CN111771651A - Dioscorea opposita shallow directional planting method - Google Patents
Dioscorea opposita shallow directional planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111771651A CN111771651A CN202010837999.0A CN202010837999A CN111771651A CN 111771651 A CN111771651 A CN 111771651A CN 202010837999 A CN202010837999 A CN 202010837999A CN 111771651 A CN111771651 A CN 111771651A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a shallow directional planting method for yam, which is suitable for yam; the directional planting method selects corn straws as directional groove fillers; the directional planting ridge surface covering method comprises the following steps: after the herbicide is sprayed, the ridge surface is covered with 1m wide and 300 g/m2The geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is used for reducing the temperature of soil, and the geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is recycled before Chinese yam is harvested and used for the next year. The method solves the problem that the yam can not be planted in a shallow oriented manner, can avoid the risk of collapse of furrows in the traditional yam planting, reduces the labor intensity and reduces the labor and cost for yam planting compared with the traditional yam ridge planting method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural production, in particular to a shallow directional planting method of yam.
Background
The Chinese yam is rich in saponin, mucus, polysaccharide, allantoin, protein, starch and mineral elements, has the effects of tonifying kidney and nourishing stomach, and promoting the production of body fluid and benefiting lung, is a typical medicinal and edible health-care vegetable, and has stable market demand and wide market prospect. The Chinese yam varieties mainly comprise ginseng and yam varieties, and in parts of Chinese yam planting areas mainly comprising ginseng and yam varieties in south China, a shallow directional planting technology is adopted, so that the risk of ditch collapse is avoided, the labor intensity is greatly reduced, and the labor and cost are saved. The traditional Chinese yam consumption and planting in China are mainly yam varieties, the planting area accounts for more than 80% of the national yam planting area, and the yam deformity and the yield and quality are remarkably reduced due to the application of the existing shallow oriented planting technology to the yam, so that the yam planting mode is mainly based on the traditional ridge cultivation, the risk of collapse and absolute harvest in summer is high, the labor intensity is high, the labor amount is large, and the development of the yam industry is greatly limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a simple planting method which can be used for the shallow directional planting of yam and is easy to mechanize, and effectively solves the problem that the yam cannot be subjected to shallow directional planting. The technical scheme is as follows:
the directional planting method is suitable for yam; the directional groove filling material of the directional planting method is corn straw; the directional planting method comprises the following steps: after the herbicide is sprayed, the ridge surface is covered with 1m wide and 300 g/m2The geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is used for reducing the temperature of soil, and the geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is recycled before Chinese yam is harvested and used for the next year.
The directional planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation and fertilization;
(2) making a ridging slope;
(3) placing an orientation groove;
(4) seed potato treatment;
(5) sowing;
(6) covering the ridge surface;
(7) erecting and leading vines;
(8) fertilizing and hilling;
(9) and (5) managing water.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (1), the Chinese yam field blocks are deeply tedded before winter, the upturned soil is frozen, the soil is ripened, sufficient base fertilizer is applied before sowing, 3000Kg of thoroughly decomposed high-quality farmyard manure and 50Kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) are applied per mu in combination with land preparation, and then the fertilizer and the soil are fully turned and raked up.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (2), a 15-30 degree directional groove slope ridging operation machine can be selected and matched with a 904-grade 1304 tractor, an adjustable ridge plate and a compacting forming wheel are prepared by utilizing a deep-ploughing large-pitch self-screwing blade arrangement method, rotary tillage and double-sided ridging can be completed at one time, and the ridge surface is 1.2 m long.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (3), the directional trough is a semi-cylindrical plastic directional trough with a length of 1m and a diameter of 6cm-8cm, and is placed on the slope forming the ridge according to a trough distance of 20cm-25 cm. The sandy soil can be propped against the lower end of the directional groove by a wooden stick, and the directional groove is inserted into the soil along the inclined plane; if the soil is viscous soil, a special slotting machine can be used for slotting along the ridge surface, then the directional groove is placed into the slotted groove, corn straws are placed in the groove for filling and sowing, after the directional groove is laid, soil is covered on the groove, and the thickness of the covered soil is more than 10 cm.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (4), the potato seed treatment includes cutting the tubers of the yams into segments before sowing, wherein the length of the stem segments is about 10cm, the mass of the stem segments is about 100g, the length of the cut segments of the yams is 10cm-15cm, and the cut segments are wrapped with quicklime and aired for about 2 days. Soaking seeds for 10min by adding 15% avermectin-fosthiazate granules into 45% prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate of 100mg/L-400mg/L, and accelerating germination after drying.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (5), the processed seeds are sown at the upper part of the groove, one seed is placed, and then the groove is dug from the ridge by using a multifunctional field management machine and the soil is covered, wherein the soil covering depth is 10 cm. Spraying 350 times of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 96% concentrate-metolachlor (metolachlor) emulsifiable solution 1-2 days after sowing when soil moisture is appropriate.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (7), 10 to 20 days after sowing, when the height of the seedling is 20cm to 25cm, 1 to 2 strong main vines are reserved, and other side branches are removed. When the stem and vine of the Chinese yam grow to 25-30 cm, the stem and vine should be built and guided in time. Selecting 1.5-2.0 m long bamboo poles, and cross-building to form a herringbone frame. The vertical columns can also be used as frame materials, one vertical column is planted every 10m, iron wires are transversely connected to form a vertical column fence frame, and then the climbing net is hung.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (8), top dressing can be performed for 1 time 20-30 days after seedling alignment, and each 667m2Applying 5kg-10kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) and applying fertilizer around roots. Applying expanding fertilizer every 667m for 120 days after sowing220kg-30kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) and 100kg of high-quality biological organic fertilizer are applied around roots.
In the above directional planting method, preferably, in the step (9), the soil is kept moist in the seedling stage and the initial growth stage of the tubers, but sufficient water is guaranteed to be uniformly supplied after the tubers enter the vigorous growth stage, particularly in the rapid growth and expansion period of the tubers, the soil is kept moist, water is sprayed regularly and timely, and field accumulated water is removed in time during heavy rain in summer. The watering should be stopped about 10 days before the yam is harvested.
Compared with the prior art, in the process of years of research and practice, the invention defines the key problems that the filling material of the directional groove, especially direct sunlight in summer, and high temperature in the directional groove can cause severe deformity and expansion blockage of the tuber of the yam, and provides a novel method for the shallow directional planting of yam, which solves the problems of high yield and labor cost caused by the conventional powder ridge planting of yam on one hand, and high deformity rate and remarkably reduced yield of the shallow directional planting of yam in the past on the other hand, thereby promoting the progress of yam production technology.
The method is suitable for the shallow directional planting of the yam, solves the problem that the yam cannot be subjected to shallow directional planting, can avoid the risk of collapse of furrows, reduces labor for harvesting and reduces the yam planting cost compared with the traditional yam ridge planting method. Meanwhile, the technology adopts the optimized screening of the directional groove filler, and more importantly, the method of covering the soil by using the ridge surface is firstly provided to reduce the soil temperature, thereby reducing the yam deformity, improving the yield and realizing the key technical breakthrough that the yam can be applied to shallow directional planting. The method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost investment and strong practicability, and the main production link is convenient for mechanized operation.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described below; it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work are within the scope of the present invention.
The invention is further illustrated by the embodiment of the yam shallow oriented planting method carried out by 2018-2019 at agricultural academy of Jiangsu province, Nanjing, Jiangsu province.
Determining key agronomic measures of the yam shallow directional planting method:
(1) determination of the oriented slot filling material: common corn stalks and rice straws in agricultural production are selected as directional filling materials, and cheap materials which are suitable for filling directional grooves in the directional planting of yam are screened. The test sets 3 filling material treatments of corn stalk, rice straw and direct filling, adopts plastic directional groove to plant, the length of the directional groove is 100cm, and the laying angle is 15 degrees. The test results show that (table 1), the corn stalks as the filling material of the directional groove are superior to rice straws and filling soil, the biomass of the overground part and the underground part of the yam is highest, and the yield is relatively highest, which indicates that the corn stalks can be applied as the filling material of the directional groove for the shallow directional planting of yam.
TABLE 1 Effect of different directional trough filling materials on yam growth and yield
(2) Determining a Chinese yam ridge surface covering mode: the yam is not high temperature resistant, the yam tubers grown in shallow orientation grow in the soil shallow layer, the yam is easy to be affected by high temperature to cause yam malformation, and the yield and quality are reduced. In order to reduce the growth temperature of yam in the directional groove and reduce yam deformity, under the condition of shallow directional planting, a method for reducing the growth environment temperature of yam tubers under the condition of shallow planting without covering and geotextile covering is provided. Test results show that compared with the method without covering, the covering geotextile obviously reduces the temperature in the directional tank (table 2), improves the yield of the Chinese yam, reduces the distortion rate and improves the quality (table 3).
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on yam yield (. degree. C.)
TABLE 3 influence of different treatments on yam yield
In conclusion, the key agronomic measures for the shallow directional planting of the yam are as follows: the oriented groove planting method is adopted, corn straws are filled in the oriented grooves, a loose environment is provided for the growth of the Chinese yam, meanwhile, the ridge surfaces are covered by geotextiles and the like, the growth environment temperature of the tuber of the Chinese yam can be effectively reduced, the deformity of the Chinese yam is reduced, the yield and the quality are improved, and the labor intensity is reduced.
The shallow directional planting method of yam of the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation and fertilization: deeply tedding the Chinese yam field blocks in the sun before winter, freezing upturned soil to mature the soil, applying enough base fertilizer before sowing, applying 3000Kg of thoroughly decomposed high-quality farmyard manure and 50Kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) per mu in combination with soil preparation, and then fully and uniformly stirring the fertilizer and the soil and raking up the fertilizer.
(2) Making a ridging slope: a15-30-degree directional groove slope ridging operation machine can be selected and matched with a 904-grade 1304 tractor, an adjustable ridge plate and a suppression forming wheel are prepared by utilizing a deep-ploughing large-pitch self-screwing blade arrangement method, rotary tillage and double-faced ridging can be completed at one time, and the ridge surface is 1.2 m long.
(3) Placing a directional groove: selecting a semi-cylindrical plastic directional groove with the length of 1m and the diameter of 6cm-8cm, and placing the plastic directional groove on the inclined plane for forming the ridge according to the groove distance of 20cm-25 cm. The sandy soil can be propped against the lower end of the directional groove by a wooden stick, and the directional groove is inserted into the soil along the inclined plane; if the soil is the viscous soil, a special slotting machine can be used for slotting along the ridge surface, then the directional groove is placed in the slotted groove, the corn straw is placed in the groove for filling and sowing, and then a soil layer with the thickness of more than 10cm is covered on the groove.
(4) Seed potato treatment: cutting rhizoma Dioscoreae tuber into segments with length of about 10cm and mass of about 100g, cutting rhizoma Dioscoreae nozzle into segments with length of 10cm-15cm, wrapping the cut with quicklime, and air drying for about 2 days. Soaking seeds for 10min by adding 15% avermectin-fosthiazate granules into 45% prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate of 100mg/L-400mg/L, and accelerating germination after drying.
(5) Sowing: sowing the treated seeds at the upper part of the groove, placing one seed, and then ditching and earthing the ridge by using a multifunctional field management machine, wherein the earthing depth is 10 cm. Spraying 350 times of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 96% concentrate-metolachlor (metolachlor) emulsifiable solution 1-2 days after sowing when soil moisture is appropriate.
(6) Covering the ridge surface: after the herbicide is sprayed, the ridge surface is covered with 1m wide and 300 g/m2The geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is used for reducing the temperature of soil, and the geotextile or the heat preservation blanket is recycled before Chinese yam is harvested, cleaned, dried and stored for use in the next year.
(7) Erecting and leading vines: 10-20 days after sowing, when the height of the seedling is 20-25 cm, 1-2 strong main vines are reserved, and other lateral branches are removed. When the stem and vine of the Chinese yam grow to 25-30 cm, the stem and vine should be built and guided in time. Selecting 1.5-2.0 m long bamboo poles, and cross-building to form a herringbone frame. The vertical columns can also be used as frame materials, one vertical column is planted every 10m, iron wires are transversely connected to form a vertical column fence frame, and then the climbing net is hung.
(8) Fertilizing and ridging: topdressing for 1 time 20-30 days later, each 667m2Applying 5kg-10kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) and applying fertilizer around roots. Applying expanding fertilizer every 667m for 120 days after sowing220kg-30kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) and 100kg of high-quality biological organic fertilizer are applied around roots.
(9) Water content management: in the seedling stage and the initial growth stage of the tubers, the soil is kept moist, but sufficient water is guaranteed to be uniformly supplied after the tubers enter the vigorous growth stage, particularly in the rapid elongation and expansion stage of the tubers, the soil is kept moist, and water is often sprayed timely. And in summer rainstorm, accumulated water in the field is timely drained. The watering should be stopped about 10 days before the yam is harvested.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention; the scope of the invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art should be able to cover the technical scope of the present invention by equivalent or modified solutions and modifications within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A superficial directional planting method for yam, which is characterized in that:
the directional planting method is suitable for yam;
the directional planting method selects corn stalks as filling materials;
the directional planting method comprises the following steps: after the herbicide is sprayed, the ridge surface is covered with 1m wide and 300 g/m2The geotextile or the heat insulation blanket is used for reducing the temperature of soil.
2. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation and fertilization;
(2) making a ridging slope;
(3) placing an orientation groove;
(4) seed potato treatment;
(5) sowing;
(6) covering the ridge surface;
(7) erecting and leading vines;
(8) fertilizing and hilling;
(9) and (5) managing water.
3. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (1), the Chinese yam field blocks are deeply turned over and sunned before winter, the clod-soil is frozen and the soil is ripened, the base fertilizer is sufficiently applied before sowing, 3000Kg of thoroughly decomposed high-quality farmyard manure and 50Kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) are applied per mu in combination with soil preparation, and then the fertilizer and the soil are fully turned and raked up.
4. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (2), 15-30 degree directional groove slope ridging operation machinery can be selected and matched with 904-grade 1304 tractor, an adjustable ridge plate and a suppression forming wheel are prepared by utilizing an arrangement method of deep ploughing large-pitch self-screwing blades, rotary tillage and double-sided ridging can be completed at one time, and the ridge surface is 1.2 m long.
5. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (3), the orientation groove is a semi-cylindrical plastic orientation groove with the length of 1m and the diameter of 6cm-8cm, the semi-cylindrical plastic orientation groove is arranged on the inclined plane of the raised ridge according to the groove distance of 20cm-25cm, sandy soil can be propped against the lower end of the orientation groove by a wood stick, and the orientation groove is obliquely inserted into the soil along the ridge surface; if the soil is viscous soil, a special slotting machine can be used for slotting along the ridge surface, then the directional groove is placed into the slotted groove, corn straws are placed in the groove for filling and sowing, after the directional groove is laid, soil is covered on the groove, and the thickness of the covered soil is more than 10 cm.
6. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (4), the seed potato treatment comprises the steps of cutting Chinese yam tubers into segments before sowing, wherein the length of the stem segments is about 10cm, the mass is about 100g, the length of the cut Chinese yam tubers is 10cm-15cm, the cut parts are wrapped with quicklime and aired for about 2 days, soaking seeds for 10min by adding 45% of prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate into 15% of avermectin-fosthiazate granules and 100mg/L-400mg/L, and accelerating germination after airing.
7. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (5), the treated seeds are sown on the upper part of the groove, one seed is placed, a multifunctional field management machine is used for ditching and covering soil from the ridge, the soil covering depth is 10cm, and 90% acetochlor emulsifiable solution 350 times or 96% concentrate-metolachlor (Jindou) emulsifiable solution 2000 times is sprayed on the ridge surface and the groove surface when the soil moisture content is appropriate 1-2 days after sowing.
8. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (7), 10-20 days after sowing, when the height of seedlings is 20cm-25cm, 1-2 strong main vines are reserved, other side branches are removed, when the stem vines of Chinese yams are 25cm-30cm long, the vines are timely erected and guided, bamboo poles with the length of 1.5m-2.0m are selected, herringbone frames are formed in a crossed mode, cement columns can be used as frame materials, one vine is planted every 10m, iron wires are transversely connected to form a column fence frame, and then a climbing net is hung.
9. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (8), topdressing can be carried out for 1 time after 20-30 days of seedling alignment, and each 667m2Applying 5kg-10kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15), applying fertilizer around roots, applying expanding fertilizer 120 days after sowing, each 667m220kg-30kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K:15-15-15) and 100kg of high-quality biological organic fertilizer are applied around roots.
10. The shallow directional planting method for yam as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (9), the soil is kept moist in the seedling stage and the initial growth stage of the tubers, but sufficient water is guaranteed to be uniformly supplied after the tubers enter the vigorous growth stage, particularly in the rapid elongation and expansion period of the tubers, the soil is kept moist, water is sprayed regularly and timely, field accumulated water is timely removed in summer rainstorm, and watering is stopped about 10 days before harvesting of the Chinese yams.
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