CN113455311B - Method for planting fruits and vegetables in greenhouse in long growth period in multiple stubbles in one year - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for planting fruits and vegetables in a greenhouse in a long growth period in multiple crops in one year comprises three crops in one year and four crops in one year, wherein a 'matrix soil' is taken as a basis, and a drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration and interplanting symbiotic planting technology is matched to control the growth period of each crop to be completed within 85-100 days; meanwhile, according to local conditions and market conditions, the alternating planting of multiple varieties of cucurbitaceae and solanaceae fruits and vegetables is carried out, and the crop changing planting is completed by controlling and keeping 10-15 days before the complete maturity of the previous crops of fruits and vegetables, namely, the interplanting method is implemented, so that the multiple-crop planting is completed; the height of plants planted in each crop is low, the quantity of the remained fruits is small, the quality is good, the purpose of quality increment is achieved by properly improving the planting density, and the planting capacity of the greenhouse is excavated to the maximum extent.

Description

Method for planting fruits and vegetables in greenhouse in long growth period in multiple stubbles in one year

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of greenhouse fruit and vegetable planting, and particularly relates to a multi-crop planting method for fruits and vegetables, which mainly uses a sunlight greenhouse (a facility greenhouse with a rear wall and a heat preservation quilt in the north of China) in a greenhouse.

Background

The cucurbits, solanaceous fruits and leguminous fruits and vegetables have high additional value and become an important option for greenhouse planting in northern China, and the solar greenhouse in China is greatly built and constructed in civil engineering for thirty years, and mainly adopts two major cropping planting modes of early spring and late autumn. In the two-crop mode, in order to maximize the economic benefit of greenhouse fruit and vegetable planting, the research direction of technical experts in the field is generally to prolong the fruit and vegetable planting period as much as possible to increase the quantity of fruit clusters and the weight of single fruit, so as to improve the per mu yield of the fruit and vegetable, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the economic benefit. With the advance of technology, many defects of the implantation are gradually exposed. For example, in order to increase the number of fruit clusters, the requirement on the height of the fruit and vegetable plants is higher and higher, along with the continuous increase of the plant height in the growth process of the fruit and vegetable, in a limited space, the height of the plants in the middle and later periods of the growth of each batch of fruit and vegetable gradually reduces and worsens the lighting efficiency and the ventilation effect in the greenhouse, and various diseases can continuously burst. In order to reduce light shading, the number of plants in a unit area has to be reduced before the crops are planted; on the other hand, along with the increase of the height of the plant, the yield of the uppermost fruit and vegetable products of the plant can be gradually reduced, the quality can be gradually deteriorated, and the economic benefit is far less than that of the first-stage fruits of the spike. Taking the planting of big tomatoes as an example, in a greenhouse tomato mode of two-crop planting, the planting quantity per mu can only be determined to be about two thousand plants due to the limitation of lighting and ventilation of greenhouse space, and six to seven ear fruits are generally left on each plant; the yield of the three spikes below the early growth stage of the plant can usually account for more than 60% of the total yield, the yield of the three spikes to the four spikes above the late growth stage of the plant only accounts for 30-40%, and the taste quality of the three spikes is far better than that of the four spikes.

With the development of modern agriculture, foreign advanced equipment and technology are gradually introduced to greenhouse planting, including soil planting by using a matrix, flood irrigation by drip irrigation and water and fertilizer integration, and the like, so that the problem of insufficient nutrition supply in the growth process of fruits and vegetables can be effectively solved, and the quality and yield of the fruits and vegetables are improved to a certain extent. However, the traditional two-crop planting method has a bottleneck in the yield, so that the yield cannot be greatly improved by optimizing the variety, and the main reason for limiting the planting yield is the limitation of the planting method. On the basis, the technical personnel in the field propose that the planting capacity of the greenhouse can be improved by increasing the number of the planted stubbles of the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse, but the multi-stubble planting also has a plurality of limitations including the limitation of the planting period, the limitation of the distribution of photo-thermal resources of the fruits and vegetables of each batch, the secretion residues of root systems of the fruits and vegetables, and the accumulation after the multi-stubble planting are not beneficial to the growth of the fruits and vegetables of the next batch, so that continuous cropping obstacles are formed, the serious yield reduction or the quality deterioration of the fruits and vegetables of the next batch can be caused, even the pesticide residue exceeds the standard, and the like. Therefore, the greenhouse fruit and vegetable planting cannot achieve the purposes of maximizing the yield and maximizing the economic benefit through simply planting a plurality of crops.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the problem of low planting capacity of fruits and vegetables in a greenhouse of a facility mainly comprising the existing greenhouse in China, and provides a method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse in the long growing period in one year in multiple cropping modes.

In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is based on 'matrix soil', and is matched with a drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration and interplanting symbiotic planting technology, and the growth cycle of each crop is controlled to be completed within 85-100 days; meanwhile, according to local conditions and market conditions, the alternating planting of multiple varieties of cucurbitaceae and solanaceae fruits and vegetables is carried out, and the crop changing planting is completed by controlling and keeping 10-15 days before the complete maturity of the previous crops of fruits and vegetables, namely, the interplanting method is implemented; by properly improving the cultivation density, the purposes of increasing the yield and income are achieved. The specific planting method is as follows.

The invention relates to a method for planting fruits and vegetables in a greenhouse in a long growing period in multiple stubbles in one year, which comprises the following specific steps:

the method comprises the following steps: before each batch of fruits and vegetables are planted, the seedling substrate nutrition bowls are used for cultivating fruit and vegetable planting seedlings.

In order to ensure that the growth period of each crop is controlled to be 85-100 days, the seedling cultivation time of each crop is increased preferably by planting seedlings of fruits and vegetables, the seedling cultivation period of 45-55 days is adopted to ensure that the planted seedlings reach the standard of high-quality big seedlings with 5-6 leaves and one core, and the planted seedlings are cultivated until the first fruit cluster shows pistil. By means of the method for planting the large seedlings, the production period of each crop of fruit and vegetable seedlings after being planted and transplanted to the greenhouse can be shortened, four crops of fruit and vegetable planting can be guaranteed to be completed, and therefore the purpose of increasing yield through four crops of planting is achieved.

The fruit and vegetable planting seedlings are cucurbitaceae, solanaceous and leguminous fruits and vegetables, and comprise large tomato, small tomato, sweet pepper, hot pepper, eggplant, cucumber, melon, small watermelon and cucurbita pepo seedlings.

Step two: matrix fixing beds are laid in the greenhouse, and a working channel is arranged between every two adjacent matrix fixing beds.

The width of the working channel is set to be 70-80 cm.

The matrix planting bed adopts a matrix planting pillow arrangement and arrangement mode; or a matrix groove is arranged on the ground, and a matrix is filled in the matrix groove; or arranging matrix cultivation boxes on the ground and filling the boxes made of various materials with the matrix.

Step three: and (3) laying a drip irrigation tape along the matrix planting bed, and uniformly arranging drip openings on the drip irrigation tape according to the planting hole grooves.

The drip irrigation tape adopts a patch type drip irrigation tape, and water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation operation is carried out at the planting hole groove by using patch drip openings; or the drip irrigation belt adopts a drainage mode of arranging a drip key and utilizes the drainage tube to be arranged at the planting hole groove for water and fertilizer integrated operation.

Step four: transplanting first fruit and vegetable seedlings along the matrix fixed planting bed, arranging first planting hole grooves according to the fixed planting quantity of the first fruit and vegetable, transplanting the first fruit and vegetable seedlings in each planting hole groove, and arranging the drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip irrigation belts in place.

Step five: taking 85-100 days after planting the big seedlings as a planting period, and carrying out drip irrigation operation according to the time of the planting period, specifically: drip irrigation for 15-20 minutes every day on the 1 st-10 th days; drip irrigation for 20-25 minutes every day on 11-30 days; drip irrigation for 25-40 minutes every day on 31-60 days; drip irrigation for 30-50 minutes every day on the 61 st to 85 th days; on day 85-100, dripping for 15-20 min every day.

The drip irrigation operation is carried out in sunny days without watering in cloudy days, and the drip irrigation can be carried out once every 2 to 3 days in continuous cloudy days if wilting is found, and the time is reduced by half each time.

Step six: after the big seedlings are planted, a planting period is 85-100 days, and water and fertilizer integrated fertilization operation is carried out according to the time of the planting period, specifically: on days 1-10, only clear water is poured every day, on days 11-12, 500 g of amino acid liquid fertilizer is applied per mu every day; on days 13-30, the two fertilizers are subjected to cross drip irrigation every other day, and according to different fertilizer usage amounts of different varieties, 0.71-1 kg of seedling stage fertilizer and the 'Kawasaki formula' water-soluble fertilizer are alternately applied every other day per mu; on 41 th to 60 th days, 1.0 kg to 1.5 kg of balance fertilizer and the water soluble fertilizer with the Kawasaki formula are applied to each mu of land in each watering mode in a crossed way every other day, and 100 g of mineral source potassium humate is added every other day; on the 61 th to 85 th days, 1.0 kg to 1.5 kg of the high-potassium Penguo fertilizer and the water soluble fertilizer of the Kawasaki formula are applied to each mu of land each time of watering, and are used in a current changing way every other day.

Step seven: pruning is carried out in the growth period of fruits and vegetables according to the quantity of seedlings to be planted, main branches of vine are drawn to a planting frame, and spike fixing is carried out according to the principle that the planting period is controlled within 100 days.

Tomato: comprises large tomatoes and small tomatoes, wherein 3000-4000 plants are planted in each mu; pruning each single vine, reserving three spikes of fruits, and respectively pinching off the growing points and the flower buds at the upper ends of the flower buds when the fourth spike of fruits buds.

Melon: 2500 field planting plants per mu; reserving three fruits for each plant of the thin-skin muskmelon; two fruits are left in each plant of the muskmelon.

Small watermelons: 2500 field planting plants per mu; the main vine is hung up, the auxiliary vine climbs the ground, and the third female flower of the main vine bears fruits.

Hot pepper: 3000 plus 4000 plants are planted per mu; planting two plants in each planting hole groove; removing all the lower side branches of the zanthoxylum bungeanum, removing unnecessary long branches in an inner chamber after the zanthoxylum bungeanum enters a full bearing period, removing lower old leaves, and cutting all the branches above the fruiting part of the third layer; strong branches are remained after the seedlings grow into the core, and the core is picked up 15 days before the seedlings are pulled to enable nutrients to flow back, so that the growth and the maturity of smaller fruits are promoted.

Eggplant: 2500 field planting plants per mu; from the eggplant, three branches are alternately reserved on a main trunk and a side trunk, namely two side branches are reserved on the main trunk of the layer, one side branch is reserved on the side trunk, and two side branches are reserved on the side trunk of the next layer; each branch is provided with one eggplant, and each layer is provided with three eggplants; when five fruits grow, two to three heart leaves are left on the top, and then the heart is plucked.

Cucumber: 3000 plus 3500 plants are planted per mu; and (3) forming the melons on the main vines, removing all lateral branches, keeping one or two leaves of the melons on the lateral vines after forming the melons, pinching the tips, and removing all tendrils.

Pumpkin: 1200 plants are planted per mu and 1500 plants are planted per mu; adopts a mode of single vine pruning.

Sweet pepper: 1800 plus 2200 plants are planted per mu; three branches are alternately reserved between the main trunk and the side trunk, namely, two side branches are reserved on the main trunk of the layer, one side branch is reserved on the side trunk, one side branch is reserved on the main trunk of the next layer, and the other side branches are completely removed from the side trunk, which is reserved with two side branches.

Step eight: and sequentially picking mature fruits in batches according to the maturity period of each cluster of fruits of the fruits and vegetables, after the fruits are completely picked, declaring the end of the first-crop fruit and vegetable planting period, timely pulling out the plants from the roots, cleaning the greenhouse where the plants are planted, and filling and compacting pits left on the cultivation pillow with biological matrixes containing antagonistic bacteria.

According to the difference of the varieties of the fruits and vegetables, after all fruits of each cluster of the solanaceous vegetables are picked, all leaves below the cluster fruits are timely removed, and the cluster fruits are timely cleaned out of the greenhouse, so that the ventilation and the light transmission of the greenhouse are ensured, the diseases are reduced, and the healthy growth of the fruits on the immature clusters is promoted; after the expansion period of the cucurbit crops is finished, old leaves below the cucurbit crops can be removed, and a foundation can be laid for ventilation and light transmission as well as interplanting.

Step nine: and transplanting second-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the planting period of the first-crop fruit and vegetable along the positions between the first-crop planting holes on the matrix planting bed, wherein the second-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings are of different families from the first-crop fruit and vegetable, second-crop planting holes are formed according to the planting quantity of the second-crop fruit and vegetable, second-crop strong seedlings are transplanted into the planting holes, and the drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip irrigation belts are arranged in place.

Step ten: and finishing the planting of the second crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps.

Step eleven: transplanting third fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the second fruit and vegetable planting period along the positions between the second planting holes on the matrix ridge, wherein the third fruit and vegetable seedlings are different from the second fruit and vegetable seedlings, third planting hole grooves are formed according to the planting quantity of the third fruit and vegetable, the third fruit and vegetable seedlings are transplanted in each planting hole groove, and the drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip tape are configured in place.

Step twelve: and finishing the planting of the third crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps.

Step thirteen: and (3) transplanting fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the third fruit and vegetable planting period along the positions among the fourth planting holes on the matrix planting bed, wherein the fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings adopt crops different from the third fruit and vegetable, fourth planting hole grooves are formed according to the planting quantity of the fourth fruit and vegetable, the fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings are transplanted in each planting hole groove, and the drip key drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip irrigation tape are configured in place.

Fourteen steps: and D, completing planting of the fourth crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps.

The continuous two-crop planting is carried out, the type of root systems selected by the latter fruits and vegetables is not influenced by the residue secreted by the root systems of the former fruits and vegetables, the continuous two-crop planting of the same family of fruits and vegetables is avoided, even if the same family of fruits and vegetables needs to be selected by different crops, the latter fruits and vegetables also need to be selected by antiviral varieties.

The positions of the planting holes and the planting grooves of the next crop are kept away from the positions of the planting holes and the planting grooves of the previous crop as far as possible, so that the influence of residues secreted by roots of the previous crop on roots of the next crop can be reduced and avoided.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the existing two-crop fruit and vegetable planting mode, the height of each crop of solanaceous vegetable plants is greatly reduced, the lighting ventilation in the greenhouse is good, the number of fixedly planted plants can be greatly increased, and the maximization of the yield and the quality of each crop of fruits and vegetables can be realized by combining the characteristic that the yield and the quality of a plurality of clusters of fruits at the early stage of planting the fruits and vegetables are higher than those of a plurality of clusters of fruits at the later stage; by controlling the planting quantity of each crop and the quantity of single fruit ears, the planting period of each crop of fruits and vegetables is shortened, four crops per year can be planted, and the planting capacity of the greenhouse is improved; the method has the advantages that the method of alternately planting different kinds of fruits and vegetables is utilized, the influence of secretory residues of roots of the previous batch of fruit and vegetable planting on the next batch of fruit and vegetable planting is reduced and avoided, and the yield and the quality of each batch of fruit and vegetable planting are ensured; through the mode of multi-crop planting, the planting can be adjusted according to the market economic values of different fruits and vegetables at different times in one year, so that the maximum economic value of the fruits and vegetables is realized, and the planting income is improved.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the embodiments.

Example 1

A method for planting fruits and vegetables in a greenhouse in a growing period in four crops in one year comprises the steps of planting tomato varieties mainly with quality and high yield in the first crop, planting tomato antiviral varieties in the second crop, planting hot peppers in the third crop and planting eggplants in the fourth crop. The tomato, the pepper and the eggplant are all fruit and vegetable varieties with the growth and maturity periods controlled within 100 days, the secretory residues of root systems of the fruit and vegetable varieties are different, the continuous planting influence is low, and the alternate continuous planting can be realized. The tomatoes have high planting yield and high market demand compared with hot peppers and eggplants, the main regions of greenhouse fruits and vegetables are in the north, summer and autumn in the northern regions are the main mature periods of the ground vegetables, and the economic benefits of the market of the fruits and vegetables mainly comprising the tomatoes are lower in the current season, so that the planting time of the tomatoes can avoid the summer and autumn by planting four crops, the mature periods are controlled in winter and spring, and the maximization of the economic benefits is realized. The whole planting process is as follows.

The method comprises the following steps: the seedlings are cultivated and planted by utilizing a seedling raising substrate nutrition pot before the planting time of each crop in the greenhouse, and high-quality big seedlings are cultivated by using the standard that the standard plug seedling number cannot exceed 32 plants. The specific cultivation type is that high-quality tomato planting seedlings are cultivated before the first crop is transplanted, high-quality antiviral tomato planting seedlings are cultivated before the second crop is transplanted, antiviral cucumber planting seedlings are cultivated before the third crop is transplanted, and antiviral pepper planting seedlings are cultivated before the fourth crop is transplanted.

Step two: the method comprises the steps of paving a substrate cultivation pillow with the width of 40-60 cm, the thickness of 10-15 cm and the length of 70-90 cm on flat land in a greenhouse, arranging the substrate cultivation pillow in rows according to the north-south direction of the greenhouse to form substrate positioning beds with the width of 70-90 cm, uniformly arranging the substrate positioning beds in rows along the east-west direction, and arranging working channels with the width of 80-90 cm between adjacent substrate positioning beds.

Step three: two drip irrigation belts are laid along the matrix planting bed arranged in rows along the matrix planting pillow, a patch type drip irrigation belt with the diameter of 16mm is selected, and the end heads of the drip irrigation belts are connected with a water supply main pipe of irrigation equipment.

Step four: transplanting first tomato seedlings along matrix fixed planting beds, selecting high-quality tomato seedlings with first spikes and fruits for field planting, uniformly forming first planting holes with corresponding quantity along the matrix fixed planting beds according to the quantity of 4000 plants planted per mu, transplanting a tomato seedling in each planting hole, and configuring patch drip openings on drip irrigation belts at the positions to the sides of the planting holes to enable the tomato seedlings to be capable of being drip-irrigated into the planting holes.

Step five: and (5) taking 100 days after the large seedlings are planted for one longest planting period, and performing drip irrigation operation according to the time of the planting period. Before the first crop is planted, the ecological culture medium is drenched by large water for two consecutive days, and the drip irrigation is carried out for 10-15 minutes every day on the 1 st-10 th day after the planting; drip irrigation for 15-25 minutes every day on 11-30 days; drip irrigation for 25-40 minutes every day on 31-60 days; drip irrigation for 30-50 minutes every day on the 61 st to 85 th days; and on 85-100 days, only dripping irrigation for 10-15 minutes.

Step six: the method is characterized in that 100 days are used as the longest planting period after the large seedlings are planted, and fertigation operation is carried out according to the planting period, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: on 11 th to 12 th days, 500 g of amino acid liquid fertilizer is applied to each mu of land every day; on days 13-30, 1 kg of seedling-stage fertilizer (30-10-10) and the water-soluble fertilizer with the Kawasaki formula are alternately applied every other day every mu of the land; on 41 th to 60 th days, 1.5 kg of balance fertilizer (20-20-20) and the 'Kawasaki formula' water-soluble fertilizer are applied to each mu of land in each watering mode and changed into current for use every day, and 100 g of potassium humate is added every other day; on the 61 th to 85 th days, 1.5 kg of high-potassium Pengzuo fertilizer (13-5-36) and the 'Kawasaki formula' water-soluble fertilizer are applied to each mu of land in each watering, and are alternately used every other day, and only clear water is applied and no fertilizer is applied on the 85 th to 100 th days.

Step seven: pruning is carried out according to the growth cycle of tomato seedlings, each single vine is pruned, 3 spikes are reserved, the lower part of a flower bud is cut off when the 4 th spike bud grows out, the seedlings are hung on the seedlings by pulling ropes, and each vine is reserved with one pulling rope to wind and fix the seedlings.

Step eight: after the first cluster fruits are all ripe and picked, removing all leaves below the first cluster fruits and taking the leaves out of the greenhouse (if necessary, removing broad-spectrum bactericides and insecticides once, and simultaneously applying high-efficiency biological bactericides once by spraying and drip irrigation once), selectively removing old leaves below the second cluster fruits when the second cluster fruits enter a green ripe period, continuously removing all leaves below the second cluster fruits and taking the leaves out of the greenhouse, after the second cluster fruits are all ripe and picked or a period of 100 days is up, completely picking the rest tomato fruits, then pulling out the plants from roots, cleaning the planted greenhouse, and filling and compacting pits left on the planting pillows by using biological matrixes containing antagonistic bacteria.

Step nine: transplanting second tomato seedlings along the matrix fixed planting bed on the 85 th day of the planting time of the first tomato, and selecting a high-quality antiviral tomato large seedling variety with first cluster fruits and existing cores; second planting holes with corresponding quantity are uniformly formed along the matrix planting bed, the second planting holes are formed far away from the first planting holes as far as possible, the center line position of the planting pillow is preferably formed, a tomato seedling is transplanted into each planting hole, and patch drip openings located on drip irrigation belts are arranged on the sides of the planting holes, so that the tomato seedlings can be dripped into the planting holes. In order to save the convenience of interplanting operation, the fixed planting holes are far away from the fixed planting holes of the previous crop, the second crop can be subjected to double-rod pruning, 2000 plants can be fixedly planted in each mu, and the number of the branches in each mu is 4000.

Step ten: and finishing the planting of the second tomato crop according to the fifth to eighth steps.

Step eleven: transplanting third-crop cucumber seedlings along the matrix planting bed on the 85 th day of the second-crop antiviral tomato planting period, selecting heat-resistant and disease-resistant cucumber varieties to breed large seedlings, uniformly forming corresponding number of third-crop planting holes along the matrix planting bed according to the number of 3000 plants planted per mu, forming the third-crop planting holes in a manner of avoiding the second-crop planting holes as much as possible, completely and directly selecting the first-crop planting holes for field planting, transplanting a heat-resistant and disease-resistant large seedling in each planting hole, and configuring drip openings of drip keys on the side edges of the planting holes to enable the drip irrigation of the heat-resistant and disease-resistant cucumber seedlings to be in the planting holes.

Step twelve: and D, completing the planting of the third-crop cucumbers according to the fifth-eighth steps.

Step thirteen: at 85 days of the third antiviral cucumber planting period, transplanting fourth pepper seedlings along the matrix fixed planting bed, selecting the antiviral pepper seedlings with first spikes and pistils, uniformly arranging fourth planting holes with corresponding quantity along the matrix soil zone according to the quantity of 3000 plants planted per mu, avoiding the third planting holes as far as possible from being arranged, directly utilizing the second planting holes for field planting, fixedly planting two antiviral pepper seedlings in each planting hole, and configuring the drip openings on the drip irrigation zone to the sides of the planting holes, so that the drip irrigation holes can be irrigated in the planting holes.

Fourteen steps: and D, completing the planting of the fourth crop of pepper according to the fifth to eighth steps.

According to the steps, the greenhouse can harvest two-crop tomatoes, one-crop cucumbers and one-crop peppers through the four-crop-one-year planting, wherein the planting quantity of the two-crop tomatoes is increased by 15% and 25% compared with that of the greenhouse in which the two-crop-one-year planting is about 2000 plants per mu, the yield of the two-crop-one-year planting is larger than that of the greenhouse in which the two-crop-one-year planting is carried out, the tomato yield and the economic benefit of the greenhouse are all high-quality tomatoes with three head clusters, the tomato yield and the economic benefit are obviously improved, and the newly increased yield and the economic benefit of the one-crop cucumbers and the one-crop-pepper are obviously improved by two times.

Example 2

The method for planting four crops of fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse in the long growth period in the embodiment 1 is the most number of crops in the prior art, and can also complete three crops in one year through the same steps. The planting method of the three crops of the fruits and vegetables in the growing period of the greenhouse in one year has enough planting period, so that the growing period of each crop can be properly prolonged according to the requirements of the three crops of the fruits and vegetables, and the number of the remained fruits can be properly increased during pruning. The planting time of the second crop and the third crop can be selected to be carried out after the previous crop is completely planted, so that the planting operation is more convenient. The three-crop fruit and vegetable planting disclosed in the prior art mainly adopts short-period vegetable planting, adopts a conventional planting mode, does not improve and control the planting period and the planting and pruning modes, and has obvious difference with the planting method recorded in the application.

Claims (9)

1. A greenhouse long-growth-period fruit and vegetable one-year multi-crop planting method is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:

the method comprises the following steps: before each batch of fruits and vegetables are planted, utilizing a seedling substrate nutrition pot to cultivate fruit and vegetable planting seedlings;

step two: laying matrix fixing beds in the greenhouse, and arranging a working channel between every two adjacent matrix fixing beds;

step three: laying a drip irrigation tape along the matrix planting bed, and uniformly arranging drip openings on the drip irrigation tape according to the planting hole grooves;

step four: transplanting first fruit and vegetable seedlings along the matrix planting bed, forming first fruit and vegetable planting hole grooves according to the planting quantity of the first fruit and vegetable, transplanting the first fruit and vegetable seedlings in each planting hole groove, and arranging drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip irrigation belts in place;

step five: taking 85-100 days after planting the big seedlings as a planting period, and carrying out drip irrigation operation according to the time of the planting period, specifically: drip irrigation for 15-20 minutes every day on the 1 st-10 th days; drip irrigation for 20-25 minutes every day on 11-30 days; drip irrigation for 25-40 minutes every day on 31-60 days; drip irrigation for 30-50 minutes every day on the 61 st to 85 th days; dripping for 15-20 minutes every day on 85-100 days;

step six: after the big seedlings are planted, a planting period is 85-100 days, and water and fertilizer integrated fertilization operation is carried out according to the time of the planting period, specifically: on days 1-10, only clear water is poured every day, on days 11-12, 500 g of amino acid liquid fertilizer is applied per mu every day; on days 13-30, the two fertilizers are subjected to cross drip irrigation every other day, and according to different fertilizer usage amounts of different varieties, 0.71-1 kg of seedling stage fertilizer and the 'Kawasaki formula' water-soluble fertilizer are alternately applied every other day per mu; on 41 th to 60 th days, 1.0 kg to 1.5 kg of balance fertilizer and the water soluble fertilizer with the Kawasaki formula are applied to each mu of land in each watering mode in a crossed way every other day, and 100 g of mineral source potassium humate is added every other day; on the 61 th day to 85 th day, 1.0 kg to 1.5 kg of high-potassium Penguo fertilizer and the 'Kawasaki formula' water-soluble fertilizer are applied to each mu of land in each watering period and changed into current every other day for use;

step seven: planting seedlings according to the number of the seedlings, pruning in the growth period of fruits and vegetables, drawing main branches of vine onto a planting frame, fixing ears according to the principle of controlling the planting period within 100 days, pruning in the following way,

tomato: comprises large tomatoes and small tomatoes, wherein 3000-4000 plants are planted in each mu; pruning each single vine, reserving three spikes of fruits, and respectively pinching off the growing points and the buds at the upper ends of the buds when the fourth spike of fruits buds;

melon: 2500 field planting plants per mu; reserving three fruits for each plant of the thin-skin muskmelon; reserving two fruits for each plant of the muskmelon;

small watermelons: 2500 field planting plants per mu; the main vine is lifted, the auxiliary vine climbs the ground, and the third female flower of the main vine bears fruits;

hot pepper: 3000 plus 4000 plants are planted per mu; planting two plants in each planting hole groove; removing all the lower side branches of the zanthoxylum bungeanum, removing unnecessary long branches in an inner chamber after the zanthoxylum bungeanum enters a full bearing period, removing lower old leaves, and cutting all the branches above the fruiting part of the third layer; strong branches are remained after the shoots grow, and the shoots are picked up 15 days before pulling the seedlings to enable nutrients to flow back, so that the growth and the maturity of smaller fruits are promoted;

eggplant: 2500 field planting plants per mu; from the eggplant, three branches are alternately reserved on a main trunk and a side trunk, namely two side branches are reserved on the main trunk of the layer, one side branch is reserved on the side trunk, and two side branches are reserved on the side trunk of the next layer; each branch is provided with one eggplant, and each layer is provided with three eggplants; when five fruits grow, two to three heart leaves are left at the top and then the heart is picked;

cucumber: 3000 plus 3500 plants are planted per mu; cutting off all lateral branches of the main vine, cutting off one or two leaves of the lateral vine after cutting off the cucumber, and cutting off all tendrils;

pumpkin: 1200 plants are planted per mu and 1500 plants are planted per mu; adopting a single vine pruning mode;

sweet pepper: 1800 plus 2200 plants are planted per mu; the main trunk and the side trunk are alternately provided with three branches, namely, the main trunk of the layer is provided with two side branches, and the side trunk is provided with one side branch;

step eight: sequentially picking mature fruits in batches according to the maturity period of each cluster of fruits of the fruits and vegetables, after the fruits are completely picked, declaring the end of the first-crop fruit and vegetable planting period, timely pulling out the plants from the roots, cleaning the greenhouse where the plants are planted, and filling and compacting pits left on the cultivation pillow with biological matrixes containing antagonistic bacteria;

step nine: transplanting second-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the first-crop fruit and vegetable planting period along positions between first-crop planting holes in the matrix planting bed, wherein the second-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings are of different families from the first-crop fruit and vegetable, second-crop planting holes are formed according to the planting quantity of the second-crop fruit and vegetable, second-crop strong seedlings are transplanted into the planting holes, and drip openings and planting hole grooves in the drip irrigation belts are arranged in place;

step ten: finishing the planting of the second crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps;

step eleven: transplanting third-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the second-crop fruit and vegetable planting period along positions between second-crop planting holes in the matrix bed, wherein the third-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings are different from the second-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings, third-crop planting hole grooves are formed according to the planting quantity of the third-crop fruit and vegetable, the third-crop fruit and vegetable seedlings are transplanted in each planting hole groove, and drip openings and the planting hole grooves on the drip irrigation belts are configured in place;

step twelve: planting the third crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps;

step thirteen: transplanting fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings at the 85 th day of the third fruit and vegetable planting period along the positions among the fourth planting holes on the matrix planting bed, wherein the fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings adopt crops different from the third fruit and vegetable, fourth planting hole grooves are formed according to the planting quantity of the fourth fruit and vegetable, the fourth fruit and vegetable seedlings are transplanted in each planting hole groove, and the drip openings of the drip irrigation tape and the planting hole grooves are configured in place;

fourteen steps: and D, completing planting of the fourth crop of fruits and vegetables according to the fifth to eighth steps.

2. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the fruit and vegetable planting seedlings are cucurbitaceae, solanaceous and leguminous fruits and vegetables, and comprise large tomato, small tomato, sweet pepper, hot pepper, eggplant, cucumber, melon, small watermelon and cucurbita pepo seedlings.

3. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and the width of the working channel in the second step is set to be 70-80 cm.

4. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the matrix in the second step is used for fixing the planting bed, and a matrix cultivation pillow arrangement mode is adopted; or a matrix groove is arranged on the ground, and a matrix is filled in the matrix groove; or arranging matrix cultivation boxes on the ground and filling the boxes made of various materials with the matrix.

5. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: adopting a patch type drip irrigation tape as the drip irrigation tape of the three steps, and carrying out water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation operation at the planting hole groove by using a patch drip opening; or the drip irrigation belt adopts a drainage mode of arranging a drip key and utilizes the drainage tube to be arranged at the planting hole groove for water and fertilizer integrated operation.

6. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and the drip irrigation operation in the step five is carried out in sunny days, irrigation is not carried out in cloudy days, and drip irrigation can be carried out once every 2 to 3 days in continuous cloudy days if wilting is found, and the time is reduced by half.

7. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the eighth step, according to different varieties of fruits and vegetables, after all fruits of each cluster of solanaceous vegetables are picked, all leaves below the cluster of fruits are timely removed, and the solanaceous vegetables are timely cleaned out of the greenhouse; after the expansion period of the cucurbitaceous melon crops is finished, the old leaves below the cucurbitaceous melon crops can be removed.

8. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the second step and the fourteenth step, two continuous cropping is carried out, the type of the root system of the next crop of fruits and vegetables which is not influenced by the residue secreted by the root system of the previous crop of fruits and vegetables is selected, and the type of the later crop of fruits and vegetables with the same family which is antiviral is selected.

9. The method for planting the fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse for a long growing period in multiple cropping modes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the second step and the fourteenth step, two continuous cropping are performed, and the position of the planting hole groove of the next crop is arranged to avoid the position of the planting hole groove of the previous crop.