CN110583377B

CN110583377B - Greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method and special irrigation structure thereof

Info

Publication number: CN110583377B
Application number: CN201910766957.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李春生; 曹春英; 赵志会; 王洪芸; 刘冬梅; 张琳琳; 杨翠萍; 刘学丽; 贺伟; 刘艳华; 李童瑶
Original assignee: Tianjin Beautiful Rural Farm
Current assignee: Tianjin Beautiful Rural Farm
Priority date: 2019-08-20
Filing date: 2019-08-20
Publication date: 2024-03-15
Anticipated expiration: 2039-08-20
Also published as: CN110583377A

Abstract

The invention relates to a greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: making a furrow according to vegetable types; transplanting vegetable seedlings on the backs of the furrows according to plant spacing requirements; in the transplanting period, the soil near the root system of the vegetable seedling is subjected to root irrigation of water and fertilizer through a water supply mechanism; after the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is carried out on soil beside the root system of the vegetable seedling and below the furrow back through a water supply mechanism; and fifthly, performing water and fertilizer management on the vegetables according to the method until the vegetables and fruits are harvested. In the invention, the water fertilizer directly acts on root systems of vegetable seedlings through the arrow, the arrow is not easy to block, the water evaporation is less, mass propagation of germs caused by excessive moisture in a greenhouse is avoided, the water fertilizer does not pass through surface soil, the stems of the vegetable seedlings at the surface soil are not soaked, the aggregate structure of the surface soil is not damaged, the salinization of the surface soil is avoided, hardening of the surface soil is avoided, the growth of vegetables is promoted, and the disease resistance of crops is improved.

Description

Greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method and special irrigation structure thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of greenhouse vegetable planting, relates to a vegetable water and fertilizer management technology, in particular to a greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method and a special irrigation structure thereof.

Background

The greenhouse is a common agricultural facility, takes bamboo and wood rods, cement rods, steel pipes and other materials as a framework, and covers a plastic film on the framework, so that the greenhouse has the advantages of good heat preservation effect, high economic benefit and the like, and is widely used for vegetable planting. In the greenhouse vegetable planting process, a plurality of irrigation methods for vegetables are available, including ground irrigation, sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation, micro sprinkling irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and underground irrigation, and the various modes are as follows:

1. ground irrigation: irrigation water enters farmlands through ditches or pipelines, flows into the fields along furrow surfaces, furrows or seedbeds, and is the most primitive, oldest and most traditional irrigation mode. The ground irrigation has the advantages that the water absorption of plants is sufficient, the irrigation quantity is difficult to control, the water resource waste is serious, the irrigation water utilization rate is low, the environmental humidity of an irrigation area is high, and various plant diseases are easy to induce.

2. And (3) sprinkling irrigation: and a spray head is arranged in the field, and irrigation of the field vegetables is realized by utilizing rotation of the spray head and high-speed spray of water flow. The sprinkling irrigation has the advantages of occupying less cultivated land, saving labor force and the like, and has the main defects of being greatly influenced by wind, low irrigation water utilization rate, high cost and the like.

3. Drip irrigation: the drip irrigation is to arrange hoses at intervals in the field, and the hoses are provided with small holes at intervals, so that water is slowly dripped into the ground soil near the plant root system drop by drop. The water-saving device has the obvious advantages of saving water, along with small pore diameter, low water flow rate, easy blocking of water outlet, fixed interval of the purchased small pores of the hose and incapability of adjusting according to plant spacing of plants during field use.

4. Micro-sprinkling irrigation: a refraction, rotation or radiation type miniature spray head is arranged at the height of the greenhouse, and water is sprayed to the areas such as branches and leaves of crops. Micro-sprinkling irrigation is similar to drip irrigation, and the problem that small holes are easy to block in drip irrigation is solved. The biggest problem of micro-spray irrigation is that water drips from the air and sprinkles on branches and leaves, so that the air of a greenhouse is excessively wet, and the branches and leaves are stained with excessive water, so that the sprinkling quality is reduced, and the investment is relatively large.

5. Infiltrating irrigation: under the condition of low pressure, the water is supplied to the soil by the irrigator (microporous infiltrating irrigation pipe) buried in the active layer of the root system of the crop at regular time and quantity according to the growth water demand of the crop. The greatest problem of infiltrating irrigation is that the infiltrating irrigation pipe needs to be buried at the position of 30-40 cm underground, the engineering quantity is large, and the water and fertilizer are easy to directly infiltrate into the underground after seeping out from the infiltrating irrigation pipe, so that deep soil water and fertilizer seepage is generated, and the water and fertilizer utilization rate is reduced.

In items 1 to 4 above, water enters the deep soil from the outside of the soil through the earth's surface, and vegetables are often immersed in the surface water or surrounded by the surface soil containing water, and evaporation of the surface water also causes an increase in the moisture content in the greenhouse, which causes a great deal of diseases of the vegetables. In addition, the fertilizer contained in the water can cause the salinity of the soil on the surface to be increased, the soil on the surface to be salinized during long-term surface water supply, and the vegetable plants can be wilted or even dead. In item 5 above, since the infiltrating irrigation pipe is buried in the soil, it is necessary to take out the infiltrating irrigation pipe when turning the soil in the year, and then to embed the soil after the soil is treated, and in the process of taking out and embedding, the infiltrating irrigation pipe is not only easily damaged, but also is more easily blocked, thereby reducing the effect of infiltrating irrigation.

In summary, how to save water resources, improve irrigation efficiency, reduce evaporation of water, improve survival rate of vegetables when transplanting, and ensure healthy growth of vegetables is an important point of development of greenhouse vegetable planting technology when greenhouse vegetables are irrigated.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a greenhouse vegetable dark pit type root irrigation structure which utilizes a water guide pipe to guide water and fertilizer near a vegetable root system, greatly reduces water evaporation and has high irrigation efficiency.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

making a furrow according to vegetable types;

transplanting vegetable seedlings on the backs of the furrows according to plant spacing requirements;

in the transplanting period, the soil near the root system of the vegetable seedling is subjected to root irrigation of water and fertilizer through a water supply mechanism;

after the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is carried out on soil beside the root system of the vegetable seedling and below the furrow back through a water supply mechanism;

and fifthly, performing water and fertilizer management on the vegetables according to the method until the vegetables and fruits are harvested.

In the step, a root limiting pipe is arranged in soil outside the vegetable seedling, the root system of the vegetable seedling is integrally positioned in the root limiting pipe, a matrix is filled in the root limiting pipe space beside the root system, a water supply mechanism is arranged in the matrix, and an outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system.

In the step, a root limiting pipe is arranged in soil outside the vegetable seedling, the upper end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the root limiting pipe, a matrix is filled in the space of the root limiting pipe beside the root system, a water supply mechanism is arranged in the soil beside the root limiting pipe and below the ridge back, and an outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system.

And a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the furrow back along the extending direction of the furrow, straw, sand or matrix is filled in the blind ditch, and the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch or in the straw, sand or matrix in the blind ditch.

The substrate comprises 1-2 parts of fungus residue, 2-3 parts of biogas residue, 3-4 parts of cow dung and fertilizer; the fertilizer is added in the amount of 6-10 kg cake fertilizer, 6-10 kg humic acid fertilizer, 1kg chelating trace fertilizer, 2-3 kg compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg superphosphate per cubic meter of the mixture of the fungus residue, the biogas residue and the cow dung.

The invention also aims to provide a special irrigation structure for greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method after the transplanting period, which is characterized in that: the device comprises a water pipe, a venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a main pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two furrow backs, each branch pipe is provided with a shunt which is arranged at intervals, each shunt is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with the water supply mechanism;

A vertical pit extending towards the lower part of the furrow back is arranged on the furrow back beside vegetable seedlings, a sand layer is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and a water supply mechanism is inserted into the water guide pipe.

a vertical pit extending towards the lower part of the furrow back is arranged on the furrow back beside vegetable seedlings, the lower end of each vertical pit is communicated with a hidden ditch arranged in the furrow back along the extending direction of the furrow, straws or sand or matrixes beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the hidden ditch, a sand layer is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and a water supply mechanism is inserted in the water guide pipe.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a special irrigation structure for a transplanting period of a greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method, characterized in that: the device comprises a water pipe, a venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a main pipe, branch pipes, capillary pipes and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with the two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water fertilizer port of the venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two furrow backs, each branch pipe is provided with a shunt which is arranged at intervals, each shunt is provided with a plurality of capillary pipes, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with the water supply mechanism;

a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the back of the furrow at intervals, a matrix is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, straw, sand or matrix which is beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion is placed in the blind ditch, and the water supply mechanism is inserted into the matrix in each root limiting pipe.

The method comprises the steps that a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the back of a furrow at intervals, a matrix is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, straws or sand or matrixes beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the blind ditch, vertical pits extending towards the lower side of the back of the furrow are arranged on the back of the furrow beside the root limiting pipes, the lower end of each vertical pit is communicated with the blind ditch, a sand layer is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of each water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of each water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and each water guide pipe is internally inserted into the water supply mechanism.

Furthermore, the position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the following steps of first generation, second generation, third generation and fourth generation.

When the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is smaller than 20 cm, setting a vertical pit on the back of each two vegetable seedlings;

secondly, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is larger than 20 cm and smaller than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the back of a furrow at the middle position between the two vegetable seedlings;

thirdly, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is larger than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back on the same side of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is smaller than 20 cm and larger than 10 cm;

When the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is larger than 40 cm, a vertical pit is respectively arranged on the furrow backs at two sides of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is smaller than 20 cm and larger than 10 cm.

The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:

1. in the transplanting period, a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the back of the furrow at intervals, the matrix is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with an underdrain arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, a drip arrow is inserted in each root limiting pipe, water and fertilizer flowing out of the drip arrow are rapidly diffused into the soil beside the soil after passing through the matrix in the root limiting pipe and straw or sand or the matrix in the underdrain, the matrix in the root limiting pipe above the root system reduces evaporation of water into the environment, and the water and fertilizer directly acts on the root system of the vegetable seedling after passing through the matrix.

2. After the transplanting period, a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the back of the furrow at intervals, the matrix is filled in each root limiting pipe and a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, a vertical pit is arranged on the back of the furrow beside the root limiting pipe, a soil layer and a sand layer are arranged in the vertical pit from top to bottom, the lower end of a water guide pipe arranged in the soil layer stretches into the sand layer, a drip arrow is inserted in the water guide pipe, water and fertilizer flowing out of the drip arrow is rapidly diffused into the soil beside the soil after passing through the sand layer and the matrix in the blind ditch, the evaporation of water into the environment is reduced by the matrix in the root limiting pipe above the root system and the soil layer above the vertical pit, and the water and fertilizer directly acts on the root system of the vegetable seedling after passing through the matrix.

3. In the invention, whether in the transplanting period or after the transplanting period, the water and fertilizer directly act on root systems of vegetable seedlings through the arrow, so that the water resource is saved, meanwhile, the water demand of vegetable growth on moisture is met, the arrow is not easy to block, timely water supply is ensured, the water evaporation is less, the mass propagation of germs caused by excessive moisture in a greenhouse is avoided, the morbidity of vegetables in the greenhouse is reduced, the water and fertilizer does not infiltrate into the ground through surface soil, the stems of the vegetable seedlings at the surface soil are not soaked, the surface soil aggregate structure is not damaged, the salinization of the surface soil is avoided, the hardening of the surface soil is avoided, the growth of the vegetables is promoted, and the disease resistance of crops is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a state of use of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a first positional relationship between a pit and vegetable seedlings;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a second positional relationship between a pit and vegetable seedlings;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a third positional relationship between a pit and vegetable seedlings;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a fourth positional relationship between a pit and vegetable seedlings;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view of example 1 taken perpendicular to the direction in which the ridge extends;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view of the extending direction of the ridge of example 1;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of example 2 taken perpendicular to the direction in which the ridge extends;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view of the extending direction of the furrow of example 2 (the lower end opening of the pit is located in the underdrain);

FIG. 10 is an enlarged sectional view of the extending direction of the furrow of example 2 (the lower end opening of the pit is located outside the underdrain);

FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view of example 3 taken perpendicular to the direction in which the ridge extends;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional view of the extending direction of the ridge of example 3;

FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view (at the root-limiting tube) of example 4 perpendicular to the direction in which the furrow extends;

FIG. 14 is an enlarged sectional view (at a pit) of example 4 perpendicular to the direction in which the ridge extends;

FIG. 15 is an enlarged sectional view of the extending direction of the ridge of example 4.

Description of the embodiments

The invention will now be further illustrated by reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative, not limiting, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

The invention discloses a greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method, which is characterized in that as shown in figures 1-15, the innovation of the invention is that: the method comprises the following steps:

making a furrow 12 according to vegetable types;

secondly, transplanting vegetable seedlings 11 on the furrow backs 19 according to plant spacing requirements;

in the transplanting period, the water and fertilizer root irrigation is carried out on the soil near the vegetable root system 21 through the water supply mechanism 10;

After the transplanting period, root irrigation of water and fertilizer is carried out on soil beside the root system of the vegetables and below the furrow back through a water supply mechanism;

Wherein, in step three, set up the limit root canal in the soil in the vegetables seedling outside, the root system of vegetables seedling is whole to be located the limit root canal, and the limit root canal space intussuseption next to the root system fills the matrix, sets up a water supply mechanism in the matrix, and this water supply mechanism export section provides liquid manure for the root system.

In the step, a root limiting pipe is arranged in soil outside vegetable seedlings, the upper end of the root system of the vegetable seedlings is positioned in the root limiting pipe, a matrix is filled in the space of the root limiting pipe beside the root system, a water supply mechanism is arranged in the soil beside the root limiting pipe and below the ridge back, and an outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system.

In order to increase the diffusion of the water and fertilizer in the soil, a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the furrow back along the extending direction of the furrow, straw or sand or matrix is filled in the blind ditch, and the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch or in the straw or sand or matrix in the blind ditch.

The transplanting period refers to: and transplanting vegetable seedlings into the greenhouse until the seedlings are slowly planted, wherein different vegetable time is different. After the transplanting period, means: and (5) after the seedlings of the vegetables are grown, harvesting fruits.

The root irrigation means: the water supply mechanism is used for directly providing water and fertilizer to the root system active layer near the vegetable seedling under the surface soil, and the ground is still kept dry. It has the following advantages: 1. the method is suitable for planting solanaceous vegetables in a sunlight greenhouse; 2. the water and fertilizer directly reach the root system part, and the earth surface soil is in a dry state after watering; 3. the cost per mu of land is 300-500 yuan higher than that of drip irrigation; 4. the water is saved by more than 90% compared with the flood irrigation, more than 60% compared with the spray irrigation, more than 30% compared with the dropper, and more than 10% compared with the infiltrating irrigation; 5. the surface soil is kept dry, the evaporation of water is reduced, the salt accumulation of the surface soil is reduced, and the salinization phenomenon of the soil is avoided; 6. the aggregate structure of the surface soil is not damaged, the original permeability is maintained, and the microbial activity is facilitated; 7. the surface soil and the vegetable leaves are kept in a relatively dry state, so that the humidity of soil and air in a greenhouse can be effectively reduced, environmental conditions suitable for the growth and development of vegetables and unsuitable for the generation and development of various harmful pathogens are created, and the incidence rate of crops can be greatly reduced; 8. is beneficial to the health and healthy growth of root systems of vegetables, improves the disease resistance of the vegetables, reduces the pesticide consumption, improves the yield and quality of the vegetables, and can generally promote the solanaceous vegetables to mature 7-10 days earlier.

The straw can be made from complete corn or sorghum straw; or the corn or sorghum straw is cut into pieces, and the pieces are bundled to prepare the corn or sorghum straw water absorbing agent.

The processing process of each component of the matrix is as follows:

1. fungus dreg: (1) and (3) fungus dreg collection: the Lentinus edodes residue which is not polluted by the mixed bacteria is collected, and preferably the Lentinus edodes residue is used. (2) Crushing bacterial residues: crushing the fungus residues by using a crusher, wherein the diameter of the crushed particles is 1-5 mm; (3) regulating moisture: spraying water into the crushed fungus residues to adjust the water content of the fungus residues to 50-60%; (4) adding a biological bacteria starter: 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter is mixed and stirred into each ton of bacterial residues (calculated according to dry bacterial residues); (5) building a fermentation pile: piling the fungus residues mixed with the fermenting agent into a trapezoid fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the upper width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the pile length is not limited, and the fermentation pile is tightly compacted by using plastic cloth. (6) Fermentation: the fermentation process comprises primary fermentation and secondary fermentation, wherein the primary fermentation is a high-temperature stage, the temperature in the bacterial dreg stack body is kept between 50 and 60 ℃, when the temperature of the stack body exceeds 65 ℃, the stack is turned over or forced ventilation and cooling are carried out, the period is generally 7 to 10 days, and the stack is turned over for 1 to 2 times; in the second-stage fermentation, namely in the cooling stage, the temperature of the pile is controlled below 50 ℃, and the pile height, ventilation and pile turning operation are controlled in time. The water content of the fungus dreg in the process is controlled to be between 35 and 45 percent, the period is generally 15 to 20 days, the pile is turned over for 2 to 3 times during the period, and the fermentation is finished when the pile temperature is not increased any more.

The fully fermented fungus dreg is black brown, has no peculiar smell, and is dried to the water content of below 30 percent for standby.

2. Biogas residue: (1) preparing biogas residues: selecting straw biogas residues or livestock manure biogas residues, wherein the water content of the fresh biogas residues is generally 70-90%; (2) regulating the water content: adjusting the water content of the biogas residues to 60-70% by a method of airing or water spraying; (3) adding straw: crushing dry crop stalks (corn, wheat or rice stalks), fully and uniformly stirring biogas residues, wherein the mixing ratio of the biogas residues and the stalks is 3:1 (according to the dry matter weight ratio), and the water content of the mixed stalk biogas residues is 50-60%; (4) adding a biological bacteria starter: 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter is added into each ton of biogas residue and straw mixture (calculated according to dry matter), and the mixture is stirred uniformly; (5) building a fermentation pile: piling biogas residues mixed with straw and a starter into a trapezoid fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the upper width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the pile length is not limited; (6) fermentation: the fermentation pile is tightly compacted by plastic cloth, the internal temperature is kept to be 50-60 ℃ when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, the pile is turned over once every 7-10 days, the pile is turned over 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and the fermentation can be completed after 30-45 days.

The fully fermented biogas residue has no odor, is black brown, and has water content of below 30% after airing for standby.

3. Cow dung: (1) preparing cow dung: preparing cow dung to be fermented, preferably fresh cow dung (the fermentation effect of the fresh cow dung is better than that of the old dung); (2) regulating the water content: the water content of the cow dung is regulated to 50-60% by a method of airing or water spraying; (3) adding a biological bacteria starter: 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter is added into each ton of cow dung (calculated according to dry cow dung), and the mixture is stirred uniformly; (4) building a fermentation pile: piling cow dung mixed with zymophyte into a trapezoid fermentation pile with the bottom width of 2-3 meters, the upper width of 1.5-2 meters and the height of 1.2-1.5 meters, wherein the pile length is not limited; (5) fermentation: the fermentation pile is tightly compacted by plastic cloth, the internal temperature is kept to be 50-60 ℃ when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, the pile is turned over once every 7-10 days, the pile is turned over 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and the fermentation can be completed after 30-45 days.

Fully fermented cow dung is odorless, black brown and has water content below 30% after being dried for later use.

4. And (3) cake fertilizer: (1) preparing bean cakes: crushing bean cakes, wherein the diameter of the crushed particles is 1-5 mm; (2) regulating the water content: spraying water into the crushed bean cake, and adjusting the water content of the bean cake to 50-60%; (3) adding a biological bacteria starter: 200-300 g of biological bacteria starter is added into each ton of bean cake (calculated according to dry bean cake), and the mixture is stirred uniformly; (4) building a fermentation pile: piling cow dung mixed with zymophyte into a trapezoid fermentation pile with the bottom width of 1.8-2.5 m, the upper width of 1.2-1.5 m and the height of 1-1.2 m, wherein the length of the pile is not limited; (5) fermentation: the fermentation pile is tightly compacted by plastic cloth, the internal temperature is kept to be 50-60 ℃ when the internal temperature exceeds 60 ℃, the pile is turned over once every 7-10 days, the pile is turned over 3-5 times during the fermentation period, and the fermentation can be completed after 30-45 days.

The fully fermented cake fertilizer has no odor, is black brown, and is dried to the water content of below 30 percent for standby.

5. Humic acid fertilizer: the high-quality granular humic acid fertilizer is selected, the humic acid content is more than or equal to 45-60%, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 60-80%, other trace elements are more than or equal to 5%, the PH value is 4-6, and the particle diameter is 1-4 mm.

6. Chelating trace element fertilizer: the chelated trace element fertilizer containing iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, selenium, magnesium and other trace elements is selected.

7. Compound fertilizer: the ternary compound fertilizer with slow release function is selected, N is more than or equal to 10%, P2O5 is more than or equal to 15%, and K2O is more than or equal to 15%.

8. Superphosphate: the high-quality superphosphate granulated fertilizer is selected, the effective phosphorus content is 12-16%, and the granule diameter is 1-4 mm.

The preparation process of the matrix comprises the following steps:

1-2 parts of prepared bacterial residues, 2-3 parts of biogas residues and 3-4 parts of cow dung are added into each cubic meter of mixed matrix material, 6-10 kg of prepared cake fertilizer, 10-15 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of chelated micro-fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of superphosphate are respectively put into a matrix stirrer, fully stirred for 3-5 minutes, and then taken out for standby. The mixed substrate is the prepared vegetable cultivation substrate.

The prepared vegetable cultivation substrate mainly comprises fungus residues, biogas residues and cow dung, has high organic matter content, is loose and breathable, and is a good substitute of the common seedling substrate material peat. Meanwhile, the materials are common agricultural and animal industry production waste, the concentrated stacking of the waste can cause serious pollution to the surrounding environment, and the materials are configured into vegetable cultivation substrates, so that the vegetable cultivation substrates are beneficial to promoting the vegetable industry production, and meanwhile, the pollution of the agricultural and animal industry production to the surrounding environment can be reduced to different degrees.

Matrix nutrient content (by weight) after configuration: 45-60% of organic matter, 0.75-1.5% of humic acid, 120-200 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 320-500 mg/kg of quick-acting nitrogen, 80-120 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 6-10 mg/kg of quick-acting copper, 12-25 mg/kg of quick-acting zinc, 30-50 mg/kg of quick-acting iron, 17-32 mg/kg of quick-acting manganese, 0.8-l.5 mg/kg of quick-acting boron, 3500-5200 mg/kg of exchangeable calcium and 320-550 mg/kg of exchangeable magnesium.

Advantages of the matrix:

1. changes waste into valuable: the waste produced in agriculture and animal husbandry is fully utilized, so that the pollution of the production of the agriculture and animal husbandry to the surrounding environment can be effectively reduced, and the waste is turned into wealth.

2. Protecting peat resources: after the fungus dreg and cow dung in the matrix are fully fermented, peat in the conventional matrix can be well replaced. Peat is a natural marsh product formed by thousands of years, belongs to non-renewable precious resources, and has great damage to the environment due to the exploitation behavior of peat. The substrate does not use cow dung or fungus residue to replace peat, thereby indirectly playing roles of protecting peat resources and protecting environment.

3. The nutrition is rich: the materials such as fungus dreg, biogas dreg, cow dung and the like in the matrix contain rich organic matters and various nutrient substances, and the materials such as cake fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, chelated micro-fertilizer, compound fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and the like added in the matrix are matched, so that the matrix is sufficient in nutrient, and the growth environment and nutrient requirements required by plant growth can be met.

4. The environmental pollution is reduced: the matrix can promote plant growth, improve plant disease resistance, reduce chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizer consumption, reduce environmental pollution, and accelerate zero growth or even negative growth of chemical fertilizers.

5. Promoting plant growth and strengthening: the substrate cultivation can effectively promote vegetable plants to be thick, root systems to be developed and leaf colors to be dark green, and effectively improve the output capacity of the plants.

6. Disease reduction: the combination of vegetable matrix cultivation and root irrigation can greatly improve the disease resistance and insect resistance of vegetables and greatly reduce the usage amount of vegetable pest control agents.

7. The fertilizer consumption is reduced: the vegetable cultivation matrix contains a large amount of organic matters, humic acid fertilizer and medium trace element fertilizer, and has good adsorption capacity on the applied fertilizer.

8. Improving the quality: the vegetable quality can be greatly improved by promoting the plant growth and reducing the plant diseases and insect pests and the use amount of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

Examples

The utility model provides a special irrigation structure after transplanting period, as shown in fig. 1-7, including water pipe 1, venturi fertilizer applicator 2, fertilizer tank 3, filter 5, house steward 6, branch pipe 8, capillary 9 and drip arrow 10, the water pipe passes through the both ends of pipeline 4 parallelly connected venturi fertilizer applicator, the water and fertilizer mouth and the fertilizer tank intercommunication of venturi fertilizer applicator, is provided with the valve on the pipeline at venturi fertilizer applicator both ends.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe through a filter, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned on the ground 18 of a concave position between two furrow backs 19 as shown in fig. 6, each branch pipe is provided with a plurality of mutually-spaced flow dividers (comprising a flow stabilizer) 7, each flow divider is provided with a plurality of capillaries, and the tail end of each capillary is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

A vertical pit 14 extending to the lower part of the furrow back is arranged on the furrow back beside the vegetable seedling 11, a sand layer 17 is arranged at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is arranged in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and the water supply mechanism is inserted into the water guide pipe. The water supply mechanism is a water-dropping arrow 10, the sand layer is used for diffusing the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow to the side, and the soil layer is used for reducing evaporation of the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow.

The position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the following modes:

as shown in fig. 2, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is less than 20 cm, a vertical pit 14 is arranged on the back of each two vegetable seedlings;

Secondly, as shown in the figure 3, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 20 cm and less than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back at the middle position between the two vegetable seedlings;

third, as shown in fig. 4, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back on the same side (the left side of the vegetable seedlings or the right side of the vegetable seedlings) of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm;

as shown in fig. 5, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, a vertical pit is respectively arranged on the back of each furrow on two sides of each vegetable seedling, and the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm.

The vertical pit is in a cylindrical shape, the height H4 of the vertical pit is 20 cm, and the inner diameter W1 of the vertical pit is 4-6 cm. The height (H4-H2) of the sand layer in the vertical pit is 15 cm, and the height H2 of the soil layer in the vertical pit is 5 cm.

The total length of the aqueduct is 12 cm, the height H3 of the lower end of the aqueduct which is positioned in the sand layer is 6 cm, the height H2 of the part which is positioned in the soil layer is 5 cm, and the height H1 of the aqueduct which extends out of the upper end of the vertical pit is 1 cm. The water guide pipe is a PVC pipe, the wall thickness is 1.2 mm, and the inner diameter is 1.6 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 6 and 7, and comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, wherein a small furrow (the ground at the concave position between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged outside the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the central lines of two furrow backs on two sides of the small furrows is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 of the lowest point of the small furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 10-15 cm, and the vertical height of the lowest point of the large furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 20-25 cm. Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of furrows, a large furrow is arranged between every two adjacent furrows, and the distance between the central lines of two furrow backs at two sides of each large furrow is 80-100 cm.

The sand layer adopts medium sand with the diameter of 0.35-0.5 mm. After vegetable seedlings survive field planting, the root system grows continuously, and the root system extends to the periphery for growth, so that water and fertilizer can be obtained from the vertical pit and soil more quickly.

The invention is used when:

and (3) perforating the side of the vegetable seedling by using a perforating device to form vertical pits, putting a sand layer, then inserting water guide pipes into the sand layer, filling the space above the vertical pits with soil, and then inserting a drip arrow into each water guide pipe.

1. The irrigation water has a certain flow rate, and the venturi fertilizer applicator sucks in fertilizer and mixes the fertilizer with the water.

2. The water and fertilizer flow to the branch pipes through the main pipe, each branch pipe flows into different capillaries through the flow divider (comprising the flow stabilizer), and the water and fertilizer flows into the water guide pipe through the arrow at the tail end of each capillary.

3. The water fertilizer diffuses into the soil around the vertical pit through the sand layer below the water guide pipe.

Examples

1-5, 8-10, including water pipe 1, venturi fertilizer applicator 2, fertilizer tank 3, filter 5, house steward 6, branch pipe 8, capillary 9 and drip arrow 10, the water pipe passes through the both ends of pipeline 4 parallelly connected venturi fertilizer applicator, and venturi fertilizer applicator's water and fertilizer mouth communicates with the fertilizer tank, is provided with the valve on the pipeline at venturi fertilizer applicator both ends.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe through a filter, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned on the ground 18 of a concave position between two furrow backs 19 as shown in fig. 8, each branch pipe is provided with a shunt (comprising a current stabilizer) 7 which is arranged at intervals, each shunt is provided with a plurality of capillaries, and the tail end of each capillary is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

A vertical pit 14 extending to the lower side of the furrow back is arranged on the furrow back 19 beside vegetable seedlings, the lower end of each vertical pit is communicated with an underdrain 22 arranged in the furrow back along the extending direction of the furrow, straws or sand or matrixes 23 beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the underdrain, a sand layer 17 is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of the water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of the water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and a water supply mechanism is inserted in the water guide pipe. The water supply mechanism is a water-dropping arrow 10, the sand layer is used for diffusing the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow to the side, and the soil layer is used for reducing evaporation of the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow.

as shown in fig. 2, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is less than 20 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the back of each two vegetable seedlings, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit;

as shown in fig. 3, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is more than 20 cm and less than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back at the middle position between the two vegetable seedlings, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit;

Third, as shown in fig. 4, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, a vertical pit is arranged on the ridge back of the same side (the left side of the vegetable seedlings or the right side of the vegetable seedlings) of each vegetable seedling, the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit;

as shown in fig. 5, when the plant spacing between two adjacent vegetable seedlings is greater than 40 cm, a vertical pit is respectively arranged on the backs of the ridges on two sides of each vegetable seedling, the distance between the vertical pit and the nearest vegetable seedling is less than 20 cm and greater than 10 cm, and a water guide pipe is arranged in each vertical pit.

Straw is arranged in the blind ditch, and the outer diameter W4 (the appearance is approximately circular, and W4 is the same as H6) of the straw is 10 cm. The straw is made from complete corn or sorghum straw.

The vertical pit is in a cylindrical shape, the height H4 of the vertical pit is 10-15 cm, and the inner diameter W1 of the vertical pit is 4-6 cm. After the straw is placed in the blind ditch, forming vertical pits by using a puncher after holes are formed on the back of the furrow at intervals, wherein the vertical pits can be used with larger depth as shown in fig. 8 and 9, and the lower end openings 24 of the vertical pits are positioned in the straw in the blind ditch; smaller depths may also be used as shown in fig. 10, with the lower end opening of the pit being located just at the upper end surface of the straw. Regardless of the depth of the pit, the purpose is to allow the lower opening of the pit to communicate with the straw in the underdrain.

The height (H4-H2) of the sand layer in the vertical pit is 5-10 cm, and the height H2 of the soil layer in the vertical pit is 5 cm. The depth of the sand layer is selected according to the depth of the pit, and is 10 cm when the pit depth is 15 cm and 5 cm when the pit depth is 10 cm.

The total length of the water guide pipe is 12 cm, the height H3 of the lower end of the water guide pipe in the sand layer is 6 cm, the height H2 of the part of the water guide pipe in the soil layer is 5 cm, and the height H1 of the water guide pipe extending out of the upper end of the vertical pit is 1 cm. The water guide pipe is a PVC pipe, the wall thickness is 1.2 mm, and the inner diameter is 1.6 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 8, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground at the concave position between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged at the outer sides of the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the central lines of two furrow backs on two sides of the small furrows is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 of the lowest point of the small furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 10 cm, and the vertical height of the lowest point of the large furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 20 cm.

Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of furrows, a large furrow is arranged between every two adjacent furrows, and the distance between the central lines of two furrow backs at two sides of the large furrow is 80-100 cm.

The sand layer adopts medium sand with the diameter of 0.35-0.5 mm. After vegetable seedlings survive field planting, the root system grows continuously, and the root system extends to the periphery for growth, so that water and fertilizer can be obtained from the vertical pits, the straw and the soil more quickly.

The invention is used when:

3. The water fertilizer diffuses into the soil beside the vertical pit and the blind ditch through the sand layer below the water guide pipe.

Examples

The special irrigation structure in the transplanting period comprises a water pipe 1, a venturi fertilizer applicator 2, a fertilizer tank 3, a filter 5, a main pipe 6, a branch pipe 8, a capillary 9 and a drip arrow 10, wherein the water pipe is connected with two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel through a pipeline 4, a water and fertilizer port of the venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, and valves are arranged on the pipelines at the two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator.

A plurality of root limiting pipes 15 are arranged on the back of the furrow at intervals, a matrix 25 is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling 11 is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end 27 of each root limiting pipe is communicated with an underdrain 22 arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, straws or sand or matrixes 23 which are beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the underdrain, and a water supply mechanism 10 is inserted into the matrix in each root limiting pipe. The water supply mechanism is a drip arrow 10 which is inserted into the matrix of the root limiting pipe and the outlet section of which is close to the root system of the seedling.

The root limiting tube is used for limiting the growth direction of the root system 21 of the seedling, and the matrix in the root limiting tube above the root system is used for reducing the evaporation of water flowing out of the water supply mechanism. The root limiting pipe is a straight pipe, the height (H7 + H8) of the root limiting pipe is 11 cm, the inner diameter W6 of the root limiting pipe is 9 cm, and the height H7 of the upper end of the root limiting pipe extending out of the ridge back is 1 cm. The root limiting pipe is shown in fig. 11, so that the root system of the seedling is prevented from growing sideways, the root system is prevented from growing downwards, and the root system can grow downwards and extend into the underdrain, and can absorb moisture in a matrix in the underdrain and nutrients of fertilizer. Especially in winter, the surface temperature is lower, but the underground temperature is higher, the root system grows downwards as much as possible by the root limiting pipe, so that the root system is positioned in a region with higher underground temperature, the survival rate of transplanting seedlings is improved, and the moisture and the nutrients rich in the matrix can promote the growth of the seedlings in the later stage.

The cross section of the underdrain is shown in fig. 11 as an inverted trapezoid, the width W7 of the upper side of the inverted trapezoid is 21 cm, the width W5 of the lower side of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm, and the height H9 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 11, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground of the concave place between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged at the outer sides of the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the central lines of two furrow backs on two sides of the small furrows is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 of the lowest point of the small furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 12 cm, and the vertical height of the lowest point of the large furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 25 cm. Because the greenhouse comprises a plurality of furrows, a large furrow is arranged between every two adjacent furrows, and the distance between the central lines of the furrow backs at the two sides of the large furrow is 80-100 cm.

The invention is used when:

and (3) making a blind ditch, paving a substrate in the blind ditch, placing root limiting pipes according to plant spacing requirements of vegetable seedlings, paving soil beside the blind ditch above the substrate, and covering the outer edges 26 of the root limiting pipes. And (3) pouring ground water, filling a matrix in each root limiting pipe, transplanting vegetable seedlings, and then inserting a drip arrow into the matrix of each root limiting pipe to enable the water outlet section of the drip arrow to be close to the root system of the seedling.

2. The water and fertilizer flow to the branch pipes through the main pipe, each branch pipe flows into different capillaries through the flow divider (comprising the flow stabilizer), and the water and fertilizer flow into the matrix of the root-limiting pipe through the drip arrow at the tail end of each capillary.

3. The water fertilizer diffuses into the substrate of the blind ditch and the soil beside the blind ditch through the substrate below the root system of the seedling.

Examples

1-5 and 13-15, the special irrigation structure after the transplanting period comprises a water pipe 1, a venturi fertilizer applicator 2, a fertilizer tank 3, a filter 5, a main pipe 6, a branch pipe 8, a capillary 9 and a drip arrow 10, wherein the water pipe is connected with two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel through a pipeline 4, a water and fertilizer port of the venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, and valves are arranged on the pipelines at the two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator.

The tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe through a filter, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe 8 is positioned at a small furrow as shown in fig. 2, each branch pipe is provided with a shunt (comprising a current stabilizer) 7 which is arranged at intervals, each shunt is provided with a plurality of capillaries, and the tail end of each capillary is provided with a water supply mechanism 10.

A plurality of root limiting pipes 15 are arranged on the back of the furrow at intervals, a matrix 25 is filled in each root limiting pipe, a vegetable seedling 11 is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with an underdrain 22 arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, the matrix 23 is placed in the underdrain, a vertical pit 14 extending towards the lower side of the back of the furrow is arranged on the back of the furrow beside the root limiting pipes, the lower end 24 of each vertical pit is communicated with the underdrain, a sand layer 17 is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer 16 is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe 13 is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of each water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of each water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and a water supply structure 10 is inserted into each water guide pipe. The water supply mechanism is a water-dropping arrow 10, the sand layer is used for diffusing the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow to the side, and the soil layer is used for reducing evaporation of the water fertilizer flowing out of the water-dropping arrow.

The root limiting tube is used for limiting the growth direction of the root system 21 of the seedling, and the matrix in the root limiting tube above the root system is used for reducing the evaporation of water flowing out of the water dripping arrow of the water supply structure. The root limiting pipe is a straight pipe, the height (H7 + H8) of the root limiting pipe is 11 cm, the inner diameter W6 of the root limiting pipe is 9 cm, and the height H7 of the upper end of the root limiting pipe extending out of the ridge back is 1 cm. The root limiting pipe is shown in fig. 13, so that the root system of the vegetable seedling is prevented from growing sideways, the root system can not be prevented from growing downwards, and the root system can grow downwards and extend into the underdrain, and can absorb moisture in a matrix in the underdrain and nutrients of fertilizer. Especially in winter, the surface temperature is lower, but the underground temperature is higher, the root system grows downwards as much as possible by the root limiting pipe, so that the root system is positioned in a region with higher underground temperature, the survival rate of transplanting seedlings is improved, and the moisture and the nutrients rich in the matrix can promote the growth of the seedlings in the later stage.

The cross section of the underdrain is shown in fig. 13 as an inverted trapezoid, the width W7 of the upper side of the inverted trapezoid is 21 cm, the width W5 of the lower side of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm, and the height H9 of the inverted trapezoid is 15 cm. The vertical pit is in a cylindrical shape, the height H4 of the vertical pit is 20 cm, the inner diameter W1 of the vertical pit is 4-6 cm, the height (H4-H2) of a sand layer in the vertical pit is 15 cm, and the height H2 of a soil layer in the vertical pit is 5 cm.

The structure of the furrow is shown in fig. 13, the furrow comprises two adjacent furrow backs 19, a small furrow (the ground at the concave position between the two furrow backs) 18 is arranged between the two furrow backs, and a large furrow 20 is arranged at the outer sides of the two furrow backs. The distance W3 between the lowest points of two adjacent large furrows is 120-150 cm, the distance W2 between the central lines of two furrow backs on two sides of the small furrows is 40-60 cm, the vertical height H5 of the lowest point of the small furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 12 cm, and the vertical height of the lowest point of the large furrows from the highest point of the furrow backs is 25 cm.

The invention is used when:

and (3) making a blind ditch, paving a substrate in the blind ditch, placing root limiting pipes according to plant spacing requirements of vegetable seedlings, paving soil beside the blind ditch above the substrate, and covering the outer edges 18 of the root limiting pipes. And (5) pouring bottom water, filling matrix in each root limiting pipe, and transplanting into vegetable seedlings.

And (3) perforating the side of the root limiting pipe by using a perforating device to form vertical pits, putting a sand layer, then inserting water guide pipes into the sand layer, filling the space above the vertical pits by using soil, and then inserting a drip arrow into each water guide pipe.

The sand layer adopts medium sand with the diameter of 0.35-0.5 mm. The water guide pipe uses PVC pipe with wall thickness of 1.2 mm.

2. The water and fertilizer flows to the branch pipes through the main pipe, each branch pipe flows to different capillaries through the flow divider (comprising the flow stabilizer), and the water and fertilizer flows to the water guide pipe through the arrow at the tail end of each capillary, and then is diffused into the substrate and the soil through the sand layer.

Application example 1

Two greenhouses of Han raft village in east Shi Guzhen of Tianjin Jizhou area, one greenhouse of a control group is used for planting cucumbers in a traditional water and fertilizer management mode of small high-furrow flood irrigation, and the other greenhouse of a test group is used for planting cucumbers in the water and fertilizer management mode of the invention.

Initial conditions such as cucumber varieties and the number of transplanted seedlings are the same, and the non-surviving seedlings are subjected to timely supplementary planting after field planting.

After two years of continuous planting, the cucumber in the test group is compared with the cucumber in the control group, the picking period of fruits in the test group can be 7-10 days in advance, the yield of the test group is improved by 30-50%, and the pesticide consumption in the test group is reduced by more than 70%.

Application example 2

One control group greenhouse uses the traditional water and fertilizer management mode of small high-furrow flood irrigation to plant cherry tomatoes, and the other test group greenhouse uses the water and fertilizer management mode of the invention to plant tomatoes.

After two years of continuous planting, the cherry tomatoes in the test group and the cherry tomatoes in the control group are compared, the picking period of fruits in the test group can be 7-10 days in advance, the yield of the test group is improved by 20-30%, and the pesticide consumption in the test group is reduced by more than 85%.

Application example 3

The method comprises the steps of planting green peppers in two greenhouses in a Han raft village in Tianjin Jizhou district, wherein one greenhouse of a control group is planted in a traditional water and fertilizer management mode of small high-furrow flood irrigation, and the other greenhouse of a test group is planted in the water and fertilizer management mode of the invention.

After two years of continuous planting, the fruits of the test group can be harvested 7-10 days in advance by comparing the green pepper of the test group with the green pepper of the control group, the yield of the test group is improved by 20-30%, and the pesticide consumption of the test group is reduced by more than 70%.

Claims

1. The greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

making a furrow according to vegetable types;

Fifthly, performing water and fertilizer management on the vegetables according to the method of the step until the vegetables and fruits are harvested;

in the third step, a root limiting pipe is arranged in soil outside the vegetable seedling, the root system of the vegetable seedling is wholly positioned in the root limiting pipe, planting matrixes are filled in the root limiting pipe space beside the root system, a water supply mechanism is arranged in the planting matrixes, and an outlet section of the water supply mechanism provides water and fertilizer for the root system;

in the step of fourth step, root limiting pipes are arranged in soil outside vegetable seedlings, the upper ends of root systems of the vegetable seedlings are positioned in the root limiting pipes, planting matrixes are filled in the root limiting pipe spaces beside the root systems, a water supply mechanism is arranged in the soil beside the root limiting pipes and below the ridge backs, and water and fertilizer are provided for the root systems by the outlet sections of the water supply mechanism;

a blind ditch is arranged in the soil below the furrow back along the extending direction of the furrow, straw, sand or planting matrixes are filled in the blind ditch, the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the soil above the blind ditch, or the lower end of the root system of the vegetable seedling is positioned in the straw, sand or planting matrixes in the blind ditch;

the planting substrate comprises 1-2 parts of fungus residue, 2-3 parts of biogas residue, 3-4 parts of cow dung and fertilizer; the addition amount of the fertilizer is 6-10 kg of cake fertilizer, 6-10 kg of humic acid fertilizer, 1kg of chelated trace fertilizer, 2-3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of calcium superphosphate are added into the mixture of the bacterial residues per cubic meter, the biogas residues and the cow dung;

The special irrigation structure after the transplanting period of the greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method comprises a water pipe, a venturi fertilizer applicator, a fertilizer tank, a main pipe, branch pipes, capillaries and a water supply mechanism, wherein the water pipe is connected with two ends of the venturi fertilizer applicator in parallel, a water and fertilizer port of the venturi fertilizer applicator is communicated with the fertilizer tank, the tail end of the water pipe is communicated with one end of the main pipe, the main pipe is communicated with a plurality of branch pipes which are arranged at intervals, each branch pipe is positioned on the ground between two furrow backs, each branch pipe is provided with a shunt which is arranged at intervals, each shunt is provided with a plurality of capillaries, and the tail end of each capillary pipe is provided with the water supply mechanism;

the method comprises the steps that a plurality of root limiting pipes are arranged on the back of a furrow at intervals, planting matrixes are filled in each root limiting pipe and a vegetable seedling is planted in each root limiting pipe, the lower end of each root limiting pipe is communicated with a blind ditch arranged in the back of the furrow along the extending direction of the furrow, straws or sand or planting matrixes which are beneficial to water and fertilizer diffusion are placed in the blind ditch, vertical pits extending towards the lower side of the back of the furrow are arranged on the back of the furrow beside the root limiting pipes, the lower end of each vertical pit is communicated with the blind ditch, a sand layer is placed at the lower part in each vertical pit, a soil layer is placed in the vertical pit above the sand layer, a water guide pipe is arranged in the soil layer, the lower end of each water guide pipe is embedded into the sand layer, the upper end of each water guide pipe extends out of the vertical pit, and each water guide pipe is internally inserted into the water supply mechanism.

2. The greenhouse vegetable transplanting water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the position relation of the vertical pit and the vegetable seedling is selected from the most suitable one of the following modes: