CN111357584A - Early-maturing efficient cultivation method for greenhouse vegetables - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method, which comprises the following steps: step one, building a greenhouse; step two, regulating and controlling the environmental conditions in the greenhouse; step three, arranging annual crop rotation of greenhouse vegetables; step four, cultivating vegetables in a greenhouse; and step five, preventing plant diseases and insect pests and physiological disorders. The invention selects proper vegetable varieties, overcomes fertilizer damage, phytotoxicity, drought damage and continuous cropping obstacles, and improves the cultivation efficiency.

Description

Early-maturing efficient cultivation method for greenhouse vegetables

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method.

Background

A vegetable greenhouse is a frame-coated structure having excellent heat-insulating properties, which has appeared to allow people to eat out-of-season vegetables. The common vegetable greenhouse uses a bamboo structure or a steel structure framework, and one or more layers of heat-insulating plastic films are covered on the framework, so that a greenhouse space is formed. The outer film can well prevent the loss of carbon dioxide generated by the growth of the vegetables inside, so that the greenhouse has a good heat preservation effect. Artificially creates a suitable ecological environment, adjusts the production season of vegetables, adjusts the market demand, promotes the high quality and the high yield of the vegetables, and is one of effective means for increasing the income of farmers. From the investigation of farmers who breed vegetables in a plurality of greenhouses, the benefit is obvious. However, some farmers plant greenhouse vegetables with unsatisfactory effect, and besides the vegetable variety is not right, the restriction of four pests is often an important factor causing loss. The four pests are fertilizer damage, phytotoxicity, drought damage and continuous cropping obstacle.

First, fertilizer damage. In fact, the salt accumulation is a hazard, and the main reason is that the soil is salinized due to partial fertilizer application or excessive fertilizer application. The problems generated after fertilizer damage occur are that firstly, the development of vegetable root systems is inhibited, and the function of absorbing water and fertilizer is weakened; secondly, the concentration of the soil solution is too high, and the vegetable plants generate reverse osmosis phenomenon, so that physiological wilting or leaf margin scorching is caused; thirdly, toxic gas hazards are generated; fourthly, vegetable nutrient deficiency is caused.

Secondly, phytotoxicity. There is dominant drug harm and obvious symptoms. Has recessive phytotoxicity, and latent symptoms or extends to the next vegetable. The cause of phytotoxicity is that the pesticide varieties are selected, and herbicides are not applied to the pesticide varieties or are misused; secondly, the concentration of the pesticide is overlarge; thirdly, purchasing inferior pesticide; fourthly, the medicine is applied in time without avoiding high temperature. After the phytotoxicity occurs, some vegetable leaves quickly lose green; some generate focal spots, perforations; some fallen leaves, fallen flowers, fallen fruits or malformations occur; the most severe whole plant withers.

Thirdly, drought damage. Is one of the most critical factors for restricting the development of greenhouse vegetables. The occurrence reasons include improper site selection of the vegetable greenhouse and lack of local water sources; secondly, although there is water source, the water quality is bad; thirdly, the water quantity is enough, the ditch, the canal and the irrigation and drainage facility are not matched, the water is difficult to be introduced, and the water is expected to make the exclamation. Drought damage affects the timely sowing and seedling safety of vegetables and the normal growth of the vegetables, and brings great difficulty to the fertilization and pesticide spraying management of the vegetables. Drought damage sometimes affects more than fertilizer and phytotoxicity.

Fourthly, continuous cropping obstacle. That is, the same kind or the same kind of vegetables are planted in the same greenhouse year by year or season, and the yield and the product quality are reduced year by year. The barrier is caused by that firstly, the same kind or the same kind of vegetables favor certain nutrient elements, and the nutrient elements are not supplemented in time and are easy to cause nutrient deficiency; secondly, the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in soil causes diseases such as blight and verticillium wilt to cause dead seedlings; thirdly, the soil microbial community structure is easy to lose balance due to the secretion of substances from the root system of the same vegetable, so that the soil is aged.

In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, an early-maturing and efficient cultivation method for greenhouse vegetables is urgently needed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method.

The specific technical scheme is as follows:

a greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step one, greenhouse construction

Shelving type and structure. The plastic greenhouse has various types and structures, and the most widely popularized and applied greenhouse at present comprises two types, namely an assembled galvanized steel pipe type greenhouse and a bamboo-wood circular arch type greenhouse. The method is mainly used for early spring cultivation, late winter cultivation, seedling cultivation and the like of solanaceous vegetables, melons and other vegetables.

The steel tube greenhouse has various specifications: the width is 5, 6, 7 and 8 meters, and the length is 20-30 meters. The service life is generally 15 years. In order to reduce the production cost, bamboo frame greenhouses are mostly adopted. The shed frame is made of moso bamboo or small round wood, the height is about 2 meters, the width is 5 and 7 meters, and the service life is generally 3 years.

(II) selection of covering Material

(III) selecting a greenhouse building site: and selecting a place which is sunny, sheltered, highly dry, well drained and free of soil-borne diseases to construct a shed.

(IV) maintaining the plastic film: when the film is buckled, the mechanical damage of the greenhouse film is avoided as much as possible, particularly for the bamboo frame greenhouse, before the film is buckled, the sharp protruding part on the surface of the frame is firstly flattened, and the interface part is wrapped by old cloth. And a layer of old newspaper is padded at the clamping groove and fixed by a spring.

After the holes are broken in the using process of the film, the film is timely adhered and supplemented by using an adhesive or an adhesive tape.

Step two, regulating and controlling the environmental conditions in the greenhouse;

step three, arranging annual crop rotation of greenhouse vegetables

The greenhouse only has early-maturing cultivation of spring solanaceous fruits, is only used for 4-5 months in one year, and is low in utilization rate and benefit. If the greenhouse is used for cultivation, seedling raising and seed reserving in autumn, winter and summer, the production benefit can be improved.

Firstly, seedling raising-cultivation type; it is characterized by seedling raising in winter → early maturing cultivation in spring → seedling raising in summer → cultivation in autumn and winter. In winter, seedlings of solanaceous fruits, melons and beans are cultivated in the middle and last 3 months of the next year. Planting in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, and performing early spring cultivation. And (4) cultivating seedlings such as cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes and the like in 6-8 months in summer. Autumn and winter tomato, cucumber, leaf vegetables, celery, scallion and garlic and the like are cultivated.

(II) cultivation type: mainly cultivated vegetables are combined with seedling raising. There are two main forms: the method comprises the following steps of firstly, planting eggplant, tomato, cucumber, pepper and the like early in spring, planting fast-growing vegetables in summer, planting cucumber, tomato, cabbage and cauliflower in autumn, and planting celery, spinach, lettuce and allium fistulosum vegetables in winter; secondly, intercropping, namely performing early-maturing cultivation on tomatoes and hot peppers in spring, planting towel gourds beside arch bars of the greenhouse in the month of 4-5 to allow the towel gourds to climb tendrils along the arch bars, or planting wax gourds beside ridges in the later growth period of the tomatoes, and climbing tendrils by utilizing supports of the tomatoes; planting lettuce, flowering cabbage and the like in autumn; and (5) seedling culture in winter.

And (III) reserving seed types: there are two main ways: one is mainly reserving seeds of spring eggplant and melon, and the stubble mode comprises winter seedling culture → spring seed reservation → autumn celery and cabbage cultivation; one method is mainly characterized by self-incompatible seed collection of cruciferae in winter and spring, seedling culture in summer and cultivation of solanaceous vegetables in autumn.

Step four, cultivating vegetables in the greenhouse

Early-maturing cultivation of summer vegetables in spring

Early-maturing cultivation of solanaceous vegetables is the most common project for greenhouse cultivation and application. The field planting is generally carried out from 3 late months to 4 middle months, and the field planting is harvested from 5 early months to 7 months. The greenhouse cultivation can be planted in advance in 1-3 months, and harvested from 3 late ten days to 7 months. Early marketing, higher yield, prolonged flowering and fruiting period and obvious economic benefit. In addition, according to the market demand, the vegetables like amaranth, edible tree fungus and water spinach which like green leaves which like warm are sowed in advance, and the vegetables are put on the market in advance.

(II) cultivation of summer vegetables after autumn and winter

The harvesting period of the summer vegetable after the autumn and winter delay cultivation is generally 10-12 months, and if the summer vegetable is stored and kept fresh, the spring festival can be prolonged, and the economic benefit is high.

(III) cultivation of leaf vegetables

The greenhouse can be used for cultivating leaf vegetables with higher economic value, such as agaric vegetables, water spinach, celery, lettuce and the like, and can be used for early spring, late autumn and overwintering cultivation, so that the purposes of avoiding freezing injury, promoting growth, improving yield, prolonging supply and coming into the market in an out-of-season manner are achieved, and the economic benefit is good.

Greenhouse cultivation of heat-resistant leaf vegetables such as Auricularia and swamp cabbage can be carried out in 9-10 months, heat-insulating covering is carried out in later stage, and the leaf vegetables are sold in the market in advance, and conventional cultivation is added to achieve annual supply basically. Lettuce and other vegetables which are cool and are not frost-resistant are optimally sown in the open field from the last ten days of 8 months to the last 9 months and in the spring for 3-4 months, and are sown in the greenhouse from 11 months to the next 3 months.

And (IV) sun-shading and rain-proof seedling culture in summer.

In the south area from late 6 th to late 8 th, strong light and high temperature, thunderstorm rain and typhoon storm rain seriously affect the vegetable production and early autumn vegetable seedling culture, and in recent years, the application of sunshade nets and non-woven fabrics promotes the greenhouse to play a role in summer seedling culture and cultivation.

Sunshade covering cultivation notice

(1) The sunshade net with proper specification is selected according to the vegetable species, usually a black sunshade net is selected for short-term covering in summer and autumn green-leaf vegetable cultivation, and a silver gray sunshade net is selected for summer seedling cultivation of autumn and winter vegetables and can prevent aphids. The solanaceous vegetables are left for planting or cultivated after delay, and the solanaceous vegetables are preferably used together with the net film.

(2) Covering period: generally, the vegetables are lighted at other times in the 7-8 months, and the intensity is suitable for the growth of the vegetables, and if no heavy rain exists, the vegetables do not need to be covered.

(3) Shading management: the sunshade net can not be covered on the shed frame for a long time, especially the black sunshade net, the nearly saturated illumination intensity can be achieved only under the net in the summer and autumn sunny noon, preferably the sunshade net is covered at 10-11 am and is uncovered at 4-5 pm. The covering time is gradually shortened 3-4 days before the net is uncovered, so that the seedlings and plants are gradually adapted to the open environment.

(V) soilless culture of vegetables in greenhouse

Experience with local comparison success: soilless culture of leaf vegetables, annual culture of lettuce, one year cultivation of 8-9 crops, one mu per mu yield of 1 ten thousand kilograms per year, growth period from high to low with temperature, generally about 20-40 days. The tomato can be planted in spring and summer for one year, and the yield per mu can reach 1 ten thousand kilograms per year. The cucumber can be cultivated all the year round, and the economic benefit is good.

Step five, prevention (correction) treatment of plant diseases and insect pests and physiological disorders

The vegetables are planted in the greenhouse in most of time, and particularly in winter, proper ecological conditions are provided for overwintering propagation of plant diseases and insect pests, so that the plant diseases and insect pests and physiological disorders of the vegetables become serious. Therefore, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and the overcoming of the physiological obstacles of crops are the key to the success of vegetable cultivation in greenhouses.

Except for timely preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in different cultivars and periods, chlorothalonil is used for fumigation irregularly to kill germs. Furandan is used for controlling underground pests.

Physiological barrier of greenhouse cultivation and correction measure thereof

Secondly, cucumber and tomato typical physiological disorder symptoms and corrective measures.

Further, in the step one, the selection of the covering material is specifically as follows:

1) and a common film: polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride films with the thickness of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1 mm are colorless and transparent. The service life is about half a year to one year.

2) The multifunctional life-prolonging membrane: the service life of the water-based paint film is longer than that of a common film, the water drops are not easy to form on the film, the covering effect is good, and the benefit is high.

3) And a sunshade net: the black and silver gray color, various density specifications and different shading rates. The utility model is mainly used for sun shading and rain proofing.

Further, in the second step, the environmental conditions in the greenhouse are as follows:

1) and illumination: the light transmittance of the new film is 80-85%, and the light transmittance of the old film is usually lower than 40%. The condensed water drops on the film surface can reduce the illumination in the shed by 10-20%. The greenhouse frame and the film pressing line can shade light, and factors weakening illumination in the greenhouse are avoided and eliminated as far as possible in greenhouse management.

2) And temperature:

(1) temperature change rule: the daily change trend of the air temperature in the greenhouse is the same as that of the open field, but the day and night temperature difference amplitude is large. The illumination is sufficient in the daytime, and if the temperature in the film closed shed rises quickly, the temperature can reach more than 50 ℃ at most and is higher than the temperature outside the shed by more than 20 ℃. In rainy days, the lowest temperature in the shed is generally higher than that outside the shed by about 2 ℃ at night. The ground temperature in the greenhouse is more stable than the air temperature, and the amplitude of the ground temperature is small. The air temperature in the greenhouse is different due to different positions, and the greenhouse is transversely distributed to be high in the middle and low on two sides, so that the plants in the middle of the greenhouse are higher than the plants on the two sides. The greenhouse is longitudinally distributed, when the sun irradiates in the daytime, the temperature is high at the top and low at the lower part, and is opposite at night and in cloudy days.

(2) Temperature reversion phenomenon: in the greenhouse covered by the polyethylene, the temperature in the greenhouse is sometimes lower than that outside the greenhouse at a breezy night in winter. The reason is that: the temperature outside the greenhouse is higher at a high place than at a low place at night, heat can be supplemented from the air at the upper layer at the place close to the ground outside the greenhouse due to disturbance of wind, and the heat cannot be obtained in the greenhouse due to the blockage of a covering; in winter, the greenhouse is cool in the daytime, the heat stored in the soil is less, the polyethylene film has higher long-wave radiance and slightly poor heat preservation, and the ground has large effective heat radiation and more heat dissipation, so that the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than that outside the greenhouse.

(3) Temperature regulation and control: the temperature of the greenhouse is mainly regulated and controlled through ventilation and heating. The ventilation and air exchange by using the uncovering film is the most common method for reducing and controlling the air temperature in the greenhouse in the daytime, and the sun-shading material is adopted to reduce the light receiving quantity of the greenhouse and also prevent the air temperature in the greenhouse from being too high.

In winter, in order to reduce heat loss and improve air temperature and soil temperature, the greenhouse film is covered as tightly as possible. Windbreak can be arranged around the greenhouse, and the greenhouse is internally provided with a small greenhouse and then covered by multilayer of grass sheets, non-woven fabrics, foamed plastics and the like. The temperature can also be increased by heating measures, such as heating wires to increase the soil temperature, and the temperature in the shed can be increased by using the waste heat of factories, geothermal water or coal furnaces in conditional areas.

3) Regulation of air humidity

(1) The change rule of the air humidity of the greenhouse is as follows: in the daytime, the relative humidity of air in the greenhouse is 70-80% under the condition of ventilation of the greenhouse. Can reach more than 90 percent in rainy days or after irrigation. The relative humidity of air in the greenhouse is reduced along with the increase of the temperature, and is 100 percent at night. The wet air in the shed is condensed into a water film or water drops to be attached to the inner surface of the film and plants after meeting cold.

(2) And (3) regulating and controlling air humidity: the air humidity in the greenhouse is too high, so that the photosynthesis of vegetables and the absorption of mineral nutrients are directly influenced, and the propagation of germs is accelerated. Therefore, ventilation is performed to reduce the relative humidity in the booth. The relative humidity can also be reduced by heating the ground heating wire in the shed. By adopting a drip irrigation technology and combining mulching film covering cultivation, the evaporation of soil moisture is reduced, and the air humidity can be greatly reduced.

4) And the air composition in the shed: due to the thin film covering, the air flow and exchange in the greenhouse are limited, and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the greenhouse changes violently under the condition that vegetable plants are tall and big and branches and leaves are flourishing. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse is 2-3 times higher than that outside the greenhouse due to crop respiration and soil release before sunrise in the morning, (about 330 PPM); after 8-9, the photosynthesis of the leaves can be increased to below 100 PPM. Therefore, ventilation is required to be performed after sunrise as appropriate, and carbon dioxide in the greenhouse is supplemented in time. In addition, it can be used for artificial carbon dioxide fertilization with concentration of 800-1000 PPM after sunrise and before ventilation. The yield increasing effect is very obvious when the carbon dioxide is applied manually and the illumination is weak and the temperature is low in winter and spring.

In low-temperature seasons, the greenhouse is often sealed and insulated, and toxic gases such as ammonia gas, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ethylene and the like are easily accumulated to cause harm. When the ammonia in the greenhouse reaches 5PPM, the front ends of the plant leaves can generate water-immersed spots and then become black and dead; when the nitrogen dioxide reaches 2.5-3 PPM, irregular green-white spots occur on leaves, and when the spots are serious, all leaves except veins are bleached. The generation of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide is mainly caused by improper use of nitrogen fertilizers. The generation of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is mainly caused by heating with coal fire, incomplete combustion or poor quality of coal. Excessive use of ethylene products is also one of the reasons, since aging of the film (plastic tube) can release ethylene, causing premature senescence of the plants.

In order to prevent the accumulation of harmful gases in the shed, fresh animal manure cannot be used as base fertilizer, and manure which is not decomposed yet cannot be used as additional fertilizer; the use of ammonium carbonate as top dressing is strictly forbidden, and water is mixed for watering or soil is covered in time after hole application when urea or ammonium sulfate is used as top dressing; the fertilizer dosage is proper and can not be applied in excess; proper ventilation is also needed in the low-temperature season so as to remove harmful gases. In addition, the coal used has good quality and needs to be fully combusted. Conditionally, hot air or hot water pipe is used to heat, and the burnt waste gas is discharged out of the shed.

5) Soil moisture and salinity:

the greenhouse soil humidity distribution is not uniform. The soil close to the two sides of the shed frame has more water permeation outside the shed, and the water drops on the upper shed film flow and have higher humidity. The middle part of the shed is dry. The quality of cucumbers and eggplants planted in a greenhouse in spring is seriously influenced by insufficient soil moisture especially when the cucumbers and the eggplants are planted in a mulching film. The hose drip irrigation tape can be preferably paved, and the fertilizer water can be applied at any time according to the actual requirement, so that the method is an effective production increase measure. Due to the fact that the greenhouse is covered for a long time and is lack of rainwater for leaching, salt moves from bottom to top along with underground water, excessive accumulation of soil salt in a plough layer is easily caused, and salinization is caused. Therefore, attention is paid to proper deep ploughing and application of organic fertilizers, and long-term application of fertilizers containing chloride ions or sulfate ions is avoided. The top dressing should be light, and soil testing and fertilization are best. In each year, the soil is not covered with a film for a certain time, or is only covered with a sunshade net for sunshade cultivation in summer, so that the soil is dissolved and drenched by rainwater. When the soil is seriously salinized, the water flooding pressure salt can be adopted, and the effect is good. In addition, the adoption of the soilless culture technology is a fundamental measure for preventing soil salinization.

Further, in the fourth step, the early-maturing cultivation of summer vegetables in spring comprises:

1) the variety (combination) is selected from early-maturing tomato variety Zaofeng and Japanese scarlet × Shikuhong, middle-maturing tomato variety Zhejiang No. 5, Sukang No. 4 and 5, etc., and hot pepper variety Zaofeng, disease-resistant, high-yield and marketable good variety, hot pepper, chicken claw × Jilin F1 and Zaofeng No. 1, eggplant, Minqie No. 1 and Yandong Changchun No. 2 and No. 3.

2) And (3) field planting: covering a shed by buckling a film 10 days before the field planting. 3000 kilograms of stable manure or decomposed garbage manure, 2000 kilograms of human excrement and urine and 50 kilograms of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, and the land is deeply ditched or fully applied and turned into the soil. The tomatoes are planted in the double-row planting mode in 3 and 4 furrows in a greenhouse, the row spacing is 75 cm, the plant spacing is 45-50 cm, and 1600-1700 plants are planted per mu. 2000 plants are planted per mu of pepper. The distance between the eggplants is 50-55 cm, and 1400-1600 plants are planted per mu. Planting cucumber, bottle gourd and bitter gourd 1500-2000 plants per mu. 1200-1500 plants of pumpkin and pumpkin are planted per mu.

3) And field management:

(1) temperature management: the ventilation is not carried out within one week after the planting, the heat preservation is mainly carried out, and particularly, the temperature of eggplants and cucumbers is properly kept higher to facilitate the seedling return. Keeping the temperature at a higher level after the tomato seedlings are grown, wherein the tomato seedlings are grown at a moderate temperature of 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 10-15 ℃ at night; the proper temperature for the growth of the eggplant is 20-30 ℃, and poor pollination and insemination can be caused when the temperature is lower than 15 ℃; the growth temperature of sweet (spicy) pepper is 25-28 ℃; the cucumber is 28-30 deg.C, the temperature at night cannot be lower than 10 deg.C, the temperature gradually rises in the middle and late months of 5 months, the skirt film can be gradually removed, the film is removed in seedling stage, ventilated and ventilated at 9-10 hours, and the cover film is closed after 15-16 afternoon.

(2) And (3) fertilizer and water management, wherein after seedling planting and seedling returning, seedling raising fertilizer is diluted human excrement or livestock fertilizer, tomato is ①, the compound fertilizer is 10 kg/mu in the first panicle fruit expansion period, the compound fertilizer is 30 kg/mu in the 2 rd-3 rd panicle fruit expansion period, the compound fertilizer is 20 kg/mu in the 4 th-5 th panicle fruit expansion period, after seedling raising fertilizer application of ② pepper, the field is kept moist during the whole growth period, excessive drying and water accumulation are avoided, thin fertilizer harvesting is normally carried out once every two times, the compound fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, the fertilizing amount is increased by 20 kg/mu in the full bearing period, eggplant topdressing is similar to pepper, and cucumber topdressing is carried out once every two times.

(3) Building a frame and pruning: the tomato and the cucumber need to be inserted with bamboos to support plants and guide vines to be put on a shelf, which is beneficial to fruit bearing. The tomato is pruned by double-stem pruning method, the first lateral bud above the first flower ear is retained, and the lower axillary bud and branch are all removed. The first flower and the branch 1 below the fruit of the eggplant are left, and all the others are removed. The sweet (hot) pepper blossoms and fruits regularly, under the condition of over-vigorous growth, blossoming and fruiting and small growth vigor of plants, the upper flowers and fruits are removed, so that the normal growth of the lower flowers and fruits is facilitated.

(4) Flower and fruit retention: in spring, the temperature is low, the tomato, the first ear flower and the second ear flower need to use hormone to preserve flowers and fruits so as to improve the early-stage yield, and the flower stalks are dotted by using 40PPM of anti-falling element; the eggplant is spotted 1-2 days (trumpet shape) before blooming or is sprayed with 15 PPM; the Capsici fructus can also be sprayed with anticreep essence.

The treatment of flower and fruit retention should be carried out at the temperature below 15 deg.C, above 15 deg.C, and not treated when the illumination is sufficient. The concentration is strictly controlled and not too high to cause side effects.

The season and variety of the summer vegetable after the late cultivation in autumn and winter are as follows:

(1) the tomatoes are sowed in the first ten days of 7 months, planted from 30 days of seedling age to 9 months in the last ten days of 8 months and harvested in the 10-12 months. The variety is Zhejiang hybrid No. 7, Zaofeng.

(2) Cucumber: directly seeding in 7 months to 8 months, and harvesting in 9 months to 11 months. The variety is selected from Jinyan No. 4, Jinchun No. 4, autumn cucumber No. 1, Xiafeng, etc.

(3) Autumn tomato, flowers that bloom before 9 middle ten days, often fall due to over-high temperature at night, while flowers that bloom after 10 months are not easy to set fruit due to low temperature. Therefore, 10-15 PPM of anti-falling agent is needed to spray flowers, or 40PPM of anti-falling agent is needed to coat flower stalks to prevent flower and fruit falling.

Further, in the fifth step, the physiological disorder and the correction measure of greenhouse cultivation are specifically as follows:

1) high temperature physiological disorders: the main expression influences flower bud differentiation, for example, the male flowers of cucumbers increase under high-temperature long sunlight, and the female flowers are reduced in differentiation; when tomato and pepper flower buds are differentiated, flowers become small and the development is poor when the tomato and pepper flower buds are subjected to high temperature.

① Ribes nigrum, the primary symptom is that the leaves turn milky white after fading, and finally turn yellow and die.

② flower and fruit dropping, abnormal fruit appearing, high temperature, especially night high temperature not only delays female flower differentiation of first inflorescence of tomato, but also influences normal physiological function of stamen, and can not pollinate normally, thus causing flower and fruit dropping.

③ influences normal pigment formation, the high temperature damage in the fruit mature period is manifested by poor coloring, when the tomato is mature, the temperature is over 30 ℃, the lycopene is slowly formed, when the temperature is over 35 ℃, the lycopene is difficult to form, and the fruit has yellow and red variegated color.

And (4) preventive measures: mainly enhances ventilation and lowers the temperature of the leaf surface. The sunshade net can be used for covering, and cold water can be used for spraying to reduce the temperature of the shed.

2) Physiological disorder of toxic gas

Ammonia poisoning: when ammonia gas reaches 0.1-0.8% concentration in air, it can damage vegetables, and if the air temperature is high and the ammonia gas concentration is high in sunny days, cucumber plant death can be caused after 1-2 hours.

And (4) control measures: the organic fertilizer needs to be fully cooked and applied in a rotting way, and the fertilizer needs to be applied frequently in a small amount.

The typical physiological disorder symptoms and corrective measures of the cucumbers and the tomatoes are as follows:

1) the cucumber vines grow excessively; topping the flowers, shortening internodes near the growing point to form a flower cluster with male and female heterozygosis, and enabling the top ends of the melon seedlings not to generate heart leaves and to present head-holding flowers; etiolation of leaves and acute wilting disease.

The reason for this is: and (4) applying nitrogen fertilizer in a biased manner. Low temperature in early spring, large temperature difference between day and night, insufficient sunlight, poor root system activity and insufficient soil nutrients during seedling culture.

And (4) control measures: transplanting in good time, and covering a small arched shed in the early stage to increase the temperature. The ventilation and air exchange are enhanced, the fertilizer is applied correctly, and the moisture, temperature and sunlight are managed.

2) Malformed fruits of cucumbers and tomatoes

The tomato is over-nutritious in the flowering period and over-rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and especially in winter or early spring, malformed fruits can appear when the tomato encounters low temperature of 6-8 ℃ for several days before and after flower bud differentiation, and the tomato is treated by hormone with over-high concentration, or the temperature is low during the treatment, the illumination is insufficient, the air is dry, or the nutritional condition is extremely poor.

Further, in the fourth step, the first step,

action of sunshade covering for greenhouse

(1) Shading effect: the sunshade net makes the interior illumination intensity of canopy show and reduces, and the density specification is bigger, and the shading effect is better, and same specification black is better than silver grey shading effect. The shading rate of the general black is 42-65%, and the silver gray is 30-42%.

(2) Cooling: the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced due to the covering of the sunshade net, particularly the temperature reduction amplitude of the ground surface and the soil cultivation layer is the largest, the temperature of the upper part of the greenhouse is as high as 37-40 ℃ at 10 am-2 pm, the temperature around the ground surface plant is 22-26 ℃, and the temperature of the soil is 18-22 ℃, so that the greenhouse is suitable for the growth of crops.

3) Preserving soil moisture and preventing rainstorm: the evaporation in the shed is reduced, the water content of the soil is higher than that of the open field, and the surface soil is moist. Because the sunshade net has certain mechanical strength and is dense, the rainstorm can be decomposed into the light rain, the vegetable leaves are prevented from being injured by the rainstorm, the soil is not easy to harden, the void degree is large, the air permeability is good, and the effect is better when the sunshade net is covered outside the plastic film of the greenhouse.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention selects proper vegetable varieties, overcomes fertilizer damage, phytotoxicity, drought damage and continuous cropping obstacles, and improves the cultivation efficiency.

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.

Example 1 tomato

Early spring greenhouse production

Variety (I): it is suitable for use in producing variety with good early maturing, cold resistance, disease resistance, high yield, good marketability and long shelf life. Tomatoes such as Shanghai collaboration 903, collaboration 906, collaboration 908, etc. may be selected.

(II) soil preparation

The fertilizer for vegetables is mainly fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and a small amount of fertilizer is used in combination, so that the mineralization speed of the organic fertilizer is low, the nitrate is not obviously accumulated in plants, the soil granular structure is improved, and the permeability is enhanced. The tomato is applied with 2500 kg of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer per mu of field, 40 kg of compound fertilizer, and 150-200 kg of quicklime is also applied if the tomato is continuously stubble, so that the pH value of soil is favorably adjusted, the growth of crops is promoted, and the occurrence and spread of soil-borne diseases can be effectively prevented. The base fertilizer is mainly applied deeply, turned over deeply by 25-30 cm and harrowed flat to form beds. The region is preferably cultivated in high ridges. The high ridges are shaped like a turtle back, so that water accumulation at the roots is avoided.

(III) buckling the shed in advance and disinfecting the shed room

Buckling a shed in advance: covering the greenhouse and covering a mulching film 7-10 days before field planting can effectively improve the ground temperature and promote the growth of the seedling and the root system.

Sterilizing a greenhouse: the greenhouse is disinfected before field planting, 250 g of 80% dichlorvos missible oil is mixed with sawdust per mu, the mixture is mixed with 2000 g to 3000 g of sulfur powder, the mixture is ignited at 10 places, the greenhouse is sealed for one day and night, and field planting is carried out after air is released until no odor exists.

(IV) time and method for permanent planting

Planting can be carried out in the early middle of the last ten days of 2 months.

And (3) advocating field planting with medicines during field planting. Spraying 800 times of 50% carbendazim solution or 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil solution on the day before field planting so as to facilitate quick seedling recovery. If the field is continuous cropping land, 40% of quintozene or 50% of carbendazim medicine soil (1-2 kg of quintozene or carbendazim, 200 kg of dry fine soil is added and mixed uniformly to obtain medicine soil) is applied in the holes during field planting. 40-50 g of pesticide soil is applied in each planting hole, and the pesticide soil cannot be in direct contact with seedlings, so that the occurrence of soil-borne diseases is favorably prevented.

During planting, tomatoes are deeply planted in proper depth and are flush with the base parts of cotyledons, and if the tomatoes grow in vain, a horizontal planting method is adopted to facilitate multiple adventitious roots and promote the growth and the growth of root systems.

The planting density of the tomatoes is 1500-2000 plants, and is determined according to varieties and soil fertility.

After the field planting is finished, root fixing water is poured immediately, and then the greenhouse is buckled for raising the temperature so as to be beneficial to seedling revival.

(V) field management

1. Enhanced ventilation, moisture removal and heat preservation

After the seedlings are delayed, when the temperature reaches 26 ℃, attention is paid to timely ventilation, moisture removal and temperature reduction to prevent the seedlings from overgrowing or baking, and the seedling culture method comprises the following steps of 4: after 30 ℃, the greenhouse is buckled and the temperature is kept in time, and the temperature is not lower than 10 ℃ at night.

2. Enhanced lighting management

In both sunny days and rainy and snowy days, the grass curtain is timely torn off, and dust and sundries are swept away to facilitate light transmission.

3. Enhanced plant regulation

Plant regulation directly affects crop yield, time to market and growth. In early spring, the greenhouse tomatoes are mostly subjected to a single-rod pruning method, so that the concentrated transportation of nutrients and early ripening of fruits are facilitated, and a one-rod and half-pruning method can be adopted for weak growth vigor.

During pruning, the lateral branches should be removed when the lateral branches grow to 3 cun. The pruning is carried out at noon in fine days, the wound healing is fast, if the pruning is carried out in the morning, the wound flow is large, the seedling is not beneficial to robust growth, and if the pruning is carried out at 4 in the afternoon: after 30 branches are taken, the wound is easy to be infected because of condensation at night, and the branches are not suitable to be trimmed in rainy days.

Old leaves and diseased leaves at the base of the stem are timely removed in combination with pruning, so that ventilation is enhanced, and the propagation of germs is reduced.

4. Enhanced fertilizer and water management

Before the first stubble of fruits is set, watering and fertilizing are basically not needed, so that the excessive vegetative growth is avoided, and the reproductive growth is delayed. After the first crop is stood, the first crop is watered and topdressed. And after every 2 times of picking, top dressing is carried out, and 1000 kg of decomposed human excrement or 15 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu. Nitrogen fertilizer can not be applied eccentrically, otherwise, the stress resistance is reduced, and the quality of the fruits is reduced. In rainy years, foliar fertilizer spraying is also important to improve yield.

Meanwhile, carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is additionally applied to ensure that the concentration of secondary gasified carbon in the greenhouse reaches 1000-1500 mg/kg, so that high yield and high yield are facilitated.

The application time of the carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is as follows: should be carried out within 2 hours after sunrise, and should not be applied in principle on rainy days because the carbon dioxide concentration does not vary much on rainy days.

Note that: during carbon dioxide fertilization, an air blower or an exhaust fan is used for promoting air flow, so that the air flow is uniformly distributed indoors, and carbon dioxide poisoning can be caused because high-concentration carbon dioxide stays in a section of space.

5. Well performs the work of flower and fruit retention and flower and fruit thinning

When the temperature of the tomatoes is lower than 15 ℃, flowers and fruits are easy to fall off, and the yield is influenced. Therefore, on the basis of ensuring the temperature, 1-2% of urea solution and 0.1-0.3% of boron fertilizer can be sprayed in the flowering period for 1-2 times, so that the fruit setting rate is improved, and flowers are prevented from being too solid; in the flower filling period, 1% -2% of urea solution is mixed with 0.1% of bud essence and 0.1% -0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution, and the mixture is sprayed once every 10 days for 2-3 times, so that the effect of reducing flower and fruit drop is obvious.

However, too much fruit bearing affects not only the marketing period but also the commodity of the fruit. Therefore, abnormal flowers and fruits should be removed in time, and 3-4 fruits per panicle inflorescence are preferred.

6. Well doing the prevention and control work of plant diseases and insect pests

The prevention and treatment of the infectious diseases such as gray mold, early blight, late blight and the like are well done, and meanwhile, the prevention and treatment of the physiological diseases are also enhanced.

(1) Tomato early blight: the hair is initially soaked in water, then becomes grey brown, round or irregular black spots, has more light yellow halos on the sides, dark center, concentric ring lines and serious high-temperature and high-humidity hair diseases. After the disease is developed, 400 times of 75 percent of chlorothalonil wettable powder, or 400 times of 64 percent of sterilization alum wettable powder, or biological pesticides such as polyoxin, kasugamycin or jinggangmycin and the like can be used for prevention and treatment, and the special effect is achieved.

(2) Tomato late blight: when the leaves and the Chinese olive are seriously damaged and the leaves are damaged, the leaves are mostly damaged from the leaf tips and the leaf edges, the leaves are initially dark green and water-soaked irregular spots, the spots are turned brown after being enlarged, and white mildew is generated at the junction of the healthy parts of the back diseases of the leaves under the high-humidity condition. The Chinese olive scab is oil-immersed dark green at the beginning, changes to dark brown, is slightly sunken, and generally does not become soft. The disease is easy to occur under high temperature and high humidity, and after the disease occurs, the ratio of 1: 1: 160-200 boldo liquid, or 400 times liquid of 64% desinfection vitriol wettable powder, or pesticide control of biological preparations such as pesticide 120, etc.

(3) Tomato gray mold: mainly damages fruits, the peel of the fruits is changed into grey white and soft rot, a large number of grey mildew layers appear on the fruits, the receptacle and the stalks in the later period, and the diseases are serious due to high humidity. For prevention, 0.1% of prochloraz powder can be added into the flower-lighting liquid. After the disease is developed, the pesticide can be used for preventing and treating by using 400 times of liquid of 25% carbendazim wettable powder, or 500 times of liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, or 2000 times of liquid of 50% prochloraz wettable powder, and the effect is good.

(4) Cavity fruits of tomatoes: it refers to a fruit with a cavity between the pericarp and the pulp jelly.

The production reasons include ① hormone influence, ② insufficient light, reduction of photosynthetic products, insufficient supply of nutrients to fruits, ③ day temperature of over 35 ℃ and long duration, which leads to poor fertilization or fruits developing under high temperature condition, quicken respiration and metabolism, promote cell division of pulp tissues and seed maturation, and also form cavity fruits when not coordinated with fruit growth, ④ improper watering in fruiting period, and ⑤ partial application of nitrogen fertilizer.

The control method comprises the steps of ① well regulating and controlling light and temperature, creating good light and temperature conditions for fruit development, avoiding low temperature below 10 ℃ and high temperature above 35 ℃ continuously, promoting normal development of placenta parts, ② reasonably using a growth regulator, spraying 15-20 mg/kg of anti-falling elements to prevent flower and fruit falling, ③ enhancing fertilizer and water management, and adopting a formula fertilization technology to avoid over-luxuriant branches and leaves and enable vegetative growth and reproductive growth to develop coordinately.

(5) Cracking the tomato fruit: the most common are 2: radially cracking the fruits, starting from the green ripe stage of the fruits; the annular dehiscent fruit takes the fruit base as the center of a circle, presents annular shallow dehiscence and mostly appears before the fruit is ripe.

① it is caused by high temperature, drought and rainstorm in fruit anaphase or color transition phase, especially gusty rain or rainstorm, which results in physiological dysfunction of root system and obstruction of boron absorption and operation, resulting in fruit cracking, ② seedling stage, long time, and low temperature of 8 deg.C ③.

The control method comprises the following steps: (1) the moisture is well controlled, the fruit cannot be dried too much and wet too much in the fruiting period, the fruit cannot be dried too much before heavy rain, and accumulated water is drained in time after rain. (2) Collected in time before heavy rain. (3) Spraying the spraying agent, namely spraying 90 kg of 5 ml of water per mu once in 15-20 days to enhance the crack resistance.

Example 2 cucumber

Cucumber tastes warm and moist and is not cold-resistant. The growth is moderate at 20-30 ℃, the growth is stopped below 10 ℃, and the tolerance to high temperature is strong. The green cucumber cultivated in the greenhouse can be sown 1 month earlier than the green cucumber cultivated in open field, the yield per mu is 2500 plus 300 kilograms, the green cucumber is brought into the market for about 20 days in advance, and the green cucumber cultivation method is good in price and considerable in economic benefit. The main cultivation technology is as follows:

selection of variety

Early-maturing, high-yield and disease-resistant varieties such as the cucumber varieties Jinyou No. 1, Jinchun No. 2, Jinyou No. 20 and Jinyou No. 30 which are suitable for being planted in a greenhouse are selected.

Second, sowing time

The suitable sowing time is 1 in the middle of the month.

Thirdly, sowing and raising seedlings, cultivating strong seedlings

1. Seed disinfection and seed soaking and germination acceleration

The seeds are poured into hot water of 55 ℃ for soaking for 10 minutes for high-temperature disinfection, and then the seeds are soaked in warm water of about 30 ℃ for 4-6 hours. Fishing out, draining, wrapping with wet cloth, accelerating germination at about 30 deg.C, and sowing when the embryo bud grows to 0.3-0.5 cm.

2. Nutrient soil preparation

Preparing nutrient soil before sowing, wherein the preparation method comprises the steps of selecting 8 parts of rice soil serving as a non-melon crop land parcel before sowing and 2 parts of fully decomposed house stall dung, adding 100 g of 75% thiophanate methyl into each cubic meter of the nutrient soil, fully mixing the three parts, then bagging, and regularly arranging the mixture on a seedling raising ridge.

3. Seeding

And (3) thoroughly spraying the nutrient soil in the nutrient bowl before sowing. When sowing, 2 seeds are sown in each cup, the depth is 1 cm, and after covering, enough water is sprayed.

4. Cultivating strong seedlings

After sowing, spraying water properly to keep the soil moist, after 5-7 days, the seedlings come out of the soil, thinning the seedlings when the seedlings grow to 2 leaves, and reserving 1 healthy strong seedling per cup. Spraying the seedlings for 1-2 times by using 600-fold and 800-fold thiophanate methyl after seedling alignment to prevent and treat diseases in the seedling stage. In the seedling raising period, in the weather of the lowest temperature below 5 ℃, a small arch shed is required to be added in the greenhouse for seedling raising at night, so that the melon seedlings are prevented from being frozen.

Fourth, time and method for field planting

The planting time is as follows: the soil temperature of 10 cm is stable and can be fixedly planted after passing through 12 ℃, and the permanent planting can be generally carried out in the last 2 months.

The planting method comprises the following steps: the cucumber root system needs higher oxygen and should be properly planted shallowly, so as to be flush with the ridge surface.

Planting density: generally, the planting rate per mu is 1500-2000 strains. The greenhouse with the width of 5 meters is used for planting 4 ridges, the greenhouse with the width of 7 meters is used for planting 5 ridges, and each ridge is planted in double rows. The furrow width (connected furrow) is 130 cm and the plant spacing is 45-50 cm. And (3) pouring the roots of the plants with 800 times of 60% carbendazim solution after field planting to prevent and control diseases in seedling stage.

Fertilizer and water management

Applying decomposed organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, wherein the dosage of 666.7 square meters is 1000-1500 kg, the phosphate fertilizer is 20-25 kg, and when the organic fertilizer is insufficient, the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N-P-K is 15-15-15) is 30-45 kg as base fertilizer. The water and fertilizer management follows the principle that water is controlled in the seedling stage and the water is needed for flowering and fruiting, the soil is kept moist after planting, and the flowering and fruiting are irrigated appropriately according to the situation. And (3) dressing compound fertilizer for 10 kilograms per 666.7 square meters according to the growth vigor of plants when 2-3 times of harvesting are carried out in the period of blossom and bearing fruits, and dressing can be carried out by combining water irrigation.

Sixthly, erecting and leading vines

Timely building frames after melon seedlings are planted and survived, hanging the vines to be placed on the frames when 7-8 leaves are planted, binding the vines for 1 time every 3-5 days later, and pinching is needed after the main vines are spread to the tops of the frames to promote fruit growth and improve fruit setting rate. The seed and vine are plucked from 2-3 leaves before the female flower to benefit the seed and vine to produce melon.

Seventh, temperature and humidity management

The greenhouse is closed in the initial stage after planting to raise the temperature as soon as possible and promote the seedling revival. And (3) sealing the greenhouse at night when the night temperature is below 15 ℃, ventilating in time when the temperature reaches 30 ℃ in the morning on sunny days, cooling and dehumidifying, and ventilating for 2 hours in the noon on rainy days to dehumidify and ventilate. Ventilation can be carried out day and night at above 20 deg.C.

Eighthly, pest control

The main diseases of greenhouse cultivation of cucumbers include anthracnose, downy mildew, bacterial angular leaf spot and powdery mildew. The anthrax is sprayed with 500 times of 70% mancozeb wettable powder. The damping-off and downy mildew are sprayed by using 64 percent of vitriol or 800 times of 600-fold Jinleduomial. The bacterial angular leaf spot is 6000 times or 1000 times by using 100 ten thousand units of streptomycin sulfate. The colloidal sulfur suspension agent is sprayed 500 times or the triadimefon is sprayed 1000 times for powdery mildew. The main insect pests include aphids, thrips and cabbage caterpillars, and the pesticide is sprayed by 1000 times of lufenuron or pyridalyl 800-. Cabbage caterpillar is controlled by cabbage caterpillar clearing.

When the pesticide control is finished, agricultural control and physical control are needed, for example, silver gray mulching film is adopted to drive aphids or yellow sticky plates are hung to trap and kill the aphids, a frequency spectrum moth-trapping lamp is installed, and high-temperature greenhouse-closing sterilization is carried out.

Example 3 bitter gourd

Early spring greenhouse production

Variety (I): the variety with good earliness and good commodity is preferably selected. The variety of Xueyuyao, Chunhua, Lanshan balsam pear, etc. may be selected.

Second, sowing time

The suitable sowing time is 2 middle-of-month.

Thirdly, cultivating strong seedlings

1. Seed soaking and germination accelerating

Soaking seeds in hot water of 55 deg.C for 10 min for high-temperature disinfection, continuing soaking for 18-22 hr, breaking the shell, soaking in warm water for 2 min, taking out, wrapping with wet towel, germinating at about 32 deg.C, and sowing when the embryo grows to 0.3-0.5 cm.

Other reference cucumber

Fourthly, planting

The planting time is as follows: can be planted in the middle and last 3 months.

Planting density: generally, the planting rate per mu is 1500-2000 strains. The greenhouse with the width of 5 meters is used for planting 4 ridges, the greenhouse with the width of 7 meters is used for planting 5 ridges, and each ridge is planted in double rows. The furrow width (connected furrow) is 130 cm and the plant spacing is 45-50 cm.

Management of fertilizer and water (with cucumber)

Sixthly, erecting to guide vines and pruning

Timely building frames after melon seedlings are planted and survived, beginning to hang the vines to be placed on the frames when 7-8 leaves exist, and tying the vines for 1 time every 3-5 days later.

Pruning: one main side is the two main sides, and the other lateral tendrils are removed.

The temperature in the early stage is low, the insect activity is very little, and artificial supplementary pollination is carried out to promote fruit setting.

Other references refer to cucumber.

EXAMPLE 4 Cucurbita pepo

Greenhouse cultivation in early spring

The variety can be Changqing I, emerald, Jinyuan No. 2, Jinmandi, etc.

Preparation of land

Applying 3000 kg of organic fertilizer to each mu of field, adding 50 kg of calcium superphosphate, deeply turning to a depth of about 30 cm, leveling soil, and making ridges.

And (II) early greenhouse buckling and greenhouse disinfection are performed in the same way as the tomatoes.

(III) permanent planting

1. Determining a safe planting period: the soil temperature of 10 cm stably passes through 13 ℃, and the field planting is carried out when the air temperature in the greenhouse is not lower than 11 ℃, generally in the last ten days of 2 months.

2. The planting method comprises the following steps: the zucchini is easy to generate adventitious roots, can be planted deeply and properly, is flush with the base of the leaves, and is planted by adopting dark water. Excessive irrigation is forbidden to avoid slow seedling growth and root rot. The planting density is 1200-1500 strains per mu.

(IV) field management

Closing the shed and raising the temperature in time after the field planting to promote the seedling revival. After the seedlings are delayed, the seedlings should be ventilated and cooled, the water control and root growth promotion are mainly performed in the early stage, the temperature in the daytime is 25-29 ℃, and the temperature at night is preferably 15-22 ℃. After the root melons are seated, the temperature is maintained at 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and 20-25 ℃ at night, so that the melons grow rapidly. The irrigation and fertilization amount is increased after the root melons are seated. But also cannot be used for over-working to avoid overgrowth, and generally 10 kilograms of urea or 1000 kilograms of dilute liquid dung are applied with water every 7 to 10 days.

The flower-dropping technique of Cucurbita pepo L.can be similar to that of tomato, and can also be used for artificial pollination.

The diseases of the pumpkin are light, the occurrence of the diseases can be greatly reduced as long as the humidity is controlled, and if downy mildew occurs, the prevention and control method is the same as that of the tomato.

Example 5 eggplant

Early spring greenhouse production

Variety (I): the materials can be selected from purple red eggplant, south Korean new black coral, black Jinlong or Hunan early eggplant.

(II) soil preparation and base fertilizer application

The eggplants are most resistant to fertilizer, base fertilizer is sufficient, 3000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each mu, and 30-50 kg of calcium superphosphate is applied. And (6) land preparation and bed making.

(III) time and method for permanent planting

The eggplant is favored to be warm, the greenhouse temperature is required to be not lower than 10 ℃, the ground temperature of 10 cm is required to be not lower than 12 ℃ during planting, and the eggplant is relatively stable for about one week. Usually, the field planting can be carried out in 3 middle ten days.

The planting method is basically the same as the tomato, and the planting density is 1400-1600 strains per mu.

(IV) field management

1. Enhanced temperature and humidity management

Ventilating is not performed in one week in the seedling revival period, the temperature of the greenhouse is increased to promote the revival of the seedlings, after new leaves grow out, the ventilation is started when the revival of the seedlings is finished, the temperature of the greenhouse is maintained at 28-30 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is maintained at 15-20 ℃ at night, and the ventilation can be performed day and night when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃.

2. Plant regulation

The double-head pruning mode is adopted, namely only two strong branches above the door eggplant are left, the rest branches are removed, and the lower leaves of the door eggplant are removed after the door eggplant is picked.

3. Enhanced fertilizer and water management

The Menjia should be controlled to squat before sitting to promote rooting. And when the size of the Menga reaches 3 cm (transverse diameter), the squat seedlings can be stopped, watering and topdressing are carried out, the fruits are promoted to rapidly expand, and 10-15 kg of compound fertilizers and 10 kg of urea can be topdressed per mu. The water and fertilizer amount should be increased in full fruit period, and the top dressing can be performed for 3-5 times. 0.2 percent of monopotassium phosphate is added into the liquid medicine sprayed in the full bearing period and sprayed for 2 to 3 times, so that the resistance is enhanced and the yield is improved.

Example 6 Capsicum annuum L

Early spring greenhouse production

Variety (I): xiang's Min No. eleven, Luo jiao 98A, etc. can be used.

And (II) soil preparation, base fertilizer application and greenhouse disinfection are basically the same as those of tomatoes.

(III) permanent planting

The ground temperature of 10 cm is stabilized at 12-13 ℃, and the field planting can be carried out after about one week of stabilization. Usually, the field planting can be carried out in 3 middle ten days. The planting depth is consistent with that of the tomatoes, and 2000 holes can be planted in each mu.

(IV) field management

1. Enhanced temperature and humidity management

After planting, in order to promote seedling revival, ventilation is not carried out within 5-6 days, and the temperature of the greenhouse is maintained at 30-35 ℃. After seedling delaying, ventilation and cooling to 28-30 ℃ are started, and ventilation is needed immediately when the temperature is higher than 30 ℃, otherwise, flower and fruit dropping are serious because pollination and fertilization are influenced by high temperature and high humidity. The ventilation is enhanced, and the fruit setting rate can be effectively improved. The pepper prefers air drying and soil wetting, so that ventilation is enhanced after field planting and seedling slowing, and ventilation is needed day and night when the external lowest temperature is not lower than 15 ℃ at night.

2. Enhanced fertilizer and water management

After seedling rejuvenation, soil moisture content can be seen, seedling rejuvenating water is poured once, after seedling rejuvenation, watering can not be carried out easily until the zanthoxylum is harvested, otherwise, flowers and fruits are easy to fall under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity and excessive water. When the capsicum annuum begins to be collected, watering and topdressing are enhanced. More organic fertilizers are added, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are additionally applied, so that high yield and quality improvement are facilitated. And applying 1000 kilograms of human excrement or 20 kilograms of compound fertilizer per mu for topdressing.

3. Plant regulation

The lateral buds below the zanthoxylum piperitum are all removed, and old leaves and diseased leaves are removed in time, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.

4. Grasping the disease and insect pest prevention and control work and harvesting in time

① anthracnose, wherein the fruit and leaves are damaged, but the fruit is mainly damaged, when the fruit is damaged, the disease spot is brown, nearly circular to irregular, and is initially a water-soaked tawny circular disease spot, the center is grayish brown, and the surface of the disease spot is provided with raised concentric ring lines which are usually integrated by a plurality of small black spots, when the disease spot is wet, red sticky substances overflow from the surface of the disease spot, the high-temperature and high-humidity disease is serious, after the disease is developed, 400 times of liquid of 70% zineb wettable powder, 800 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 500 times of 600 times of liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder can be used for preventing and treating,

② epidemic diseases, stem, leaf and fruit can all be attacked, the disease part can be seen as soft rot when the disease is initially soaked in water, the disease part is dark green, white mould can be seen when the humidity is high, high temperature and high humidity are easy to happen, after the disease is attacked, 200 times of liquid of 40% fosetyl-aluminum wettable powder or 600 times of liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder can be used for preventing and treating the disease, and the propiconazole spray can also have good treatment effect.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any simple modifications or equivalent substitutions of the technical solutions that can be obviously obtained by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step one, greenhouse construction

Shelving type and structure; the plastic greenhouse has various types of structures, and the most widely popularized and applied at present are two types of assembled galvanized steel pipe type and bamboo-wood circular arch type greenhouses; the method is mainly used for early spring cultivation, late winter cultivation and seedling cultivation of solanaceous vegetables and melons;

the steel tube greenhouse has various specifications: the width is 5, 6, 7 and 8 meters, and the length is 20-30 meters; the service life is 15 years; in order to reduce the production cost, a bamboo frame greenhouse is mostly adopted; the shed frame is made of moso bamboo or small round wood, the height is 2 meters, the width is 5 meters or 7 meters, and the service life is 3 years;

(II) selection of covering Material

(III) selecting a greenhouse building site: selecting a place which is sunny, sheltered, highly dry, well drained and free of soil-borne diseases to construct a shed;

(IV) maintaining the plastic film: when the film is buckled, the mechanical damage of the greenhouse film is avoided as much as possible, particularly for the bamboo frame greenhouse, before the film is buckled, the sharp protruding part on the surface of the frame is firstly cut flat, and the interface part is wrapped by old cloth; a layer of old newspaper is padded at the clamping groove and fixed by a spring;

after the holes are broken in the using process of the film, the film is timely adhered and supplemented by using an adhesive or an adhesive tape;

step two, regulating and controlling the environmental conditions in the greenhouse;

step three, arranging annual crop rotation of greenhouse vegetables

The greenhouse only has early-maturing cultivation of spring solanaceous fruits, is only used for 4-5 months in one year, and has low utilization rate and benefit; if the greenhouse is used for cultivation, seedling raising and seed reservation in autumn, winter and summer;

firstly, seedling raising-cultivation type; culturing seedlings of solanaceous fruits, melons and beans in the middle and last 3 months of the next year in winter; planting in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, and performing early spring cultivation; cultivating seedlings such as cabbage, cauliflower and tomato in 6-8 months in summer; autumn and winter cultivation of autumn tomatoes, cucumbers, leafy vegetables, celery and shallots and garlic;

(II) cultivation type: mainly cultivating vegetables and growing seedlings in a combined manner; there are two main forms: the method comprises the following steps of firstly, planting eggplant, tomato, cucumber and pepper early in spring, planting fast-growing vegetables in summer, planting cucumber, tomato, cabbage and cauliflower in autumn, and planting celery, spinach, lettuce and allium fistulosum vegetables in winter; secondly, intercropping, namely performing early-maturing cultivation on tomatoes and hot peppers in spring, planting towel gourds beside arch bars of the greenhouse in the month of 4-5 to allow the towel gourds to climb tendrils along the arch bars, or planting wax gourds beside ridges in the later growth period of the tomatoes, and climbing tendrils by utilizing supports of the tomatoes; planting lettuce and flowering cabbage in autumn; seedling culture is carried out in winter;

and (III) reserving seed types: the method comprises two modes: the first method is mainly reserving seeds of spring eggplant and melon, and the stubble mode comprises winter seedling culture, spring seed reservation and autumn celery and cabbage cultivation; one method comprises self-incompatible seed collection of Brassicaceae in winter and spring, seedling culture in summer, and planting solanaceous vegetables in autumn;

step four, cultivating vegetables in the greenhouse

Early-maturing cultivation of summer vegetables in spring

Early-maturing cultivation of solanaceous vegetables is the most common project for greenhouse cultivation and application; planting in late 3 months to middle 4 months, and harvesting in early 5 months to 7 months; planting in greenhouse in advance in 1-3 months, and harvesting from late 3 to 7 months; the method has the advantages of early marketing, higher yield, prolonged flowering and fruiting period and obvious economic benefit; according to the market demand, amaranth, edible tree fungus and water spinach are sown in advance and are favored with warm green-leaf vegetables to appear on the market in advance;

(II) cultivation of summer vegetables after autumn and winter

The harvesting period of the summer vegetables after the autumn and winter delay is 10-12 months;

(III) cultivation of leaf vegetables

Except for high-stem vegetables such as melons, eggplants and the like or leaf vegetables with higher economic value are cultivated in the greenhouse, and spring early, autumn late and overwintering cultivation are carried out;

greenhouse cultivation of heat-resistant leaf vegetables such as Auricularia and water spinach in 9-10 months for sowing, performing heat preservation covering in later stage, marketing in advance, and performing conventional cultivation to achieve annual supply; lettuce prefers cold but less frost-resistant vegetables, is optimally sown in the open field from the last ten days of 8 months to the last 9 months and in the spring for 3-4 months, and is planted in a greenhouse if sown in the next 3 months from 11 months;

fourthly, cultivating seedlings in a sun-shading and rain-proof way in summer;

in the south area from late 6 th to late 8 th, the vegetable production and early autumn vegetable seedling raising are seriously influenced by strong light and high temperature, thunderstorm rain and typhoon storm rain, and in recent years, the application of sun-shading nets and non-woven fabrics promotes the greenhouse to play a role in summer seedling raising and cultivation;

sunshade covering cultivation notice

(1) Selecting a sunshade net with proper specification according to the vegetable type, generally selecting a black sunshade net in a short-term covering mode in summer and autumn green-leaf vegetable cultivation, selecting a silver gray sunshade net in summer seedling cultivation of autumn and winter vegetables, and preventing aphids; reserving seeds of solanaceous vegetables or cultivating the solanaceous vegetables after delay, and using the solanaceous vegetables and the solanaceous vegetables together with net films;

(2) covering period: in the months of 7-8, the illumination is suitable for the growth of vegetables at other time, and the vegetables do not need to be covered if no heavy rainstorm exists;

(3) shading management: the sunshade net can not be covered on the shed frame for a long time, in particular to a black sunshade net, the nearly saturated illumination intensity can be achieved under the net only in summer and autumn sunny noon, the sunshade net is covered at 10-11 am, and the sunshade net is uncovered at 4-5 pm; gradually shortening the covering time 3-4 days before uncovering to make the seedlings and plants adapt to the open environment;

(V) soilless culture of vegetables in greenhouse

Experience with local comparison success: soilless culture of leaf vegetables, annual culture of lettuce, one year culture of 8-9 crops, one-year per mu yield of 1 ten thousand kilograms, growth period from high to low with temperature for 20-40 days; the tomato is planted in spring and summer for one year, and the yield per mu in one year can reach 1 ten thousand kilograms; the cucumber can be cultivated annually;

step five, prevention and treatment of plant diseases and insect pests and physiological disorders

Vegetables are planted in the greenhouse in most of time, and particularly in winter, proper ecological conditions are provided for overwintering propagation of plant diseases and insect pests, so that plant diseases and insect pests and physiological disorders of the vegetables become more serious; therefore, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests and the overcoming of the physiological barrier of crops are the key to the success of vegetable cultivation in the greenhouse;

except for timely preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests in various different cultivars and periods, chlorothalonil is used for fumigation irregularly to kill germs; controlling soil insects by using carbofuran;

physiological barrier of greenhouse cultivation and correction measure thereof

Secondly, cucumber and tomato typical physiological disorder symptoms and corrective measures.

2. The method for cultivating greenhouse vegetables early and efficiently as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the first step, the selection of the covering material is specifically as follows:

1) and a common film: polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride films with the thickness of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1 mm are colorless and transparent; the service life is half a year to one year;

2) the multifunctional life-prolonging membrane: the service life of the membrane is longer than that of a common membrane, and the membrane is not easy to drip;

3) and a sunshade net: the black and silver gray color are adopted, the density specifications are various, and the shading rate is different; is used for sun shading and rain proofing.

3. The method for cultivating greenhouse vegetables in a premature and efficient manner as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second step, the environmental conditions in the greenhouse are as follows:

1) and illumination: the light transmittance of the new film is 80-85%, and the light transmittance of the old film is usually lower than 40%; the water drops condensed on the film surface can reduce the illumination in the shed by 10 to 20 percent; the greenhouse frame and the film pressing line can shade light, so that factors weakening the illumination in the greenhouse can be avoided and eliminated in greenhouse management;

2) and temperature:

(1) temperature change rule: the daily change trend of the air temperature in the greenhouse is the same as that of the open field, but the day and night temperature difference amplitude is large; the illumination is sufficient in the daytime, and if the temperature in the film closed shed rises quickly, the temperature reaches more than 50 ℃ and is higher than the temperature outside the shed by more than 20 ℃; in rainy days, the lowest temperature in the shed is 2 ℃ higher than that outside the shed at night; the ground temperature in the greenhouse is stable compared with the air temperature, and the amplitude is small; the air temperature in the greenhouse is different due to different positions, and the greenhouse is transversely distributed to be high in the middle and low on two sides, so that the plants in the middle of the greenhouse are higher than the plants on the two sides; the greenhouses are longitudinally distributed, when the sun irradiates in the daytime, the temperature is high at the top and low at the lower part, and is opposite at night and in cloudy days;

(2) temperature reversion phenomenon: in the greenhouse covered by the polyethylene, the temperature in the greenhouse is sometimes lower than that outside the greenhouse at a breezy night in winter; the reason is that: the temperature outside the greenhouse is higher at a high place than at a low place at night, heat is supplemented from the air at the upper layer at the place close to the ground outside the greenhouse due to disturbance of wind, and the heat cannot be obtained in the greenhouse due to the blocking of a covering; in winter, the greenhouse is cool in the daytime, the heat stored in the soil is less, the polyethylene film has higher long-wave radiation rate and slightly poor heat preservation, the ground has large effective heat radiation and more heat radiation, and the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than that outside the greenhouse;

(3) temperature regulation and control: the temperature regulation and control of the greenhouse are mainly carried out through ventilation and heating; the ventilation and air exchange by using the uncovering film is the most common method for reducing and controlling the air temperature in the greenhouse in the daytime, and the sun-shading material is adopted to reduce the light receiving quantity of the greenhouse and also prevent the air temperature in the greenhouse from being too high;

in winter, in order to reduce heat loss and improve air temperature and soil temperature, the greenhouse film is covered as tightly as possible; arranging windbreak on the periphery of the greenhouse, arranging a small greenhouse in the greenhouse, and then adopting a measure of multilayer coverage of grass sheets, non-woven fabrics and foamed plastics; or heating to raise temperature, such as raising earth temperature with electric heating wire, and conditionally raising temperature in the shed with waste heat of factory, geothermal water or coal stove;

3) regulation of air humidity

(1) The change rule of the air humidity of the greenhouse is as follows: in the daytime, the relative humidity of air in the greenhouse is 70-80% under the condition of greenhouse ventilation; more than 90% of the water is irrigated in rainy days; the relative humidity of air in the greenhouse is reduced along with the rise of temperature, and is 100 percent at night; the wet air in the shed is condensed into a water film or water drops to be attached to the inner surface of the film and plants after meeting cold;

(2) and (3) regulating and controlling air humidity: the air humidity in the greenhouse is too high, so that the photosynthesis of vegetables and the absorption of mineral nutrition are directly influenced, and the propagation of germs is accelerated; therefore, ventilation is required to reduce the relative humidity in the shed; heating the ground in the shed with hot wires or reducing the relative humidity; by adopting a drip irrigation technology and combining mulching film covering cultivation, the evaporation of soil moisture is reduced, and the air humidity is greatly reduced;

4) and the air composition in the shed: because of the film covering, the air flow and exchange in the shed are limited, and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in the shed changes violently under the condition that vegetable plants are tall and big and branches and leaves are flourishing; the concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse is 2-3 times higher than that outside the greenhouse due to the respiration of crops and the release of soil before sunrise in the morning; after 8-9, the photosynthesis of the leaves is enhanced and is reduced to below 100 PPM; therefore, ventilation is needed to be carried out in due time after sunrise, and carbon dioxide in the shed is supplemented in time; in addition, artificial carbon dioxide fertilization is carried out, the concentration is 800-1000 PPM, and the fertilizer is used after sunrise and before ventilation;

in low-temperature seasons, the greenhouse is often sealed and insulated, and toxic gases such as ammonia gas, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ethylene are easily accumulated to cause harm; when the ammonia in the greenhouse reaches 5PPM, the front ends of the plant leaves can generate water-immersed spots and then become black and dead; when the nitrogen dioxide reaches 2.5-3 PPM, irregular green-white spots occur on leaves, and when the nitrogen dioxide is serious, all leaves except veins are bleached; the generation of ammonia gas and nitrogen dioxide is mainly caused by improper use of nitrogen fertilizer; carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are generated mainly by heating with coal fire, incomplete combustion or poor quality of coal; the aging of the film can release ethylene to cause premature senility of plants, so the excessive use of ethylene products is also one of the reasons;

in order to prevent the accumulation of harmful gases in the shed, fresh animal manure cannot be used as base fertilizer, and manure which is not decomposed yet cannot be used as additional fertilizer; the use of ammonium carbonate as top dressing is strictly forbidden, and water is mixed for watering or soil is covered in time after hole application when urea or ammonium sulfate is used as top dressing; the fertilizer dosage is proper and can not be applied in excess; proper ventilation is needed in low-temperature seasons so as to remove harmful gases; in addition, the coal used has good quality and needs to be fully combusted; conditionally, hot air or hot water pipe is used for heating, and the burnt waste gas is discharged out of the shed;

5) soil moisture and salinity:

the greenhouse soil humidity is not uniformly distributed; the soil close to the two sides of the shed frame has larger water permeation outside the shed and larger water drop flowing humidity on the upper shed film; the middle part of the shed is dry; the quality of cucumbers and eggplants planted in a greenhouse in spring is seriously influenced by insufficient soil moisture especially in mulching film cultivation; the hose drip irrigation tape can be laid, and the fertilizer water can be applied at any time according to actual needs, so that the method is an effective production increase measure; due to the fact that the greenhouse is covered for a long time and is lack of rainwater for leaching, salt moves from bottom to top along with underground water, and excessive accumulation of salt in soil of a plough layer is easily caused, so that salinization is caused; therefore, attention needs to be paid to proper deep ploughing and application of organic fertilizers, so that fertilizers containing chloride ions or sulfate ions are prevented from being applied for a long time; the topdressing should be light, and soil testing and fertilization are carried out; in each year, certain time is needed to cover the film, or a sunshade net is covered for sunshade cultivation in summer, so that the soil is dissolved and drenched by rainwater; when the soil salinization is serious, the water flooding pressure is adopted for salt.

4. The greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, the spring summer vegetable early-maturing cultivation comprises the following steps:

1) the variety selection comprises that early-maturing tomato varieties are selected from Zaofeng and Japanese scarlet × dwarf red, middle-maturing tomato varieties are selected from Zhejiang No. 5, Sukang No. 4 and 5, hot pepper varieties with early maturity, disease resistance, high yield and suitable marketing and marketing functions are selected from hot pepper, chicken claw × Jilin F1 and Zaofeng No. 1, eggplant is Minqie No. 1 and Yandong Changqie, and cucumber is Jinchun No. 2 and No. 3;

2) and (3) field planting: covering a shed by buckling a film 10 days before the field planting; applying 3000 kilograms of manure or decomposed garbage fertilizer, 2000 kilograms of human excrement and urine and 50 kilograms of compound fertilizer to each mu of land, performing deep furrow application or full layer application, and turning into the soil; planting tomatoes in 3 and 4 furrows in a greenhouse in a double-row mode, wherein the row spacing is 75 cm, the plant spacing is 45-50 cm, and 1600-1700 plants are planted per mu; planting 2000 plants per mu of pepper; planting 1400-1600 eggplant plants per mu at a spacing of 50-55 cm; planting cucumber, bottle gourd and bitter gourd 1500-2000 plants per mu; planting pumpkin and pumpkin 1200-1500 plants per mu;

3) and field management:

(1) temperature management: keeping the temperature mainly for keeping temperature without ventilation within one week after planting, particularly keeping the temperature of eggplants and cucumbers higher to facilitate seedling return; keeping the temperature at a higher level after the tomato seedlings are grown, wherein the tomato seedlings are grown at a moderate temperature of 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 10-15 ℃ at night; the proper temperature for the growth of the eggplant is 20-30 ℃, and poor pollination and insemination can be caused when the temperature is lower than 15 ℃; the proper temperature for the growth of the sweet pepper is 25-28 ℃; the temperature of cucumber is 28-30 deg.C, the temperature at night cannot be lower than 10 deg.C, the temperature gradually rises in the middle and last ten days of 5 months, the skirt film is gradually removed, the film is removed in seedling stage, ventilated and ventilated at 9-10 hours, and the cover film is closed after 15-16 hours in afternoon;

(2) fertilizer and water management, namely after field planting and seedling returning, extracting seedling fertilizer by using thin human excrement or livestock fertilizer, ① at the first panicle fruit expansion period of 10 kg/mu of compound fertilizer, 2-3 at the beginning of the expansion period of 30 kg/mu of compound fertilizer, 4-5 at the beginning of the expansion period of 20 kg/mu of compound fertilizer, ② keeping the field moist during the whole growth period after extracting seedling fertilizer for pepper, avoiding overdrying and accumulating water, performing thin fertilizer application, performing topdressing once every two times, wherein the fertilizer amount is 10 kg/mu, the fertilizing amount is increased by 20 kg/mu during the full bearing period, and the eggplant topdressing is similar to pepper, and the cucumber is applied after two times;

(3) building a frame and pruning: the tomatoes and the cucumbers need to be inserted with bamboos to support plants and guide vines to be put on a rack, so that the fruits are benefited; the tomato needs to be pruned by a double-stem pruning method, the first lateral bud above the first flower spike is kept, and the lower axillary buds and branches are all removed; leaving the first flower and the 1 st branch below the fruit of the eggplant, and removing all the other branches; the sweet peppers are very regular in flowering and fruiting, and under the conditions of over-vigorous growth, flowering and fruiting and small plant growth vigor, the upper flowers and fruits are removed, so that the normal growth of the lower flowers and fruits is facilitated;

(4) flower and fruit retention: in spring, the temperature is low, the tomato, the first ear flower and the second ear flower need to use hormone to preserve flowers and fruits so as to improve the early-stage yield, and the flower stalks are dotted by using 40PPM of anti-falling element; the eggplant is spotted 1-2 days before blooming or is sprayed with 15 PPM; the pepper is also sprayed with the anti-falling essence;

the treatment of flower and fruit retention is carried out at the temperature below 15 ℃ and above 15 ℃, and no treatment is needed when the illumination is sufficient; the concentration is strictly controlled and not too high so as to avoid side effects;

the season and variety of the summer vegetable after the late cultivation in autumn and winter are as follows:

(1) sowing tomatoes in the first ten days of 7 months, planting the tomatoes in the last ten days of 8 months to 9 months, and harvesting the tomatoes in the 10-12 months; the variety is Zhejiang hybrid No. 7, Zaofeng;

(2) cucumber: directly seeding in 7 months to 8 months, and harvesting in 9 months to 11 months; selecting Jinyan No. 4, Jinchun No. 4, autumn cucumber No. 1 and Xiafeng;

(3) autumn tomato, flowers that bloom before 9 middle ten days, often fall due to over-high temperature at night, while flowers that bloom after 10 months are not easy to set fruit due to low temperature; therefore, 10-15 PPM of anti-falling agent is needed to spray flowers, or 40PPM of anti-falling agent is needed to coat flower stalks to prevent flower and fruit falling.

5. The greenhouse vegetable early-maturing efficient cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, the physiological disorder and the corrective measure for greenhouse cultivation are specifically as follows:

1) high temperature physiological disorders: the main expression influences flower bud differentiation, for example, the male flowers of cucumbers increase under high-temperature long sunlight, and the female flowers are reduced in differentiation; when tomato and pepper flower buds are differentiated, flowers become small and the development is poor when the tomato and pepper flower buds are subjected to high temperature;

① Ribes nigrum, which is the main symptom that the color of the leaves turns to milky white in the early stage and finally turns yellow and withers;

② flower and fruit dropping, abnormal fruit appearing, high temperature, especially night high temperature not only delays female flower differentiation of first inflorescence of tomato, but also influences normal physiological function of stamen, and can not pollinate normally, causing flower and fruit dropping;

③ influences normal pigment formation, wherein the high temperature damage in the fruit maturation period is manifested by poor coloring, when the tomato is mature, the temperature is over 30 ℃, lycopene is slowly formed, when the temperature is over 35 ℃, lycopene is difficult to form, and the fruit has yellow and red variegated fruits;

and (4) preventive measures: mainly enhances ventilation and lowers the temperature of the leaf surface; covering with a sunshade net or spraying with cold water to reduce the temperature of the shed;

2) physiological disorder of toxic gas

Ammonia poisoning: when ammonia gas reaches the concentration of 0.1% -0.8% in the air, vegetables can be damaged, and if the temperature is high in sunny days and the ammonia gas volatilization concentration is high, cucumber plants can die in 1-2 hours;

and (4) control measures: the organic fertilizer needs to be fully cooked and applied in a rotting way, and the fertilizer needs to be applied frequently in a small amount;

the typical physiological disorder symptoms and corrective measures of the cucumbers and the tomatoes are as follows:

1) the cucumber vines grow excessively; topping the flowers, shortening internodes near the growing point to form a flower cluster with male and female heterozygosis, and enabling the top ends of the melon seedlings not to generate heart leaves and to present head-holding flowers; etiolated leaves and acute wilting;

the reason for this is: applying nitrogen fertilizer partially; low temperature in early spring, large temperature difference between day and night, insufficient sunlight, poor root system activity and insufficient soil nutrients during seedling culture;

and (4) control measures: transplanting in due time, and covering a small arched shed in the early stage to increase the temperature; ventilation and air exchange are enhanced, fertilizer application is correct, and moisture, temperature and sunlight are managed;

2) malformed fruits of cucumbers and tomatoes

The tomato is over-nutritious in the flowering period and over-rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and especially in winter or early spring, malformed fruits can appear when the tomato encounters low temperature of 6-8 ℃ for several days before and after flower bud differentiation, and the tomato is treated by hormone with over-high concentration, or the temperature is low during the treatment, the illumination is insufficient, the air is dry, or the nutritional condition is extremely poor.

6. The method for cultivating greenhouse vegetables early and efficiently as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fourth step,

action of sunshade covering for greenhouse

(1) Shading effect: the sun-shading net obviously reduces the illumination intensity in the shed, the larger the density specification is, the better the sun-shading effect is, and the black color with the same specification is better than the silver gray sun-shading effect; the shading rate of black is 42-65%, and the silver gray is 30-42%;

(2) cooling: the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced due to the covering of the sunshade net, particularly the temperature reduction amplitude of a ground surface and a soil cultivation layer is maximum, the temperature of the upper part of the greenhouse is as high as 37-40 ℃ when 10 am and 2 pm, the temperature around a ground surface plant is 22-26 ℃, and the temperature of the soil is 18-22 ℃, so that the greenhouse is suitable for the growth of crops;

3) preserving soil moisture and preventing rainstorm: the evaporation in the greenhouse is reduced, the water content of the soil is higher than that of the open field, and the surface soil is wet; the sunshade net has certain mechanical strength and density, can decompose rainstorm into fine rain, avoids vegetable leaves from being damaged by the rainstorm, is not easy to harden soil, has large void degree, and is covered by a plastic film of the greenhouse.