CN113057077A - Method for improving soil and reducing salt in facility greenhouse of saline-alkali area, fertilizing and planting strawberries - Google Patents
Method for improving soil and reducing salt in facility greenhouse of saline-alkali area, fertilizing and planting strawberries Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area and planting strawberries. Belongs to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement and facility cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: selecting a land parcel; laying a concealed pipe; fertilizing and ploughing; drip irrigation and leaching; screening virus-free seedlings; managing after planting; and (6) harvesting. The invention is based on soil improvement, salt reduction and fertilizer cultivation, aims at increasing yield and improving quality, develops a high-yield and high-efficiency quality-improving cultivation experiment for cultivating the original soil of facility strawberries in coastal saline-alkali land, forms soil water and salt regulation and control methods such as concealed pipe salt discharge, drip irrigation salt reduction, negative pressure water metering and control and the like through years of production practice, and solves the problems of low survival rate, poor growth potential, low yield and the like of the original soil cultivation of facility strawberries in coastal saline-alkali areas in the prior art. The method is simple and easy to operate, the cost is low, the cultivated strawberries are high in yield and good in quality, the economic benefit of facility strawberry original soil cultivation in coastal saline-alkali areas is effectively improved, and technical support is provided for facility strawberry original soil cultivation in saline-alkali areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of saline-alkali soil improvement and facility cultivation, in particular to a method for improving soil, reducing salt and cultivating fertilizer and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area.
Background
The total area of the saline-alkali soil in coastal areas of China is about 3.57 km2And most of coastal landThe area is still continuously silted and landed, the tidal flat area is continuously increased, and the newly increased coastal tidal flat area is about 2 km per year2. The coastal saline-alkali soil is used as an important component of saline-alkali soil resources in China and is mainly distributed in the Bohai sea and the coastal areas of the yellow sea in China. The soil in the area is affected by seawater erosion, soil matrix cause and the like, so that the saline-alkali soil in the coastal area has poor air permeability, high sodium adsorption ratio and serious salinization, belongs to the offshore area, and is limited by high soil salinity (1.0-3.0%), high groundwater level (0.5-1.5 m) and high groundwater mineralization degree (10-40 g/kg), so that the productivity of the soil in the area is low. However, coastal areas are full of annual rainfall, sufficient in sunlight irradiation, proper in temperature and climate environment, and have great development potential in the field of developing facility agriculture.
The research on the improvement of saline-alkali soil begins in the middle of the twentieth century in China, a plurality of saline-alkali soil treatment technologies including hydraulic engineering, agriculture, biology, physics, chemistry and the like are formed at present, and some regional characteristic key technologies are formed in various saline-alkali areas, such as a rice salt washing and alkali changing technology of a northeast saline-alkali area, a drip irrigation under film technology of a northwest saline-alkali area, a biological water-saving agriculture technology of a northmiddle saline-alkali area, an organic fertilizer-culturing salt spot improvement technology of a northwest saline-alkali area and the like, are generally carried out in the middle saline-alkali area, and play an important role in the improvement of middle and low-yield fields. Because the soil in the coastal saline-alkali area has high volume weight, poor permeability, extremely high salt content, difficult plant growth and great soil improvement difficulty, the method is rarely reported in the fields related to soil improvement and facility production in the coastal saline-alkali area.
The strawberry serving as an important cultivated variety in facility agriculture has high nutritive value, contains various nutrient substances, has a health care effect, is worthy of fruit queen, plays an important role in fruit production, and is also an important representative variety for suburban agriculture and sightseeing picking. However, in the current facility production field of China, the strawberry is mainly cultivated by using a substrate, the prior art generally only replaces plough layer soil, and adopts culture soil to replace saline-alkali soil, so that the saline-alkali soil can not be desalted for a long time fundamentally, the soil is easy to return salt, and the salt tolerance of the selected strawberry variety is not strong. Compared with a single soil improvement mode, the coastal saline-alkali area focuses on effective combination of various technologies, and the advantages and the disadvantages of various improvement modes are comprehensively considered according to local conditions, so that an optimal combined improvement means is obtained.
Therefore, the problem to be solved by the technicians in this field is how to improve the saline-alkali soil and plant the strawberries.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a method for improving soil and reducing salt in a greenhouse of a saline-alkali area facility and cultivating fertilizer and strawberry.
The method comprehensively improves the facility soil in the coastal saline-alkali area by organically combining micro-engineering measures, agricultural measures and physical and chemical measures, achieves the purposes of quickly reducing the total salt content and the volume weight of the soil, improving the soil improvement and fertilization effects of the soil nutrient elements of total nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, organic matters and quick-acting potassium, provides a better soil fertility foundation for the original soil cultivation of the facility strawberries, greatly improves the conditions of low survival rate and low yield of the original soil cultivation of the facility strawberries in the coastal heavy saline-alkali area, and has great practical significance for realizing the high-efficiency development of the facility strawberry industry in the coastal area and the sustainable development and utilization of soil resources.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land parcels: in a coastal saline-alkali area, selecting land blocks with high, dry and flat terrain and average total salt content of soil less than 1.5%, laying drainage ditches and establishing a facility greenhouse;
(2) laying a concealed pipe: laying salt-removing concealed pipes in the facility greenhouse;
(3) fertilizing and ploughing: uniformly spreading the basic fertilizer, uniformly stirring, then raking and deeply ploughing;
(4) drip irrigation and drip washing: making a furrow and leveling the surface of the furrow, paving a drip irrigation pipe on the surface of the furrow, and performing fresh water drip irrigation by adopting an intermittent drip irrigation method;
intermittent drip irrigation: 5-6 days are a period, wherein the drip irrigation is continuously carried out for 2-3 days at intervals of 2-3 days, and the drip irrigation amount is 23-2 days per day7m3Total drip irrigation amount of fresh water is 250-300 m in 4 periods3；
(5) Screening virus-free seedlings: selecting healthy and strong virus-free seedlings with more than 4 functional leaves, 20-25 cm high, developed root systems and no plant diseases and insect pests;
(6) managing after planting: irrigating after planting the virus-free seedlings, burying a negative pressure meter probe into a soil layer at a position of 10-15 cm, and irrigating when the negative pressure reaches-10 KPa to-15 KPa, and dripping water for 30min each time; the fertilizer is water soluble fertilizer special for strawberries, is applied by watering and drip irrigation, the fertilizing amount per mu is 7.5 kg-10 kg, and balanced fertilizer is adopted in bud emergence and flowering period; applying high-potassium fertilizer and spraying calcium and boron trace element fertilizer in the fruit period; controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse;
(7) and (6) harvesting.
Further: the soil depth is 0-60 cm soil layer. Arranging drainage ditches, namely arranging drainage ditches with the width of 1-1.5 m and the depth of 60-80 cm on the periphery of the land mass;
and deeply ploughing by using a small-sized plough machine, wherein the depth is 35-40 cm.
The harvesting requirements are as follows: after the strawberry fruits are ripe, harvesting in batches, cutting off the fruit handles by using a thumb and an index finger during harvesting, wherein the fruit handles are required to be short, calyces are not damaged, mechanical damage and plant diseases and insect pests are not caused, the fruits are lightly picked and lightly picked, and the special fruit box for the strawberries is put into the special fruit box for the strawberries, so that the damage to the fruit bodies is reduced as much as possible, and the commodity value of the strawberries is not influenced.
Preferably: step (2), the diameter of the salt discharge concealed conduit is 60 mm; the laying method of the salt discharge pipe comprises the following steps: firstly, horizontally laying a salt discharge pipe in the greenhouse of the facility greenhouse along the direction of the greenhouse to the middle position, wherein the buried depth is 55-60 cm, then laying the salt discharge pipe in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the greenhouse at intervals of 4.5-5 m, wherein the buried depth is 55-60 cm, and the slope is reduced to 0.5% from high to low.
Has the advantages that: through selecting the salt elimination concealed conduit with the specification and the size and the corresponding buried depth, the laying interval and the buried slope, the soil salinity of about 60cm soil layer in the facility greenhouse of the saline-alkali soil can be quickly and uniformly leached, and more than salt is discharged out of the greenhouse.
Further: the outside of the salt-removing concealed conduit is wrapped by non-woven fabrics, and stone slag or coarse sand is filled around the conduit after the conduit is laid and covers the geotextile: the outlet of the salt-removing concealed pipe is communicated to the drainage ditch of the facility greenhouse.
Has the advantages that: the implementation of the steps can ensure that the soil salt solution flowing into the concealed pipe is clear and does not contain impurities such as silt, so that the deposition and blockage in the salt discharge concealed pipe can be avoided.
Preferably: the basic fertilizer in the step (3) comprises crushed corn straws, decomposed cow dung and phosphogypsum, and the application amount of the basic fertilizer is 20-25 m per mu respectively3、10～15m3And 2500-3000 kg; the spreading thickness is 5-7 cm.
Has the advantages that: in the steps, the soil permeability and the porosity conductivity can be increased by applying the crushed corn straws, so that the respiration of strawberry root systems is facilitated; applying the decomposed cow dung can increase the organic matter content of the soil and promote the vegetative growth of the strawberries; the application of the phosphogypsum can adjust the pH value of the soil, thereby achieving the soil physicochemical environment suitable for the growth of the strawberries.
Preferably: and (4) the specification of the furrow: the width of the ridge surface is 28-30 cm, the depth of the ridge ditch is 18-20 cm, and the width is 25-30 cm.
Has the advantages that: the implementation of the steps can realize the high-ridge single-row planting of the strawberries in the shed room, the leaves of the strawberries are fully unfolded, the soil salinity can be leached downwards into the furrow after the irrigation, and the soil is not easy to return salt, so that the growth and development of the strawberries are facilitated.
Furthermore, the width of the ridge surface is 30cm, the depth of the furrow is 20cm, and the width of the furrow is 30 cm.
Preferably: the specification of the drip irrigation pipe in the step (4) is 16-20 mm in diameter; the distance between the drippers is 30-40 cm; the flow rate of the dripper is 2L/h.
Preferably: the variety of the virus-free seedlings in the step (5) is a Christmas red strawberry variety.
The beneficial effects are that: has the characteristics of strong salt tolerance, high quality, high yield and disease resistance.
Preferably: in the balance fertilizer in the step (6), the ratio of N to P to K is 20: 20: 20; in the high-potassium fertilizer, the ratio of N to P to K is 5: 0: 45.
has the advantages that: the balanced fertilizer is applied in the vegetative growth process of the strawberries, so that the requirements of various nutrient elements for plant growth can be met, and the flavor and taste of the strawberries can be improved and the commodity value of the strawberries can be improved by applying the high-potassium fertilizer in the flowering and fruiting period.
Preferably: and (6) controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse: and after the flowering period, controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse to be kept at 50% -60%.
Has the advantages that: by implementing the steps, the water content of the strawberry fruits can be improved, and meanwhile, the incidence rate of diseases (mainly powdery mildew) related to the strawberry fruits is reduced.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a method for improving soil, reducing salt and cultivating fertilizer and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse in a saline-alkali area, develops a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation experiment for improving the quality of the original soil of the facility strawberries in the coastal saline-alkali area on the basis of improving soil, reducing salt by drip irrigation, regulating and controlling water by negative pressure and the like, and solves the problems of low survival rate, poor growth potential, low yield and the like of the original soil cultivation of the facility strawberries in the coastal saline-alkali area in the prior art through years of production practice. The method is simple and easy to operate, has low cost, can be used for cultivating the strawberries with high yield and good quality, effectively improves the economic benefit of facility strawberry original soil cultivation in coastal saline-alkali areas, and provides technical support for facility strawberry original soil cultivation in saline-alkali areas.
Specifically, the method realizes the effects of quickly reducing the total salt content and the volume weight of the soil, improving the soil-improving and fertilizing effects of soil nutrient elements including total nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, organic matters and quick-acting potassium, providing a beneficial soil fertility foundation for facility strawberry original soil cultivation, and then performing facility strawberry cultivation in the middle ten 9 months, wherein the acre yield of the strawberry cultivated in the first year is 1393 kg; the content of soluble solid is 10.67%, the content of soluble sugar and titratable acid are 3.72% and 1.14%, the sugar-acid ratio is 3.26, and the solid-acid ratio is 9.35. The yield of the strawberries in the second year is 1544kg, which is increased by 10.84% compared with the previous year, and the soluble sugar content, the sugar-acid ratio and the solid acid ratio are all increased in the previous year.
Detailed Description
The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the invention discloses a method for improving soil and reducing salt in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area, fertilizing and planting strawberries.
In 2019-2020, experiments are carried out in a certain agricultural ecological garden in a farm in a Tangshan city Cao Fei Dian region, soil in the region belongs to typical coastal saline-alkali soil, soil salt is mainly sodium chloride, the average salt content of soil in 0-30 cm soil is 1.13%, the pH value is 7.84, and the volume weight of the soil is 1.65g/cm3And the underground water burial depth is 1.5 m. The original soil of the garden is a retreating and returning beach of an aquaculture pond, belongs to a warm-temperate zone semi-humid continental monsoon climate, the annual rainfall is 635.7mm on average, the rainfall is distributed in 6-9 months in a concentrated manner, and accounts for about 81.7% of the annual rainfall, wherein 7 months are most concentrated.
Example 1
A method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area comprises the following steps:
1. selecting a plot with high, dry and flat terrain to establish a facility greenhouse, wherein the greenhouse has an east-west trend, the east-west length in the greenhouse is 70m, and the north-south width is 8 m;
2. laying a salt-removing concealed pipe: ditching is carried out in the middle position of the shed room along the direction of the shed room, the width of the ditch is 30cm, the initial ditch depth is 55-60 cm, the slope drop is 0.5%, a salt discharge concealed pipe drain hole is arranged on the left side wall of the shed room and is communicated with a water discharge pipe outside the wall, then the salt discharge concealed pipe is laid in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the shed room at the interval of 5m, the front end of the salt discharge concealed pipe is 2m away from the main body wall of the shed room, the buried depth is 50cm, the slope drop from inside to outside is 0.5%, the outer end of the salt discharge concealed pipe extends to a drainage ditch outside the shed, the salt discharge concealed pipe is a PE reticulated pipe with the diameter of 60mm, the reticulated pipe is punched, the non-woven fabric is wrapped on the;
3. soil improvement: respectively pulverizing corn stalk, decomposed cow dung and phosphogypsum at a ratio of 20 m/mu3、15m33000kg, uniformly spreading on the surface layer of the facility greenhouse, deeply turning for 40cm by using a small plowing machine, uniformly stirring, and then raking;
4、drip irrigation and leaching salt: making a furrow in the north-south direction, wherein the width of the furrow surface is 30cm, the depth of a furrow is 20cm, the width is 25-30 cm, the furrow surface is leveled, a drip irrigation pipe with the diameter of 16mm and the drip emitter spacing of 30cm is laid on the furrow surface, fresh water drip irrigation is carried out by adopting an intermittent drip irrigation method, the period of 6 days is a period (continuous drip irrigation for 3 days and interval for 3 days), and the drip irrigation quantity is 25m every day34 drip irrigation periods, and the total drip irrigation amount of fresh water is 300m3. After drip irrigation, soil is drilled to obtain a soil sample, the sampling depth is divided into three layers, namely 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, each layer is sampled for 10 times, and the average value is obtained;
5. selecting strawberry varieties: selecting fresh strawberry species which are bred in the current year and have strong salt tolerance, high quality, high yield and disease resistance, such as Santa red and white snow princess; in this example, the strawberry seedling variety is christmas red.
6. Selecting virus-free seedlings: selecting strong virus-free seedlings with more than 4 functional leaves, strawberry seedlings with the height of 20-25 cm, developed root systems and no plant diseases and insect pests.
7. Managing after planting: guiding irrigation by using a negative pressure meter after planting the virus-free seedlings, and irrigating when the reading of the negative pressure meter reaches-10 KPa, and dripping water for 30min each time; the fertilizer is water soluble fertilizer special for strawberries, is applied by watering and drip irrigation, the fertilizing amount per mu is 7.5 kg-10 kg, and balanced fertilizer is adopted in bud emergence and flowering period: applying high-potassium fertilizer and spraying trace element fertilizers such as calcium, boron and the like in the fruit period; the humidity in the greenhouse needs to be reduced in the whole growth period to prevent diseases, and the relative humidity in the greenhouse is controlled to be 50% -60% after the greenhouse enters the flowering period.
8. Harvesting fruits: after the strawberry fruits are ripe, harvesting in batches, cutting off the fruit handles by using a thumb and an index finger during harvesting, wherein the fruit handles are required to be short, calyces are not damaged, mechanical damage and plant diseases and insect pests are not caused, the fruits are lightly picked and lightly picked, and the special fruit box for the strawberries is put into the special fruit box for the strawberries, so that the damage to the fruit bodies is reduced as much as possible, and the commodity value of the strawberries is not influenced.
Example 2
A method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land parcels: in a coastal saline-alkali area, selecting land blocks with high, dry and flat terrain and average total salt content of soil less than 1.5%, laying drainage ditches and establishing a facility greenhouse;
(2) laying a concealed pipe: laying salt-removing concealed pipes in the facility greenhouse;
(3) fertilizing and ploughing: uniformly spreading the basic fertilizer, uniformly stirring, then raking and deeply ploughing;
(4) drip irrigation and drip washing: making a furrow and leveling the surface of the furrow, paving a drip irrigation pipe on the surface of the furrow, and performing fresh water drip irrigation by adopting an intermittent drip irrigation method;
intermittent drip irrigation: 5 days is a period, wherein continuous drip irrigation is carried out for 3 days at intervals of 2 days, and the drip irrigation quantity is 25m per day3Total drip irrigation amount of fresh water is 300m in 4 periods3；
(5) Screening virus-free seedlings: selecting robust virus-free seedlings with more than 4 functional leaves, the height of the robust virus-free seedlings is 23cm, the root systems are developed, and no plant diseases and insect pests exist;
(6) managing after planting: irrigating after planting the virus-free seedlings, burying a negative pressure meter probe in a 13cm position of a soil layer, and irrigating when the negative pressure reaches-13 KPa, and dripping water for 30min each time; the fertilizer is water soluble fertilizer special for strawberries, is applied by watering and drip irrigation, the fertilizing amount per mu is 8.5kg, and balanced fertilizer is adopted in bud emergence and flowering period; applying high-potassium fertilizer and spraying calcium and boron trace element fertilizer in the fruit period; controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse;
(7) and (6) harvesting.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: step (2), the diameter of the salt discharge concealed conduit is 60 mm; the laying method of the salt discharge pipe comprises the following steps: firstly, a salt discharge pipe is horizontally laid in the greenhouse of the facility greenhouse along the direction of the greenhouse to the middle position, the buried depth is 55cm, then the salt discharge pipe is laid in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the greenhouse at the interval of 5m, the buried depth is 60cm, and the slope is reduced to 0.5% from high to low.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the basic fertilizer in the step (3) comprises crushed corn straws, decomposed cow dung and phosphogypsum, and the application rates of the basic fertilizer and the decomposed cow dung are 23m per mu respectively3、12m3And 2700 kg; the thickness of the spread is 6 cm.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: and (4) the specification of the furrow: the width of the ridge surface is 30cm, the depth of the furrow is 20cm, and the width is 30 cm.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the specification of the drip irrigation pipe in the step (4) is 18mm in diameter; the distance between the drippers is 35 cm; the flow rate of the dripper is 2L/h.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the variety of the virus-free seedlings in the step (5) is a Christmas red strawberry variety.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: in the balance fertilizer in the step (6), the ratio of N to P to K is 20: 20: 20; in the high-potassium fertilizer, the ratio of N to P to K is 5: 0: 45.
in order to further optimize the technical scheme: and (6) controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse: after the flowering period, the relative humidity in the greenhouse is controlled to be 55%.
Example 3
A method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land parcels: in a coastal saline-alkali area, selecting land blocks with high, dry and flat terrain and average total salt content of soil less than 1.5%, laying drainage ditches and establishing a facility greenhouse;
(2) laying a concealed pipe: laying salt-removing concealed pipes in the facility greenhouse;
(3) fertilizing and ploughing: uniformly spreading the basic fertilizer, uniformly stirring, then raking and deeply ploughing;
(4) drip irrigation and drip washing: making a furrow and leveling the surface of the furrow, paving a drip irrigation pipe on the surface of the furrow, and performing fresh water drip irrigation by adopting an intermittent drip irrigation method;
intermittent drip irrigation: the 6 days is a period, wherein the drip irrigation is continuously carried out for 3 days at intervals of 3 days, and the drip irrigation quantity is 25m per day3Total drip irrigation amount of fresh water is 300m in 4 periods3；
(5) Screening virus-free seedlings: selecting robust virus-free seedlings with more than 4 functional leaves, height of 25cm, developed root systems and no plant diseases and insect pests;
(6) managing after planting: irrigating after planting the virus-free seedlings, burying a negative pressure meter probe into a soil layer at a position of 10cm, and irrigating when the negative pressure reaches-15 KPa for 30min each time; the fertilizer is water soluble fertilizer special for strawberries, is applied by watering and drip irrigation, the fertilizing amount per mu is 10kg, and balanced fertilizer is adopted in bud emergence and flowering period; applying high-potassium fertilizer and spraying calcium and boron trace element fertilizer in the fruit period; controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse;
(7) and (6) harvesting.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: step (2), the diameter of the salt discharge concealed conduit is 60 mm; the laying method of the salt discharge pipe comprises the following steps: firstly, horizontally laying a salt discharge pipe in the greenhouse of the facility greenhouse along the direction of the greenhouse to the middle position, wherein the buried depth is 60cm, then laying the salt discharge pipe in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the greenhouse at the interval of 4.5-5 m, wherein the buried depth is 55cm, and the slope is reduced to 0.5% from high to low.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the basic fertilizer in the step (3) comprises crushed corn straws, decomposed cow dung and phosphogypsum, and the application amount is respectively 25m per mu3、10m3And 2500 kg; the thickness of the spread is 7 cm.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: and (4) the specification of the furrow: the width of the ridge surface is 28cm, the depth of the furrow is 18cm, and the width is 30 cm.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the specification of the drip irrigation pipe in the step (4) is 20mm in diameter; the distance between the drippers is 40 cm; the flow rate of the dripper is 2L/h.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: the variety of the virus-free seedlings in the step (5) is a Christmas red strawberry variety.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme: in the balance fertilizer in the step (6), the ratio of N to P to K is 20: 20: 20; in the high-potassium fertilizer, the ratio of N to P to K is 5: 0: 45.
in order to further optimize the technical scheme: and (6) controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse: after the flowering period, the relative humidity in the greenhouse is controlled to be kept at 60%.
The experimental effect is as follows:
soil improvement condition test
After 20 days of drip irrigation in 4 months in 2019 according to the method of the embodiment 2, sampling is carried out, the sampling depth is 0-30 cm, 5 sampling points are carried out, the average value is taken, sampling is carried out in situ in 8 months in 2020, and the content determination of salt, organic matters, total nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium is carried out on the soil sample before and after improvement, and the result is shown in the table 1:
table 1 shows the content test conditions of indexes such as salinity, unit weight and organic matters in soil of 0-30 cm soil layer before and after improvement
As can be seen from the above table 1, the total salt content of the soil after the comprehensive improvement by the method is greatly reduced from 11.32g/kg to 3.24g/kg, and the quick desalination of the coastal saline-alkali soil is realized, so that the salt content of the soil suitable for strawberry cultivation is in the range. Compared with plough layer soil replacement planting, the method is low in cost and simple to operate, most importantly, the method can realize long-term desalting of the soil without salt return, and provides a beneficial soil environment for improving the survival rate and yield of the strawberries and realizing the multi-year cultivation of the strawberries.
In addition, the soil volume weight and the fertility status investigated from the above table show that the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil has high volume weight, low organic matter content, low nitrogen content, low phosphorus content and high potassium content, and after the treatment by the soil improving and fertilizing measures, the effects of reducing the total salt content of the soil and improving the total nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, organic matter and quick-acting potassium of the soil nutrient elements are achieved, and a better soil fertility foundation is provided for the cultivation of the facility strawberries.
Second, testing relevant growth indexes, yield quality and benefits of strawberries
The strawberries are planted in the original soil facility greenhouse of the coastal saline-alkali area in 2019 and 2020 for two consecutive years, and the related growth indexes and yield and quality indexes are as follows in the following table 2:
TABLE 2 relevant growth, yield and quality index test conditions for two consecutive years of strawberry cultivation after improvement
As can be seen from the above table 2, the average petiole length of the strawberry plant in 2019 is 10.52cm, the average leaf length and width are 7.25cm and 5.73cm respectively, the SPAD content of the leaf is 65.75, and the yield per mu is 1393 kg; the content of soluble solid in quality index is 10.67%, the content of soluble sugar and titratable acid is 3.72% and 1.14%, the sugar-acid ratio is 3.26, and the solid-acid ratio is 9.35. The related growth indexes of strawberry plants in 2020 are increased by 1544kg compared with those in 2019, the yield is increased by 10.84% compared with those in 2019, and the soluble sugar content, the sugar-acid ratio and the solid-acid ratio are also increased compared with those in 2019.
From the cost, the purchase cost of the salt discharge (corrugated) pipe, the non-woven fabric, the corn straw, the decomposed cow dung and the phosphogypsum is 8500-9500 yuan, the yield of the planted strawberries in the first year is 1393kg, the net benefit per shed in the first year can be 4.62 yuan according to the market strawberry price of 40 yuan/kg, and the beneficial benefit of the planted strawberries in the second year can reach 6.18 yuan.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in a facility greenhouse of a saline-alkali area is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land parcels: in a coastal saline-alkali area, selecting land blocks with high, dry and flat terrain and average total salt content of soil less than 1.5%, laying drainage ditches and establishing a facility greenhouse;
(2) laying a concealed pipe: laying salt-removing concealed pipes in the facility greenhouse;
(3) fertilizing and ploughing: uniformly spreading the basic fertilizer, uniformly stirring, then raking and deeply ploughing;
(4) drip irrigation and drip washing: making a furrow and leveling the surface of the furrow, paving a drip irrigation pipe on the surface of the furrow, and performing fresh water drip irrigation by adopting an intermittent drip irrigation method;
the intermittent drip irrigation comprises the following steps: the drip irrigation system is used for 5-6 days as a cycle, wherein the drip irrigation is continuously carried out for 2-3 days at intervals of 2-3 days, and the daily drip irrigation amount is 23-27 m3Total drip irrigation amount of fresh water is 250-300 m in 4 periods3；
(5) Screening virus-free seedlings: selecting healthy and strong virus-free seedlings with more than 4 functional leaves, 20-25 cm high, developed root systems and no plant diseases and insect pests;
(6) managing after planting: irrigating after planting the virus-free seedlings, burying a negative pressure meter probe into a soil layer at a position of 10-15 cm, and irrigating when the negative pressure reaches-10 KPa to-15 KPa, and dripping water for 30min each time; the fertilizer is water soluble fertilizer special for strawberries, is applied by watering and drip irrigation, the fertilizing amount per mu is 7.5 kg-10 kg, and balanced fertilizer is adopted in bud emergence and flowering period; applying high-potassium fertilizer and spraying calcium and boron trace element fertilizer in the fruit period; controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse;
(7) and (6) harvesting.
2. The method for improving soil, reducing salt, fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of saline-alkali area facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the salt-removing concealed conduit in the step (2) is 60 mm; the laying method of the salt discharge pipe comprises the following steps: firstly, horizontally laying a salt discharge pipe in the greenhouse of the facility greenhouse along the direction of the greenhouse to the middle position, wherein the buried depth is 55-60 cm, then laying the salt discharge pipe in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the greenhouse at intervals of 4.5-5 m, wherein the buried depth is 55-60 cm, and the slope is reduced to 0.5% from high to low.
3. The method for improving soil and reducing salt for fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of the saline-alkali area facility as claimed in claim 1, wherein the basic fertilizer in the step (3) comprises pulverized corn stalks, decomposed cattle manure and phosphogypsum, and the application rates of the basic fertilizer are respectively 20-25 m per mu3、10～15m3And 2500-3000 kg; the spreading thickness is 5-7 cm.
4. The method for improving soil, reducing salt, fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of the saline-alkali area facility as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specification of the furrow in step (4) is as follows: the width of the ridge surface is 28-30 cm, the depth of the ridge ditch is 18-20 cm, and the width is 25-30 cm.
5. The method for improving soil, reducing salt, fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of the saline-alkali area facility as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specification of the drip irrigation pipe in the step (4) is 16-20 mm in diameter; the distance between the drippers is 30-40 cm; the flow rate of the dripper is 2L/h.
6. The method for improving soil and reducing salt for fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of saline-alkali area facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the virus-free seedlings in step (5) are of the species of the Christmas red strawberry.
7. The method for improving soil, reducing salt and fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of saline-alkali area facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the balanced fertilizer in the step (6), the ratio of N to P to K is 20: 20: 20; in the high-potassium fertilizer, the ratio of N to P to K is 5: 0: 45.
8. the method for improving soil and reducing salt for fertilizing and planting strawberries in the greenhouse of saline-alkali area facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the relative humidity in the greenhouse in the step (6) is controlled as follows: and after the flowering period, controlling the relative humidity in the greenhouse to be kept at 50% -60%.
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