CN114868595A - Method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions - Google Patents
Method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of raspberries, in particular to a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of selection of cultivated varieties, selection of seedlings, selection of mountainous regions, planting time, pre-planting treatment, selection of planting holes, field planting, film covering, fertilization and daily management. The method is suitable for planting environments with steep slopes, shallow soil layers, discontinuity and irregularity and water and soil loss of the stony desertification mountains, and the selected double-season black raspberry varieties have strong adaptability, good perennial root property, strong tree growth force and sprouting branch force, thick and strong stems, no thorns, good tree shape uprightness, no need of building frames, convenience for cultivation and management in the stony desertification mountainous regions and better suitability for growth in the stony desertification regions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of raspberries, in particular to a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land.
Background
Raspberry (Rubus L.) also called Rubus corchorifolius and herba Polygoni Avicularis is perennial polymerized small berry tree of Rubus of Rosaceae. The raspberry is a typical representative of the third generation fruit and has good homology of medicine and food. The raspberry fruit is rich in various components such as SOD, ellagic acid, anthocyanin, flavone, salicylic acid and the like, and has the effects of astringing essence, tonifying kidney, supporting yang, improving eyesight, dispelling the effects of alcohol, quenching thirst, reducing phlegm, detoxifying and the like. In the 20 th century and the 80 th year, China begins to cultivate raspberries, and the raspberries cultivation industry is mainly concentrated in northeast plain areas and mainly adopts an intensive cultivation mode; the industry of raspberry cultivation in south China starts late, and a dam land with thick soil layer and gentle topography is selected for a planting area for centralized and continuous planting. At present, the number of raspberry cultivars in China is small, and at present, the main cultivars in China are red raspberries, black raspberries and yellow raspberries, and most of the raspberry cultivars are single-season raspberries which blossom and bear fruits in summer.
In the contiguous karst region centered on Guizhou in China, the area of stony desertification land is about 1007 million hectares, and the stony desertification degree is mainly mild (the bare rock rate is less than or equal to 50-30%) and moderate (the bare rock rate is less than or equal to 70-50%), and accounts for 73.2% of the total area of stony desertification. The water and soil loss in the stony desertification area is serious, the bedrock is exposed, and the surface soil layer is shallow, discontinuous and irregular, so that the soil in the stony desertification area loses certain agricultural utilization value, the agricultural economy development in the stony desertification area is slow, and the agricultural industrial structure is single. The double-season black raspberry has wide adaptability, good economic benefit and quick response, and is an excellent tree species which is ecological and economic and has water and soil conservation. The double-season black raspberry is a shallow root system perennial type vertical shrub, the root system is especially developed, the double-season black raspberry is interwoven into a net in a soil layer of 20-30 cm, and the double-season black raspberry has a good effect of keeping water and soil in a stony desertification mountain region. The double-season black raspberry can bear fruit in the current year or the 2 nd year of planting, the 3 rd to 4 th year of fruit bearing high yield period is reached, and the perennial root can be produced for 10 to 15 years after one time of planting. The double-season black raspberry can bear fruits in summer and autumn, the fruiting period can be continued from 4 months to 11 months, the berry is black and purple, the fruit is oval and big, the weight of a single fruit is 6-8 g, the fruit taste is sour, sweet and delicious, the flavor is unique, the double-season black raspberry can be eaten fresh, and the double-season black raspberry can be processed into products such as fruit juice, jam, fruit wine and enzyme. However, no report is found on the research on the cultivation of raspberries in the large-slope planting area of the stony desertification region, and therefore, a method for cultivating the double-season black raspberries in the stony desertification region is proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification region, which is suitable for planting raspberries in a stony desertification region with a large gradient, improves the adaptability of raspberries and strengthens the yield stability of raspberries in a severe environment, and the specific technical scheme is as follows:
a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land comprises the following steps:
step 1, selecting a cultivated variety: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good tree branch erectness, and strong stems without thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: domesticating and culturing the tissue culture seedling or the root tillering seedling for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0 mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: the method comprises the steps of selecting a rocky desertification mountain land which is sufficient in sunlight and good in ventilation, wherein the altitude is 500-1500 m, the soil is neutral or alkalescent, the pH value is 6.5-7.5, the annual average rainfall is 800-1500 mm, the rock exposure rate is 30-70%, and the average slope is larger than or equal to 30 degrees.
Step 4, planting time: the raspberry is planted in the rocky desertification mountain area most suitable for 9 to 10 months later in autumn.
Step 5, pre-treatment of planting: pruning the dry branches of raspberry seedlings, not strengthening and tendering the branches, and cutting off overlong twigs and root systems. And (3) soaking the root system of the pruned raspberry seedling in water for 4 hours, taking out the root system, and coating the root system with slurry obtained by mixing nutrient solution and cultivation soil.
Step 6, selecting a planting hole: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, and enabling the planting distance of each planting hole to be 120 cm. The selected planting holes need to keep a certain distance with bare rocks protruding out of the ground, and the planting distance of the adjacent planting holes on the upper and lower steep slopes or cliff can be less than 120 cm.
Step 7, field planting: applying base fertilizer in the planting holes, returning soil and uniformly mixing the base fertilizer. And planting the treated raspberry seedlings in a planting hole, covering soil to a position 8-10cm away from the planting hole opening, compacting the soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering root fixing water thoroughly.
Step 8, laminating: and covering a film around the transplanted raspberry seedling.
Step 9, fertilizing: and applying decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer in winter for 11-12 months. And in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months, applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements.
Step 10, daily management: pruning the fruit branches of the raspberries in time every year, doing irrigation work in the dry season, and paying attention to pest control.
Preferably, in the step 3, the surface water of the mountain land in the stony desertification area generally rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, so that drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of a nearby water source or underground water. In addition, the bedrock of the rock desertification mountain land is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, for the exposed rock planting holes which protrude more than 50cm from the ground, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes and the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliffs is less than 120 cm.
Preferably, in the step 4, rainfall in the karst mountainous area of the southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layer loosening and aggravation of water and soil loss in the stony desertification mountainous area are easily caused by turning over the land for 3-4 months in spring, the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is not beneficial to the growth of newly planted raspberries, and the frost period and the congelation in winter influence the survival rate of the raspberries. The climate is warm and humid in the last 9 to 10 months of autumn, which is the best time for planting the raspberry.
Preferably, in the step 5, the roots of the raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots of the raspberry seedlings fully absorb water, and the transplanting survival rate of the raspberries is improved. The nutrient solution is dipped in the roots of the raspberries to promote the rooting and development of the raspberries and ensure the rapid growth of the raspberries.
Preferably, the nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements, plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, and the plant growth active substances comprise auxin, cytokinin, vitamins, gibberellin and the like. The total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Preferably, in the step 7, the base fertilizer is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure, human manure or chicken manure is not easy to select, and the usage amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5-2.0kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied, and the dosage of the organic fertilizer is 6.0-8.0kg per hole.
Preferably, in the step 8, the width of the covering film is 30-40cm, and a circle is formed by enclosing the covering film along the edge 5-6cm away from the stem. The film covering is helpful for slowing down the water evaporation of the soil layer in the initial stage of transplanting, rainwater can be gathered in the holes along the outer edges of the fixed planting holes in rainy days to irrigate the saplings, and the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Preferably, in the step 9, the fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is applied according to the ratio of N to P2O5 to K2O to 12 to 8 to 40, the total nutrient content of N + P2O5 and K2O is more than or equal to 60.0%, and microelements with the total nutrient content of 0.1-0.3% are added. The double-season black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizers need to be applied in 3 months before the summer fruits and 6 months before the autumn fruits, and tree blossoming and fruiting are promoted; and the double-season black raspberry belongs to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering and fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical effects that:
the mountain in the stony desertification area is high and steep, the soil layer is shallow, discontinuous and irregular, the water and soil loss phenomenon exists, and the bearing branches of the raspberries are difficult to erect and the cost is high. The selected double-season black raspberry has strong adaptability, good perennial root, strong tree growth and sprouting branch forming ability, thick and strong stems without thorns, good tree shape uprightness, no need of building frames, convenient cultivation and management in stony desertification mountainous regions, and better adaptability to the growth in stony desertification regions.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further defined below with reference to the specific embodiments, but the scope of the claims is not limited to the description.
Example 1
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land comprises the following steps:
step 1, selecting a cultivated variety: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch erectness, and strong stem without thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: domesticating and culturing the tissue culture seedling or the root tiller seedling for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0 mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: selecting a stony desertification mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation, wherein the altitude is 500-600 m, the soil is neutral, the pH value is 6.5, the annual average rainfall is 800mm, the rock exposure rate is 30-50%, and the average gradient reaches 30 degrees; surface water of mountainous regions in the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, so that drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the bedrock of the rock desertification mountain land is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, for the exposed rock planting holes which protrude more than 50cm from the ground, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes and the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliffs is less than 120 cm.
Step 4, planting time: the method is most suitable for planting raspberries in rocky desertification mountain areas in the last 10 months of autumn. Rainfall in the karst mountainous area of southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layer loosening and water and soil loss aggravation in the stony desertification mountainous area are easily caused by turning over the land for planting in 3 months in spring, the growth of newly planted raspberries is not facilitated in high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer, and the survival rate of the raspberries is influenced by frost period and congelation in winter. The climate is warm and humid in the last 10 th ten days of autumn, which is the best time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pre-treatment of planting: pruning the dry branches of raspberry seedlings, not strengthening and tendering the branches, and cutting off overlong twigs and root systems. And (3) soaking the root system of the pruned raspberry seedling in water for 4 hours, taking out the root system, and coating the root system with slurry obtained by mixing nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots of the raspberry seedlings fully absorb water, and the transplanting survival rate of the raspberries is improved. The nutrient solution is dipped in the roots of the raspberries to promote the rooting and development of the raspberries and ensure the rapid growth of the raspberries.
Step 6, selecting a planting hole: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, and enabling the planting distance of each planting hole to be 120 cm. Exposed rocks which protrude above the ground by more than 50cm are required, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes is 80-120 cm, and raspberry branches are not shielded. The surface water of the mountainous regions of the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: applying base fertilizer in the planting holes, returning soil and uniformly mixing the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to a position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering root fixing water thoroughly. The base fertilizer is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure, human manure or chicken manure is not easy to select, and the usage amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied, and the dosage is applied according to 6.0kg per hole.
Step 8, laminating: and covering a film around the transplanted raspberry seedling. The width of the covering film is 30cm, and a circle is formed by the covering film along the edge 5cm away from the main stem. The film covering is helpful for slowing down the water evaporation of the soil layer in the initial stage of transplanting, rainwater can be gathered in the holes along the outer edges of the fixed planting holes in rainy days to irrigate the saplings, and the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: and applying decomposed farmyard manure 12 months in winter. And in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months, applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements. The proportion of the fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is N, P2O5, K2O is 12, 8 and 40, the total nutrient content of N + P2O5 and K2O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and microelements with 0.1 percent of total nutrient are added. The double-season black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizers need to be applied in 3 months before the summer fruits and 6 months before the autumn fruits, and tree blossoming and fruiting are promoted; and the double-season black raspberry belongs to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering and fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning the fruit branches of the raspberries in time every year to promote the fruit branches to germinate and grow; supplementing water in time in a drought season, and well performing irrigation work; attention is paid to green prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements, plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, and the plant growth active substances comprise auxin, cytokinin, vitamin, gibberellin and the like. The total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Example 2
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land comprises the following steps:
step 1, selecting a cultivated variety: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch erectness, and strong stem without thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: domesticating and culturing the tissue culture seedling or the root tillering seedling for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0 mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: selecting a stony desertification mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation, wherein the altitude is 900-1000m, the soil is neutral, the pH value is 6.8, the annual average rainfall is 1000mm, the rock exposure rate is 50-70%, and the average gradient reaches 35 degrees; surface water of mountainous regions in the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, so that drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the bedrock of the rock desertification mountain land is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, for the exposed rock planting holes which protrude more than 50cm from the ground, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes and the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliffs is less than 120 cm.
Step 4, planting time: the method is most suitable for planting raspberries in rocky desertification mountainous areas in the last 10 months of autumn. Rainfall in the karst mountainous area of southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layer loosening and water and soil loss aggravate in the stony desertification mountainous area are easily caused by 3-turn planting in spring, the growth of newly planted raspberries is not facilitated by high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer, and the survival rate of the raspberries is influenced by frost and congelation in winter. The climate is warm and humid in the first 10 th of autumn, which is the best time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pre-treatment of planting: pruning raspberry seedlings to have dry branches, weak and tender branches and excessively long twigs and roots. And (3) soaking the root system of the pruned raspberry seedling in water for 4 hours, taking out the root system, and coating the root system with slurry obtained by mixing nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots of the raspberry seedlings fully absorb water, and the transplanting survival rate of the raspberries is improved. The nutrient solution is dipped in the roots of the raspberries to promote the rooting and development of the raspberries and ensure the rapid growth of the raspberries.
Step 6, selecting a planting hole: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, and enabling the planting distance of each planting hole to be 120 cm. Exposed rocks which protrude above the ground by more than 50cm are required, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes is 80-120 cm, and raspberry branches are not shielded. The surface water of the mountainous regions of the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: applying base fertilizer in the planting holes, returning soil and uniformly mixing the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to a position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering root fixing water thoroughly. The base fertilizer is decomposed sheep manure, and the dosage of the base fertilizer is 1.5kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied, and the dosage is applied according to 6.0kg per hole.
Step 8, laminating: and covering a film around the transplanted raspberry seedling. The width of the covering film is 30cm, and a circle is formed by the covering film along the edge 5cm away from the main stem. The film covering is helpful for slowing down the water evaporation of the soil layer in the initial stage of transplanting, rainwater can be gathered in the holes along the outer edges of the fixed planting holes in rainy days to irrigate the saplings, and the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: and applying decomposed farmyard manure in 11 months in winter. In the growth period of 3 months and 6 months, nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements are applied. The proportion of the fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is N, P2O5, K2O is 12, 8 and 40, the total nutrient content of N + P2O5 and K2O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and microelements with 0.2 percent of total nutrient are added. The double-season black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizers need to be applied in 3 months before the summer fruits and 6 months before the autumn fruits, and tree blossoming and fruiting are promoted; and the double-season black raspberry belongs to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering and fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning the fruit branches of the raspberries in time every year to promote the fruit branches to germinate and grow; supplementing water in time in a drought season, and well performing irrigation work; attention is paid to green prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements, plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, and the plant growth active substances comprise auxin, cytokinin, vitamin, gibberellin and the like. The total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Example 3
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land comprises the following steps:
step 1, selecting a cultivated variety: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch erectness, and strong stem without thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: domesticating and culturing the tissue culture seedling or the root tillering seedling for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0 mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: selecting a stony desertification mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation, wherein the altitude is 1300-1400 m, the soil is neutral or alkalescent, the pH is 7.5, the annual average rainfall is 1300mm, the rock exposure rate is 50-70%, and the average gradient reaches 40 degrees; surface water of mountainous regions in the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, so that drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the bedrock of the rock desertification mountain land is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, for the exposed rock planting holes which protrude more than 50cm from the ground, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes and the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliffs is less than 120 cm.
Step 4, planting time: the method is most suitable for planting raspberries in rocky desertification mountain areas in 9 Yuehan of autumn. Rainfall in the karst mountainous area of southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layers in the stony desertification mountainous area are easy to loosen and aggravate water and soil loss when the plants are turned over in 4 months in spring, the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is not beneficial to the growth of newly planted raspberries, and the frost period and congelation in winter influence the survival rate of the raspberries. In autumn 9, the climate is warm and humid in the last ten days, which is the best time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pre-treatment of planting: pruning the dry branches of raspberry seedlings, not strengthening and tendering the branches, and cutting off overlong twigs and root systems. And (3) putting the root system of the pruned raspberry seedling into water, soaking for 4-6 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots of the raspberry seedlings fully absorb water, and the transplanting survival rate of the raspberries is improved. The nutrient solution is dipped in the roots of the raspberries to promote the rooting and development of the raspberries and ensure the rapid growth of the raspberries.
Step 6, selecting a planting hole: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, and enabling the planting distance of each planting hole to be 120 cm. Exposed rocks which protrude above the ground by more than 50cm are required, the distance between the planting holes and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, the distance between the planting holes is 80-120 cm, and raspberry branches are not shielded. The surface water of the mountainous regions of the stony desertification region usually rapidly permeates into underground rock seams to form underground water, drainage ditches do not need to be arranged like flat dam lands, time and labor are saved, and the selected terrain is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: applying base fertilizer in the planting holes, returning soil and uniformly mixing with the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to a position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering root fixing water thoroughly. The base fertilizer is decomposed pig manure, and the dosage of the base fertilizer is 2.0kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied, and the dosage is applied according to 8.0kg per hole.
Step 8, laminating: and covering a film around the transplanted raspberry seedling. The width of the covering film is 40cm, and a circle is formed by the covering film along the edge 5cm away from the main stem. The film covering is helpful for slowing down the water evaporation of the soil layer in the initial stage of transplanting, rainwater can be gathered in the holes along the outer edges of the fixed planting holes in rainy days to irrigate the saplings, and the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: and applying decomposed farmyard manure 12 months in winter. And in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months, applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements. The fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is characterized in that the ratio of N to P2O5 to K2O to 12 to 8 to 40, the total nutrient content of N + P2O5+ K2O is more than or equal to 60.0%, and microelements with the total nutrient content of 0.3% are added. The double-season black raspberries are fruited in summer and autumn, fertilizers need to be applied in 3 months before fruitage in summer and 6 months before fruitage in autumn, and the blooming and the fruiting of the raspberries are promoted; and the double-season black raspberry belongs to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering and fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning the fruit branches of the raspberries in time every year to promote the fruit branches to germinate and grow; supplementing water in time in a drought season, and well performing irrigation work; attention is paid to green prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements, plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, and the plant growth active substances comprise auxin, cytokinin, vitamin, gibberellin and the like. The total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Test example 1
23-27 months 9 in 2019, and selecting a sunward stony desertification slope land in Wanfeng forest areas of Xingyi city in Guizhou province. The rock exposure rate of the stony desertification mountain land is 65.8 percent, the average gradient is 42 degrees, the pH value of the soil is 6.8-7.5 of lime soil formed by rock development, the thickness of the soil layer is more than 30-80 cm, the annual rainfall is 1380-1530 mm, and the rainfall is mainly concentrated in summer.
Selecting double-season black raspberry, double-season red raspberry and double-season yellow raspberry tissue culture seedlings, and domesticating and culturing for more than 6 months. The plant height of the double-season black raspberry is required to be more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is required to be more than or equal to 3.0 mm; the plant height of the double-season red raspberry and the double-season yellow raspberry is more than or equal to 25cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 2.5 mm.
Selecting a land with soil layer thickness more than or equal to 30cm, digging a planting pit with depth of 30cm and width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of the double-season black raspberries is 120cm, and the plant spacing of the double-season red raspberries and the double-season yellow raspberries is 80 cm. The distance between the planting hole and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50 cm; the planting distance of the planting holes can be smaller than the specified planting distance, but the raspberry branches are not shielded.
Dividing the stony desertification mountain land from the slope to the slope toe into 6 groups of plots, cross-planting double-season black raspberries, double-season red raspberries and double-season yellow raspberries, and planting 2 groups of each raspberry variety and recording as treatment 1 and treatment 2. The other operations were the same as in example 3.
Planting the above treatment according to the following modes:
treatment 1: directly transplanting the raspberry seedlings into the planting holes, and pruning, irrigating, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests and the like according to a conventional management mode.
And (3) treatment 2: soaking the roots of raspberry seedlings in water for 4 hours, taking out, wrapping the roots with slurry obtained by mixing nutrient solution and cultivation soil, applying decomposed farmyard manure in planting holes, returning soil and uniformly mixing the soil and the decomposed farmyard manure, planting the raspberries in the planting holes, and covering films to preserve water; pruning, irrigation, pest control and the like are carried out according to a conventional management mode.
And (4) counting the survival rate of the raspberry plants treated by the treatment steps 1-2, and measuring and calculating the yield of the raspberry plants after the raspberry fruits are ripe. The results are shown in the following table:
as shown by the data in Table 1, the survival rate of the double-season black raspberry is obviously higher than that of the double-season red raspberry and the double-season yellow raspberry in the stony desertification mountainous region, and the double-season black raspberry is more adaptive in the stony desertification mountainous region. Through comparative observation after different raspberry varieties are transplanted, compared with double-season red raspberries and double-season yellow raspberries, the double-season black raspberries have stronger cold resistance, drought resistance and waterlogging resistance, the tree vigor growth power and the sprouting branching power of the double-season black raspberries are strong, and the tree form uprightness is good. The average single-plant yield of the double-season red raspberries and the double-season yellow raspberries is lower than that of the double-season black raspberries, and the average single-plant yield of the double-season black raspberries can reach more than 5kg according to the method of the invention.
During the operation process, the slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil is used for wrapping the roots which fully absorb water when raspberry seedlings are planted, the nutrient solution is a mixture of several medium and trace elements, plant growth active substances and water, the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, the plant growth active substances comprise plant growth hormone, cytokinin, vitamin, gibberellin and the like, and the total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10% of the total amount of the nutrient solution. In addition, the base fertilizer applied during planting is decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer, the decomposed farmyard manure can be mixed and applied by one or more of sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure according to any proportion, the planted double-season black raspberry is of a double-season fruit type, the application amount of the base fertilizer is larger than that of a single-season fruit type raspberry, the decomposed farmyard manure is applied according to 1.5-2.0kg per hole, and the organic fertilizer is applied according to 6.0-8.0kg per hole. The nutrient solution and the base fertilizer are applied to ensure the nutrient supply required by the growth and development of the raspberries at the initial stage of transplantation, particularly, the medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances contained in the nutrient solution promote the germination and rooting of the raspberries, and the operation technology can influence the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries to a certain extent.
Moreover, in the operation process, the raspberry seedlings are covered with soil to a position 8-10cm away from the planting hole openings when the raspberry seedlings are transplanted, the raspberry seedlings are fixed by compacting the covered soil, and rooting water is thoroughly poured. Covering a film, wherein the width of the film is 30-40cm, and the film is surrounded into a circle along the edge 5-6cm away from the main stem. The film covering is beneficial to realizing the water retention and moisture preservation effects of the raspberry seedlings in a period of time after transplantation, and the transplantation survival rate of the raspberries in the stony desertification mountain land is greatly improved. Through statistics, the survival rate of transplanted raspberry seedlings can reach more than 91%.
The invention and creation of the double-season black raspberry cultivated in the stony desertification land can repair the stony desertification land to a certain extent. In addition, some short-stem crops can be interplanted in the raspberry forest empty space, especially the leaves of the whole raspberry in winter, the forest empty space is large, crops such as vegetables and beans can be interplanted, and perennial root vine Chinese medicinal materials can be planted on rocks, so that the comprehensive economic benefit of the stony desertification mountain land is increased.
Claims (8)
1. A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification mountain land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, selecting a cultivated variety: selecting a black raspberry with a double-season fruit type, wherein the branches are good in erectility, the stems are thick and strong, and no thorns exist;
step 2, seedling selection: selecting tissue culture seedlings or root tiller seedlings, domesticating and culturing for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0 mm;
step 3, mountain land selection: selecting a stony desertification mountain land which is sufficient in sunlight and good in ventilation, wherein the altitude is 500-1500 m, the soil is neutral or alkalescent, the pH is 6.5-7.5, the annual average rainfall is 800-1500 mm, the rock exposure rate is 30-70%, and the average gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees;
step 4, planting time: planting the raspberry in the most suitable rocky desertification mountain area from 9 to 10 months in autumn;
step 5, pre-treatment of planting: pruning the dry branches of raspberry seedlings, not strengthening and tendering the branches, and cutting off overlong twigs and root systems; putting the root system of the pruned raspberry seedling into water, soaking for 4-6 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil;
step 6, selecting a planting hole: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the planting distance of each planting hole is 120 cm; the selected planting holes need to keep a certain distance with the rock protruding out of the ground, and the planting distance between the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliff planting holes is less than 120 cm;
step 7, field planting: applying base fertilizer in the planting holes, and uniformly stirring the returned soil and the base fertilizer; planting the treated raspberry seedlings in planting holes, covering soil to a position 8-10cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering root fixing water thoroughly;
step 8, laminating: covering a film around the transplanted raspberry seedling;
step 9, fertilizing: applying decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer in winter for 11-12 months; in 3 months and 6 months of the growth period, applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements;
step 10, daily management: pruning the fruit branches of the raspberries in time every year, doing irrigation work in the dry season, and paying attention to pest control.
2. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mountain terrain of the stony desertification areas in step 3 is not lower than the highest water level of nearby water sources or underground water, drainage ditches are not needed in the planting field, and time and labor are saved; in addition, the distance between the selected planting holes and the exposed rock surface which is more than 50cm higher than the ground surface is more than or equal to 50cm, and the planting distance between the adjacent upper and lower steep slopes or cliff planting holes with the height difference of more than or equal to 1m is less than 120 cm.
3. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries on stony desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step 4, the date with warm and humid climate between 9 and 10 months of autumn is selected as the cultivation time.
4. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step 5, the roots of the raspberry seedling are soaked before planting, and the roots are dipped with the nutrient solution.
5. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries on stony desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nutrient solution is a mixture of mainly medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances with water, the medium and trace elements comprise one or more of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum and copper, the plant growth active substances comprise one or more of auxin, cytokinin, vitamin and gibberellin; the total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
6. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries on a stony desertification land as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 7, the base fertilizer is decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer; the decomposed farmyard manure is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cattle manure and pig manure, and the dosage of the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5-2.0kg per hole; the organic fertilizer is applied according to the dosage of 6.0-8.0kg per hole.
7. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in a stony desertification area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 8, the width of the covering film is 30-40cm, and the covering film is surrounded into a circle along the length of the covering film which is 5-6cm from the stem.
8. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 9, fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements are applied according to the ratio of N to P2O5 to K2O to 12 to 8 to 40, the total nutrient content of N + P2O5+ K2O is more than or equal to 60.0%, and microelements with the total nutrient content of 0.1-0.3% are added.
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