CN107211717B - Method for planting early-spring muskmelons-autumn and winter strawberries in sunlight greenhouse - Google Patents
Method for planting early-spring muskmelons-autumn and winter strawberries in sunlight greenhouse Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of vegetable cultivation, and particularly relates to an organic ecotype substrate cultivation high-efficiency planting method for early spring melons, autumn strawberries and winter strawberries in a sunlight greenhouse. The selection of the sunlight greenhouse strawberry substrate cultivation crops in autumn and winter can effectively solve the problems of insufficient illumination, low temperature, high humidity and the like in the greenhouse, which are caused by continuous haze weather, and the difficulty of reaching the light and temperature conditions required by fruits, vegetables and vegetables. The innovative mode of the organic ecotype substrate cultivation planting mode of the solar greenhouse early spring melons and the autumn and winter strawberries' fruit and vegetable crop rotation can achieve the purposes of high quality, high yield and high benefit. The problems of high multiple cropping index, continuous cropping obstacle, soil salinization and the like can be effectively solved by selecting the substrate for cultivation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of vegetable cultivation, and particularly relates to an organic ecotype substrate cultivation high-efficiency planting method for early spring melons, autumn strawberries and winter strawberries in a sunlight greenhouse.
Background
With the continuous deep adjustment of the industrial structure of the province in Hebei, the production area of vegetables is rapidly increased, the total area of the vegetables in the province in 2013 is 2026 ten thousand mu, the production area of facility vegetables reaches 1019 ten thousand mu, and the total area accounts for 50 percent of the total area of the vegetables. The production of different types of facility vegetables such as sunlight greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, medium and small arched sheds and the like is continuously developed towards the directions of scale, standardization, intensification and industrialization, but the development trend of the industrialization is easy to cause the problems of single production mode of the facility vegetables, high multiple cropping index, serious continuous cropping obstacle and the like in a certain period. Particularly, the times of haze and continuous cloudy and snowy weather in autumn and winter are more, particularly, the haze weather in Jizhong and south in recent years is increasingly aggravated, and the production of overwintering fruits and vegetables has great potential safety hazards. Facility types and modes are mostly along with local production trend, planting modes are random, matching technology is deficient, characteristics are lacked, and bad weather ability for coping with haze and the like is lacked, so that the risk of adversity cultivation is increased, and waste of light and temperature resources is caused.
Facility vegetable production in our province is mainly solar greenhouse production, and in recent years, the trend that haze is increased continuously in autumn and winter brings serious influence to facility vegetable production, and the influence of haze weather on illumination becomes one of the most serious influence factors for fruit and vegetable production in winter and spring of facility vegetables. If the regional climate conditions cannot be fully and reasonably utilized and the facility vegetables cannot be subjected to mode optimized production, the problems of reduced production safety, increased production cost, reduced product quality, serious environmental pollution and the like of the facility vegetables cannot be avoided. For example, fruit and vegetable cultivation in overwintering and long seasons mainly aims at the markets of Yuan Dan and spring festival, and really brings great benefit to vegetable farmers, but in continuous haze weather, the illumination in a greenhouse is insufficient, the temperature is low, the humidity is high, the light temperature condition required by fruit and vegetable vegetables is difficult to achieve, the pest and disease damage is rampant, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hormones and the like is caused, and the potential safety hazard of products and the pollution opportunity of soil resources are increased. The strawberries are fond of warm and cool climate, the overground parts of the strawberries begin to grow when the temperature reaches 5 ℃, and the proper temperature is 15-25 ℃. The root system starts to move at 2 ℃, the growth temperature is 5-30 ℃, the temperature is proper 15-22 ℃, and the cultivation is more suitable than fruit and vegetable cultivation in haze weather.
At present, the research on the haze weather coping with facility vegetable cultivation focuses on a single technology. The facility type, the planting mode and the ecological area are combined, and the planting mode is matched with a key technology, so that the technical scheme for responding the haze weather of the system is formed, and no report is found in research. The vegetable planting mode and the matched key technology are integrated according to the light and temperature conditions of different agricultural ecological areas in Hebei province. By adjusting the planting mode, saving energy, supplementing light, resisting stress, preventing diseases by a physical and biological method and the like, research on the technical scheme of integrally coping with facility vegetable safety production under the poor haze weather conditions in autumn, winter and spring is developed, the capacity of coping with haze weather is improved, and the safety production of the facility vegetables is ensured.
The facility vegetable production mode is planned by the economic crop research institute of academy of agriculture and forestry in Hebei province aiming at the light and temperature conditions in different areas of our province, the research of the overall coping scheme of facility vegetable production aiming at haze weather is carried out, and the research of the key technology for coping with haze weather is carried out by adjusting the planting mode. From a production mode to a matched key technology, on the premise of high quality and safety, the safety problem of agricultural products caused by soil-borne diseases, hormones, pesticides and the like in the production of facility vegetables is reduced, a set of efficient facility vegetable planting mode coping scheme for coping with the influence of haze weather is formed, and the efficient facility vegetable planting mode coping scheme has considerable urgency and necessity and is also a premise and a foundation for ensuring the benign and healthy sustainable development of the facility vegetable industry in our province.
The patent of 'a strawberry cultivation method for preventing gray mold' with publication number CN106688598A discloses a strawberry cultivation method for preventing gray mold, wherein the soil for planting strawberries is planted with ginger in the first season. The garlic and the strawberries or the ginger and the strawberries are intercropped, light, heat, water and fertilizer resources of the two crops in time and space are fully utilized, meanwhile, root secretion of the ginger and the garlic has a certain inhibiting effect on plant pathogens, the intercropping planting mode fully utilizes the growth advantages of the strawberries and the ginger or the strawberries, makes up for deficiencies of the strawberry, controls the gray mold effect of the strawberries to reach 40-60%, and has popularization potential and value and good implementation effect.
The publication number is CN105409498A 'a planting method of melons', which discloses a planting method of melons, comprising the following steps: the planting method can ensure the rich organic matter content of the root system and the nutrient reserve of the whole growth period, can increase the soil fluffiness and nutrient adsorption, has good slow release effect, and can ensure the perfect growth of the root to be the basis of the high yield of the whole plant and finally only needs to be properly sprayed for topdressing according to the transplanted condition.
The high-efficiency planting mode of substrate cultivation of early spring melons, autumn and winter strawberries in a sunlight greenhouse is not provided. Therefore, the invention creation of the high-efficiency planting mode 'sunlight greenhouse early spring melon-autumn and winter strawberry matrix cultivation high-efficiency planting mode' for coping with haze weather has important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical key of the organic ecotype substrate cultivation high-efficiency planting mode of early spring melons, autumn and winter strawberries in the sunlight greenhouse is as follows: the selection of the sunlight greenhouse strawberry substrate cultivation crops in autumn and winter can effectively solve the problems of insufficient illumination, low temperature, high humidity and the like in the greenhouse, which are caused by continuous haze weather, and the difficulty of reaching the light and temperature conditions required by fruits, vegetables and vegetables. The innovative mode of the organic ecotype substrate cultivation high-efficiency planting mode of early spring melons in sunlight greenhouses and strawberries in autumn and winter is characterized in that the fruit and vegetable crop rotation can achieve the purposes of high quality, high yield and high benefit. The problems of high multiple cropping index, continuous cropping obstacle, soil salinization and the like can be effectively solved by selecting the substrate for cultivation.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for planting early spring melons, autumn and winter strawberries in a sunlight greenhouse comprises the following steps:
(1) infrastructure
Cultivation trough
The width of the cultivation groove is 70cm, the planting depth is 30-35cm, the length is determined according to the span of the facility, the groove interval is 80cm, the cultivation groove can be of an overground or semi-overground type, and the cultivation groove can be constructed by bricks or polyvinyl chloride plates. The bottom layer in the groove is firstly paved with slag with the diameter of 0.5-2cm and the thickness of about 5cm, which plays a role of draining water and prevents root systems from penetrating into soil, and a layer of high-density permeable non-woven fabric is paved on the slag to isolate the matrix, the slag and the soil.
② culture medium
The technical indexes of the matrix are as follows: the organic matter and inorganic matter in the culture medium are prepared according to the proportion of 1:1, and the volume weight of the medium is 0.35g/cm3-0.5g/cm3Maximum water holding capacity 150% -240%, totalThe porosity is 65-85%, the PH value is 6.3-7.4, and the thickness of the matrix is about 30 cm. The slag particle diameter of the bottom drainage layer is 0.5cm-2.0cm, and the thickness is 5cm-10 cm.
Thirdly, selecting the substrate configuration material
The substrate has wide material selection range, and local materials which are rich, easy to obtain and low in price can be selected as raw materials for preparing the substrate according to local conditions, such as waste mushroom materials, corn straws, wheat straws, turf and the like, and are decomposed at high temperature for later use.
Proportioning of matrix
The matrix proportion can be as follows: peat, 1:1 of vermiculite; 1:1 of waste mushroom material vermiculite; waste mushroom material, corn straw, vermiculite and the like in a ratio of 1:1: 2.
Fifthly, laying the substrate
The coarse substrate is mainly used for isolation drainage, and furnace slag, gravel and the like with the diameter of 0.5-2cm are selected and laid on the bottommost layer. And paving a permeable non-woven fabric made of high-strength corrosion-resistant materials, and isolating the culture medium from the coarse medium and the soil, wherein the length is determined according to the length of the culture tank. And finally, laying a culture medium 10cm away from the upper edge of the culture groove, and replacing once in 3-5 years.
Equipment for irrigation
The porous polyethylene micro-spraying belt for irrigation is characterized in that 2 micro-spraying belts are placed in each cultivation groove and are placed in the cultivation grooves, the distance between the 2 micro-spraying belts is 40cm, the water outlet mode is bidirectional micro-spraying, a valve is arranged in front of each micro-spraying belt to control the size of water outlet, and a pipeline pressure pump needs to be additionally arranged when the water amount is insufficient to ensure the micro-spraying effect.
(2) Arranging stubble gaps:
seedling the muskmelon in early spring in the last 12 months, planting in the early 3 months, beginning harvesting in the first 5 months, and finishing harvesting in the first 7 months; and (3) field planting strawberries from 8 th ten days to 9 th ten days, starting harvesting in the middle and last 12 th months, ending harvesting at the beginning of 3 months, and field planting melons.
The key technology for cultivating early-spring melons comprises the following steps:
(1) variety selection
The early spring melon in the sunlight greenhouse should be selected from early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant varieties. The thin-skin melon is selected from leopard spot king, lianhua 1548, flower bud, Jiuqing honey, Tang sweet No. 10, and the like.
(2) Seedling raising
Seed soaking and germination accelerating: soaking seeds in warm water of 55 ℃ before sowing, pouring the seeds into water, continuously stirring until the water temperature is reduced to below 30 ℃, soaking for 4-6 hours, washing the soaked seeds with clean water for 2-3 times, wrapping the seeds with gauze, accelerating germination at the temperature of 28-30 ℃, elutriating for 1 time in the morning and at the evening by the warm water of 30 ℃ respectively, and sowing after the seeds are exposed to the white. Seeding and raising seedlings by using a 72-hole standard plug tray in a greenhouse, wherein the seedling raising substrate is a commodity substrate or a waste mushroom material: the volume ratio of vermiculite is 2:1, the fertilizing amount of the substrate is 4.0 kg/m of chicken manure3And 2.5 kg/m compound fertilizer3Wherein the mass ratio of N to P to K in the compound fertilizer is 15 to 15. Attention is paid to firstly spraying and thoroughly watering the hole disc and then sowing.
(3) Management of seedling stage
After seedling emergence, the temperature is kept between 25 and 30 ℃ in the daytime, between 16 and 18 ℃ at night and the relative humidity of the substrate is about 80 percent. When the seedling culture temperature and light are insufficient in winter, 8W/m2 blue-violet LED lamps can be used for light supplement, and the geothermal wires with the interval of 8-12cm are used for heating. After seedlings come out completely, 600 times of Jinlei and 1000 times of Dakening are sprayed to prevent and control the diseases in the seedling stage, and the diseases in the seedling stage are controlled for 2-3 times in winter.
(4) Planting
Application of base fertilizer
Applying base fertilizer before field planting, wherein each 667m of the culture medium23000-5000 kg of fully-rotten organic fertilizer, 25kg of compound fertilizer with the ratio of N to P to K being 15:15:15 and 5kg of calcium superphosphate are broadcast.
② fixed planting method
And selecting strong sweet melon seedlings with regular and consistent sizes and no diseases and insect pests, setting the values outside the two micro-spraying belts, wherein the row spacing is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm. Fixed value post-watering field planting water, 20m watering per mu3。
(5) Management of field
Temperature and light management
After field planting, the temperature is controlled to be 30-35 ℃ in the daytime and is controlled to be more than 15 ℃ at night; after seedling is delayed (about 7 days), closing the window and keeping the temperature when the temperature is 25-30 ℃ in daytime and is lower than 20 ℃, and keeping the temperature at night to be about 12-15 ℃. And maintaining the relative humidity below 80%.
Management of fertilizer application
Fertilizing when the melons begin to grow to walnut size after sitting, applying 30 kg/mu of water-soluble fertilizer of a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer N, P, K20-10-25, after about 30 days, entering a second melon growing period, and topdressing for the second time according to the growth condition of the first melons, wherein 30kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu. During the period, a small amount of additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth vigor of plants and the fruit expansion condition.
Water management
7 days after setting, watering the seedling-reviving water, 15m per mu3One water can be poured for 12m per mu according to the moisture content of the matrix when blooming3Watering is not carried out after the left and right parts of the plant till the melon is enlarged, and 15m is watered per mu when the relative humidity of the matrix is lower than 50 percent3The humidity of the matrix is kept at 70-80%, and water can be watered according to the moisture content of the matrix before the water is fertilized for the second time, so as to ensure the relative humidity of the matrix.
Adjusting plants
The vine is hung in time when the leaves are 5-7, and the vine can be hung by using the vine hanging clamp. The muskmelon is mainly characterized in that the seeds and the vines are used as the seeds and the vines, generally, the seeds and the vines below 5-7 are removed in time according to different variety characteristics, the seeds and the vines are observed on the seeds and the vines with strong melon embryos, 1 melon is left on one seed and the core is picked after 1 blade is left behind a young melon, and if the young melon does not exist or the young melon is not strong, the whole seed and the vine can be removed. 5 melons are continuously remained. The second batch of melons begins to be reserved around section 20, and 3-4 melons are continuously reserved.
Pollination
Bumblebee or bee can be used for pollination, and the bumblebee pollination is that 1 group of bumblebees per mu is put into a sweet melon shed when 20% of plants bloom. During the period of putting the bumblebee in, the insecticide can not be applied, if the bumblebee needs to be used, the bumblebee needs to be put into the beehive in advance to take out the bumblebee, and the bumblebee needs to be put in again when the environment in the greenhouse can not cause damage to the bumblebee.
Sixth, the thinning melon
When the melons grow to the walnut size, the melon thinning can be carried out according to the plant growth vigor and the fruit setting sequence, the deformed melons, the cracked melons and the over-large and over-small melons can be thinned, the young melons with uniform size and regular fruit shape can be reserved, 3-4 melons can be reserved in the first crop, and 2-3 melons can be reserved in the second crop.
(6) Pest control
Main diseases and pests
The diseases of melon in seedling stage are damping off, blight, downy mildew, epidemic disease, powdery mildew and the like; the insect pests include Bemisia tabaci, aphids, leaf miners, red spiders and the like.
② principle of prevention and cure
Prevention is mainly carried out, comprehensive prevention and control are taken as a prevention and control principle, ecological prevention and control such as physical prevention and control, agricultural prevention and control, biological prevention and control and the like are mainly carried out, and chemical prevention and control are taken as assistance.
③ ecological prevention and cure
Selecting a stress-resistant and disease-resistant variety, and culturing strong seedlings; field management is enhanced, and disease occurrence conditions are reduced by measures such as ventilation, dehumidification, temperature rise and the like; the disease sources are reduced by crop rotation and stubble replacement; performing pest control by using a biological agent; is adopted every 667m indoors2And (3) hanging 30-40 yellow sticky trap plates to trap and kill whiteflies and aphids. The high-temperature shed closing is carried out in summer to disinfect the environment and the matrix in the facility, so as to comprehensively prevent and treat the plant diseases and insect pests.
Chemical prevention and cure
The high-efficiency low-toxicity low-residue chemical pesticide is used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests. 68% of metalaxyl-M-Mn-Zn (Jinlei) granule 600-fold liquid, or 25% of azoxystrobin (amisida) suspension 1500-fold liquid, or 64% of oxadixyl (alum-killing) liquid 500-fold liquid, or 72% of propamocarb (propake) liquid 800-fold liquid is adopted for spray control at the initial stage of damping-off, downy mildew and epidemic diseases. The downy mildew can be controlled by 600 times of fluorine bacterium propamocarb liquid of Germany Bayer company. 5000-6000 times of 20% acetamiprid wettable powder is adopted in the larval stage of bemisia tabaci and aphids, and 2500-3000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder is adopted in the adult stage of the aphids for spraying. The disease is prevented and treated for 1 time in 7-10 days.
The key technology for cultivating strawberries in autumn and winter:
(1) variety selection
The autumn and winter strawberries are selected from red-color, Jingzang, Jingtao, sweet charm and the like which have strong disease resistance, good taste, good fruit commodity and strong disease resistance.
(2) Cultivating strong seedlings of suitable age
The strawberry is propagated in a manner that stolon seedlings formed by the mother plant are taken as the seedling. Seedling propagation: in last 4 months of each year, after land preparation and fertilization, the stock plants are planted in open field with row spacing of 150cm and plant spacing of 50cm, sufficient water is poured during planting, water for seedling recovery is poured once after seedling recovery, and intertillage is carried out at proper time. The inflorescence generated after the stock plant survives is removed in time, so that the nutrition is conveniently accumulated, and when the stolons are extracted from the stock plant, the pressure is timely induced to promote the rooting. Or guiding the stolons to a plug with 50 holes, fixing the seedlings on the plug substrate by using a special clamp, and cutting off the stolons after the stolons are rooted.
(3) Selecting and planting
The standard of seedling selection is that the root system is developed, the petiole is thick and short, the length is about 15cm, the thickness is about 0.3cm, and the mature leaf is more than 4. The strawberry field planting time depends on the temperature and the time of coming into the market, and the strawberry field planting is generally carried out from late 8 months to late 9 months. Planting in the cultivation tank with planting distance of 15-20cm, planting depth being equal to the seedling core and ground surface, deep without burying core and shallow without exposing root, and watering bottom water. During planting, the bow back of the seedling is arranged to be laterally outside the ridge, so that the extracted inflorescence faces the outer side of the cultivation groove, management and harvesting are convenient, and meanwhile, the illumination is good, and the color and luster of fruits are good. After planting, watering the root fixing water thoroughly, watering the root fixing water once a day within 3d after planting when meeting drought, and then gradually reducing the root fixing water.
(4) Management of growing period
And (3) insulating and covering a film: when the outside temperature is reduced to 10-15 ℃, a film is covered in time for greenhouse heat preservation, after 10 days, a black mulching film is covered on the surface of the cultivation bed to improve the ground temperature, promote the growth of the strawberries and reduce the occurrence of diseases in winter.
Temperature and humidity management: the temperature of the whole shed period should be controlled at 22-28 ℃ in the daytime, preferably not lower than 8 ℃ at night, especially in the flowering fruiting period, if the temperature in the daytime exceeds 28 ℃, the air should be released in time for adjustment, otherwise the pollen development, pollination and fertilization are affected, and the fruit quality is affected. When the highest temperature in the white ceiling is lower than 10 ℃, the ceiling can be sealed and insulated, and when the temperature is higher than 10 ℃, proper ventilation and dehumidification are required, so that continuous ventilation for multiple days is forbidden. Even in the coldest winter months, ventilation and dehumidification are necessary.
And (3) water and fertilizer management: sufficient base fertilizer is applied before field planting, 5 parts of organic fertilizer per mu and 50kg of compound fertilizer are applied, top dressing is started when the top inflorescence is about to bud, the top dressing is started when the top inflorescence fruits are expanded, the top dressing is performed for the second time at the later stage of harvesting the top inflorescence fruits, and the top dressing is performed for the third time at intervals of 15-20 days for 1 time. 15kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer each time. Water is not needed to be added before flowering so as to avoid reducing the ground temperature. After a large amount of strawberries are fruited, a large amount of water needs to be poured at the moment, the additional fertilization and the water pouring can be carried out in a combined mode, the judgment can be carried out according to the water content of the matrix, and the determination can be carried out according to whether the water spitting phenomenon exists in the early morning of the leaves.
Bee pollination: the flowering period of the grass poison greenhouse cultivation is just in autumn and winter, the temperature in the greenhouse is low, the humidity is high, the number of insects is small, the pollination is poor, and the yield and the benefit of the strawberries are affected. Therefore, by adopting the bee pollination technology, the product quality can be obviously improved, the fruit setting rate and the yield can be improved, and the bees are generally put when the strawberries bloom, and the bee pollination is only 1 case of bees per mu.
(5) Pest control
In the cultivation of strawberries in a greenhouse, diseases which mainly harm strawberries comprise powdery mildew, gray mold and the like, the strawberry pests mainly comprise aphids, red spiders and the like, and the prevention and the control of the strawberry pests mainly follow the principle of prevention as main and comprehensive prevention and control, and the method mainly focuses on the following points of reasonable close planting and high ridge cultivation and adopts drip irrigation under the film; removing diseased old leaves in time; strengthening management, enhancing the growth vigor of plants, not applying nitrogen fertilizer partially, paying attention to ventilation and reducing humidity; the medicament is used for preventing and treating the symptom and is scientifically applied.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
the main advantages of this planting mode are: in the traditional cultivation mode, fruit vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers and the like are generally planted in a solar greenhouse for winter production, the vegetables need higher temperature and illumination compared with leaf vegetables, if continuous low-temperature weak light in winter is encountered, the vegetables are difficult to safely live through winter, and strawberries are resistant to low-temperature weak light. The strawberry substrate in the sunlight greenhouse is selected for cultivation in autumn and winter, so that the problems that the light and temperature conditions required by fruits and vegetables are difficult to reach due to insufficient illumination, low temperature, high humidity and the like in the greenhouse caused by continuous haze weather can be effectively solved; in the traditional mode, leafy vegetables can be selected for overwintering production, but the benefit is far less than that of strawberries, so that the fruit and vegetable rotation in the sunlight greenhouse early spring melon-autumn and winter strawberry organic ecological matrix cultivation efficient planting mode can achieve the purposes of high quality, high yield and high benefit; the selective substrate cultivation can effectively solve a series of problems caused by continuous cropping obstacles, such as soil-borne diseases, soil salinization and the like.
Detailed Description
EXAMPLE 1 screening of melon Low-cost culture substrate
1. Physical and chemical property determination and cost accounting of soilless culture substrate of muskmelon
Matrix material: straw, furnace slag, cottonseed hull, grass carbon, vermiculite, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer
The test varieties are: flower bud and long-time green honey
The test method comprises the following steps:
raw materials such as grass carbon, straws, waste mushroom materials, vermiculite, furnace ash and the like are prepared into 8 culture media according to different components and different proportions, and the main components of the different media are as follows: the No. 1 substrate turf comprises 1:1 vermiculite, 1:1 (a layer of corn straw is laid under the substrate), 1:1: 3 substrate corn straw, 1:1: 3 furnace slag, 1:1: 4 substrate cottonseed hull, 1:1: 5 substrate turf, 1:1: 6 substrate cottonseed hull, 1:1: 7 substrate corn straw, 1:2: 1: 8 substrate cottonseed hull, 1:1: 2: 8 straw charcoal. In the growth process of the vegetables, matrix standard samples completely consistent with the growth environment are taken, and the physical and chemical properties are respectively measured.
1.1 physicochemical Properties and cost analysis of the substrate
The volume weight, total porosity, pH value and conductivity of the 8 composite matrixes are in proper ranges (table 2), and the 8 composite matrixes can meet the requirements of most of vegetable cultivation in terms of 4 indexes of volume weight, total porosity, pH value and conductivity. The pore ratio reflects the water retention capacity of the substrate, the pore ratio of the substrate III is larger and further increased along with the continuous degradation of the straws, and the water retention capacity is worse and worse, so the substrate is not suitable for being used as a culture substrate. The size and the porosity ratio of the matrix IV are large but the components are stable, and the problem of poor water holding capacity of the matrix is solved by timely supplementing water in practical application; the ratio of the size of the pores of the matrix I to the size of the matrix II is smaller, the water holding capacity is strong, but the ventilation capacity is slightly poor.
The economic benefit determines the scale and the speed of the soilless culture production development, the substrate culture is the culture mode with the least investment in the soilless culture, but the prices of various substrates are greatly different. Some substrate crops can grow well, but the substrate crops cannot be selected because the source is not easy, the transportation is difficult and the price is higher. The crop residues or organic wastes are used as the substrate material in the soilless culture to replace the common substrate materials such as turf, rock wool and the like in production, so that the production cost can be reduced. In addition to substrate III, the cost difference of the 7 substrates that can be used is large. Wherein the matrix IV, the matrix VI and the matrix VII have lower cost (52.5-60.0 yuan/m)3) Compared with the substrate II (conventional substrate), the cost is reduced by about 60 percent, and the raw materials are easy to obtain, thus being the soilless culture solid substrate which is more suitable for popularization and application.
Physicochemical Properties and cost of the soil-less culture composite media in Table 18
Example 2 technical test for light supplement of melon seedlings under low-temperature and low-light conditions in winter
The test is carried out in winter 2014 and winter 2015, the type of light supplement equipment is initially tested in 2014, three types of light supplement lamps such as an LED (light emitting diode) and a high-pressure sodium lamp and a symphony plant growth lamp are used for supplementing light, the light supplement mode is that the light supplement lamps are turned on 6: 30-8: 30 each day early, the light supplement is carried out by uncovering a straw mat at 8:30, and the light supplement is carried out at 4: 30-6: 30 in the afternoon (the light is covered with the straw mat after 4:30 in the afternoon), and if the weather is cloudy or snowy, the light supplement lamps are turned on all day long; the height of the lamp is 1m from the plug seedlings; and the light supplementing period is the light supplementing period when the vegetable seedling cotyledon is unfolded.
The type of the test crop is muskmelon, and the variety of the muskmelon is flower buds;
strong seedling index (thick stem 10)-2cm/height) plant dry weight 1000 mg; g value (growth function) is plant dry weight/days of nursery.
Repeated tests are carried out in 2015 on the basis of winter tests in 2014, light supplement effects of different light supplement types are verified, meanwhile, tests for influencing the light supplement effects by the distance of a light supplement lamp are carried out, and the distance of the light supplement lamp to seedlings is designed to be 40cm, 70cm and 100 cm; the light supplement time is the same as above. And simultaneously, the density of the light supplement lamp is preliminarily tested. The test crop was melon, variety "flower bud", results are shown in table 2:
1. different light supplement lamps are used for treating the growth vigor of the sweet melon seedlings:
the plant height is best treated by an LED lamp, the height of the LED and the high-pressure sodium lamp reaches a remarkable level compared with the consoling plant growth lamp and the control, the stem is thick, the dry and fresh weight of the overground part is high, the dry and fresh weight of the underground part is high, the weight of the leaf area is the highest by the LED lamp and the high-pressure sodium lamp, and the leaf area reaches a remarkable level compared with the control and the consoling plant growth lamp; the strong seedling rate is also highest. By integrating various indexes, the LED lamp has the best light supplementing effect, and the high-pressure sodium lamp has an unobvious application effect of the plant growth lamp.
TABLE 2 Effect of different fill-in lights on melon seedlings
2. Experiment of light supplement effect of different light supplement lamps and different light supplement lamp densities in 2015
(1) Seedling raising effect test of different light supplement lamps
On the basis of 2014 test, 2015 test is repeated for influences of different light supplement lamps on quality of vegetable seedlings in winter, and results are shown in the following table
TABLE 3 different fill-in lamp densities and powers
TABLE 4 Effect of different light supplement lamps on melon seedlings
As can be seen from the table above, the plant height, the stem chlorophyll, the leaf length and the leaf width content of the melon seedlings are higher than those of the control by applying various light supplement lamps, and the strong seedling rate of the melon seedlings is effectively improved, which is consistent with the fruit bearing in 2014; the results in the table show that the light supplement effects of different LEDs are different, and the analysis reason is that the power of the LED lamp strip is 144 watts, the power of the LED full-light lamp is 50 watts, and the power of the LED blue-violet lamp is 36 watts.
(2) Influence of different light supplement distances on seedling growth
TABLE 5 influence of different fill-in distances on the growth of seedlings
The experiment is mainly used for researching the influence of different light supplement distances on the growth condition of the seedlings. Aims to find out a proper light supplementing distance and improve the greenhouse seedling raising environment in winter. Aiming at the weather characteristic of low temperature and little illumination in winter, the artificial light supplement is properly carried out on the seedlings, the illumination is improved, and the seedlings can well grow in severe cold winter. The numerical values corresponding to the 4 indexes of leaf age, plant height, leaf length and leaf width are T3> T2> T1 from large to small, namely, the plant height, the leaf length, the leaf width and the stem thickness of the seedling are all the maximum values along with the gradual reduction of the distance. When the distance is 40cm, the plant height is not significant, the difference between T3 and T2 is significant, the difference between T2 and T1 is significant but not very significant, and the difference between T3 and T1 reaches a very significant level. The stems were thick, the differences between the three treatments reached significant levels, and the differences between T3 and the other two treatments reached very significant levels. The differences between the three treatments reach a significant level, and the differences between T3 and the other two treatments reach a very significant level. Chlorophyll, T3 melon seedlings had the highest chlorophyll value and reached a very significant level of difference from the remaining two treatments. Therefore, when the light supplementing distance is 40cm, the growth vigor of the melon seedlings is good, the strong seedling rate is high, and the thickness-height ratio is maximum. The closer the light source is to the seedling, the larger the light absorption of the seedling is, the stronger the photosynthesis is, the more organic matters are generated, and the more beneficial the robust growth of the seedling is.
Example 3 melon variety screening
TABLE 6 comparison of the quality of different melon varieties
The flower bud is large in fruit shape, the sugar content is highest, the medium sugar content reaches 15.4%, the hardness is minimum, and the taste is crisp, sweet and super-sweet. The sugar content of the lianhua 1518 is second to that of a flower bud, the meat is thick, and the mouth feel is crisp and sweet. Secondly, the bigger variety of the fruit type is the panther king, the thickness of the melon flesh is larger, the sugar content is lower, and the taste is sweet.
Example 4 strawberry breed selection
TABLE 7 investigation of biological traits of different strawberry varieties
The red-colored plants have the highest height, the longer leaves and the wider leaves, the strawberry has the most number of fruits, and the number of the fruits is 2 times of that of other varieties. And the number of the red strawberries and other varieties reach a remarkable level.
TABLE 8 investigation of quality index of different strawberry varieties
Comparing the quality of the strawberry fruits: the content of soluble solid in the red face is the highest, the Beijing Tibetan incense is 20 percent lower than the red face, and the red star is 47 percent lower than the red face. The red color has moderate hardness, and the comprehensive evaluation taste is better.
And (3) economic benefit analysis: the solar greenhouse early spring melon-autumn and winter strawberry organic ecotype substrate cultivation high-efficiency planting mode has the annual benefit of 5-6 ten thousand yuan, and the traditional planting mode such as the solar greenhouse early spring melon-autumn and winter tomato has the annual benefit of 4-5 ten thousand yuan, so that the economic benefit of the invention of the high-efficiency planting mode is improved by about 1 ten thousand yuan compared with the conventional mode, the benefit is considerable, and the significance is great.
Claims (1)
1. A method for planting early spring melons, autumn and winter strawberries in a sunlight greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) infrastructure
Cultivation trough
The width of the cultivation groove is 70cm, the planting depth is 30-35cm, the length is determined according to the span of the facility, the groove interval is 80cm, the cultivation groove can be of an overground or semi-overground type, and can be constructed by bricks or polyvinyl chloride plates; firstly, paving slag with the diameter of 0.5-2cm and the thickness of 5cm on the bottom layer in the groove, and paving a layer of high-density water-permeable non-woven fabric on the slag;
② culture medium
The technical indexes of the matrix are as follows: the organic matter and inorganic matter in the culture medium are prepared according to the proportion of 1:1, and the volume weight of the medium is 0.35g/cm3-0.5g/cm3150 to 240 percent of maximum water holding capacity, 65 to 85 percent of total porosity, 6.3 to 7.4 of pH value, 30cm of matrix thickness, 0.5cm to 2.0cm of bottom drainage layer slag particle size and 5cm of thickness;
(iii) substrate proportioning
The matrix is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: peat, 1:1 vermiculite, 1:1 waste mushroom material, 1:1 vermiculite or 1:1:2 waste mushroom material, 1:1 vermiculite;
fourthly, laying the substrate
Paving the slag on the bottommost layer of the cultivation tank, paving a permeable non-woven fabric made of a high-strength corrosion-resistant material, and finally paving a cultivation substrate, wherein the distance between the slag and the upper edge of the cultivation tank is 10cm, and the slag is replaced once in 3-5 years;
irrigation equipment
2 polyethylene porous micro-spraying belts are placed in each cultivation groove, the distance between the 2 micro-spraying belts is 40cm, and the water outlet mode is bidirectional micro-spraying;
(2) arranging stubble gaps:
seedling the muskmelon in early spring in the last 12 months, planting in the early 3 months, beginning harvesting in the first 5 months, and finishing harvesting in the first 7 months; planting strawberries from 8 th ten days to 9 th ten days, beginning to harvest in the middle and last 12 th months, ending to harvest at the beginning of 3 months, and planting melons;
the early spring melon cultivation:
(1) variety selection
Selecting the muskmelon of Baozhidowang, Lianhua 1548, flower bud, Jiuqing honey or Tang sweet No. 10;
(2) seedling raising
Seed soaking and germination accelerating: soaking seeds in 55 deg.C warm water before sowing, and pouring the seeds into waterStirring continuously until the water temperature is reduced to below 30 ℃, soaking for 4-6 hours, washing the soaked seeds with clear water for 2-3 times, wrapping with gauze, placing at 28-30 ℃ for germination acceleration, washing with warm water at 30 ℃ for 1 time respectively in the morning and evening during the germination acceleration process, and sowing after the seeds are exposed to the white color; seeding and raising seedlings by using a 72-hole standard plug tray in a greenhouse, wherein the seedling raising substrate is a commodity substrate or a waste mushroom material: the volume ratio of vermiculite is 2:1, the fertilizing amount of the substrate is 4.0 kg/m of chicken manure3And 2.5 kg/m compound fertilizer3Wherein the mass ratio of N to P to K in the compound fertilizer is 15 to 15;
(3) management of seedling stage
After seedling emergence, the temperature is kept between 25 and 30 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is kept between 16 and 18 ℃ at night, and the relative humidity of the substrate is 80 percent; when the temperature and light of seedling culture are insufficient in winter, 8W/m is utilized2Supplementing light by using a blue and violet LED lamp, and heating by using a geothermal wire at an interval of 8-12 cm; after seedlings come out completely, 600 times of the 1000-time Jinlei and 1000 times of the Dakening are sprayed to prevent and control the diseases in the seedling stage, and the seedling stage is carried out for 2 to 3 times in winter;
(4) planting
Application of base fertilizer
Applying base fertilizer before field planting, wherein each 667m of the culture medium2Broadcasting 3000-5000 kg of fully rotten organic fertilizer, 25kg of compound fertilizer with N, P, K and K being 15:15:15, and 5kg of calcium superphosphate;
② fixed planting method
Selecting healthy sweet melon seedlings with regular and consistent sizes and no plant diseases and insect pests, and setting the values at the outer sides of the two micro-spraying belts, wherein the row spacing is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm; fixed value post-watering field planting water, 20m watering per mu3；
(5) Management of field
Temperature and light management
After field planting, the temperature is controlled to be 30-35 ℃ in the daytime and is controlled to be more than 15 ℃ at night; after seedling delaying, closing a window for heat preservation when the temperature is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime and is lower than 20 ℃, and keeping the temperature at night to be about 12-15 ℃; and maintaining the relative humidity below 80%;
management of fertilizer application
Fertilizing when the melons begin to grow to walnut size after sitting, applying 30 kg/mu of water-soluble fertilizer of a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer N, P, K20-10-25, entering a second melon growing period after about 30 days, and topdressing for the second time according to the growth condition of the first melon, wherein 30kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu; during the period, a small amount of additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth vigor of plants and the fruit expansion condition;
water management
7 days after setting, watering the seedling-reviving water, 15m per mu3Watering 12m per mu according to the moisture content of the matrix when blooming3Watering is not carried out after the left and right parts of the plant till the melon is enlarged, and 15m is watered per mu when the relative humidity of the matrix is lower than 50 percent3The humidity of the matrix is kept between 70 and 80 percent, and small water can be poured according to the moisture content of the matrix before the water is fertilized for the second time, so that the relative humidity of the matrix is ensured;
adjusting plants
Hanging vines in time when the leaves are 5-7, and using the vine hanging clamps to hang the vines; the muskmelon is mainly characterized in that the muskmelon with the seed vines forming the muskmelon is picked off, the seed vines with robust melon embryos are observed on the seed vines with more than 5-7 sections, 1 melon is reserved on one seed vine, 1 blade is reserved behind a young melon, and then pinching is carried out, if no young melon or the young melon is not robust, the whole seed vine is removed, 5 melons are reserved continuously, the second melon is reserved at the 20 th section, and 3-4 melons are reserved continuously;
pollination
Pollinating bumble bees or bees, pollinating 1 group of bumble bees per mu by the bumble bees, and putting the bumble bees into a melon shed when 20% of plants bloom; during the period of putting the bumblebee in, the insecticide can not be applied, if the bumblebee needs to be used, the bumblebee needs to be put into a beehive in advance to be carried out, and the bumblebee needs to be put in again when the environment in the greenhouse can not cause damage to the bumblebee;
sixth, the thinning melon
When the melons grow to walnut size, removing the melons, removing malformed melons, cracked melons and excessively large and small melons according to plant growth and fruit setting sequence, reserving young melons with uniform size and regular fruit shape, reserving 3-4 melons in the first crop and reserving 2-3 melons in the second crop;
(6) pest control
Ecological prevention and control
Selecting a stress-resistant and disease-resistant variety, and culturing strong seedlings; strengthening field management, and reducing disease occurrence conditions by means of ventilation, humidity reduction and temperature increase; the disease sources are reduced by crop rotation and stubble replacement; performing pest control by using a biological agent; by adopting indoor unit667m2Hanging 30-40 yellow sticky trap plates to trap and kill whiteflies and aphids; the high-temperature shed closing is carried out in summer to disinfect the environment and the matrix in the facility, so as to comprehensively prevent and treat the plant diseases and insect pests;
chemical prevention and cure
The high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue chemical pesticide is used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests; 68% of refined metalaxyl-M-Zn manganese-zinc granules 600 times liquid, or 25% of azoxystrobin suspension 1500 times liquid, or 64% of oxadixyl water aqua 500 times liquid, or 72% of propamocarb water aqua 800 times liquid is adopted for spray prevention at the initial stage of damping-off, downy mildew and epidemic diseases; the downy mildew is controlled by 600 times of fluorine bacterium propamocarb liquid of Germany Bayer company; 5000-6000 times of 20% acetamiprid wettable powder is adopted in the larval stage of bemisia tabaci and aphids, and 2500-3000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder is adopted in the adult stage for spraying; controlling for 1 time in 7-10 days;
and (3) cultivating strawberries in autumn and winter:
(1) variety selection
Selecting strawberry in autumn and winter with red color, Jingzang fragrance, Jingtao fragrance or sweet charm;
(2) cultivating strong seedlings of suitable age
The strawberry is bred in a mode that stolon seedlings formed by the mother plants are used as the seedling; seedling propagation: in the last 4 months of each year, after land preparation and fertilization, the stock plants are planted in open field with the row spacing of 150cm and the plant spacing of 50cm, sufficient water is poured during planting, one-time seedling-recovering water is poured after seedling recovery, and intertillage is carried out timely; the inflorescence generated after the stock plant survives is removed in time, so that the nutrition is conveniently accumulated, and when the stolons are extracted from the stock plant, the pressure is timely induced to promote the rooting;
or guiding the stolons to a plug with 50 holes, fixing the seedlings on a plug substrate by using a special clamp, and cutting off the stolons after the stolons are rooted;
(3) selecting and planting
The standard of seedling selection is that the root system is developed, the petiole is thick and short, the length is about 15cm, the thickness is 0.3cm, and the mature leaf number is more than 4; the strawberries are fixedly planted from the last ten days of 8 months to the last ten days of 9 months; planting in the cultivation tank with a planting distance of 15-20cm, planting depth being the seedling core is flush with the ground, deep core burying is achieved, shallow root exposing is avoided, and sufficient bottom water is poured; during planting, the bow back of the seedling is arranged to be lateral to the outside of the ridge; watering root fixing water thoroughly immediately after planting, watering once a day within 3d after planting when meeting drought, and then gradually reducing;
(4) management of growing period
And (3) insulating and covering a film: when the outside temperature is reduced to 10-15 ℃, covering a film in time for greenhouse heat preservation, and covering a black mulching film on the surface of the cultivation bed after 10 days of heat preservation;
temperature and humidity management: the temperature of the whole shed period should be controlled at 22-28 ℃ in the daytime, preferably not lower than 8 ℃ at night, especially in the flowering fruiting period, and if the temperature in the daytime exceeds 28 ℃, the greenhouse should be timely ventilated and adjusted; sealing and insulating the white ceiling when the highest temperature is lower than 10 ℃, and properly ventilating and dehumidifying when the highest temperature is higher than 10 ℃;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: applying enough base fertilizer, 5 parts of organic fertilizer per mu and 50kg of compound fertilizer before field planting, starting top dressing when the top inflorescence is about to bud, starting top dressing when the top inflorescence fruits start to expand, and carrying out top dressing for the third time at the later stage of harvesting the top inflorescence fruits, wherein the top dressing is carried out for 1 time every 15-20 days; 15kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer each time; frequent irrigation is not needed before flowering so as to avoid reducing the ground temperature, and after a large amount of strawberries bear fruits, a large amount of irrigation is needed at the moment, and top dressing and irrigation are combined;
bee pollination: and (4) releasing bees in the flowering period of the grass poison greenhouse cultivation, wherein 1 box of bees is per mu.
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