CN110583377A

CN110583377A - Water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting and special irrigation structure thereof

Info

Publication number: CN110583377A
Application number: CN201910766957.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李春生; 曹春英; 赵志会; 王洪芸; 刘冬梅; 张琳琳; 杨翠萍; 刘学丽; 贺伟; 刘艳华; 李童瑶
Original assignee: Tianjin Beautiful Rural Farm
Current assignee: Tianjin Beautiful Rural Farm
Priority date: 2019-08-20
Filing date: 2019-08-20
Publication date: 2019-12-20
Anticipated expiration: 2039-08-20
Also published as: CN110583377B

Abstract

The invention relates to a water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method includes the steps of making furrows according to vegetable types; transplanting vegetable seedlings on the ridge back according to the requirements of plant spacing; in the transplanting period, performing root irrigation of water and fertilizer on the soil near the root system of the vegetable seedling through a water supply mechanism; after the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is conducted on soil beside the root system of the vegetable seedling and below the ridge back through a water supply mechanism; and fifthly, performing water and fertilizer management on the vegetables according to the method in the step four until the vegetables and the fruits are harvested. According to the invention, the water and fertilizer directly act on the root system of the vegetable seedling through the arrow drop, the arrow drop is not easy to block, water evaporation is less, mass propagation of germs caused by excessive humidity in the greenhouse is avoided, the water and fertilizer does not pass through surface soil, the stem of the vegetable seedling at the surface soil is not soaked, the granular structure of the surface soil is not damaged, the salinization of the surface soil is avoided, the hardening of the surface soil is avoided, the growth of the vegetable is promoted, and the disease resistance of crops is improved.

Description

Water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting and special irrigation structure thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to greenhouse vegetable plantingTechnical FieldRelates to a water and fertilizer management technology for vegetables, in particular to a water and fertilizer management method for transplanting greenhouse vegetables and a special irrigation structure thereof.

Background

The greenhouse is a common agricultural facility, takes bamboo and wood poles, cement poles, steel pipes and other materials as a framework, and is covered with a plastic film, so that the greenhouse has the advantages of good heat preservation effect, high economic benefit and the like, and is widely used for vegetable planting. In the greenhouse vegetable planting process, a plurality of methods for irrigating vegetables are available, including ground irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-sprinkling irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and underground irrigation, and the various methods are as follows:

1. ground irrigation: irrigation water enters a farmland through a ditch or a pipeline and flows into the farmland along a furrow surface, a furrow or a seedbed, and the irrigation water is the most original, the oldest and the most traditional irrigation mode. The ground irrigation has the advantages that the water absorbed by plants is sufficient, and the defects that the irrigation quantity is difficult to control, the water resource waste is serious, the irrigation water utilization rate is low, the environmental humidity of an irrigation area is high, and various plant diseases are easily induced.

2. Sprinkling irrigation: the spray heads are arranged in the field, and the vegetables in the field are irrigated by utilizing the rotation of the spray heads and the high-speed spraying of water flow. The sprinkling irrigation has the advantages of less occupied cultivated land, labor saving and the like, and has the main defects of great wind influence, lower utilization rate of irrigation water, higher cost and the like.

3. Drip irrigation: the drip irrigation is that hoses are arranged in the field at intervals, small holes are formed in the hoses at intervals, and water is slowly dropped into ground soil near the root systems of the plants through the small holes one drop by one drop. The obvious advantage is that save the moisture, the shortcoming is that the aperture of aperture is very little, and the velocity of flow of water is low, and the delivery port is very easy to be blockked up, and the interval of the aperture of the hose of purchase is fixed moreover, can't adjust according to the plant spacing of plant when the field usage.

4. Micro-sprinkling irrigation: a refraction, rotation or radiation type miniature spray head is arranged at the high position of the greenhouse, and water is sprayed to areas such as crop branches and leaves. The micro-sprinkling irrigation is similar to the drop irrigation, and the problem that small holes are easy to block in the drop irrigation is solved. The biggest problem of micro-sprinkling irrigation is that water drops from the air and is sprinkled on branches and leaves, so that the air in the greenhouse is excessively humid, the branches and leaves are stained with excessive water, the sprinkling quality is reduced, and the investment is large.

5. Infiltrating irrigation: under the condition of low pressure, the water is regularly and quantitatively infiltrated into the soil according to the growth water demand of crops by an irrigation device (microporous infiltrating irrigation pipe) buried in the active layer of the root system of the crops, and the crops are supplied. The biggest problem of filtration irrigation is that the filtration irrigation pipe needs to be buried in the position 30-40 cm underground, the engineering quantity is large, and water and fertilizer are easy to directly permeate underground after permeating out from the filtration irrigation pipe, thereby generating the water and fertilizer leakage in the deep layer of soil and reducing the utilization rate of the water and fertilizer.

In items 1 to 4 above, water enters the deep layer of the soil from the outside of the soil through the earth surface, the stems of the vegetables on the earth surface are often immersed in surface water or surrounded by surface soil containing water, and evaporation of the surface water also causes the increase of the moisture content in the greenhouse, which is very likely to induce various diseases of the vegetables. In addition, the fertilizer contained in the water increases the salinity of the surface soil, causes salinization of the surface soil when the water is supplied to the surface for a long time, and also causes wilting and even death of the vegetable plants. In the above item 5, since the infiltrating irrigation pipe is pre-buried in the soil, when the soil is turned over in a year, the infiltrating irrigation pipe needs to be taken out, the soil is treated and then buried, and in the process of taking out and burying, the infiltrating irrigation pipe is easily damaged and is easily blocked, thereby reducing the infiltrating irrigation effect.

In summary, how to save water resources, improve irrigation efficiency, reduce water evaporation, improve survival rate of transplanted vegetables and ensure healthy growth of vegetables when greenhouse vegetables are irrigated is the key point of greenhouse vegetable planting technology development.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a hidden pit type root irrigation structure for greenhouse vegetables, which utilizes a water guide pipe to guide water and fertilizer to the vicinity of vegetable root systems, greatly reduces water evaporation and has high irrigation efficiency.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting is characterized by comprising the following steps:

the method includes the steps of making furrows according to vegetable types;

transplanting vegetable seedlings on the ridge back according to the requirements of plant spacing;

in the transplanting period, performing root irrigation of water and fertilizer on the soil near the root system of the vegetable seedling through a water supply mechanism;

after the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is conducted on soil beside the root system of the vegetable seedling and below the ridge back through a water supply mechanism;

and fifthly, performing water and fertilizer management on the vegetables according to the method in the step four until the vegetables and the fruits are harvested.

And moreover, in the step three, the root limiting pipe is arranged in the soil outside the vegetable seedling, the root system of the vegetable seedling is integrally positioned in the root limiting pipe, the space of the root limiting pipe beside the root system is filled with the matrix, the water supply mechanism is arranged in the matrix, and the outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system.

Furthermore, in step four, set up limit root canal in the soil in the vegetable seedling outside, vegetable seedling's root system upper end is located limit root canal, and the other limit root canal space intussuseption of root system packs matrix, sets up a water supply mechanism in limit root canal side and the soil of rectangular pieces of land in a field back below, and this water supply mechanism exports the section and provides the liquid manure for the root system.

And a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the ridge back along the ridge extending direction and filled with straws or sand or a matrix, and the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch or the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the straws or the sand or the matrix in the blind ditch.

Furthermore, the substrate comprises 1-2 parts of mushroom dregs, 2-3 parts of biogas residues, 3-4 parts of cow dung and a fertilizer; the addition amount of the fertilizer is 6-10 kg of cake fertilizer, 6-10 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1kg of chelated trace element fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of calcium superphosphate added in the mixture of per cubic meter of bacteria residue, biogas residue and cow dung.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a special irrigation structure after a transplanting period for the water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

the vegetable seedling planting machine is characterized in that vertical pits extending towards the lower portion of the ridge back are formed in the ridge back beside vegetable seedlings, a sand layer is placed on the lower portion of each vertical pit, a soil layer is placed in each vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe is arranged in each soil layer, the lower end of each water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of each water guide pipe extends out of each vertical pit, and a water supply mechanism is inserted into each water guide pipe.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a special irrigation structure after a transplanting period for the water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplantation as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

the furrow that is provided with to furrow back of the body below extension on the furrow back of the body of the furrow of vegetables seedling side, the blind ditch intercommunication that sets up along furrow extending direction in the lower extreme and the furrow back of the furrow of every vertical pit, place straw or sand or matrix that do benefit to the liquid manure diffusion in the blind ditch, the sand bed is placed to the lower part in every vertical pit, places the soil layer in the vertical pit of sand bed top, sets up a aqueduct in the soil layer, this aqueduct lower extreme imbeds to in the sand layer, this aqueduct upper end stretches out vertical pit, inserts in the aqueduct water supply mechanism.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a special irrigation structure used in the transplanting period of the water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

the furrow cultivation device is characterized in that a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the furrow back at intervals, a substrate is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the furrow back along the extension direction of the furrow, straws, sands or substrates beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the blind ditch, and the water supply mechanism is inserted into the substrate in each root limiting pipe.

set up a plurality of limit root canals in the back of a field at the interval on the back of a field, every limit root canal intussuseption is filled with the matrix and has been planted a vegetable seedling, and the ditch intercommunication that sets up along rectangular pieces of land in the back of a field extending direction in every limit root canal lower extreme and rectangular pieces of land in the back of a field, places straw or sand or matrix that do benefit to the liquid manure diffusion in the ditch, is provided with the perpendicular hole that extends to rectangular pieces of land in the back of a field below on the back of a field side, the lower extreme of every perpendicular hole with the ditch intercommunication, the sand bed is placed to the lower part in every perpendicular hole, places the soil layer in the perpendicular hole of sand bed top, sets up a aqueduct in the soil layer, and this aqueduct.

Moreover, the position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the first, second, third and fourth:

the method comprises the steps that when the row spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is smaller than 20 cm, vertical pits are arranged on ridge backs of every two vegetable seedlings;

when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 20 cm and less than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back in the middle position between the two adjacent vegetable seedlings;

when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back of the same side of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and more than 10 cm;

fourthly, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is larger than 40 cm, a vertical pit is respectively arranged on the ridge back of each side of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between each vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is smaller than 20 cm and larger than 10 cm.

The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:

1. in the transplanting period, a plurality of limit tubes are arranged on the ridge back at intervals, a vegetable seedling is planted in each limit tube filled with a substrate, the lower end of each limit tube is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the ridge back along the extension direction of the ridge, a drop arrow is inserted into each limit tube, a water fertilizer flowing out of the drop arrow rapidly diffuses into soil beside the ridge through the substrate in the limit tubes, straws or sands in the blind ditch or the substrate, the substrate in the limit tubes above the root systems reduces evaporation of water into the environment, and the water fertilizer directly acts on the root systems of the vegetable seedlings after passing through the substrate.

2. After the transplanting period, the back of a field is gone up the interval and is set up a plurality of limit root canals, every limit root canal intussuseption is filled with the matrix and has been planted a vegetable seedling, the blind ditch intercommunication that sets up along rectangular pieces of a field extending direction in every limit root canal lower extreme and rectangular pieces of a field back of a field, be provided with the vertical pit on the back of a field of limit root canal side, set up soil layer and sand bed from top to bottom in the vertical pit, the lower extreme of the aqueduct that sets up in the soil layer stretches into in the sand bed, insert in the aqueduct and drip the arrow, drip the liquid manure that the arrow flows and spread in the soil of side rapidly behind the matrix in the blind ditch, the evaporation of water in the limit root canal of root system top and the soil layer of vertical pit top has been reduced, and liquid manure directly.

3. In the invention, no matter in the transplanting period or after the transplanting period, the water fertilizer directly acts on the root system of the vegetable seedling through the arrow drop, the water resource can be saved, the requirement of the vegetable growth on moisture can be met, the arrow drop is not easy to block, timely water supply is ensured, water evaporation is less, mass propagation of germs caused by excessive humidity in the greenhouse is avoided, the disease incidence of the vegetable in the greenhouse is reduced, the water fertilizer does not permeate into the ground through surface soil, the stem of the vegetable seedling at the surface soil is not soaked, the granular structure of the surface soil is not damaged, the salinization of the surface soil is avoided, the hardening of the surface soil is avoided, the growth of the vegetable is promoted, and the disease resistance of crops is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a state diagram of the use of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a first positional relationship between the shaft and the vegetable seedling;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a second positional relationship between the shaft and the vegetable seedling;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a third positional relationship between the shaft and the vegetable seedling;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a fourth positional relationship between the shaft and the vegetable seedling;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view taken perpendicularly to the direction of ridge extension of example 1;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view of the ridge extending direction of example 1;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view taken perpendicularly to the direction of ridge extension in example 2;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view in the direction of extension of the furrow according to example 2 (the lower end opening of the shaft is located in the underdrain);

FIG. 10 is an enlarged sectional view in the direction of extension of the furrow according to example 2 (the lower end opening of the shaft is located outside the underdrain);

FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view taken perpendicularly to the ridge extending direction of example 3;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional view in the direction of ridge extension of example 3;

FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view (at the root restriction tube) of example 4 taken perpendicular to the direction of ridge extension;

FIG. 14 is an enlarged sectional view (at a vertical pit) taken perpendicularly to the direction of ridge extension of example 4;

fig. 15 is an enlarged sectional view of the ridge extending direction of example 4.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative, not limiting and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

A water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting is disclosed, as shown in figures 1-15, and the innovation of the invention is as follows: the method comprises the following steps:

making furrows 12 according to vegetable types;

transplanting the vegetable seedlings 11 on the ridge back 19 according to the requirements of plant spacing;

in the transplanting period, performing root irrigation of water and fertilizer on the soil near the vegetable root system 21 through the water supply mechanism 10;

after the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is conducted on soil beside the root system of the vegetables and below the ridge back through a water supply mechanism;

Wherein, in step three, set up the limit root pipe in the soil in the vegetable seedling outside, vegetable seedling's root system is whole to be located the limit root pipe, and the other limit root pipe space of root system packs matrix, sets up a water supply mechanism in the matrix, and this water supply mechanism export section provides liquid manure for the root system.

In the step, set up limit root canal in the soil in the vegetable seedling outside, vegetable seedling's root system upper end is located limit root canal, and the other limit root canal space intussuseption of root system packs matrix, sets up a water supply mechanism in limit root canal side and the soil of bed back of a bed below, and this water supply mechanism exports the section and provides the liquid manure for the root system.

In order to increase the diffusion of water and fertilizer in soil, a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the ridge along the extension direction of the ridge, straws or sand or a matrix is filled in the blind ditch, the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch, or the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the straws or the sand or the matrix in the blind ditch.

The transplanting period is as follows: transplanting the vegetable seedlings into the greenhouse until the seedlings are recovered, wherein different vegetable time is different. The post-transplant period refers to: and (4) after the vegetable seedlings are slowly planted until fruits are harvested.

The root irrigation refers to: the water and fertilizer are directly supplied to the root system active layer near the vegetable seedling under the surface soil through the water supply mechanism, and the ground is still dry. It has the following advantages: 1. the method is suitable for planting solanaceous vegetables in a sunlight greenhouse; 2. the water and fertilizer directly reach the root part, and the surface soil is in a dry state after watering; 3. the cost per mu of land is increased by 300-500 yuan compared with that of drip irrigation; 4, saving water by more than 90 percent compared with the flood irrigation, saving water by more than 60 percent compared with the spray irrigation, saving water by more than 30 percent compared with a dropper and saving water by more than 10 percent compared with the infiltrating irrigation; 5. the surface soil is kept dry, so that the water evaporation is reduced, the salt accumulation of the surface soil is reduced, and the soil salinization phenomenon is avoided; 6. the granular structure of the surface soil can not be damaged, the original permeability is kept, and the activity of microorganisms is facilitated; 7. the surface soil and the vegetable leaves are kept in a relatively dry state, so that the humidity of the soil and the air in the greenhouse can be effectively reduced, the environment condition which is suitable for the growth and development of vegetables but not suitable for the occurrence and development of various harmful germs is created, and the disease rate of crops caused by the harmful germs can be greatly reduced; 8. the fertilizer is beneficial to the healthy and robust growth of vegetable roots, improves the disease resistance of vegetables, reduces the using amount of pesticides, improves the yield and quality of the vegetables, and generally can promote the solanaceous vegetables to mature 7-10 days in advance.

The straws can be made by bundling the complete straws of corn or sorghum; or the cut corn or sorghum straw can be bundled to be made into the water-absorbing material with certain water absorption.

The substrate comprises 1-2 parts of mushroom dregs, 2-3 parts of biogas residues, 3-4 parts of cow dung and a fertilizer; the addition amount of the fertilizer is 6-10 kg of cake fertilizer, 6-10 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1kg of chelated trace element fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of calcium superphosphate added in the mixture of per cubic meter of bacteria residue, biogas residue and cow dung.

The processing process of each component of the matrix is as follows:

1. fungus dregs: collecting bacterial residues: collecting mushroom dregs without contamination of mixed bacteria, preferably mushroom dregs. Crushing mushroom dregs: crushing the mushroom dregs by using a crusher, wherein the diameter of the crushed particles is 1-5 mm; regulating water content: spraying water into the crushed mushroom dregs to adjust the water content in the mushroom dregs to 50-60%; adding a biological bacteria starter: mixing and stirring 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter in each ton of bacteria residues (calculated according to dry bacteria residues); building a fermentation pile: and piling the mushroom dregs mixed with the leavening agent into a trapezoidal fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the top width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the length of the pile is not limited, and the fermentation pile is tightly compacted by plastic cloth. Fermentation: the fermentation process comprises primary fermentation and secondary fermentation, wherein the primary fermentation is a high-temperature stage, the temperature in the mushroom dreg pile is kept between 50 and 60 ℃, and when the temperature of the pile exceeds 65 ℃, pile turning or forced ventilation cooling is carried out, the stage is generally 7 to 10 days, and pile turning is carried out for 1 to 2 times in the period; and the secondary fermentation is a cooling stage, the temperature of the pile body is controlled below 50 ℃, and the pile height, ventilation and pile turning operation are controlled timely. In the process, the water content of the mushroom dregs is controlled to be 35-45%, the period is generally 15-20 days, pile turning is carried out for 2-3 times, and fermentation is finished when the pile temperature does not rise any more.

The fermented mushroom dregs are black brown and free from peculiar smell, and the water content is dried to be below 30% for later use.

2. Biogas residue: preparing biogas residues: selecting straw biogas residues or livestock and poultry manure biogas residues, wherein the water content of fresh biogas residues is generally 70-90%; adjusting the water content: adjusting the water content of the biogas residues to 60-70% by a drying or water spraying method; adding straw: crushing dried crop straws (corn, wheat or rice straws), fully and uniformly stirring biogas residues, wherein the mixing ratio of the biogas residues to the straws is 3:1 (by weight of dry substances), and the water content of the mixed straw biogas residue mixture is 50-60%; adding a biological bacteria starter: adding 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter into each ton of the mixture of the biogas residues and the straws (calculated by dry matters), and uniformly stirring; building a fermentation pile: stacking the biogas residues mixed with the straws and the leavening agent into a trapezoidal fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the top width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the length of the pile is not limited; fermentation: and (3) hermetically compacting the fermentation pile by using plastic cloth, keeping the internal temperature at 50-60 ℃ in the pile, turning the pile when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, generally turning the pile once every 7-10 days, turning the pile 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and completing the fermentation after 30-45 days.

The biogas residue after full fermentation has no odor, is black brown, and has water content of below 30% by airing for use.

3. Cow dung: preparing cow dung: preparing cow dung to be fermented, preferably fresh cow dung (the fermentation effect of the fresh dung is better than that of the old dung); adjusting the water content: adjusting the water content of the cow dung to 50-60% by a airing or water spraying method; adding a biological bacteria starter: adding 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter into each ton of cow dung (calculated according to dry cow dung), and uniformly stirring; fourthly, building a fermentation heap: stacking the cow dung mixed with the zymophyte into a trapezoidal fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the top width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the length of the pile is not limited; fermenting: and (3) hermetically compacting the fermentation pile by using plastic cloth, keeping the internal temperature at 50-60 ℃ in the pile, turning the pile when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, generally turning the pile once every 7-10 days, turning the pile 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and completing the fermentation after 30-45 days.

The fully fermented cow dung has no odor and is black brown, and the water content is dried to be below 30% for later use.

4. Cake fertilizer: preparing a bean cake: crushing the bean cakes, wherein the diameter of the crushed particles is 1-5 mm; adjusting the water content: spraying water into the crushed bean cakes to adjust the water content of the bean cakes to 50-60%; adding a biological bacteria starter: adding 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter into each ton of bean cakes (calculated according to the dry bean cakes), and uniformly stirring; fourthly, building a fermentation heap: stacking the cow dung mixed with the zymophyte into a trapezoidal fermentation pile with the bottom width of 1.8-2.5 meters, the upper width of 1.2-1.5 meters and the height of 1-1.2 meters, wherein the length of the pile is not limited; fermenting: and (3) hermetically compacting the fermentation pile by using plastic cloth, keeping the internal temperature at 50-60 ℃ in the pile, turning the pile when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, generally turning the pile once every 7-10 days, turning the pile 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and completing the fermentation after 30-45 days.

The fully fermented cake fertilizer has no odor and black brown color, and the water content is aired to be below 30% for later use.

5. Humic acid fertilizer: the method comprises the steps of selecting a high-quality humic acid granular fertilizer, wherein the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 45-60%, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 60-80%, other trace elements are more than or equal to 5%, the pH value is 4-6, and the particle diameter is 1-4 mm.

6. Chelating a trace element fertilizer: the chelating microelement fertilizer containing microelements such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, selenium, magnesium and the like is selected.

7. Compound fertilizer: the ternary compound fertilizer with the slow release function is selected, wherein N is more than or equal to 10%, P2O5 is more than or equal to 15%, and K2O is more than or equal to 15%.

8. Calcium superphosphate: the high-quality calcium superphosphate granulated fertilizer is selected, the content of available phosphorus is 12-16%, and the diameter of granules is 1-4 mm.

The preparation process of the matrix comprises the following steps:

adding 6-10 kg of prepared cake fertilizer, 10-15 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of chelated trace fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of calcium superphosphate into 1-2 parts of prepared bacterial slag, 2-3 parts of biogas residue and 3-4 parts of cow dung per cubic meter of mixed matrix material, respectively loading the materials into a matrix stirrer, fully stirring for 3-5 minutes, and taking out for later use. The mixed substrate is the prepared vegetable culture substrate.

The prepared vegetable culture medium mainly comprises mushroom dregs, biogas residues and cow dung, and the three materials have high organic matter content, are loose and breathable and are good substitutes of commonly used seedling culture medium materials, namely peat. Meanwhile, the materials are common agricultural and animal husbandry production wastes, the wastes are accumulated in a concentrated mode to cause serious pollution to the surrounding environment, and the materials are prepared into the vegetable culture medium, so that the vegetable culture medium is beneficial to promoting the production of the vegetable industry and can reduce the pollution of the agricultural and animal husbandry production to the surrounding environment to different degrees.

The nutrient content of the prepared substrate (calculated by weight) is as follows: 45-60% of organic matter, 0.75-1.5% of humic acid, 120-200 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 320-500 mg/kg of quick-acting nitrogen, 80-120 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 6-10 mg/kg of quick-acting copper, 12-25 mg/kg of quick-acting zinc, 30-50 mg/kg of quick-acting iron, 17-32 mg/kg of quick-acting manganese, 0.8-l.5mg/kg of quick-acting boron, 3500-5200 mg/kg of exchangeable calcium and 320-550 mg/kg of exchangeable magnesium.

The advantages of the matrix are:

1. changing waste into valuable: the method makes full use of the production waste of the agriculture and animal husbandry, can effectively reduce the pollution of the agriculture and animal husbandry to the surrounding environment, and has the effect of changing waste into valuable.

2. And (3) peat resource protection: after the mushroom dregs and the cow dung in the medium are fully fermented, peat in the conventional medium can be well replaced. Peat is a natural marsh land product formed for thousands of years, belongs to non-renewable precious resources, and the exploitation behavior of peat is very harmful to the environment. The medium does not use cow dung and mushroom dregs to replace peat, and indirectly plays a role in protecting peat resources and environment.

3. The nutrition is rich: the materials such as the bacterial residues, the biogas residues, the cow dung and the like in the matrix contain rich organic matters and various nutrient substances, and the fertilizers such as cake fertilizers, humic acid fertilizers, chelated trace fertilizers, compound fertilizers, calcium superphosphate and the like added into the matrix are used in a matching manner, so that the matrix has sufficient nutrients and can meet the growth environment and nutrient requirements required by plant growth.

4. The environmental pollution is reduced: the matrix can promote the growth of plants to be strong, improve the disease resistance of the plants, reduce the dosage of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers, reduce environmental pollution and accelerate the zero growth and even negative growth of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

5. Promoting the plants to grow strongly: the substrate cultivation can effectively promote the vegetable plants to be sturdy, the root systems to be developed and the leaf colors to be dark green, and effectively improve the output capacity of the plants.

6. And (3) disease reduction: the combination of vegetable substrate cultivation and root irrigation can greatly improve the disease resistance and insect resistance of vegetables and greatly reduce the use amount of vegetable pest control agents.

7. Reducing the fertilizer dosage: the vegetable cultivation medium contains a large amount of organic matters, humic acid fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers, and has good adsorption capacity on applied fertilizers.

8. The quality is improved: the quality of the vegetables can be greatly improved by promoting the robust growth of plants, reducing plant diseases and insect pests and reducing the use amount of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

Example 1

The utility model provides a special irrigation structure after transplantation period, as shown in fig. 1 ~ 7, includes water pipe 1, venturi fertilizer applicator 2, fertilizer can 3, filter 5, house steward 6, branch pipe 8, capillary 9 and drips arrow 10, and the water pipe passes through the both ends of the parallelly connected venturi fertilizer applicator of pipeline 4, and the liquid manure mouth and the fertilizer can intercommunication of venturi fertilizer applicator are provided with the valve on the pipeline at venturi fertilizer applicator both ends.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe through a filter, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned on the ground 18 of a concave part between two ridge backs 19 as shown in figure 6, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider (comprising a flow stabilizer) 7 which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

Vertical pits 14 extending towards the lower portion of the ridge back are formed in the ridge back beside the vegetable seedling 11, a sand layer 17 is placed on the lower portion of each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is placed in each vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in each soil layer, the lower end of each water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of each water guide pipe extends out of each vertical pit, and a water supply mechanism is inserted into each water guide pipe. The water supply mechanism is the arrow 10, and the sand bed is used for the liquid manure that will drip the arrow and flow out to the side diffusion, and the soil horizon is used for reducing the evaporation of the liquid manure that drips the arrow and flow out.

The position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the first, second, third and fourth:

as shown in fig. 2, when the row spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is less than 20 cm, vertical pits 14 are arranged on the ridge backs of every two vegetable seedlings;

secondly, as shown in fig. 3, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 20 cm and less than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back at the middle position between the two vegetable seedlings;

thirdly, as shown in fig. 4, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back of the same side (both the left sides of the vegetable seedlings or both the right sides of the vegetable seedlings) of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and more than 10 cm;

as shown in fig. 5, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, vertical pits are respectively arranged on ridge backs on two sides of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between each vertical pit and the closest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm.

The shaft pit is cylindrical, the height H4 of the shaft pit is 20 cm, and the inner diameter W1 of the shaft pit is 4-6 cm. The height of the sand layer in the pit (H4-H2) is 15 cm, and the height of the soil layer in the pit H2 is 5 cm.

The total length of the conduit is 12 cm, the height H3 of the lower end of the conduit in the sand layer is 6 cm, the height H2 of the part of the conduit in the soil layer is 5 cm, and the height H1 of the upper end of the conduit extending out of the pit is 1 cm. The aqueduct is made of PVC pipe, the wall thickness is 1.2 mm, and the inner diameter is 1.6 cm.

The ridge structure is shown in fig. 6 and 7, and comprises two adjacent ridge backs 19, a small ridge (the ground at the concave part between the two ridge backs) 18 is arranged between the two ridge backs, and a large ridge 20 is arranged outside the two ridge backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the center lines of two ridge backs at two sides of each small furrow is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 of the lowest point of each small furrow from the highest point of the ridge back is 10-15 cm, and the vertical height of the lowest point of each large furrow from the highest point of the ridge back is 20-25 cm. Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of ridges, a large furrow is formed between every two adjacent ridges, and the distance between the central lines of the two ridge backs at the two sides of each large furrow is 80-100 cm.

The sand layer is made of medium-grain sand, and the diameter of the sand grains is 0.35-0.5 mm. After the vegetable seedlings are planted and survive, the root systems of the vegetable seedlings continuously grow, the root systems extend to the periphery to grow, and water and fertilizer can be rapidly obtained from vertical pits and soil.

When the invention is used:

and (3) perforating holes at the sides of the vegetable seedlings by using a perforator to form vertical pits, putting a sand layer, then inserting water guide pipes into the sand layer, filling the space above the vertical pits with soil, and then inserting a dropping arrow into each water guide pipe.

1. The irrigation water has a certain flow velocity, and the venturi fertilizer applicator sucks fertilizer into the irrigation water and mixes the fertilizer with the irrigation water.

2. The liquid manure flows to branch pipes through the main pipe, each branch pipe flows into different capillaries through a flow divider (comprising a flow stabilizer), and the liquid manure flows into the water guide pipe through drop arrows at the tail end of each capillary.

3. And the water and fertilizer are diffused into the soil around the vertical pit through the sand layer below the aqueduct.

Example 2

The utility model provides a special irrigation structure after transplantation period, as shown in fig. 1 ~ 5, 8 ~ 10, including water pipe 1, venturi fertilizer applicator 2, fertilizer can 3, filter 5, house steward 6, branch pipe 8, capillary 9 and drip arrow 10, the water pipe passes through the both ends of the parallelly connected venturi fertilizer applicator of pipeline 4, and the liquid manure mouth and the fertilizer can intercommunication of venturi fertilizer applicator are provided with the valve on the pipeline at venturi fertilizer applicator both ends.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe through a filter, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned on the ground 18 of a concave part between two ridge backs 19 as shown in figure 8, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider (comprising a flow stabilizer) 7 which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

Vertical pits 14 extending towards the lower portion of the ridge back are formed in ridge backs 19 beside vegetable seedlings, the lower end of each vertical pit is communicated with a blind ditch 22 formed in the ridge back along the extension direction of the ridge, straw or sand or a matrix 23 favorable for water and fertilizer diffusion is placed in the blind ditch, a sand layer 17 is placed on the lower portion of each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pits, and a water supply mechanism is inserted into the water guide pipe. The water supply mechanism is the arrow 10, and the sand bed is used for the liquid manure that will drip the arrow and flow out to the side diffusion, and the soil horizon is used for reducing the evaporation of the liquid manure that drips the arrow and flow out.

as shown in fig. 2, when the row spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is less than 20 cm, vertical pits are arranged on the ridge backs of every two vegetable seedlings, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit;

secondly, as shown in fig. 3, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 20 cm and less than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back of the middle position between the two vegetable seedlings, and a water conduit is arranged in each vertical pit;

thirdly, as shown in fig. 4, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back of the same side (both the left sides of the vegetable seedlings or both the right sides of the vegetable seedlings) of each vegetable seedling, the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit;

as shown in fig. 5, when the plant distance between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, vertical pits are respectively arranged on ridge backs on two sides of each vegetable seedling, the distance between each vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is smaller than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit.

Straw is arranged in the blind ditch, and the outer diameter W4 (the outer shape is approximately circular, and W4 is the same as H6) of the straw is 10 cm. The straw is made by bundling whole corn or sorghum straw.

The shaft pit is cylindrical, the height H4 of the shaft pit is 10-15 cm, and the inner diameter W1 of the shaft pit is 4-6 cm. After the straw is placed in the blind ditch, holes are formed at intervals on the back of the ridge by using a puncher to form vertical pits, the vertical pits can be used to a larger depth as shown in figures 8 and 9, and the lower end openings 24 of the vertical pits are positioned in the straw in the blind ditch; a smaller depth can also be used as shown in fig. 10, with the lower end opening of the shaft located just at the upper end surface of the straw. No matter what depth of pit is used, the purpose is to make the lower end opening of pit communicate with the straw in the underdrain.

The height of a sand layer in the shaft pit (H4-H2) is 5-10 cm, and the height of a soil layer in the shaft pit H2 is 5 cm. The depth of the sand layer is selected according to the depth of the vertical pit, when the depth of the vertical pit is 15 cm, the depth of the sand layer is 10 cm, and when the depth of the vertical pit is 10 cm, the depth of the sand layer is 5 cm.

The total length of the water guide pipe is 12 cm, the height H3 of the lower end of the water guide pipe in the sand layer is 6 cm, the height H2 of the part of the water guide pipe in the soil layer is 5 cm, and the height H1 of the water guide pipe extending out of the upper end of the vertical pit is 1 cm. The aqueduct is made of PVC pipe, the wall thickness is 1.2 mm, and the inner diameter is 1.6 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 8, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground at the concave part between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged outside the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the center lines of two ridge backs at two sides of each small furrow is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 between the lowest point of each small furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 10 cm, and the vertical height between the lowest point of each large furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 20 cm.

Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of ridges, a large furrow is formed between every two adjacent ridges, and the distance between the central lines of the two ridge backs at the two sides of the large furrow is 80-100 cm.

The sand layer is made of medium-grain sand, and the diameter of the sand grains is 0.35-0.5 mm. After the vegetable seedlings are planted and survive, the root systems of the vegetable seedlings continuously grow, the root systems extend to the periphery to grow, and water and fertilizer can be rapidly obtained from vertical pits, straws and soil.

When the invention is used:

3. The water fertilizer is diffused into the soil beside the vertical pit and the blind ditch through the sand layer below the aqueduct.

Example 3

A special irrigation structure in a transplanting period is shown in figures 1, 11 and 12 and comprises a water pipe 1, a Venturi fertilizer applicator 2, a fertilizer tank 3, a filter 5, a header pipe 6, branch pipes 8, capillary pipes 9 and drop arrows 10, wherein the water pipe is connected with two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel through a pipeline 4, a water and fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, and valves are arranged on the pipelines at two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator.

A plurality of root limiting pipes 15 are arranged on the ridge back at intervals, a substrate 25 is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling 11 is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end 27 of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch 22 arranged in the ridge back along the extension direction of the ridge, straws, sand or substrates 23 which are beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the blind ditch, and a water supply mechanism 10 is inserted into the substrate in each root limiting pipe. The water supply mechanism is a drop arrow 10 which is inserted into the matrix of the limiting pipe and the outlet section of which is close to the root system of the seedling.

The root limiting pipe is used for limiting the growth direction of the root system 21 of the seedling, and the substrate in the root limiting pipe above the root system is used for reducing the evaporation of water flowing out of the water supply mechanism. The limiting pipe is a straight pipe, the height (H7+ H8) of the limiting pipe is 11 cm, the inner diameter W6 of the limiting pipe is 9 cm, and the height H7 of the upper end of the limiting pipe extending out of the ridge back is 1 cm. The root limiting pipe prevents the root system of the seedling from growing sideward as shown in fig. 11, and the root system does not prevent from growing downwards, so that the root system can grow downwards and extend into the blind ditch, and can absorb moisture in the matrix in the blind ditch and nutrients of the fertilizer. Especially in winter, the ground surface temperature is low, the underground temperature is high, the root limiting pipe enables the root system to grow downwards as much as possible and enables the root system to be located in an area with high underground temperature, the survival rate of transplanting seedlings is improved, and the moisture and the nutrient which are rich in the matrix can promote the later growth of the seedlings.

The cross section of the underdrain is an inverted trapezoid as shown in fig. 11, the upper side width W7 of the inverted trapezoid is 21 cm, the lower side width W5 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm, and the height H9 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 11, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground at the depression between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged at the outer side of the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the center lines of two ridge backs at two sides of each small furrow is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 between the lowest point of each small furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 12 cm, and the vertical height between the lowest point of each large furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 25 cm. Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of ridges, a large furrow is formed between every two adjacent ridges, and the distance between the central lines of ridge backs on the two sides of the large furrow is 80-100 cm.

When the invention is used:

and (3) making an underdrain, paving a matrix in the underdrain, then placing the root limiting pipes according to the plant spacing requirement of the vegetable seedlings, paving soil beside the underdrain above the matrix, and covering the outer edges 26 of the root limiting pipes. And (3) pouring enough bottom water, filling a matrix in each limiting pipe, transplanting the limiting pipe into vegetable seedlings, and then inserting a drop arrow into the matrix of each limiting pipe to enable the water outlet section of the drop arrow to be close to the root system of the seedlings.

2. The liquid manure flows through the main pipe to the branch pipes, each branch pipe flows into a different capillary through a flow divider (including a flow stabilizer), and the drip arrows at the end of each capillary flow the liquid manure into the matrix of the limiting pipe.

3. The water fertilizer is diffused into the substrate of the blind ditch and the soil beside the blind ditch through the substrate below the root system of the seedling.

Example 4

The utility model provides a special irrigation structure after transplantation period, as shown in fig. 1 ~ 5, 13 ~ 15, including water pipe 1, venturi fertilizer applicator 2, fertilizer can 3, filter 5, house steward 6, branch pipe 8, capillary 9 and drip arrow 10, the water pipe passes through the both ends of the parallelly connected venturi fertilizer applicator of pipeline 4, and the liquid manure mouth and the fertilizer can intercommunication of venturi fertilizer applicator are provided with the valve on the pipeline at venturi fertilizer applicator both ends.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe through the filter, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned at a small furrow as shown in figure 2, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider (comprising a flow stabilizer) 7 which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

The vegetable seedling planting method comprises the steps that a plurality of limiting pipes 15 are arranged on a ridge back at intervals, a substrate 25 is filled in each limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling 11 is planted in each limiting pipe, the lower end of each limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch 22 arranged in the ridge back along the extension direction of the ridge, a substrate 23 is arranged in the blind ditch, vertical pits 14 extending towards the lower portion of the ridge back are arranged on the ridge back beside the limiting pipes, the lower end 24 of each vertical pit is communicated with the blind ditch, a sand layer 17 is arranged at the lower portion of each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is arranged in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pits, and a water supply structure 10 is inserted into. The water supply mechanism is the arrow 10, and the sand bed is used for the liquid manure that will drip the arrow and flow out to the side diffusion, and the soil horizon is used for reducing the evaporation of the liquid manure that drips the arrow and flow out.

The root limiting pipe is used for limiting the growth direction of the root system 21 of the seedling, and the substrate in the root limiting pipe above the root system is used for reducing evaporation of water flowing out of the water supply structure drop arrow. The limiting pipe is a straight pipe, the height (H7+ H8) of the limiting pipe is 11 cm, the inner diameter W6 of the limiting pipe is 9 cm, and the height H7 of the upper end of the limiting pipe extending out of the ridge back is 1 cm. The root limiting pipe can prevent the root system of the vegetable seedling from growing to the side as shown in fig. 13, and the root system can not be prevented from growing downwards, so that the root system can grow downwards and extend into the blind ditch, and the moisture in the substrate in the blind ditch and the nutrients of the fertilizer can be absorbed. Especially in winter, the ground surface temperature is low, the underground temperature is high, the root limiting pipe enables the root system to grow downwards as much as possible and enables the root system to be located in an area with high underground temperature, the survival rate of transplanting seedlings is improved, and the moisture and the nutrient which are rich in the matrix can promote the later growth of the seedlings.

The cross section of the underdrain is an inverted trapezoid as shown in fig. 13, the upper side width W7 of the inverted trapezoid is 21 cm, the lower side width W5 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm, and the height H9 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm. The shaft pit is cylindrical, the height H4 of the shaft pit is 20 cm, the inner diameter W1 of the shaft pit is 4-6 cm, the height of a sand layer (H4-H2) in the shaft pit is 15 cm, and the height of a soil layer (H2) in the shaft pit is 5 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 13, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground at the depression between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged at the outer side of the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the center lines of two ridge backs at two sides of each small furrow is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 between the lowest point of each small furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 12 cm, and the vertical height between the lowest point of each large furrow and the highest point of each ridge back is 25 cm.

When the invention is used:

and (3) making an underdrain, paving a matrix in the underdrain, then placing the root limiting pipes according to the plant spacing requirement of the vegetable seedlings, paving soil beside the underdrain above the matrix, and covering the outer edges 18 of the root limiting pipes. Pouring enough bottom water, filling the substrate in each limiting pipe and transplanting the substrate into vegetable seedlings.

And (3) perforating the side of the limiting pipe by using a perforator to form a vertical pit, putting a sand layer, then inserting a water guide pipe into the sand layer, filling the space above the vertical pit with soil, and then inserting a dropping arrow into each water guide pipe.

The sand layer is made of medium-grain sand, and the diameter of the sand grains is 0.35-0.5 mm. The water guide pipe is made of a PVC pipe, and the wall thickness is 1.2 mm.

2. The water fertilizer flows to the branch pipes through the header pipe, each branch pipe flows into different capillaries through a flow divider (comprising a flow stabilizer), and the drop arrows at the tail ends of the capillaries enable the water fertilizer to flow into the water guide pipes and then diffuse into the matrix and soil through the sand layer.

Application example 1

Two greenhouses of Korean raft village of Dongshizhengzhou area of Tianjin Jizhou, wherein a greenhouse of a control group is used for planting cucumbers in a traditional small high-ridge flood irrigation water and fertilizer management mode, and a greenhouse of the other test group is used for planting cucumbers in the water and fertilizer management mode.

The initial conditions such as cucumber variety, the number of transplanted seedlings and the like are the same, and the survived seedlings are timely replanted after field planting.

Through two-year continuous planting, compared with the cucumber of a test group and the cucumber of a control group, the fruit picking period of the test group can be advanced by 7-10 days, the yield of the test group is improved by 30-50%, and the pesticide dosage of the test group is reduced by more than 70%.

Application example 2

Two greenhouses of Korean raft village of Dongshizhengzhou area of Tianjin Jizhou, one greenhouse of a control group is used for planting cherry tomatoes in a traditional small high-ridge flood irrigation water and fertilizer management mode, and the other greenhouse of a test group is used for planting tomatoes in the water and fertilizer management mode.

Through two-year continuous planting, the cherry tomatoes in the test group are compared with the cherry tomatoes in the control group, the fruit picking period of the test group can be advanced by 7-10 days, the yield of the test group is improved by 20-30%, and the pesticide dosage of the test group is reduced by more than 85%.

Application example 3

Two greenhouses of Korean raft village of Dongshushu province of Tianjin Jizhou, one greenhouse of a control group is used for planting green peppers in a traditional small high-ridge flood irrigation water and fertilizer management mode, and the other greenhouse of a test group is used for planting green peppers in the water and fertilizer management mode.

Through two-year continuous planting, compared with a test group green pepper and a control group green pepper, the fruit harvesting of the test group can be advanced by 7-10 days, the yield of the test group is improved by 20-30%, and the pesticide dosage of the test group is reduced by more than 70%.

Claims

1. A water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplanting is characterized by comprising the following steps:

the method includes the steps of making furrows according to vegetable types;

2. The water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplantation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the third step, the root limiting pipe is arranged in the soil outside the vegetable seedling, the root system of the vegetable seedling is integrally positioned in the root limiting pipe, the space of the root limiting pipe beside the root system is filled with the matrix, the water supply mechanism is arranged in the matrix, and the outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system.

3. The water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplantation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step, set up limit root canal in the soil in the vegetable seedling outside, vegetable seedling's root system upper end is located limit root canal, and the other limit root canal space intussuseption of root system packs matrix, sets up a water supply mechanism in limit root canal side and the soil of bed back of a bed below, and this water supply mechanism exports the section and provides the liquid manure for the root system.

4. The greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein: a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the ridge back along the ridge extending direction and filled with straws or sand or a matrix, and the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch or the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the straws or the sand or the matrix in the blind ditch.

5. The water and fertilizer management method for greenhouse vegetable transplantation according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the substrate comprises 1-2 parts of mushroom dregs, 2-3 parts of biogas residues, 3-4 parts of cow dung and a fertilizer; the addition amount of the fertilizer is 6-10 kg of cake fertilizer, 6-10 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1kg of chelated trace element fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of calcium superphosphate added in the mixture of per cubic meter of bacteria residue, biogas residue and cow dung.

6. A special irrigation structure used after a transplanting period in the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method of claim 1, characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

7. A special irrigation structure used after a transplanting period in the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method of claim 4, characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

8. A special irrigation structure used in the transplanting period of the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method disclosed by claim 4, characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

9. A special irrigation structure used after a transplanting period in the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method of claim 4, characterized in that: the fertilizer distributor comprises a water pipe, a Venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a header pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the Venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the Venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the header pipe, the header pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two ridge backs, each branch pipe is provided with a flow divider which is arranged at intervals, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with;

10. Post-transplant dedicated irrigation structure according to claim 6 or 7 or 9, characterized in that: the position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the first, second, third and fourth: