CN110651580B - Fertilizing method for tobacco in rice-crop tobacco area - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of crop fertilization, in particular to a method for fertilizing tobacco in rice-growing tobacco areas. Including the steps of returning organic matter to the field, fertilizing before planting, fertilizing after planting, and topdressing after planting, the method used Yunyan 87 as the material and carried out field experiments in Heng City, Ningxiang, Hunan Province. In the optimized conditions: the nitrogen application rate is 12kg/mu, no nitrogen fertilizer is applied during top dressing, only K ₂ SO ₄ and seedling raising fertilizer are applied, and the ratio of the second top dressing amount to the third top dressing amount in K ₂ SO ₄ is 1: 2, the chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, population light transmittance and chemical composition of tobacco leaves were better, so that the tobacco plants developed moderately. Although the yield per mu of tobacco leaves after curing has decreased, the proportion of high-quality tobacco, the average price per kilogram and the output value per mu have been significantly improved.

Description

A kind of fertilization method of tobacco in rice-growing tobacco area

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of crop fertilization, in particular to a fertilization method for rice and tobacco areas.

Background technique

In the rice-tobacco rotation area, the content of soil organic matter in paddy fields is generally higher. According to the tobacco field soil quality census conducted by Hunan Tobacco Company in 2015 and the survey data of typical fields from 2016 to 2017, the average soil organic matter content of tobacco fields in southern Hunan reached 46g/kg, and the proportion of soil greater than 45g/kg reached 50%; The content of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is also generally high, the average content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen is 179mg/kg, and the average content of available phosphorus is 65mg/kg. In the later stage of tobacco growth in the rice-growing tobacco area, due to the increase of soil temperature, the microbial activity and soil mineralization ability are enhanced, which makes it difficult to denitrify the tobacco in the mature stage.

In the actual production process, the tobacco season and the rice season are independently fertilized according to the existing non-rotational planting and fertilizing methods. Although certain yield and economic benefits can be guaranteed, the quality of tobacco leaves cannot be guaranteed, and the utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer is low.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above technical problems, the object of the present invention is to avoid the difficulty of denitrification in the mature stage of tobacco in the rice-growing tobacco area, improve the agronomic characteristics, yield and flue-cured tobacco quality of tobacco growth, in order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

A method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice-growing tobacco area, comprising the following steps:

(1) Returning organic matter to the field: after the late rice is harvested, the rice straw is returned to the field with a rotary tiller, and is sterilized by sprinkling quicklime;

(2) Fertilization before planting: 1-2 days before the tobacco seedlings are planted, apply cake fertilizer, special base fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer in the field, and mechanically turn the ground after spreading, and the depth of the ground turning is 10-20m;

(3) Fertilization after planting: After the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 10-16kg/mu;

(4) Top-dressing after planting: a total of three top-dressing, the first top-dressing with seedling-lifting fertilizer, the second top-dressing with seedling-lifting fertilizer and K ₂ SO ₄ , the third top-dressing with K ₂ SO ₄ , and the third top-dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ The ratio of the second top dressing to the third top dressing is 1:1-2.

Further, in the step (1), the amount of quicklime used is 95-115kg/mu.

Further, in the step (2), the special base fertilizer includes N fertilizer, P fertilizer, K fertilizer, MgSO ₄ ·7H ₂ O and borax.

Further, in the step (2), nitrate N and ammonium N in the N fertilizer each account for 50%, and the weight ratio of the special base fertilizer is N: _P2O5 :K2O= ₈ : ₁₁ :11, Weight ratio N: MgSO ₄ ·7H ₂ O: borax=8:10:1.5.

Further, in the step (2), the application rate of the special base fertilizer is 70kg/mu, the application rate of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 10kg/mu, and the application rate of the cake fertilizer is 30kg/mu.

Further, in the step (3), the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 5kg/mu.

Further, in the step (4), the ratio of the first top dressing amount to the second top dressing amount of the seedling-lifting fertilizer is 1:2.

Further, in the step (4), the time for the three top dressings is 7-10 days after tobacco plant transplanting, 15-20 days after tobacco plant transplanting, and 30-35 days after tobacco plant transplanting.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) The fertilization method of the present invention obtains a scientific and reasonable combination by adjusting the amount of nitrogen and potassium, and improves the yield of field tobacco.

(2) The fertilization method of the present invention makes better use of the complementary effect of the two crops of tobacco and rice in nutrient absorption by returning the straw to the field, and at the same time, the top-dressing after planting is not top-dressing with nitrogen fertilizer, and K ₂ SO ₄ is applied, which not only improves the The potassium content of tobacco leaves is improved, the quality of tobacco leaves is improved, the efficient utilization of potassium fertilizer is realized, and the difficulty of denitrification during the mature stage of tobacco in rice-growing tobacco areas is avoided.

Detailed ways

In order to make the purposes, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the present invention. examples, but not all examples. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The materials, reagents, etc. used in the following examples can be obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise specified.

The experiment was carried out in Heng, Ningxiang, Hunan. The tested variety was the local main variety Yunyan 87. The previous crop of the tested tobacco field was rice, and the soil nutrients for the test were as follows: pH 7.34, organic matter 24.504 g/kg, available phosphorus 51.852 mg/kg, and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen 162.707 mg/kg. The terrain of the test site is flat, the fertility is uniform, and the representativeness is strong. The special base fertilizer was collected from Changsha Haobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was collected from Nanning Yuyuan Chemical Co., Ltd., the cake fertilizer was collected from Jiangsu Zhenjiang Danyang Chemical Fertilizer Factory, the seedling fertilizer was collected from Guizhou Junlong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., and KNO ₃ was collected from Xia County Yunli Chemical Co., Ltd., K ₂ SO ₄ was collected from Nongfeng Full Element Special Fertilizer Factory.

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the examples. In the following examples, nitrogen fertilizer levels were controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, K ₂ SO ₄ was added to adjust the potassium fertilizer for each treatment to keep the same, and nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were topdressed three times: the first time was top-dressing seedling fertilizer 7 days after transplanting ; Topdressing seedling fertilizer and K ₂ SO ₄ 15 days after transplanting for the second time; topdressing K ₂ SO ₄ 30 days after transplanting for the third time. The ratio of the second top dressing amount to the third top dressing amount of K ₂ SO ₄ is 1:1-2. See Table 1 and Table 2 for specific fertilizer use and top dressing.

Table 1 Fertilizer application amount of each total N treatment

Table 2 The amount of top dressing in each period of different total N treatments

Example 1

(1) Returning organic matter to the field: After the late rice is harvested, cut 1/2 of the fresh straw in the field into 3-5 sections, evenly distribute it to the field, and irrigate the field as the organic material for returning to the field; The depth of ploughing is 20-25cm, and the disinfection is carried out by sprinkling quicklime. The amount of quicklime used is 100kg/mu. After the straw is rotted, let its water dry naturally, turn the soil and whiten it, and plant it in a row;

(2) Fertilization before planting: 1-2 days before the planting of tobacco seedlings, apply 30kg/mu of cake fertilizer, 70kg/mu of special base fertilizer, and 10kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer in the field. ;

(3) ridges in tobacco fields: ridge bottom width 80cm, ridge height 30cm, ridge distance 120cm, on tobacco ridges, mechanical ditching, ditch depth 15cm, ditch bottom width 10cm, is semicircular;

(4) Tobacco seedling colonization: the variety of the transplanted tobacco is Yunyan 87, the planting density is 1100 plants/mu, and the colonization depth is 12cm, after the transplanting, the soil is filled, and the root-fixing water is irrigated, and then the tobacco planting ridge is covered with plastic film, and the The edge of the mulch film is compacted with soil;

(5) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO and seedling _- lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 10kg/mu;

(6) Top dressing after planting: a total of three top dressings, the first top dressing is 1.5kg/mu, the second top dressing is 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 8.5kg/mu, the third top dressing is K ₂ SO ₄ 17kg/mu;

(7) Post-planting management: First, keep the drainage between the ridges unobstructed, strictly prohibit the accumulation of water in the smoking fields, pay attention to the drainage after rain, so as to stop the ditch from drying; the second is to irrigate in time to maintain the soil moisture content of the tobacco ridges at 60-70% of the field water holding capacity. %, to avoid the decomposition of organic materials too fast.

Example 2

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 16kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: the first topdressing of seedling fertilizer 1.5kg/mu, the second topdressing of 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 13.5kg/mu, the third top dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ 27kg/mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 3

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 16kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: the first topdressing of seedling fertilizer 1.5kg/mu, the second topdressing of 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 18.5kg/mu, the third top dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ 37kg/mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 4

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 16kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: the first topdressing of seedling fertilizer 1.5kg/mu, the second topdressing of 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 25kg/mu, the third top dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ 50kg /mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 5

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridges and field planting in tobacco fields according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO and seedling _- lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 10kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: a total of three top dressings, the first top dressing is 1.5kg/mu, the second top dressing is 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 8.5kg/mu, and the third top dressing is K ₂ SO ₄ 8.5kg/mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 6

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(4) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 12kg/mu;

(5) Top dressing after planting: the first topdressing of seedling fertilizer 1.5kg/mu, the second topdressing of 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 13.5kg/mu, the third top dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ 13.5kg/mu.

(6) Post-implantation management: Post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 7

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO and seedling _- lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 14kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: the first topdressing of seedling fertilizer 1.5kg/mu, the second topdressing of seedling fertilizer 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 8.5kg/mu, the third top dressing of K ₂ SO ₄ 1kg/mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 8

(1) preparation before planting and field planting: carry out organic matter returning to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridge ridge, field planting according to Example 1;

(2) Fertilization after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer level is controlled by applying KNO ₃ and seedling-lifting fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amount is 16kg/mu;

(3) Top dressing after planting: the first top dressing is 1.5kg/mu of seedling fertilizer, the second top dressing is 3kg/mu and K ₂ SO ₄ 25kg/mu, and the third top dressing is K ₂ SO ₄ 25kg /mu.

(4) Post-implantation management: The post-implantation management was carried out according to Example 1.

Example 9

The experimental results of Examples 1-8 are detected and analyzed below.

Measurement items and methods

Determination items: chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, light intensity, economic characters, chemical composition.

Determination method of agronomic traits: flue-cured tobacco in the prosperous period and mature period, in each large area of the field, randomly select ten representative tobacco plants with similar growth in the middle of the large area, and determine their plant height, stem diameter, maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width. Including tobacco leaves in which the 4th to 6th leaf positions were selected for the determination of the maximum leaf length and the maximum leaf width.

Determination method of leaf chlorophyll content: during the prosperous and mature period of flue-cured tobacco, in each large area in the field, randomly select ten representative tobacco plants with similar growth patterns and measure their chlorophyll content. The instrument is a plant chlorophyll meter. (Saias YLS-A), measure the three blade parts of the base, middle and tip of the largest blade, and take the average value.

Light intensity measurement method: During the prosperous and mature period of flue-cured tobacco, ten points are randomly selected in each large area of the field, and the canopy analyzer is mainly used to measure the light intensity at different levels between plants and rows, including the inter-plant, Middle, lower and inter-line upper, middle and lower six levels. The plant canopy analyzer (top-1300) was used to measure the light intensity of the upper layer between the tobacco plants at 30cm from the top of the tobacco plant, and the light intensity of the middle layer between the plants was measured by measuring the leaf position between the 8th and 10th between the two tobacco plants. , measure the leaf position between the 1st and 3rd between the two plants to measure the light intensity of the lower layer between the plants. When measuring the light intensity between rows, the position is parallel to the position measured between plants.

Economic shape determination method: Tobacco plants in each area are listed and roasted according to each treatment, and the yield is calculated separately after grading.

Chemical composition detection indicators: total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine, sugar-to-alkali ratio, nitrogen-to-alkali ratio.

The chlorophyll content and light transmittance of tobacco leaves were detected by the cultivation process of Examples 1-8 respectively, and the detection results are shown in Table 3. The relative content of chlorophyll was measured by SPAD value, which was determined by plant chlorophyll meter (Saias YLS-A).

Table 3 Effects of treatments on chlorophyll and light transmittance of tobacco leaves

It can be seen from Table 3 that for the light transmittance of the group light intensity, the transmittance of the lower layer between the plants and the middle layer between the rows showed a downward trend with the increase of nitrogen application rate. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the growth of tobacco plants was better, and the value of chlorophyll showed an upward trend. The inter-plant middle layer and the inter-row middle layer decreased gradually with the increase of nitrogen application, indicating that the population light transmittance decreased relatively with the increase of nitrogen application. When the ratio of the second top dressing amount to the third top dressing amount of K ₂ SO ₄ is 1:2 compared to 1:1, the overall situation is improved. Example 4 is the best treatment in the prosperous period, and Example 2 is used in the mature period. Optimal handling.

The tobacco leaves harvested in Examples 1-8 were respectively used to obtain flue-cured tobacco, and the chemical components of the cured tobacco leaves were detected, and the detection results were shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Effects of treatments on chemical components of cured tobacco leaves

It can be seen from Table 4 that under the same density conditions, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the nicotine content showed an upward trend, and the nitrogen-to-alkali ratio showed a downward trend. When the ratio of the second top-dressing amount to the third top-dressing amount of K ₂ SO ₄ was 1:2, the overall situation was improved, and the total sugar in the middle leaves of the upper tobacco leaves and the middle tobacco leaves after the treatment in Example 2 , reducing sugar and sugar-alkali ratio were better than other treated tobacco leaves, and the obtained tobacco leaves had the best quality.

The agronomic traits of tobacco leaves were detected by using Examples 1-8 respectively, and the detection results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Effects of treatments on agronomic characters of tobacco leaves

It can be seen from Table 5 that with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the maximum leaf area has an upward trend. The higher the planting density, the smaller the stem circumference, the maximum leaf length, the maximum leaf width and the maximum leaf area, and the larger the plant height. When the ratio of the second top dressing amount to the third top dressing amount of K ₂ SO ₄ was 1:2 compared with 1:1, the overall situation was improved. The agronomic characters of the tobacco leaves treated at the mature stage were the best treated in Example 2.

Embodiments 1-8 were used to detect the economic properties of tobacco leaves, and the detection results were shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Effects of various treatments on economic characters of tobacco leaves

deal with Yield (kg/mu) Output value (yuan/mu) Average price (yuan/kg) % of premium smoke Example 1 128.3 3245.99 25.3 29.37 Example 2 131.4 3495.24 26.6 32.44 Example 3 152.6 3509.8 23.0 28.62 Example 4 143.7 3204.51 22.3 24.54 Example 5 125.3 3236.36 22.5 29.34 Example 6 130.9 3487.24 24.6 32.26 Example 7 153.6 3597.8 23.1 28.45 Example 8 141.5 3216.51 22.6 24.23

It can be seen from Table 6 that the output value of the treatment in Example 3 is the highest, and the treatment of the average price and the proportion of high-grade smoke is the highest in the treatment of Example 2. With the increase of nitrogen application rate in each treatment, the yield, output value, average price and the proportion of high-quality tobacco rose first and then decreased, indicating that reasonable nitrogen application can improve the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco leaves, and also It can increase the proportion of high-quality tobacco leaves. When the ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of K ₂ SO ₄ is 1:2, the overall situation is improved, and the treatment with nitrogen application rate of 12kg/mu has the best economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco .

By adopting the fertilization method of the present invention, the chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, group light transmittance and chemical composition of tobacco leaves can be optimized in the process of tobacco leaf cultivation, the growth of tobacco plants is moderate, the proportion of high-quality tobacco, the average price per kilogram and the output value per mu can be significantly improved, It is very suitable for field cultivation and production in rice-growing and tobacco-growing areas. Under the optimized conditions: nitrogen application rate is 12kg/mu, and the ratio of K ₂ SO ₄ second top dressing to third top dressing is 1:2, the yield, quality and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco are the best.

Claims (6)

1. A fertilizing method for tobacco in a rice-crop tobacco area is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Returning organic matters to the field: after late rice is harvested, cutting fresh straws into 3-5 sections, uniformly scattering the straws in the field, irrigating the field, back and forth cultivating by using a rotary cultivator, and disinfecting by spraying quicklime; the usage amount of the quicklime is 95-115 kg/mu;

(2) Fertilizing before planting: applying cake fertilizer, special base fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to the field 1-2 days before field planting of tobacco, uniformly spreading, mechanically turning the field to a depth of 10-20m, wherein the special base fertilizer comprises N fertilizer, P fertilizer, K fertilizer and MgSO ₄ ·7H ₂ O and borax, wherein nitrate N and ammonium N in the N fertilizer respectively account for 50%, and the special base fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: p ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O =8:11:11, weight ratio N: mgSO (MgSO) ₄ ·7H ₂ O: borax =8:10:1.5;

(3) After plantingFertilizing: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied ₃ And seedling raising fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen application amount is 10-16 kg/mu;

(4) Topdressing after planting: the top dressing is carried out for three times, the first top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer, the second top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer and K ₂ SO ₄ The third application of K ₂ SO ₄ ，K ₂ SO ₄ The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 1-2.

2. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice smoking area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the application amount of the special base fertilizer is 70 kg/mu, the application amount of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the application amount of the cake fertilizer is 30 kg/mu.

3. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice tobacco growing area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 5 kg/mu.

4. The method for applying fertilizer to tobacco in a rice crop tobacco growing area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the ratio of the first top dressing amount to the second top dressing amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 1:2.

5. the method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice smoking area as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein in the step (4), the time for three topdressing is 7-10 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, 15-20 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, and 30-35 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted in sequence.

6. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a tobacco growing area of rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein after top dressing, the water content of the tobacco ridge soil is maintained to be 60-70% of the field water holding capacity.