not significantly different. In the potting treatment, the emergence rates of treatments 3 and 4 were significantly higher than those of treatment 2 and the control; the rate of emergence was significantly higher for treatment 1 than for the control. At full shoot time, treatment 3 was significantly earlier than control, and the remaining treatments were not significantly different from the control.

TABLE 1 Germination (mean value) of quinoa seeds treated differently by the filter paper method and potting method

Note: differences were significant when p is 0.05, which is indicated by different letters after the same column of data in the table.

From the data in table 1, it can be seen that: treatments 3 and 4 significantly reduced the rate of mold formation and emergence of the seeds compared to the control. The mildew rates of treatments 3 and 4 were also significantly reduced compared to the traditional warm soup seed dip, but the insignificant difference in emergence rates was probably due to the natural germination rate of the seeds at 90%. Treatments 3 and 4 did not have a significant adverse effect on seed bedding time.

The results of salt stress on the differently treated seedlings with a solution of 100mM NaCl are shown in Table 2: compared with the control, treatment 1 did not slow down the effect of salt stress on quinoa seedlings; the treatment 2, the treatment 3 and the treatment 4 can obviously reduce the influence of salt stress on the quinoa seedlings. Treatments 3 and 4 were similar in reducing the effect of salt stress on quinoa seedlings.

TABLE 2 influence of salt stress on seedlings of quinoa seeds by different treatment methods

The data in Table 1 and Table 2 are combined to show that: the quinoa seeds are treated by the treatment 3 and the treatment 4, namely hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solution, so that the mildew rate of the seeds can be reduced, and the salt tolerance of the seeds can be improved to a certain degree.

Example 2 quinoa seeding depth

Planting tests under different conditions are carried out in Yongan Zhendongyi and village of Shandong province Ying city in 2017, and the test land is about 130m²The fertility is medium, the salt content of sandy loam and 20cm surface soil is 3.72 g/kg. The test was carried out as follows: covering 2-square high-quality alien soil on the surface layer of a test land block, ploughing to a depth of 20cm, then watering thoroughly, spreading 800kg of farmyard manure after 7 days, then ploughing for the second time to a depth of 10 cm; and then, leveling the land to be uniform and fine, and then averagely dividing the land into cells of about 6m multiplied by 2.4m, wherein the width of each ridge is 35cm, the surface of each ridge is 20cm, the height of each ridge is 15cm, the line spacing is 35cm, and each ridge is repeated once in each cell with 5 ridges. Soaking seeds in 0.1% hydrogen peroxide for 30min, washing with clear water for 3 times, spreading, air drying, adding 2 times of parched semen Setariae, and sowing in the center of ridge. After sowing, covering soil with different thicknesses according to blocks:

(1)3cm soil

(2)2cm of soil

(3)1cm of soil

(4)2cm corn stalk particles

(5)1cm soil +1cm corn stalk particle

(6)1cm of soil +2cm of plant ash;

the other cultivation management conditions are consistent.

And observing the seedling emergence condition 7d after sowing, counting the seedling shortage and ridge breaking conditions, wherein no seedlings are arranged at intervals of 8-10cm and one ridge is broken, and two ridges are broken at intervals of more than 10cm continuously, and the like. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and analysis of variance using the Duncan test, with the results shown in table 3.

TABLE 3 Effect of different casing thicknesses on emergence of seedlings

Treatment of	Number of broken ridges
		1	4.2a
2	1.8b
		3	0.4c
4	0.4c
		5	0.6c
6	0.6c

The seeding depth of the quinoa in normal land is usually 3cm, and when the seeding depth is 3cm in the previous test, the seedling and ridge breaking conditions are serious, probably because quinoa seeds are small and the soil jacking capability is weak, and in addition, the saline-alkali soil is firm and hardened, the seedling shortage is caused. Thus, the seeding depth is reduced. According to the data in table 3, the influence of different covering soil thicknesses on the seedling emergence of quinoa is different. When the thickness of the covering soil is 1cm or the pure corn straw particles are 2cm, the seedling lack phenomenon is basically avoided. After sowing, in order to keep moisture and reduce the saline-alkali degree of soil, plant ash and straws are covered for temperature rise and soil moisture preservation. When pure corn straw particles are adopted, the corn straw particles are easy to fall down in the jointing stage.

Example 3 Chenopodium quinoa Linn planting

In 2017-2018, a planting test is carried out in Yongan Zhentongyi Hencun of east-province city of Shandong province, the test land plot is about 1.5 mu, the fertility is medium, the salt content of sandy soil and 20cm surface soil is 3.53g/kg, the soil belongs to a saline soil type, and the previous crop is cotton.

The land is divided into 9 blocks with each block being about 100m²Random block trials were performed as follows:

the quinoa cultivation management is carried out according to the following method:

(1) covering high-quality foreign soil on the surface layer of the land at the bottom of 10 months, wherein the land is 5 square per mu; then, carrying out primary plowing with plowing depth of 25 cm;

ploughing for the second time in late 4 th of 2018, wherein the ploughing depth is 10 cm; adding 2500 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate, 3000 kg/mu of farmyard manure, 20 kg/mu of N-P-K ternary compound fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of 3% phoxim GR during the plowing process, and then leveling the land to make the land uniform and fine;

(2) seed treatment and sowing: selecting full and complete quinoa seeds with uniform size and no mildew, soaking for 30min by using hydrogen peroxide with the concentration of 1 per mill, washing with clear water, spreading and drying for 6h, and then adding cooked millet with the weight 2 times that of the seeds;

(3) sowing: sowing is carried out 5 days after 5 months, the ridge width is 35cm, the ridge surface is 20cm, the ridge height is 15cm, and the row spacing is 35 cm; the seeding rate is 0.5 kg/mu; covering soil with the thickness of 1cm after sowing, and then covering corn straw particles with the thickness of 1 cm;

(4) filling and thinning seedlings: after 10 days after seeding, replanting seeds if no seedling emerges; thinning the seedlings for the first time when the seedlings grow to be about 5cm high, wherein the plant spacing is 15-25cm, and the seedling density is about 11000 plants/mu; 40 days after sowing, the seedlings grow to about 20cm, the seedlings with good growth vigor are kept after secondary thinning, and the seedling density is about 10000 plants/mu;

(5) field management:

fertilizing, namely adding 10 kg/mu of urea ammonium sulfate when the quinoa grows to 50-70 cm; before blooming and in the filling period, 0.1 percent of monopotassium phosphate and trace element fertilizer containing zinc, copper, manganese, boron and molybdenum are sprayed on the leaf surfaces;

irrigation, namely performing primary irrigation after seedling emergence and in a flowering period respectively, and requiring water permeation;

weeding and intertillage for the first time during the second thinning; when the leaves are 8 leaves old, carrying out secondary weeding, impurity removal and deep intertillage, combining root ridging, and the height of the ridging is 8-10 cm;

pest control, namely alternately spraying 70% thiophanate methyl WP 1000-fold liquid, 80% mancozeb WP 600-fold liquid and 75% chlorothalonil WP 600-fold liquid to control leaf spot, and spraying for 1 time every 7 days and 3 times continuously;

adopting 69 percent enoyl manganese zinc WP 800 times liquid for spraying to prevent and control downy mildew;

spraying 20% of permethrin EC 1500 times diluent to prevent and treat Testudinis nigricans and herba Saxifragae;

1.8 percent of abamectin EC 1000-time liquid is adopted for spraying to prevent and control the leaf miner;

spraying 25% imidacloprid WP 2000 multiple liquid to prevent and control aphids;

spraying 50% thiram WP 500 times liquid in the grouting period to prevent seeds from mildewing and birds from eating;

(6) harvesting: harvesting when the ears turn yellow and green, and the grains become hard, threshing in time, airing and air-drying;

the covering without the foreign soil is not adopted, and the rest operations are the same;

the non-spraying thiram treatment is the treatment of not spraying 500 times of 50% thiram WP in the grouting period, and the rest of the operation is the same.

After 10 days of sowing, randomly selecting 5 rows of seedlings to observe and counting the seedling shortage condition, wherein the counting method is the same as the embodiment 2; after harvesting, the seeds are separately harvested and tested in different districts. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and analysis of variance using the Duncan test, with the results shown in table 4.

TABLE 4 different treatments quinoa emergence and yield (mean. + -. standard deviation)

According to the data in table 4, the number of broken ridges can be obviously reduced by covering with extra soil, which indicates that the rate of emergence and the survival rate of quinoa can be effectively improved by covering with extra soil; the method of covering with foreign soil can effectively reduce the salinity of the soil and obviously improve the yield; the yield can be obviously improved by adopting the treatment of spraying thiram in the filling period, which shows that the thiram spraying can effectively inhibit the ear period from mildewing. According to the test result of 2017, the yield of 25% tebuconazole SC sprayed in the grouting period is 288.32 +/-16.56, the yield of thiram spraying is 323.87 +/-10.36, and the yields of the tebuconazole SC and the thiram spraying are obviously different. By observation this year, birds treated with thiram spray had less food than other treatments. Therefore, compared with other conventional bactericides, the treatment of spraying thiram in the filling period can prevent and control the ear-stage diseases and mildew, and can inhibit birds from eating to some extent.

Claims

1. An ecological and efficient planting and cultivating method for chenopodium quinoa in saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) selecting land, preparing land and fertilizing: covering high-quality foreign soil on the surface layer of a selected land mass with 3-10 parts per mu before harvesting or reclaiming the previous crops; then carrying out primary plowing with the plowing depth of 20-25 cm;

carrying out secondary plowing before planting, wherein the plowing depth is 10 cm; adding 2500 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate, farmyard manure and ternary compound fertilizer in the plowing process, and then leveling the land to make the land uniform and fine;

(3) sowing: when the daily average temperature reaches 15-20 ℃ and the 10cm ground temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, ridge forming and planting are carried out on chenopodium quinoa, the ridge bottom width is 35cm, the ridge surface width is 20cm, the ridge height is 15cm, the row spacing is 35cm, the plant spacing is 20-30cm, and the seeding amount is 0.3-0.5 kg/mu; covering soil with the thickness of 1-2cm after sowing;

(5) field management: fertilizing, namely adding a nitrogen fertilizer when the quinoa grows to 50-70 cm; before blooming and in the filling period, spraying a phosphate fertilizer and a trace element foliar fertilizer on the leaf surface;

(6) harvesting: the leaves turn yellow and red and most of the leaves fall off, the trunk of the plant begins to dry, seeds are harvested when no moisture exists by nipping with nails, and the seeds are threshed in time and are aired and dried;

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the casing soil in the step (3) is covered with plant ash or straw with a thickness of 1-2 cm.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said straw is selected from wheat or corn stover.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2000-3000 kg/mu; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer is 20-30 kg/mu;

in the step (5), the nitrogen fertilizer is urea ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride, and the application amount is 10-15 kg/mu; the phosphate fertilizer is monopotassium phosphate, and the spraying concentration is 0.1-0.2%; the total liquid consumption of the foliar fertilization is 30-45 kg/mu.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the mass ratio of the seeds to the millet is 1: 2-4.