CN112400559B - Coastal saline-alkali soil facility tomato planting method based on brackish water irrigation - Google Patents
Coastal saline-alkali soil facility tomato planting method based on brackish water irrigation Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B77/00—Machines for lifting and treating soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/247—Watering arrangements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of utilization of saline water in coastal saline-alkali land, in particular to a method for planting tomatoes in a coastal saline-alkali land facility based on brackish water irrigation, which is characterized in that aiming at the saline-alkali land, in a specific growth period (flowering phase and mature phase) of tomatoes, a drip irrigation mode is adopted, brackish water with the concentration of 3g/L is used for irrigation, and the irrigation frequency is guided by combining the soil matrix potential of-10 kpa, so that the purposes of not reducing the yield of the tomatoes, saving fresh water by 30%, improving the soluble solid content by more than 20% and greatly improving the taste are achieved. The method can solve the practical problem that the coastal saline-alkali area is lack of fresh water to limit the production of the fruits and vegetables, improves the quality of the fruits and vegetables, efficiently utilizes saline-alkali soil and brackish water resources, and provides a feasible new way for sustainable development of regional ecological agriculture and quality agriculture.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of utilization of saline water in coastal saline-alkali land, and particularly relates to a method for planting tomatoes in a coastal saline-alkali land facility on the basis of brackish water irrigation.
Background
The salt water is an important unconventional water resource in China. The Bohai sea is an economically developed region in China and is also one of main production regions of six vegetables in China, but the region is influenced by shortage of fresh water resources and salinization of soil, and development of greenhouse vegetables is restricted. How to solve the problems of fresh water shortage and continuous utilization of saline-alkali soil in the region through development and utilization of saline water is a main problem for saline-alkali agriculture development in the region.
The utilization of the salt water in China has a history of seven to eighty years, mainly in northwest and north China areas, and is currently concentrated on field crops such as wheat, corn, cotton and the like. In the aspect of saline water irrigation research of tomatoes, dian Hongma (agricultural resource center of China institute of sciences) and the like carry out research on influence of brackish water oxygen-enriched irrigation on growth and quality of tomatoes, and the quality is improved under the irrigation of 2.0g/L saline water; the influence of irrigation water with different concentrations on the growth, yield and fruit quality of facility tomatoes is researched by homonyms (Chinese academy of agricultural sciences) and the like, and the salt with proper concentration is favorable for the growth of the tomatoes and the improvement of the fruit quality, and the yield and the quality are reduced by high concentration. Wu Yu (university of Hehai) and the like adopt salt concentration (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 dS/m) and irrigation quantity (280, 320 and 360 mm) combined treatment, which shows that the low-water high-salt treatment obviously improves the tomato quality index; the influence of direct saline water irrigation on the yield and quality of cherry tomatoes in different growth stages is researched by Huang Cuihua (institute of engineering and environment in cold regions of Chinese academy of sciences), and the result shows that the soluble sugar content of the tomatoes irrigated by the saline water is highest for a long time, but the yield is reduced.
The tomato is one of the most important fruits and vegetables in facility production in China, has strong salt resistance, can improve the quality of the fruits and vegetables such as the tomato and the like by moderate saline water, and can ensure the yield and the quality to be improved, but the yield and the quality are greatly reduced due to improper use. At present, researches mainly focus on the influence of the salt water concentration on the yield and quality, and the lack of targeted and normative safe salt water production technology is a main reason influencing the utilization of the fruit and vegetable salt water such as tomatoes in the facility in the region. By depending on abundant saline-alkali soil resources, underground salt water resources are reasonably utilized to produce facility vegetables, and the method has great significance for efficient agricultural development and sustainable resource development and utilization in coastal areas.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for planting tomatoes in a facility in coastal saline-alkali land based on brackish water irrigation, which relies on the saline-alkali land with proper soil salinity, utilizes saline water with proper concentration to irrigate in a drip irrigation mode aiming at the specific growth period of tomatoes, and achieves the purpose of water-saving and quality-improving production of the facility tomatoes in the coastal saline-alkali land.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: (lower part adjusted in front of)
A method for planting tomatoes in coastal saline-alkali soil based on brackish water irrigation comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting an area with a plough layer soil salt content lower than 3g/kg in a coastal saline-alkali area to construct a greenhouse, and burying a salt discharge concealed pipe in the greenhouse;
s2, brackish water blending:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) preparing the saline water concentration to be 3g/L based on the formula V2/V1= (a/4) -1, wherein a is the conductivity of the saline water, the conductivity is measured by a conductivity meter, the unit is (ds/m), V2 is the volume of fresh water, and V1 is the volume of the saline water;
s3, drip irrigation facilities are provided:
after the drip irrigation main pipe is installed, drip irrigation pipes with the diameter of 1.6cm are laid according to tomato planting rows, the distance between drippers of the drip irrigation pipes is 20cm, the dripping amount of the drippers is 2.0L/h, and drip irrigation water supply is carried out by combining a water pump;
s4, ridging: the tomatoes are cultivated on ridges, the ridge height is 15-20cm, the ridge width is 55-60cm, and the furrow width is 60-65cm;
s5, planting: adopting double-row staggered planting, wherein the row spacing is 30-35cm, the plant spacing is 35-40cm, the tomato transplanting seedlings are as close to the positions of the drip holes as possible, and covering a black mulching film 15 days after the seedlings are revived;
s6, seedling revival water management: carrying out fresh water drip irrigation immediately after transplanting, carrying out drip irrigation for 6 hours every day, and continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 2 days;
s7, water management in different growth stages: normally irrigating fresh water after the seedlings of the tomatoes are delayed until the tomatoes bloom; when the fruits (the size of the first cluster of walnuts) bloom, beginning to carry out the drip irrigation of the mixed saline water, embedding a negative pressure meter under a water dropper of a middle ridge before the drip irrigation, guiding the irrigation by the matrix potential in the depth of 20cm of soil, beginning to carry out the drip irrigation when the reading of the negative pressure meter is-10 kpa, and dripping water for 40min each time; performing conventional drop irrigation by fresh water until harvesting is started; from harvest to seedling pulling, drip irrigation by using prepared saline water, and the method is the same as the flowering and fruit making period;
s8, field management: after the tomatoes are used as fruits, water-soluble fertilizer is applied along with drip irrigation once every 10-15 days, the tomatoes are topped by 4-5 spikes, and the rest are managed according to normal field management.
It is worth noting that when the salinity of the underground saline water is higher than 3g/L, the greenhouse needs to be provided with a water adding facility, the water adding facility can adopt an underground reservoir or a pvc plastic barrel, and the volume is not lower than 6m 3 。
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
aiming at the saline-alkali soil, a drip irrigation mode is adopted, brackish water with proper concentration is utilized in a specific tomato growth period, and soil matric potential is combined to guide frequent irrigation, so that the aims of not reducing the yield of tomatoes, saving fresh water by 30%, improving soluble solid by more than 20% and greatly improving the taste are fulfilled. The method can solve the practical problem that the fresh water in the coastal saline-alkali area is deficient to limit the production of the fruits and vegetables, improves the quality of the fruits and vegetables, efficiently utilizes the saline-alkali soil and brackish water resources, and provides a feasible new way for sustainable development of regional ecological agriculture and quality agriculture.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will aid those skilled in the art in further understanding the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. It should be noted that variations and modifications can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the concept of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Examples
1. General description of the planting area: in a new Tangshan city of the Bohai sea at a test area, soil is returned to a field for retreating a culture pond, the soil type is coastal saline soil, soil salt is mainly NaCl, the average salt content of 1m soil is about 20.0g/kg, the pH value of the soil is about 7.4, the soil texture is sticky, and the volume weight is 1.6g/cm 3 -1.8g/cm 3 The soil is relatively deficient in nutrients, wherein the organic matter is 3.31 g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 42.0 mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is 2.61 mg/kg, and the quick-acting potassium is 251.83 mg/kg; the underground water is buried to a depth of 0.8-1.0m and has a mineralization degree of more than 5 g/L.
2. Greenhouse construction and salt reduction from raw soil
And constructing a greenhouse in 2018, wherein the length of the greenhouse is 65m, the width of the greenhouse is 8.0m, two salt discharge pipes are embedded at equal intervals in the length direction of the greenhouse, the embedding depth is 60cm, and modifiers such as straws, cow dung, phosphogypsum and the like are added into a plough layer. In the improved coastal heavy saline-alkali soil, the salt content of the soil is about 3g/kg at the concentration of 0-40cm, and the volume weight of the soil is reduced to 1.39-1.45g/cm 3 And performing facility vegetable production.
3. Construction of brackish water blending facility
In the near-shed room area, a mouth of a salt water well is dug in a matching way, the well depth is about 50m, and the salinity of the salt water is about 15 g/L. 3 plastic barrels are arranged on the inner side of the east wall of the greenhouse, the diameter of each barrel is 1.6m, the height of each barrel is 1.5m, and the water storage is 3.0m 3 Each barrel mouth is provided with two water inlets of salt water and fresh water, four concentration levels of the salt water after blending are 2, 3, 5 and 7g/L (the conductivity values are 2.7s/m, 4ds/m, 6.7ds/m and 9.3ds/m respectively), the volume of the salt water and the fresh water is determined through out-of-barrel marks, and the salt water and the fresh water are mixed according to V 2 /V 1 = (a/b) -1, a is original value of salt water, b is conductivity value of salt water after blending, V 2 Is fresh water volume, V 1 Is the volume of the salt water.
4. Brackish water drip irrigation facility configuration
The irrigation mode adopts gravity type drip irrigation, and 5 circular horizontal buckets are placed at the height of 2.0m from the ground. The net height of the water bucket is 0.6m, and the volume of the water bucket is 280L. And (4) injecting the blended brackish water by adopting a 750W self-sucking pump, and filling the other barrel with fresh water. The drip irrigation adopts a PE main pipe with the diameter of 4.0cm and a drip irrigation capillary with the diameter of 1.6cm, the distance between drippers of the capillary is 20cm, and the dripping amount of the drippers is about 2.0L/h.
5. Tomato planting and processing method
The tomato variety is Provence, the seedlings are cultivated in 7 months and 26 days in 2018, and the seedlings are transplanted in 4 days in 9 months. Ridge cultivation, single-row planting, 6.0m of row length, 15cm of ridge height, 30cm of ridge width, 40cm of furrow width and 0.4m of transplanting distance. And each ridge is paved with a drip irrigation pipe according to the planting rows. Embedding a negative pressure meter under a dripper in the middle of a ridge before drip irrigation, and guiding irrigation by using the matric potential at the depth of 20cm of soil, wherein the matric potential has two levels of-5 KPa and-10 KPa; the irrigation period is divided into three periods, namely a flowering period (flowering of the first cluster fruit), a fruiting initial period (the size of the first cluster fruit walnut) and a maturation period (maturation of the first cluster fruit). Setting 30 treatments in total, repeating for 3 times, covering the seedlings with black films after seedling revival, and carrying out drip irrigation under the films.
6. Moisture and other management
And (4) dripping fresh water for 6h after transplanting, and then respectively carrying out drip irrigation by adopting different brackish water according to the reading of a negative pressure meter in the flowering phase, the initial fruiting phase and the mature phase, wherein each drip irrigation lasts for 40min. Irrigating with fresh water every 3d for 40min in other periods. The top dressing fertilizer is applied to the first ear of tomato about 3cm, the top dressing fertilizer is 10-6-40, and the water flush fertilizer is 5kg/667m 2 (60 g per ridge) and watering once every 10-15 days. The fertilizer application amount is as follows: the application content of the base fertilizer is 15-15-15 kg/667m of compound fertilizer 2 Calcium superphosphate of 25kg/667m 2 Daily management such as pest control and weeding is performed according to local habits.
7. Effect of salt water irrigation on tomato growth
When the tomato fruits begin to be collected, the yield of each cell is independently measured; collecting fruit samples in full fruit period, taking 10 mature fruits per treatment, and measuring soluble solids; and (4) sampling soil samples with the depth of 20cm per ridge after seedling pulling, and measuring soil salinity.
The soil matrix potential and the solute potential are important parts of the soil water potential, the soil matrix potential well reflects the soil water condition, a negative pressure meter method is one of simple and convenient methods for measuring the soil matrix potential and becomes a conventional instrument for measuring the soil water matrix potential, in the embodiment, two matrix potential levels of 5 and 10 are designed for the negative pressure meter, the smaller the reading is, the larger the water content is, different salt water concentrations affect the soil solute potential, the interaction level of the two is determined, the water absorption of a root system is determined, and therefore the plant growth and the yield are affected. From the watering frequency of the flowering period, the watering frequency of five saline water concentration treatment with the reading of 5 is approximately equivalent to 20 times, which is 2.5 times of the watering frequency of the reading of 10, but from the yield change, six treatments with the saline water concentration lower than (including) the 3g/L level have equivalent yield levels, particularly the yield is not obviously reduced compared with the control through 2 and 3g/L treatment under the matrix potential of-10 kpa, and the soluble solid is obviously improved, so that the aim of production conservation and quality improvement can be achieved through the irrigation of the saline water with the concentration under the matrix potential.
From the treatment of each fruit stage, the saline water treatment under the two matrix potential levels is greatly reduced compared with the yield of a contrast (fresh water), which indicates that the fruit stage is the salt-tolerant sensitive stage of the tomatoes, and the stage is not suitable for brackish water irrigation. From each treatment at maturity, four saline water treatments at two matrix potential levels, 2 and 3g/L, were comparable to the control (fresh water) yield level with insignificant reduction, while saline water treatment at-10 kpa matrix potential was significantly increased over the control soluble solids, with 3g/L being the highest and 20.2% higher than the control.
Comprehensively, the brackish water with the proper concentration of 3g/L is irrigated in the flowering period and the mature period, compared with the fresh water in the whole period, the yield is equivalent, the quality is obviously improved, the brackish water is sour, sweet and delicious after tasting, the salt accumulation phenomenon does not occur when the soil salinity changes, particularly, the water drops for 6 hours after the seedlings are gradually released continuously for 2 days, the salt sprinkling and discharging effects are achieved, and the accumulation of the soil salinity caused by continuous cropping of the brackish water is prevented. As the matrix potential of-5 kpa is increased by 2.5 times compared with the irrigation frequency of-10 kpa, the irrigation frequency is increased by one time per day basically, the labor and the time are wasted, the yield of the two is equivalent, the quality of the-10 kpa matrix potential is obviously improved, and the brackish water concentration is 3g/L and the soil matrix potential of-10 kpa is adopted to guide the irrigation.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other arbitrarily without conflict.
Claims (2)
1. A facility tomato planting method for coastal saline-alkali land based on brackish water irrigation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, constructing a greenhouse in a coastal saline-alkali area by selecting an area with a plough layer soil salt content of 3g/kg, and burying a salt drainage concealed pipe in the greenhouse;
s2, brackish water blending:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) preparing the saline water concentration to be 3g/L based on the formula V2/V1= (a/4) -1, wherein a is the conductivity of the saline water, the conductivity is measured by a conductivity meter, the unit is (ds/m), V2 is the volume of fresh water, and V1 is the volume of the saline water;
s3, drip irrigation facilities are provided:
after the drip irrigation main pipe is installed, drip irrigation pipes with the diameter of 1.6cm are laid according to tomato planting rows, the distance between drippers of the drip irrigation pipes is 20cm, the dripping amount of the drippers is 2.0L/h, and drip irrigation water supply is carried out by combining a water pump;
s4, ridging: the tomatoes are cultivated on ridges, the ridge height is 15-20cm, the ridge width is 55-60cm, and the furrow width is 60-65cm;
s5, planting: adopting double-row staggered planting, wherein the row spacing is 30-35cm, the plant spacing is 35-40cm, the tomato transplanting seedlings are as close to the positions of the drip holes as possible, and covering a black mulching film 15 days after the seedlings are revived;
s6, seedling revival water management: carrying out fresh water drip irrigation immediately after transplanting, carrying out drip irrigation for 6 hours every day, and continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 2 days;
s7, water management in different growth stages: normally irrigating with fresh water after the tomato seedlings are delayed until the tomato seedlings bloom, carrying out flowering until the tomato fruits are produced, carrying out drip irrigation with the prepared saline water, embedding a negative pressure meter under a drip emitter of a middle ridge before the drip irrigation, guiding irrigation with the matrix potential at the depth of 20cm of soil, and carrying out the drip irrigation when the reading of the negative pressure meter is-10 kpa for 40min each time; carrying out conventional drip irrigation by using fresh water until harvesting is started; from harvest to seedling pulling, drip irrigation by using prepared saline water, and the method is the same as the flowering and fruit making period;
s8, field management: after the tomatoes are used as fruits, water-soluble fertilizer is applied along with drip irrigation once every 10-15 days, the tomatoes are topped by 4-5 spikes, and the rest are managed according to normal field management.
2. The method for planting tomatoes in the coastal saline-alkali land based on brackish water irrigation as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the salinity of the underground saline water is higher than 3g/L, the greenhouse is equipped with a water mixing facility, the water mixing facility can be an underground water reservoir or a pvc plastic barrel, and the volume of the water mixing facility is not less than 6m 3 。
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