CN114868595B - Method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountain land - Google Patents

Method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountain land Download PDF

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CN114868595B
CN114868595B CN202210687062.9A CN202210687062A CN114868595B CN 114868595 B CN114868595 B CN 114868595B CN 202210687062 A CN202210687062 A CN 202210687062A CN 114868595 B CN114868595 B CN 114868595B
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CN114868595A (en
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周玉飞
罗晓青
王晓敏
张显波
雷石富
李廷洋
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SUBTROPICAL CROPS INSTITUTE OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
    • A01G13/0275—Films
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
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    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming

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Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of raspberries, in particular to a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions, which comprises the following steps: selecting cultivar, selecting seedling, selecting mountain land, planting time, treating before planting, selecting planting holes, planting, coating film, fertilizing and daily managing. The method is suitable for planting environments with steep hillsides, shallow and thin soil layers, discontinuity, irregularity and water and soil loss of the stony desertification mountains, and the selected double-season blackberry varieties are strong in adaptability, good in perennial root property, strong in tree vigor growth force and germination and branch forming force, thick and strong in stems, free of thorns, good in tree erection, free of frame building, convenient to cultivate and manage in the stony desertification mountains, and capable of better adapting to the growth of stony desertification areas.

Description

Method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountain land
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of raspberries, in particular to a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions.
Background
Raspberry (Rubus L.) is also called raspberry, seedling soaking, and is a perennial polymerized small pulp fruit tree of Rubus genus of Rosaceae. Raspberry is a typical representation of third generation fruits and has good homology of medicine and food. The raspberry fruit is rich in a large amount of SOD, ellagic acid, anthocyanin, flavone, salicylic acid and other components, and has the effects of astringing essence, tonifying kidney, supporting yang, improving eyesight, sobering up, quenching thirst, resolving phlegm, detoxifying and the like. The raspberry cultivation industry is mainly concentrated in the northeast plain area and mainly adopts an intensive planting mode in the beginning of China in the 80 th century; the raspberry cultivation industry in the south of China starts later, and most of the planting areas are selected from dam areas with deep soil layers and gentle topography, and are planted in a concentrated and continuous mode. Currently, there are few raspberry cultivars in China, and the main cultivars in China at present are raspberries, blackberries and Huang Shumei, which are Shan Jishu raspberries flowering and fruiting in summer.
The area of the stony desertification land in the continuous karst region with the Guizhou as the center in China is about 1007 ten thousand hectares, the stony desertification degree is mainly light (the bare rock rate is less than or equal to 50% -30%) and medium (the bare rock rate is less than or equal to 70% -50%), and the stony desertification degree accounts for 73.2% of the total area of the stony desertification. The stony desertification area has serious water and soil loss, exposed bedrock and shallow and discontinuous soil layer on the surface of the land, so that the land in the stony desertification area loses a certain agricultural utilization value, the stony desertification area has slow agricultural economic development and single agricultural industrial structure. The double-season black raspberry has wide adaptability, good economic benefit and quick response, and is an excellent tree species with ecological economy and water and soil conservation. The double-season black raspberries are upright shrubs with shallow root system and perennial root type, the root system is particularly developed, and the double-season black raspberries are interwoven into a net in a soil layer of 20-30 cm, so that the double-season black raspberries have a good effect on water and soil conservation in stony desertification mountainous areas. The double-season black raspberry can be obtained in the current year or the 2 nd year, the 3 rd to 4 th year enters the fruiting and growing period, and the perennial root can be produced for 10 to 15 years after being planted once. The double-season black raspberry can be obtained in summer and autumn, the fruiting period can last from 4 months to 11 months, the berries are black and purple, the fruits are oval big fruits, the weight of each fruit is 6-8 g, the fruit taste is sour, sweet and delicious, the flavor is unique, and the double-season black raspberry can be eaten fresh and can be processed into products such as fruit juice, jam, fruit wine, ferment and the like. However, research on cultivation of raspberries in a large-gradient planting area of a stony desertification mountain has not been reported, and therefore, a method for cultivating double-season blackberries in the stony desertification mountain is proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification areas, which is used for planting raspberries in stony desertification areas with large gradient, improving the adaptability of the raspberries and strengthening the yield stability of the raspberries in severe environments, and the specific technical scheme is as follows:
a method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains, comprising the following steps:
step 1, cultivar selection: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch uprightness, thick and strong stems and no thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: the tissue culture seedling or root tiller seedling is domesticated and cultivated for more than 6 months, the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: a stony desertification mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation is selected, the altitude is 500-1500 m, the soil is neutral or weak alkaline, the pH is 6.5-7.5, the annual average rainfall is 800-1500 mm, the rock exposure rate is 30-70%, and the average gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees.
Step 4, planting time: the raspberry is most suitable for being planted in stony desertification mountainous areas in the late 9 th to the late 10 th of autumn.
Step 5, pretreatment before planting: pruning the dried branches, weak and tender branches, and cutting off the overlong branches and root systems of the raspberry seedlings. And (3) putting the trimmed root systems of the raspberry seedlings into water, soaking for 4 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root systems with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil.
Step 6, field planting hole selection: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of each planting hole is 120cm. The selected planting holes are required to keep a certain distance with bare rock protruding out of the ground, and the planting distance between adjacent planting holes on the steep slopes or cliffs can be smaller than 120cm.
Step 7, field planting: and (5) applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, and uniformly mixing the returned soil and the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to the position 8-10cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering the raspberry seedlings thoroughly to fix root water.
Step 8, film coating: and coating a film around the transplanted raspberry seedlings.
Step 9, fertilizing: applying decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer in winter for 11-12 months. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months.
Step 10, daily management: pruning branches of raspberry fruiting in time each year, and performing irrigation in arid seasons, and paying attention to pest control.
Preferably, in the step 3, the mountain surface water in the stony desertification area can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, so that a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected land is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the rock of the stony desertification mountain is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, the distance between the bare rock planting holes protruding above 50cm of the ground and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, and the planting hole planting distance is less than 120cm.
Preferably, in the step 4, rainfall in the karst mountain area in southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layer loosening and water and soil loss aggravated in the mountain area in stony desertification are easily caused by the soil turning planting in 3-4 months in spring, and the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is unfavorable for the growth of new raspberries, and the survival rate of the raspberries is influenced by frost in winter. The season is warm and moist in the late autumn 9 to 10 months, and is the best time for planting raspberries.
Preferably, in the step 5, the roots of the raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots of the raspberry seedlings fully absorb water, and the survival rate of the raspberry transplanting is improved. The root is fully dipped with the nutrient solution, so that the rooting development of the raspberry seedlings is promoted, and the rapid growth of the raspberries is ensured.
Preferably, the nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and the like, and the plant growth active substances comprise auxin, cytokinin, vitamins, gibberellin and the like. The total amount of medium, trace elements and plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Preferably, in the step 7, the base fertilizer is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure, human manure or chicken manure is not easy to select, and the dosage of the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5-2.0kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied, and the dosage is 6.0-8.0kg per hole.
Preferably, in the step 8, the width of the covering film is 30-40cm, and a circle is formed along the distance of 5-6cm from the main stem. The film is helpful for slowing down the evaporation of water in soil layers in the early stage of transplanting, and rainwater can be collected in the holes along the outer edges of the planting holes in rainy days to irrigate saplings, so that the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Preferably, in the step 9, the fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is applied to the mixture ratio N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:8:40, total nutrient content n+p 2 O 5 +K 2 O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and trace elements accounting for 0.1 to 0.3 percent of total nutrient are added. The black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizer is applied for 3 months before summer fruit and 6 months before autumn fruit, and flowering and fruiting of the raspberry are promoted; and the double-season black raspberries belong to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and the potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical effects that:
the mountain in stony desertification area is steep in high slope, the soil layer is shallow, discontinuous and irregular, water and soil loss phenomenon exists, and the branch of raspberry fruiting is difficult to put up and the cost is high. The selected double-season black raspberry variety has strong adaptability, good perennial root property, strong tree vigor growth force and sprouting and branch forming force, strong stems, no thorns, good tree erection, no need of frame building, convenient cultivation and management in stony desertification mountainous areas, and better adaptability to the growth of stony desertification areas.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the present invention is further defined below in conjunction with the specific embodiments, but the scope of the claimed invention is not limited to the description.
Example 1
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains, comprising the following steps:
step 1, cultivar selection: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch uprightness, thick and strong stems and no thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: the tissue culture seedling or root tiller seedling is domesticated and cultivated for more than 6 months, the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: the mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation is selected, the altitude is 500-600 m, the soil is neutral, the pH is 6.5, the annual average rainfall is 800mm, the rock bare rate is 30-50%, and the average gradient reaches 30 degrees; the mountain surface water in the stony desertification area can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, so that a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the rock of the stony desertification mountain is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, the distance between the bare rock planting holes protruding above 50cm of the ground and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, and the planting hole planting distance is less than 120cm.
Step 4, planting time: the raspberry is most suitable for being planted in stony desertification mountainous areas in the late 10 months of autumn. The rainfall in the karst mountain area in southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, soil layer loosening in the mountain area in stony desertification is easy to be caused by 3 months of turning over and planting in spring, water and soil loss is aggravated, and the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is unfavorable for the growth of new raspberries, and the survival rate of the raspberries is influenced by frost in winter. The season is warm and moist in the late autumn 10 months, and is the optimal time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pretreatment before planting: pruning the dried branches, weak and tender branches, and cutting off the overlong branches and root systems of the raspberry seedlings. And (3) putting the trimmed root systems of the raspberry seedlings into water, soaking for 4 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root systems with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of the raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots fully absorb water, and the survival rate of the raspberry transplanting is improved. The root is fully dipped with the nutrient solution, so that the rooting development of the raspberry seedlings is promoted, and the rapid growth of the raspberries is ensured.
Step 6, field planting hole selection: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of each planting hole is 120cm. Bare rock protruding above the ground by more than 50cm, the planting hole needs to be spaced from the rock surface by more than or equal to 50cm, and adjacent steep slopes or cliffs with the height difference of more than or equal to 1m are arranged up and down, and the planting hole planting distance is 80-120 cm, so that raspberry branches are ensured not to be blocked by each other. The mountain surface water in the stony desertification region can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: and (5) applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, and uniformly mixing the returned soil and the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to the position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering the raspberry seedlings thoroughly. The base fertilizer is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure, human manure or chicken manure is not easy to select, and the dosage of the decomposed farmyard manure is 1.5kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied with the dosage of 6.0kg per hole.
Step 8, film coating: and coating a film around the transplanted raspberry seedlings. The width of the covering film is 30cm, and a circle is formed along the distance of 5cm from the main stem. The film is helpful for slowing down the evaporation of water in soil layers in the early stage of transplanting, and rainwater can be collected in the holes along the outer edges of the planting holes in rainy days to irrigate saplings, so that the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: applying the decomposed farmyard manure in winter for 12 months. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months. The fertilizer ratio N to P of the applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:8:40, total nutrient content n+p 2 O 5 +K 2 O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and trace elements accounting for 0.1 percent of total nutrient are added. The black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizer is applied for 3 months before summer fruit and 6 months before autumn fruit, and flowering and fruiting of the raspberry are promoted; and the double-season black raspberries belong to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and the potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning fruiting branches of raspberries in time each year so as to promote germination and growth of the fruiting branches; timely supplementing water in drought seasons, and well performing irrigation; attention is paid to green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and the like, and the plant growth active substances comprise plant growth factors, cytokinins, vitamins, gibberellins and the like. The total amount of medium, trace elements and plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Example 2
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains, comprising the following steps:
step 1, cultivar selection: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch uprightness, thick and strong stems and no thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: the tissue culture seedling or root tiller seedling is domesticated and cultivated for more than 6 months, the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: the mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation is selected, the altitude is 900-1000m, the soil is neutral, the pH is 6.8, the annual average rainfall is 1000mm, the rock bare rate is 50-70%, and the average gradient reaches 35 degrees; the mountain surface water in the stony desertification area can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, so that a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the rock of the stony desertification mountain is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, the distance between the bare rock planting holes protruding above 50cm of the ground and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, and the planting hole planting distance is less than 120cm.
Step 4, planting time: the raspberry is most suitable for being planted in stony desertification mountainous areas in the last 10 months of autumn. The rainfall in the karst mountain area in southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, the soil layer in the mountain area in stony desertification is loosened and aggravated by soil and water loss easily caused by the 3-turn planting in spring, and the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is unfavorable for the growth of new raspberries, and the survival rate of the raspberries is affected by frost in winter. The season is warm and moist in the last 10 months of autumn, and is the optimal time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pretreatment before planting: pruning the dried branches, weak and tender branches, and cutting off the overlong branches and root systems of the raspberry seedlings. And (3) putting the trimmed root systems of the raspberry seedlings into water, soaking for 4 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root systems with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of the raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots fully absorb water, and the survival rate of the raspberry transplanting is improved. The root is fully dipped with the nutrient solution, so that the rooting development of the raspberry seedlings is promoted, and the rapid growth of the raspberries is ensured.
Step 6, field planting hole selection: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of each planting hole is 120cm. Bare rock protruding above the ground by more than 50cm, the planting hole needs to be spaced from the rock surface by more than or equal to 50cm, and adjacent steep slopes or cliffs with the height difference of more than or equal to 1m are arranged up and down, and the planting hole planting distance is 80-120 cm, so that raspberry branches are ensured not to be blocked by each other. The mountain surface water in the stony desertification region can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: and (5) applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, and uniformly mixing the returned soil and the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to the position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering the raspberry seedlings thoroughly. The base fertilizer is decomposed sheep manure, and the dosage is 1.5kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied with the dosage of 6.0kg per hole.
Step 8, film coating: and coating a film around the transplanted raspberry seedlings. The width of the covering film is 30cm, and a circle is formed along the distance of 5cm from the main stem. The film is helpful for slowing down the evaporation of water in soil layers in the early stage of transplanting, and rainwater can be collected in the holes along the outer edges of the planting holes in rainy days to irrigate saplings, so that the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: applying thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure in winter for 11 months. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months. The fertilizer ratio N to P of the applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:8:40, total nutrient content n+p 2 O 5 +K 2 O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and trace elements accounting for 0.2 percent of total nutrient are added. The black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizer is applied for 3 months before summer fruit and 6 months before autumn fruit, and flowering and fruiting of the raspberry are promoted; and the double-season black raspberries belong to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and the potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning fruiting branches of raspberries in time each year so as to promote germination and growth of the fruiting branches; timely supplementing water in drought seasons, and well performing irrigation; attention is paid to green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and the like, and the plant growth active substances comprise plant growth factors, cytokinins, vitamins, gibberellins and the like. The total amount of medium, trace elements and plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Example 3
A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains, comprising the following steps:
step 1, cultivar selection: the double-season fruit type black raspberry has good branch uprightness, thick and strong stems and no thorns.
Step 2, seedling selection: the tissue culture seedling or root tiller seedling is domesticated and cultivated for more than 6 months, the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm.
Step 3, mountain land selection: the mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation is selected, the altitude is 1300-1400 m, the soil is neutral or weak alkaline, the pH is 7.5, the annual average rainfall is 1300mm, the rock exposure rate is 50-70%, and the average gradient reaches 40 degrees; the mountain surface water in the stony desertification area can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, so that a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water. In addition, the rock of the stony desertification mountain is exposed, the soil layer is discontinuous and irregular, the distance between the bare rock planting holes protruding above 50cm of the ground and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm, the height difference is more than or equal to 1m, and the planting hole planting distance is less than 120cm.
Step 4, planting time: the raspberry is most suitable for being planted in stony desertification mountainous areas in late 9 months of autumn. The rainfall in the karst mountain area in southwest is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, the soil layer in the mountain area in stony desertification is loosened and aggravated by soil and water loss easily caused by 4-month turning planting in spring, and the high-temperature and high-humidity climate in summer is unfavorable for the growth of new raspberries, and the survival rate of the raspberries is affected by frost in winter. The autumn 9 late month climate is warm and moist, and is the best time for planting raspberries.
Step 5, pretreatment before planting: pruning the dried branches, weak and tender branches, and cutting off the overlong branches and root systems of the raspberry seedlings. And (3) putting the trimmed root systems of the raspberry seedlings into water, soaking for 4-6 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root systems with slurry obtained by mixing nutrient solution and cultivation soil. The roots of the raspberry seedlings are soaked before planting, so that the roots fully absorb water, and the survival rate of the raspberry transplanting is improved. The root is fully dipped with the nutrient solution, so that the rooting development of the raspberry seedlings is promoted, and the rapid growth of the raspberries is ensured.
Step 6, field planting hole selection: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of each planting hole is 120cm. Bare rock protruding above the ground by more than 50cm, the planting hole needs to be spaced from the rock surface by more than or equal to 50cm, and adjacent steep slopes or cliffs with the height difference of more than or equal to 1m are arranged up and down, and the planting hole planting distance is 80-120 cm, so that raspberry branches are ensured not to be blocked by each other. The mountain surface water in the stony desertification region can quickly infiltrate into the underground rock to form underground water, a drainage ditch is not required to be arranged like a flat dam, time and labor are saved, and the selected topography is not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water.
Step 7, field planting: and (5) applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, and uniformly mixing the returned soil and the base fertilizer. Planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to the position 8cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering the raspberry seedlings thoroughly. The base fertilizer is decomposed pig manure, and the dosage is applied according to 2.0kg per hole. Organic fertilizer can also be applied with the dosage of 8.0kg per hole.
Step 8, film coating: and coating a film around the transplanted raspberry seedlings. The width of the covering film is 40cm, and a circle is formed along the distance of 5cm from the main stem. The film is helpful for slowing down the evaporation of water in soil layers in the early stage of transplanting, and rainwater can be collected in the holes along the outer edges of the planting holes in rainy days to irrigate saplings, so that the survival rate of the transplanted raspberries is greatly improved.
Step 9, fertilizing: applying the decomposed farmyard manure in winter for 12 months. Applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months. The fertilizer ratio N to P of the applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:8:40, total nutrient content n+p 2 O 5 +K 2 O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and trace elements accounting for 0.3 percent of total nutrient are added. The black raspberry fruits in summer and autumn, fertilizer is applied for 3 months before summer fruit and 6 months before autumn fruit, and flowering and fruiting of the raspberry are promoted; and the double-season black raspberries belong to high-potassium low-sodium fruits, and the potassium fertilizer is applied in the flowering fruiting period, so that the fruit quality can be improved.
Step 10, daily management: pruning fruiting branches of raspberries in time each year so as to promote germination and growth of the fruiting branches; timely supplementing water in drought seasons, and well performing irrigation; attention is paid to green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.
The nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of several medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and the like, and the plant growth active substances comprise plant growth factors, cytokinins, vitamins, gibberellins and the like. The total amount of medium, trace elements and plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
Test example 1
And in 2019, 9 months and 23-27 days, selecting sunny stony desertification hilly lands in the Xingjian city of Guizhou province. The rock bare rate of the stony desertification mountain land is 65.8%, the average gradient is 42 degrees, the soil is lime soil formed by rock development, the pH value is between 6.8 and 7.5, the soil layer thickness is 30-80 cm, the annual rainfall is 1380-1530 mm, and rainfall is mainly concentrated in summer.
Selecting double-season black raspberries, double-season red raspberries and double-season Huang Shumei tissue culture seedlings, and domesticating and culturing for more than 6 months. The plant height of the double-season black raspberries is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm; the double-season raspberry and the double-season Huang Shumei require plant heights of more than or equal to 25cm and ground diameters of more than or equal to 2.5mm.
Selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging a planting hole with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, and carrying out double-season blackberry plant spacing of 120cm, double-season raspberry and double-season Huang Shumei plant spacing of 80cm. Bare rock protruding above the ground by more than 50cm, and the distance between the planting hole and the rock surface is more than or equal to 50cm; adjacent up-down steep slopes or cliffs with the height difference of more than or equal to 1m can be provided with planting holes with plant spacing smaller than the prescribed plant spacing, but the raspberry branches are required to be ensured not to be blocked.
The stony desertification mountains are vertically divided into 6 groups of plots from the slope to the toe, double-season blackberry, double-season raspberry and double-season Huang Shumei are planted in a crossing manner, and 2 groups of raspberry varieties are planted in each tree and recorded as treatment 1 and treatment 2. The other operations were the same as in example 3.
The above treatment is planted in the following way:
treatment 1: and directly transplanting the raspberry seedlings into the planting holes, and pruning, irrigation, pest control and the like according to a conventional management mode.
Treatment 2: soaking the root of the raspberry seedling in water for 4 hours, taking out, wrapping the root with slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil, applying decomposed farmyard manure in the planting hole, uniformly mixing the return soil and the decomposed farmyard manure, planting the raspberry in the planting hole, and then covering a film to preserve water; pruning, irrigation, pest control and the like are carried out according to a conventional management mode.
And (3) counting the survival rate of the raspberry plants treated by the treatments 1-2, and measuring and calculating the single plant yield of the raspberry fruits after the raspberry fruits are ripe. The results are shown in the following table:
as can be seen from the data in table 1, the double-season blackberry survival rate is significantly higher in stony desertification mountainous regions than in double-season raspberries and double-season Huang Shumei, which are more adaptable in stony desertification mountainous regions. Compared with double-season raspberries and double-season Huang Shumei, the double-season raspberries have stronger cold resistance, drought resistance and waterlogging resistance, strong tree vigor growth and germination branch forming capability and good tree erection after being compared and observed after transplanting different raspberry varieties. The average single plant yield of the double-season raspberries and the double-season Huang Shumei is lower than that of the double-season blackberries, and the average single plant yield of the double-season blackberries can reach more than 5kg according to the method.
In the operation process, the root fully absorbing water is wrapped by slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil, the nutrient solution is a mixture of several medium and trace elements, and plant growth active substances and water, the medium and trace elements comprise calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and other elements, the plant growth active substances comprise plant growth elements, cytokinin, vitamins, gibberellin and the like, and the total amount of the medium and trace elements and the plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10% of the total amount of the nutrient solution. In addition, the base fertilizer applied during planting is a decomposed farmyard manure or an organic fertilizer, the decomposed farmyard manure can be mixed and applied by one or more of sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure according to any proportion, the planted double-season black raspberries are double-season fruits, the application amount of the base fertilizer is larger than that of Shan Jiguo raspberries, the decomposed farmyard manure is applied according to 1.5-2.0kg per hole, and the organic fertilizer is applied according to 6.0-8.0kg per hole. The nutrient solution and the base fertilizer ensure the nutrition supply required by the growth and development of the raspberry in the early stage of transplanting, and particularly the medium and trace elements and plant growth active substances contained in the nutrient solution promote the germination and rooting of the raspberry, and the operation technology can influence the transplanting survival rate of the raspberry seedlings to a certain extent.
In addition, the invention is characterized in that during the operation process, the raspberry seedlings are transplanted to the position 8-10cm away from the planting hole, the raspberry seedlings are fixed by compacting and earthing, and root fixing water is poured thoroughly. Covering film with width of 30-40cm, and enclosing a circle along 5-6cm from main stem. The film is helpful for realizing the water retention and moisture retention effects of the raspberry seedlings in a period of time after transplanting, and greatly improves the transplanting survival rate of the raspberries in the stony desertification areas. Through statistics, the survival rate of the transplanted raspberry seedlings can reach more than 91 percent.
The invention and the creation of the double-season black raspberry cultivated in the stony desertification mountain land play a role in repairing the stony desertification mountain land to a certain extent. In addition, the space between raspberry woods can be interplanted with short-stalk crops, especially the whole plant leaves of raspberries in winter, the space between raspberries is larger, vegetables, beans and other crops can be interplanted, and the rock can be planted with a plurality of perennial vine Chinese herbal medicines, so that the comprehensive economic benefit of stony desertification mountain lands is increased.

Claims (8)

1. A method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains, comprising:
step 1, cultivar selection: the black raspberry with double quaternary fruits is selected, so that the tree branches are good in uprightness, thick and strong in stems and free of thorns;
step 2, seedling selection: selecting tissue culture seedlings or root tillering seedlings, domesticating and cultivating for more than 6 months, wherein the plant height is more than or equal to 30cm, and the ground diameter is more than or equal to 3.0mm;
step 3, mountain land selection: the mountain land with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation is selected, the altitude is 500-1500 m, the soil is neutral or weak alkaline, the pH is 6.5-7.5, the annual average rainfall is 800-1500 mm, the rock bare rate is 30-70%, and the average gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees;
step 4, planting time: the raspberry is most suitable for being planted in stony desertification mountain areas in the late 9 th to the late 10 th of autumn;
step 5, pretreatment before planting: pruning the dried branches, not strong and tender tips of the raspberry seedlings, and truncating the overlong branches and root systems; soaking the trimmed root system of the raspberry seedling in water for 4-6 hours, taking out, and wrapping the root by slurry mixed by nutrient solution and cultivation soil;
step 6, field planting hole selection: selecting a land block with the soil layer thickness of more than or equal to 30cm, digging planting holes with the depth of 30cm and the width of 30cm, wherein the plant spacing of each planting hole is 120cm; the selected planting holes are required to keep a certain distance with rocks protruding out of the ground, and the planting distance between adjacent planting holes on the steep slopes or cliffs is less than 120cm;
step 7, field planting: applying a base fertilizer in the planting holes, and uniformly mixing the return soil with the base fertilizer; planting the treated raspberry seedlings in the planting holes, covering soil to a position 8-10cm away from the planting hole openings, compacting the covering soil to fix the raspberry seedlings, and watering thoroughly to fix root water;
step 8, film coating: coating a film around the transplanted raspberry seedlings;
step 9, fertilizing: applying decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer in winter for 11-12 months; applying nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and trace elements in the growth period of 3 months and 6 months;
step 10, daily management: pruning branches of raspberry fruiting in time each year, and performing irrigation in arid seasons, and paying attention to pest control.
2. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the mountain land features of the stony desertification regions are not lower than the highest water level line of nearby water sources or underground water, and the planting land does not need to be provided with drainage ditches, so that time and labor are saved; in addition, the distance between the selected planting holes and the surface of the bare rock protruding above 50cm of the ground is more than or equal to 50cm, and the planting distance between the adjacent steep slopes or cliff planting holes is less than 120cm.
3. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 4 is to select a date of warm and humid climate between 9 and 10 late autumn as the planting time.
4. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains according to claim 1, wherein the step 5 is to soak the roots of the raspberry seedlings before planting, and the roots are full of nutrient solution.
5. The method of cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient solution is mainly a mixture of medium and trace elements and water, wherein the medium and trace elements comprise one or more of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum and copper, and the plant growth active substances comprise one or more of auxins, cytokinins, vitamins and gibberellins; the total amount of medium, trace elements and plant growth active substances is more than or equal to 10 percent of the total amount of the nutrient solution.
6. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions according to claim 1, wherein in the step 7, the base fertilizer is a decomposed farmyard manure or an organic fertilizer; the decomposed farmyard manure is one or more of decomposed sheep manure, cow manure and pig manure, and the dosage is 1.5-2.0kg per hole; the organic fertilizer is applied according to the dosage of 6.0-8.0kg per hole.
7. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountains as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 8, the covering film has a width of 30-40cm and is enclosed by a circle along a distance of 5-6cm from the main stem.
8. The method for cultivating double-season black raspberries in stony desertification mountainous regions as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 9, a fertilizer mixture ratio N: P of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is applied 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:8:40, total nutrient content n+p 2 O 5 +K 2 O is more than or equal to 60.0 percent, and trace elements accounting for 0.1 to 0.3 percent of total nutrient are added.
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