CN113424751B - Management method for mechanically stumping, ridging, deep loosening and stumping perennial root sugarcane - Google Patents
Management method for mechanically stumping, ridging, deep loosening and stumping perennial root sugarcane Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G22/55—Sugar cane
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- A01B39/00—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing
- A01B39/02—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing with non-rotating tools
- A01B39/04—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing with non-rotating tools drawn by animal or tractor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01B39/00—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing
- A01B39/08—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing with rotating tools such as weeding machines
- A01B39/085—Other machines specially adapted for working soil on which crops are growing with rotating tools such as weeding machines the rotating tools being actively driven
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01B49/022—Combined machines with two or more soil-working tools of different kind at least one tool being actively driven
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01B49/06—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of technology, and particularly discloses a management method for mechanically leveling stubbles, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots of sugarcane, which comprises the following steps: (1) crushing sugarcane leaves: when the sugarcane is harvested or after the sugarcane is harvested, the sugarcane leaves are subjected to leaf crushing treatment; (2) mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening stumps: the stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and water and fertilizer deep fertilizing operation is completed at one time by adopting the perennial root sugarcane stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and water and fertilizer deep fertilizing integrated management machine. The stubble leveling operation of the management method is beneficial to the yield increase of the perennial sugarcane and the prolonging of the perennial root age; the ridge-breaking and deep-loosening operation can make the soil newly planted on the sugarcane ridges poke into the furrows on the two sides of the sugarcane ridges and loosen the soil on the sugarcane roots, and simultaneously can lift the sugarcane roots in situ, so that the soil around, above and below the periphery of the sugarcane roots is loosened, the environmental conditions for sprouting of sugarcane buds are improved, and meanwhile, old roots on the two sides and the bottom of the sugarcane roots are cut off or torn off, and the growth of new roots is promoted. The layered deep application of the water and the fertilizer can cultivate the roots and promote the growth of sugarcane seedlings, improve the survival rate and promote the strong seedlings, and lays a good foundation for the high yield of perennial sugarcane.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a management method for mechanically stumping, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots of perennial sugarcane.
Background
The perennial root sugarcane refers to sugarcane plants which are obtained by sprouting and unearthing buds of sugarcane stalks left in sugarcane field soil under proper environmental conditions after the sugarcane is harvested in the last year and then growing. The planting area of the perennial root sugarcane accounts for more than 2/3 of the planting area of the sugarcane, and the perennial root sugarcane is cultivated, so that the method has the advantages of labor saving, seed saving and low cost, and also has the advantages of early growth and rapid growth, early tillering, early jointing, long growth period, tall and large plants, more effective stems, high and stable yield, early maturity, high sugar, drought and waterlogging resistance and high yield increasing potential.
Traditional management of perennial root sugar cane includes: after the sugarcane is harvested, green leaves and dead leaves and residual stems left on the sugarcane field are processed in time; after the sugarcane is cut and harvested, ridge breaking and stump loosening, base fertilizer pesticide application and the like are carried out. The conventional manual ridge breaking and root loosening method is to plough soil on two sides of a sugarcane ridge into ridge ditches and dig soil around the sugarcane root and between sugarcane tops into the ridge ditches. The perennial root cane management of large tracts of land generally adopts the tractor to drive traditional plough and breaks the ridge pine stump, and some adopt the combination of circle disc cutter + plough to break the ridge and loose the stump deeply. These devices are easy to turn up sugarcane ridge soil monoblock when breaking the ridge and loosening the root, lead to some sugarcane roots to turn up even, and the degree of depth that breaks the ridge and loosens the soil simultaneously is not enough, and sugarcane root bottom earth is not loose, and oxygen is not enough, influences the sugarcane seedling of sugarcane root and sends out a plant and grows. In addition, due to the fact that labor is short, in order to reduce labor and cost, most of the perennial sugarcane is not even subjected to ridge breaking and stump loosening management. In addition, the water and fertilizer management also has great influence on the growth of sugarcane seedlings, and in sugarcane fields with perennial roots left after cutting and harvesting in winter or early spring, the sugarcane seedlings are dead or have less seedlings due to drought, and the yield of the perennial sugarcane is seriously reduced due to insufficient seedling number. The traditional perennial sugarcane fertilizer is generally difficult to realize deep fertilization by surface fertilization, and generally only solid fertilizer is fertilized without water spraying, so that the fertilizer is easy to run off and the absorption and utilization rate is low. In addition, researches find that the old roots of the perennial root sugarcane roots are cut off, so that the growth of new roots of the perennial root sugarcane roots can be promoted, the water and fertilizer absorption capacity of the sugarcane roots is enhanced, the growth of sugarcane seedlings is promoted, and the seedling strengthening method is favorable for strengthening the seedlings.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a management method for mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots of perennial root sugarcane, so that the problems that high-position buds of the perennial root sugarcane grow easily due to non-leveling stubble, sugarcane seedlings are thin and weak, the sugarcane seedlings grow irregularly, the number of grown plants is small, and the sugarcane seedlings are prone to lodging in the later period are solved; the ridge breaking and the root loosening are not in place, so that part of sugarcane roots are easy to turn up, the fertilizer utilization rate is not high, the rooting rate of perennial roots is greatly improved, the full-seedling and strong seedling are promoted, and the yield of perennial sugarcane is improved.
In order to realize the aim, the invention provides a management method for mechanically stumping, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots of perennial sugarcane, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing sugarcane leaves: when the sugarcane is harvested or after the sugarcane is harvested, the sugarcane leaves are subjected to leaf crushing treatment;
(2) Mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots: the method comprises the following steps of (1) operating by adopting a perennial root sugarcane stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and water and fertilizer integrated management machine, and completing stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and deep water and fertilizer application operation at one time; rotary tillage and stubble leveling are adopted, the upper part of the sugarcane stump is shoveled, the surface soil on the sugarcane stump is loosened by 5-6cm, meanwhile, the soil on the sugarcane ridges where the sugarcane is newly planted is spread to the furrows on the two sides of the sugarcane ridges, the surface soil floating mud of the sugarcane stump is leveled with the heights of the furrows after stubble leveling, the heights of the sugarcane stump and the surface soil are reduced, and the middle-stage fertilization and ridging management is facilitated; ridge breaking width: the ridge breaking operation is carried out along 12-15cm on two sides of the sugarcane stump planted at equal row spacing, the ridge breaking operation is carried out along 12-15cm on the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted at wide and narrow rows, and meanwhile loose ditches with the width of about 10-15cm are formed on two sides of the sugarcane stump planted at equal row spacing or on the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted at wide and narrow rows, so that rainwater can be stored; the stump loosening depth is 25-30cm, soil at the bottom of the sugarcane stump is integrally lifted and loosened in situ through a deep loosening shovel, and old roots at two sides and the bottom of the sugarcane stump are cut off (or torn off) at the same time; deep water and fertilizer application: meanwhile, water and fertilizer are applied in layers at the middle part and the bottom part of the sugarcane root.
The rest of the unrecited parts are managed according to the prior art.
Preferably, in the step (1), the sugarcane field which is manually cut and harvested and is provided with the ratoons is subjected to mechanical leaf crushing treatment by a leaf crusher before the stubble leveling, ridge breaking and stump deep loosening operation. When the machine is used for harvesting the sugarcane, the sugarcane leaves are crushed while the sugarcane is harvested, and the separate crushing treatment is not needed.
Preferably, in the step (2), when the ground temperature of the soil with the depth of 10cm is stabilized above 10 ℃ and the air temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, the mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and stump deep loosening operation is carried out.
Preferably, in the step (2), the stubble leveling depth is determined first, and then the mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and stump deep loosening operation is performed, which specifically comprises the following steps: randomly investigating the depths of more than 6 sugarcane roots, calculating the average depth of the sugarcane roots, and determining the stubble leveling depth according to the average depth.
Preferably, in the step (2), 500-600 kg of water is applied per mu, the water contains 5-10kg of potassium fulvate, 5-10kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, 5-8kg of plant growth regulator and 5-8kg of polyamino acid, and 40-60 kg of Gao Lingao nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied per mu. The plant growth regulator is combined with amino acid, potassium fulvate and the like, so that the oxygen is provided for the root system, the activity of the root system can be enhanced, the development of the root system can be promoted, the soil gripping capability and the nutrient absorption capability of the root system of the sugarcane to soil can be improved, the emergence rate of the perennial root of the sugarcane can be improved, and the drought resistance capability of the perennial root in the seedling stage can be enhanced.
The plant growth regulator comprises the following components in percentage by weight: root-derived mycobacterial proteins: sodium naphthaleneacetate: 6 furfurylaminopurine: the trace elements are (10-20): (10-20): (10-15): (1-5). The compounded growth regulator has the effects of strengthening seedlings, resisting drought, resisting stress and the like.
Preferably, when the mechanical stubble leveling, the ridge breaking and the root loosening are performed deeply, the herbicide is sprayed on the sugarcane rows with the broken ridges and the root loosening to seal the soil.
Preferably, the herbicide is prepared by mixing 40 percent of atrazine suspending agent 75-100 g/mu and 80 percent of acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate 20 mL/mu with water 25-30 kg/mu.
Preferably, the stubble-breaking, ridge-breaking and deep-loosening integrated water and fertilizer management machine for the perennial sugarcane comprises a rack, wherein a traction part is arranged at the front end of the rack, a fertilizer application device is arranged above the rack, a stubble-breaking device, a ridge-breaking and deep-loosening device and limiting wheels are arranged below the rack, a soil-retaining and soil-separating plate is arranged between the stubble-breaking device and the ridge-breaking and deep-loosening device, the bottom of the stubble-breaking device is flush with the bottom of the limiting wheels and lower than the bottom of the soil-retaining and soil-separating plate, and the bottom of the ridge-breaking and deep-loosening device is positioned below the limiting wheels;
the stubble leveling device comprises a rotating shaft driven by power, the rotating shaft is transversely arranged and is vertical to the advancing direction of the management machine, and stubble cleaning knives are arranged on the rotating shaft at intervals;
the ridge breaking and deep root loosening device comprises a ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel and a connecting plate, the ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel comprises a front soil breaking end and a rear soil separating end which are opposite, the ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel is obliquely and upwards arranged from the soil breaking end to the soil separating end, and the transverse width of the soil breaking end is smaller than that of the soil separating end; one end of the connecting plate is connected with the ridge breaking subsoiler, the other end of the connecting plate is connected with the rack, the connecting plate comprises a front soil covering end and a rear fertilizer applying end which are opposite, and the soil covering end of the connecting plate is arranged upwards, obliquely and forwards and is in a blade shape from the end close to the ridge breaking subsoiler;
the fertilizer applying device comprises a water tank, a fertilizer box, a mixing part and a fertilizer applying pipe, wherein a water outlet of the water tank is connected with the mixing part through a water pipe, a water valve is arranged on the water pipe, the fertilizer box is matched with a spiral rotating shaft and a fertilizer outlet, the spiral rotating shaft is driven by a hydraulic motor, the hydraulic motor is connected with a hydraulic device of a tractor, the fertilizer outlet is connected with the mixing part, and a discharge end of the mixing part is connected with the fertilizer applying pipe; the fertilizer applying end lower part of the connecting plate is provided with a fertilizer guiding barrel, the fertilizer outlet end of the fertilizer applying pipe is fixed above the fertilizer guiding barrel, and the diameter of the fertilizer applying pipe is larger than that of the fertilizer guiding barrel.
Preferably, an included angle between the soil covering end of the connecting plate and the soil breaking end of the ridge breaking subsoiler is 60-90 degrees; the angle of inclination of the ridge breaking subsoiler from the soil breaking end to the soil separating end is 15-45 degrees.
Preferably, still be equipped with in the frame and spout the medical kit, the play medicine mouth that spouts the medical kit links to each other with the pesticide spraying pipe, the exit end of pesticide spraying pipe is fixed in the frame of broken ridge subsoiling root device both sides.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the traditional perennial root sugarcane management does not carry out stumping operation, and the application of adding the stumping operation is beneficial to yield increase of the perennial root sugarcane and prolonging of the perennial root year. Because part of sugarcane borers which potentially enter the sugarcane stalks for overwintering are removed, the insect population density in the next year is reduced, the influence of the sugarcane tops on the sugarcane tops due to the fact that the sugarcane tops are easily trampled and damaged by people and livestock on the bare ground, drought dehydration, red rot infection and the like can be reduced, the germination of low-position buds of perennial sugarcane can be promoted, thick and strong sugarcane seedlings can be grown, and the yield per unit can be improved. Meanwhile, the sugarcane root height can be reduced, and the perennial root age can be prolonged.
2. The traditional perennial root sugarcane management can not realize mechanical ridge breaking and deep root loosening (the root loosening is not in place or part of the sugarcane roots are easy to be connected with roots and turned up), when the management machine matched with the management method is used for ridge breaking and deep root loosening, soil on the sugarcane roots, which is newly planted, of sugarcane ridges can be pushed into furrows on two sides of the sugarcane ridges and loosen the surface soil on the sugarcane roots, and meanwhile, the sugarcane roots are lifted in situ, so that the loosening of the left, right, up and down soil around the sugarcane roots is really realized, and the environmental conditions for sprouting of the sugarcane buds (the soil temperature is increased and the oxygen is increased) are improved; the soil is also favorable for weathering, and the decomposition of nutrients is accelerated; destroying the habitat of subterranean pests. But also can cut off or tear off old roots at two sides and the bottom of the sugarcane root to promote the growth of new roots.
3. The perennial root sugarcane stumps are low in seedling rate of sugarcane plants due to insufficient water in winter and early spring, the sugarcane seedlings are thin and weak, the seedling number is insufficient, and even dead stump and dead seedlings are caused by severe drought, which is the main reason for low yield of the perennial root sugarcane. The management method can be used for applying water and fertilizer to the sugarcane root while mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening the root, and applying fertilizer to the middle part and the bottom of the sugarcane root in a layered manner, so that the root can be raised to promote the growth of sugarcane seedlings, the survival rate is improved, the strong seedlings are promoted, and a good foundation is laid for the high yield of perennial sugarcane.
4. The invention adjusts the fertilizer application formula while simultaneously applying layered water and fertilizer, and adds the components of potassium fulvate, amino acid water soluble fertilizer, plant growth regulator, polyamino acid and the like into water. The compound plant growth regulator is combined with amino acid, potassium fulvate and the like, so that the compound plant growth regulator can promote the germination of perennial root sugarcane buds, enhance the root activity, promote the root development, improve the soil gripping ability and nutrient absorption capacity of the sugarcane root system, improve the emergence rate of the sugarcane root, and have the effects of strong seedlings, drought resistance, strong stress resistance and the like while providing nutrients for sugarcane roots.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the water-fertilizer integrated management machine for leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and stumping of perennial root sugarcane.
FIG. 2 is a schematic side structure view of the perennial root sugarcane stumping, ridge breaking, deep loosening and root water-fertilizer integrated management machine.
Description of the main reference numerals:
1. a frame; 2. a traction part; 3. a fertilizing device; 31. a water tank; 32. a fertilizer box; 33. a mixing section; 34. fertilizing a pipe; 35. a water pipe; 36. a water valve; 37. a hydraulic motor; 38. an electronic control box; 4. A stubble leveling device; 41. a rotating shaft; 42. a stubble cleaning knife; 43. a reduction gearbox; 44. a gear case; 5. a ridge breaking and stump deep loosening device; 51. a ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel; 511. a soil breaking end; 512. soil separating end; 52. a connecting plate; 521. covering soil at the end; 522. a fertilizing end; 6. a limiting wheel; 7. a soil retaining and separating plate; 8. a connecting rod; 9. a support pillar; 10. a fertilizer guiding cylinder; 11. a pesticide spraying device; 111. spraying a pesticide box; 112. and a pesticide spraying pipe.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-2, a broken ridge of perennial root sugarcane stumping and subsoiling integrative supervisor of root water and fertilizer, including frame 1, 1 front end of frame is equipped with traction unit 2, 1 top of frame is equipped with fertilizer injection unit 3 and spouts the medicine device, 1 below of frame is equipped with stumping device 4, broken ridge subsoiling stump device 5 and spacing wheel 6, broken ridge subsoiling stump device 5 is located stumping device 4 rear, spacing wheel 6 is located broken ridge subsoiling stump device 5 both sides. And a soil retaining and separating plate 7 is arranged between the stubble leveling device 4 and the ridge breaking and deep stump loosening device 5, and the bottom of the soil retaining and separating plate 7 is 10-15cm higher than the bottom of the stubble leveling device 4. Soil retaining and soil separating plates 7 can prevent soil from splashing after rotary tillage, and can also shift partial soil after rotary tillage to the furrows on two sides of a sugarcane ridge, the height of the floating soil on the sugarcane stump surface is leveled with the height of the furrows after stubble leveling, the heights of the sugarcane stump surface and the furrows are reduced, and the middle-period fertilization and ridging management is facilitated. The bottom of the stubble leveling device 4 is level with the bottom of the limiting wheel 6, and the bottom of the ridge breaking and deep stump loosening device 5 is positioned below the limiting wheel 6. Spacing wheel 6 is connected with frame 1 through connecting rod 8, be equipped with the screw on the connecting rod 8, be equipped with the connecting portion of taking the screw in frame 1, the bolt passes connecting rod 8 with the screw of connecting portion will spacing wheel 6 with frame 1 is detachable continuous, can be according to the height of the spacing wheel of the degree of depth adjustment of sugarcane root of stem and stem of certain plants. The both sides in frame 1 the place ahead still are equipped with support column 9, 9 upper portions of support column and lower part all are equipped with the screw, be equipped with the fixed slot of taking the screw in frame 1, the bolt passes the screw of support column 9 and fixed slot, links to each other support column 9 and frame 1 are detachable. When this supervisor was out of work, can be fixed with the upper portion and the frame 1 of support column 9, the height of support column 9 is held level or a little more with broken ridge pine stump device 5 deeply, is that the supervisor is whole steady, is favorable to the during operation also the tractor to connect fixedly.
The stubble ploughing device 4 comprises a rotating shaft 41 driven by power, the rotating shaft 41 is transversely arranged and perpendicular to the advancing direction of the management machine, and stubble ploughing blades 42 are arranged on the rotating shaft 41 at intervals. Specifically, the stubble leveling device 4 further comprises a reduction gearbox 43, an input shaft of the reduction gearbox 43 is connected with a rear output shaft of the tractor, and two ends of the rotating shaft 41 are in transmission connection with an output end of the reduction gearbox 43 through a gear box 44 respectively. The two ends of the rotating shaft 41 are driven by the gear box 44, and compared with the traditional rotation of the middle part of the rotating shaft 41 by the gear box 44, the middle part of the rotating shaft 41 can be provided with the stubble cleaning knife 42, namely, the middle part of the rotating shaft 41 can also be used for cleaning stubble, so that omission is avoided, and the stubble cleaning effect is better. The stubble ploughing cutter 42 is purchased on the market, the bending angle of the cutter is close to 90 degrees, namely, the stubble ploughing cutter 42 only crushes sugarcane leaves, weeds and the like on the ground in the rotating process along with the rotating shaft 41, and cannot dig into the ground and damage the ratoon sugarcane stump.
In this embodiment, the ridge-breaking deep stump-loosening device 5 has two sets, which are respectively arranged behind the two sides of the stumping device 4. Broken ridge subsoiling root device 5 is including broken ridge subsoiling shovel 51 and connecting plate 52, broken ridge subsoiling shovel 51 includes front and back relative broken soil end 511 and branch soil end 512, broken ridge subsoiling shovel 51 by broken soil end 511 upwards sets up to branch soil end 512 slope, the transverse width of broken soil end 511 is less than divide the transverse width of soil end 512. One end of the connecting plate 52 is welded with the ridge breaking subsoiler 51, the other end of the connecting plate is detachably connected with the rack 1 through bolts and the like, and the mounting position of the connecting plate 52 can be adjusted as required. The connecting plate 52 comprises a covering end 521 and a fertilizing end 522 which are opposite in front and back, and the covering end 521 of the connecting plate 52 is arranged obliquely upwards and forwards from the end close to the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 and is in a blade shape. The ridge breaking subsoiling shovel 51 is obliquely arranged, so that soil at the bottom of the sugarcane root can be integrally lifted in place, the soil covering end 521 of the connecting plate 52 is arranged in a forward inclining mode, the tilted soil of the ridge breaking subsoiling shovel 51 can be pressed down and shredded, mud blocks can be broken and loosened, the loosening purpose can be achieved, and the sugarcane ratoon can not be turned up together with the root. Meanwhile, the soil covering end 521 of the connecting plate 52 is in a blade shape, so that the perennial roots of the sugarcane can be cut off, and tillering and growth of the perennial sugarcane are facilitated. Specifically, the included angle between the soil covering end 521 of the connecting plate 52 and the soil breaking end 511 of the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 is 80-90 °. The angle of inclination of the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 from the soil breaking end 511 to the soil separating end 512 is 30 degrees. The soil breaking end 511 of the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 is triangular, and the soil separating end 512 of the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 is 20-25cm in width. Of course, the size and angle of the ridge-breaking subsoiler 51 may be adjusted according to the conditions of hardening of the sugarcane field. The depth of the ridge breaking subsoiler 51 inserted into the sugarcane is about 30 cm.
In particular, in the present application, the traveling direction of the management machine during operation is the forward direction, and the other directions are taken as reference directions. The advancing direction of the vertical management machine is set to be transverse. The non-stated parts of the present application are all implemented using prior art.
When the management machine works, the management machine is connected with a tractor through the traction part 2 and is pulled by the tractor to move forwards. After the management machine reaches a designated operation land parcel, the stubble leveling device 4 and the fertilizer application device 3 are started, the stubble leveling device 4 crushes sugarcane leaves and weeds on the ground in the process that the tractor drives the management machine to move forward, the ridge breaking and deep root loosening device 5 performs stubble leveling and deep loosening on the sugarcane ground, and meanwhile, the fertilizer application device 3 applies water and fertilizer into the sugarcane ground layer by layer; the pesticide spraying device 11 uniformly sprays the herbicide and the like on the sugarcane rows with the ridge broken and the roots loosened deeply. The mounting position of the ridge breaking and deep stump loosening device 5 can be adjusted according to the width of the sugarcane planting line, and the soil turning depth of the ridge breaking and deep stump loosening device 5 can also be adjusted through the height of the adjusting limiting wheels 6.
Example 2
A management method for mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and deep stump loosening of perennial root sugarcane is disclosed, the variety of the sugarcane is Gui sugar No. 44, the planting age is 1 year, and the management method comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing sugarcane leaves: the mechanical harvesting is adopted when the newly planted sugarcane is harvested, and the sugarcane leaves are crushed and returned to the field while being harvested;
(2) And in 2 months of 2020, when the ground temperature of the soil with the depth of 10cm is stabilized above 10 ℃ and the air temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, the mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and stump deep loosening operation is carried out.
(3) And determining the stumping depth. Investigating the depth of the perennial root sugarcane root in the sugarcane field, randomly investigating the depth of 6-8 sugarcane roots, calculating the average depth, determining the stumping depth according to the average depth, and keeping the underground sugarcane root 8-10 cm after stumping.
(4) Mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots: the stubble leveling, ridge breaking and deep loosening integrated water and fertilizer management machine for the perennial root sugarcane is adopted in the embodiment 1 to perform operation, and the operations of leveling stubble, breaking ridge and deep loosening, deep water and fertilizer application, herbicide spraying and application to seal soil and the like are completed at one time.
The method is characterized in that rotary tillage and stubble leveling are adopted, the upper part of the sugarcane root is shoveled, the surface soil on the sugarcane root is loosened by 5-6cm, meanwhile, the soil on the sugarcane ridges where the sugarcane is newly planted is pushed to the furrows on the two sides of the sugarcane ridges, the surface soil floating mud of the sugarcane root is leveled with the heights of the furrows after stubble leveling, the heights of the sugarcane root and the surface soil are reduced, and the method is favorable for middle-stage fertilization and ridging management.
Ridge breaking width: because the sugarcane is planted in wide and narrow rows, ridge-breaking operation is carried out along the outer sides of the two narrow rows by 12-13 cm; meanwhile, loose ditches with the width of about 10-15cm are formed at the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted in the wide and narrow rows, so that rainwater can be accumulated and stored. The stump loosening depth is 25cm, soil at the bottom of the stump is integrally lifted up by 5-8cm in situ through a deep loosening shovel and loosened, and old roots at two sides and the bottom of the stump are cut off or torn off at the same time. The ridges on two sides and the soil at the bottom are broken to loosen the soil, so that the soil around the cane stump is loosened, the oxygen in the soil is increased, and meanwhile, the old roots on two sides and the bottom of the cane stump are cut off or torn off to promote the growth of new roots.
Deep water and fertilizer application: meanwhile, water and fertilizer are applied in layers at the middle part and the bottom part of the sugarcane root. 500 kg of water is applied to each mu, the water contains 5kg of potassium fulvate, 5kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, 5kg of plant growth regulator and 5kg of polyamino acid salt, and 50 kg of Gao Lin high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied to each mu.
When the machine is used for leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots, herbicide is uniformly sprayed on sugarcane rows of ridge breaking and loosening bags to seal soil. The herbicide is prepared from 75 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent and 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate 20 mL/mu by adding 25 kg/mu of water.
The rest of the unrecited parts are managed according to the prior art. For example, intertillage fertilization hilling management, pest and disease damage management is carried out according to the growth condition of the sugarcane, and the sugarcane is harvested in time in the later period.
Comparative example 1
In the comparative example 1, the traditional planting method is adopted, only a circular disc cutter is used for ridge breaking and stump loosening, 50-60 kilograms of Gao Lingao nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and a single herbicide is sprayed. The other operations were the same as those of example 2.
By adopting the management method of the embodiment 2, compared with the traditional planting (comparative example 1), the perennial root emergence rate can be improved by 40-50 percent and can reach 9000-10000 seedlings/mu, and the sugarcane seedlings grow more uniformly and have high uniformity; the dry weight of the root system of the sugarcane root can reach 138 g/root, 34 g/root is increased compared with that of untreated 105 g/root, the number of new roots is increased by 35 strips/root, and the yield can be improved by 1.6-1.8 tons/mu.
Example 3
A management method for mechanically stumping, ridging, deep loosening and stumping perennial root sugarcane, wherein the variety of the sugarcane is No. 44 bay sugar, the planting age is 2 years, and the management method comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing sugarcane leaves: the mechanical harvesting is adopted when the newly planted sugarcane is harvested, and the sugarcane leaves are crushed and returned to the field while being harvested;
(2) And in 3 months of 2020, when the soil temperature of 10cm deep is stabilized above 10 ℃ and the air temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, the mechanical stumping, ridging and deep stump loosening operation is carried out.
(3) And determining the stubble leveling depth. Investigating the depth of the perennial root sugarcane root in the sugarcane field, immediately investigating the depth of 6-8 sugarcane roots, calculating the average depth, determining the stumping depth according to the average depth, and keeping the underground sugarcane root 8-10 cm after stumping.
(4) Mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots: the perennial root sugarcane stubble breaking, ridging and deep loosening integrated water and fertilizer management machine in the embodiment 1 is adopted to operate, and the operations of stubble breaking, ridging and deep loosening, deep water and fertilizer application, herbicide spraying and application of closed soil and the like are completed at one time.
The method is characterized in that rotary tillage and stubble leveling are adopted, the upper part of the sugarcane root is shoveled, the surface soil on the sugarcane root is loosened by 5-6cm, meanwhile, the soil on the sugarcane ridges where the sugarcane is newly planted is pushed to the furrows on the two sides of the sugarcane ridges, the surface soil floating mud of the sugarcane root is leveled with the heights of the furrows after stubble leveling, the heights of the sugarcane root and the surface soil are reduced, and the method is favorable for middle-stage fertilization and ridging management.
Ridge breaking width of ridge breaking and deep root loosening operation: the sugarcane is planted in wide and narrow rows, and ridge-breaking operation is carried out along the outer sides of the two narrow rows by 13-15 cm; meanwhile, loose ditches with the width of about 10-15cm are formed at the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted in the wide rows and the narrow rows, so that rainwater can be accumulated and stored. The stump loosening depth is 30cm, the ridges on two sides and the bottom of the stump are broken integrally, loose soil is achieved around the stump, oxygen in the soil is increased, old roots on two sides and at the bottom of the stump are cut off or torn off, and growth of new roots is promoted.
Deep water and fertilizer application: meanwhile, water and fertilizer are applied in layers at the middle part and the bottom part of the sugarcane root. 550 kilograms of water is applied to each mu, the water contains 10 kilograms of potassium fulvate, 10 kilograms of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, 8 kilograms of plant growth regulator and 8 kilograms of polyamino acid salt, and 60 kilograms of Gao Lin high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied to each mu.
When the machine is used for leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots, herbicide is uniformly sprayed on sugarcane rows of ridge breaking and loosening bags to seal soil. The herbicide is prepared from 40% atrazine suspending agent 100 g/mu and 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate 20 mL/mu by adding water 30 kg/mu.
The rest of the unrecited parts are managed according to the prior art. For example, intertillage, fertilization and hilling management, pest and disease damage management is carried out according to the growth condition of the sugarcane, and the sugarcane is ripe and harvested in time in the later period.
Comparative example 2
In the comparative example 2, a disc cutter and a plough are adopted to break ridges and loosen roots, 50-60 kg of Gao Lingao nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, water is sprayed while the fertilizer is applied, a naphthylacetic acid growth regulator is added into the water, and a herbicide is sprayed. The other operations were the same as those of example 3.
By adopting the management method of the embodiment 3, compared with the management of ridge breaking and pocket loosening by adopting a disc cutter and a plough, the perennial root growing rate can be improved by 20-30 percent and can reach 8000-9000 seedlings/mu, and the sugarcane seedlings grow more uniformly and have high uniformity; the dry weight of the root system of the sugarcane root can reach 140 g/root, 32 g/root is increased, the number of new roots is increased by 25 strips/root, and the yield can be improved by 1.3 to 1.5 tons/mu. Meanwhile, other auxiliary tests show that the sugarcane has stronger drought resistance and stress resistance and has more obvious difference effect in other severe natural environments such as drought, typhoon and the like.
To sum up, this application can once accomplish the operation such as stumping, broken ridge subsoiling stump, applying water and fertilizer deeply, spraying herbicide closed soil through improving the integrative supervisor of broken ridge subsoiling stump water and fertilizer of perennial root sugarcane stumping. Wherein, the stubble leveling operation is beneficial to the yield increase of the perennial sugarcane and the prolonging of the perennial root age; the ridge-breaking and root-loosening operation can lift and loosen the sugarcane root in situ, really realize the loosening of the soil around, above and below the sugarcane root, improve the environmental conditions for the germination of the sugarcane buds, and simultaneously cut off or tear off the old roots at the two sides and the bottom of the sugarcane root to promote the growth of new roots. The layered deep application of the water and the fertilizer can cultivate the roots and promote the growth of sugarcane seedlings, improve the survival rate and promote the strong seedlings, and lays a good foundation for the high yield of perennial sugarcane.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
1. A management method for mechanically stumping, ridging, deep loosening and stumping perennial root sugarcane is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Crushing sugarcane leaves: when the sugarcane is harvested or after the sugarcane is harvested, the sugarcane leaves are subjected to leaf crushing treatment;
(2) Mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots: the method comprises the following steps of (1) operating by adopting a perennial root sugarcane stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and water and fertilizer integrated management machine, and completing stubble leveling, ridge breaking, deep loosening and deep water and fertilizer application operation at one time; adopting rotary tillage and stubble leveling, shoveling the upper part of the sugarcane root and loosening the surface soil on the sugarcane root by 5-6cm, simultaneously stirring the soil on the sugarcane ridges where the sugarcane is newly planted originally to the furrows on the two sides of the sugarcane ridges, keeping the surface soil floating mud of the sugarcane root level with the heights of the furrows after stubble leveling, reducing the heights of the sugarcane root and the surface soil, and being beneficial to middle-stage fertilization and ridging management; ridge breaking width: the ridge breaking operation is carried out along 12-15cm on two sides of the sugarcane stump planted at equal row spacing, the ridge breaking operation is carried out along 12-15cm on the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted at wide and narrow rows, and meanwhile loose ditches with the width of about 10-15cm are formed on two sides of the sugarcane stump planted at equal row spacing or on the outer sides of the two narrow rows planted at wide and narrow rows, so that rainwater can be stored; the stump loosening depth is 25-30cm, soil at the bottom of the cane stump is integrally lifted and loosened in situ through a deep loosening shovel, and old roots at two sides and the bottom of the cane stump are cut off or torn off at the same time; deep water and fertilizer application: meanwhile, applying water and fertilizer in layers at the middle part and the bottom part of the cane stump;
the water and fertilizer integrated management machine for the stubble breaking, deep loosening and stumping of the perennial sugarcane comprises a rack, wherein a traction part is arranged at the front end of the rack, a fertilizer application device is arranged above the rack, a stubble breaking device, a ridge breaking and deep loosening and stump device and limiting wheels are arranged below the rack, a soil retaining and separating plate is arranged between the stubble breaking device and the ridge breaking and deep loosening and stump device, the bottom of the stubble breaking device is flush with the bottom of the limiting wheels and is lower than the bottom of the soil retaining and separating plate, and the bottom of the ridge breaking and deep loosening and stump device is positioned below the limiting wheels;
the stubble leveling device comprises a rotating shaft driven by power, the rotating shaft is transversely arranged and vertical to the advancing direction of the management machine, and stubble cleaning knives are arranged on the rotating shaft at intervals;
the ridge breaking and deep root loosening device comprises a ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel and a connecting plate, the ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel comprises a front soil breaking end and a rear soil separating end which are opposite, the ridge breaking and deep loosening shovel is obliquely and upwards arranged from the soil breaking end to the soil separating end, and the transverse width of the soil breaking end is smaller than that of the soil separating end; one end of the connecting plate is connected with the ridge breaking subsoiler, the other end of the connecting plate is connected with the rack, the connecting plate comprises a soil covering end and a fertilizing end which are opposite from front to back, and the soil covering end of the connecting plate is arranged upwards in an inclined and forward manner from the end close to the ridge breaking subsoiler and is in a blade shape;
the fertilizer applying device comprises a water tank, a fertilizer box, a mixing part and a fertilizer applying pipe, wherein a water outlet of the water tank is connected with the mixing part through a water pipe, a water valve is arranged on the water pipe, the fertilizer box is matched with a spiral rotating shaft and a fertilizer outlet, the spiral rotating shaft is driven by a hydraulic motor, the hydraulic motor is connected with a hydraulic device of a tractor, the fertilizer outlet is connected with the mixing part, and a discharge end of the mixing part is connected with the fertilizer applying pipe; the fertilization end lower part of connecting plate is equipped with leads fertile section of thick bamboo, the play fertile end of fertilization pipe is fixed lead fertile section of thick bamboo top, just the diameter of fertilization pipe is greater than lead the diameter of fertile section of thick bamboo.
2. The management method for mechanical stubble breaking, ridging and deep loosening of the stumps of perennial sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the mechanical leaf crushing treatment is performed on the sugarcane field which is manually cut and harvested and is used for remaining the perennial sugarcane roots by using a leaf crusher before the operation of stubble breaking, ridging and deep loosening of the stumps.
3. The management method for mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and deep loosening of perennial root sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), when the soil temperature of 10cm deep is stabilized above 10 ℃ and the air temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, the mechanical stubble leveling, ridge breaking and deep loosening operation is performed.
4. The management method for mechanically stubble-breaking, ridge-breaking and deep stump loosening of perennial sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein in step (2), the stubble-breaking depth is determined, and then the mechanical stubble-breaking, ridge-breaking and deep stump loosening operation is performed, specifically comprising: randomly investigating the depths of more than 6 sugarcane roots, calculating the average depth of the sugarcane roots, and determining the stubble leveling depth according to the average depth.
5. The mechanical stubble breaking, ridge breaking and deep loosening management method for perennial root sugarcane, according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (2), 500-600 kg of water is applied per mu, and the water contains 5-10kg of potassium fulvic acid, 5-10kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, 5-8kg of plant growth regulator and 5-8kg of polyamino acid, and 40-60 kg of Gao Lingao nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied per mu.
6. The method for managing stubble breaking, ridge breaking and deep stump loosening of perennial sugarcane mechanical stumping according to claim 5, wherein the plant growth regulator comprises the following components in percentage by weight: root-derived branched protein: sodium naphthaleneacetate: 6 furfuryl aminopurine: the trace elements are (10-20): (10-20): (10-15): (1-5).
7. The management method for mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots of perennial sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein when mechanically leveling stubble, breaking ridges and deeply loosening roots, herbicide is sprayed on the rows of the sugarcane which are broken and loosened to seal the soil.
8. The management method for mechanical stubble breaking, ridge breaking and deep stump loosening of perennial sugarcane as claimed in claim 7, wherein the herbicide is prepared from 40% atrazine suspending agent 75-100 g/mu and 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate 20 mL/mu, and water 25-30 kg/mu.
9. The management method for the mechanical stubble breaking, ridge breaking and deep stump loosening of the perennial root sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein a pesticide spraying box is further arranged on the rack, a pesticide outlet of the pesticide spraying box is connected with a pesticide spraying pipe, and an outlet end of the pesticide spraying pipe is fixed on the rack on two sides of the ridge breaking and deep stump loosening device.
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