CN109197345B - Planting method for improving survival rate of olea europaea - Google Patents
Planting method for improving survival rate of olea europaea Download PDFInfo
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- CN109197345B CN109197345B CN201811244339.0A CN201811244339A CN109197345B CN 109197345 B CN109197345 B CN 109197345B CN 201811244339 A CN201811244339 A CN 201811244339A CN 109197345 B CN109197345 B CN 109197345B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method for improving the survival rate of olea europaea, which comprises the following steps: breeding seedlings, grafting and cultivating the seedlings, excavating planting pits, backfilling soil, transplanting, managing and the like. The technical scheme of the invention has the beneficial effects that: 1) the olive seedlings of the Chemlal variety are selected as the rootstocks, so that the method can be well suitable for the high-temperature humid climate and the acid heavy soil of the southeast coast of China; 2) the olive seedlings with the age of more than 3 years are selected for planting, the resistance of the olive seedlings is far higher than that of the seedlings with the small age, and the vitality is stronger; 3) more than 50% of broken stones are added into backfilled soil, so that the air permeability of the soil is improved, the soil is prevented from hardening, sufficient oxygen can be provided for the roots of the olive trees, and necessary mineral elements can be provided for the growth of the olive trees; 4) when the seedlings are planted, the neck of the tree is higher than the ground by more than 10 cm, so that root rot caused by surface water is prevented.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a planting method of olive trees, and belongs to the field of planting.
Background
Olea europaea (L.) patOlea europaeaL.) is a world famous high-quality woody oil, mainly produced in the mediterranean region, with a history of 4000 years of cultivation. Fresh olive fruits can be processed into delicious salted or sugared fruits, in addition to the well-known olive oil. The introduction of olea europaea has a history of over 50 years in China, large-scale introduction of olea europaea in China has been carried out in the 70 th century, and the olea europaea in most regions except Gansu Wudu shows weak tree vigor, serious leaf fall and low survival rate. Cause this phenomenonThe causes of (a) are many, such as plant diseases and insect pests (particularly diseases), climatic factors, soil conditions, cultivation management and the like.
In the aspect of climate, the original place of olive is the mediterranean climate, which is mainly characterized by hot and dry summer and rainy and warm winter and spring. On the contrary, the southeast coast of China mainly belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, high temperature and much rain (in the same rain and heat period) in summer and mild and little rain in winter. The olive tree is dormant in summer due to drought in a native place, and branches grow vigorously in summer due to the same rain and heat period in China, so that the olive tree cannot be lignified sufficiently, and the fruiting in the next year is influenced. The original producing area is rainy in winter and spring, so that the blooming and the fruiting in spring are facilitated; however, the drought in autumn and winter in China is very unfavorable for the flowering and fruiting in spring of the second year.
In the soil method, the original production area of the olea europaea is mostly neutral to alkaline calcareous loose soil, and the southeast coast of China is mostly strong acid clay. The strongly acidic soil is not beneficial to the mineral absorption of olive roots. The heavy soil is easy to harden, the air permeability of the root is reduced, and the respiration of the root is not facilitated.
In order to improve the survival rate of introduced olea europaea, the indigenous olive leaf in China is adopted as a stock in many areas to improve the adaptability of olea europaea to acid soil, but in practice, the defects of slow stock growth speed, poor affinity of the stock and the scion and the like still exist. The invention adopts the Cumlar variety as the stock, which is originally produced in the northern part of Africa, belongs to the largest tree species in olive, can be usually used as a street tree and a salary, and has the advantages of rapid growth, high lignification degree, strong resistance and good affinity with other varieties.
The annual average temperature of Fujian province is 17-21 ℃, the coldest month is 6-13 ℃, the annual precipitation is 1100-2000 mm, and the annual sunshine hours are 1539-2225 h. The area of the jiugong land is the mountainous and hilly land. Due to the obstruction of mountains, various microclimate zones are formed in provinces, wherein the lowest temperature in winter in the mountains is lower than zero, so that the low temperature required by the flower bud differentiation of the olea europaea can be met, and the olea europaea can blossom and fruit set. Except that the annual rainfall is larger, other climatic indexes can basically meet the requirement of olive planting. In the six-seven-ten generations of the last century, the problems of root rot, serious insect pest, poor growth, leaf fall in dry seasons of autumn and winter, no flowering and fruit setting and the like occur in the introduction process of the olea europaea in the areas of Fujian, Nanping and Fuzhou, so that the survival rate is reduced, and finally, introduction is only abandoned. However, in recent years, after years of research, the inventor develops a method suitable for planting olea europaea in Fujian region, and practice proves that the method for planting olea europaea in Fujian mountain region has high survival rate and can normally flower and bear fruits.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an improved olive planting method aiming at the defects of the prior art. The method can improve the introduction survival rate of the olea europaea from less than 10 percent to more than 80 percent, and simultaneously, the trees grow robustly and can normally blossom and bear fruits in cold and cool mountainous areas.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical means:
a planting method for improving the survival rate of olea europaea comprises the following steps:
(1) seed propagation
Harvesting green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits, putting the green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits into a sieve for rubbing, then washing the fruits with water to remove pulp, drying in the shade, immediately sowing the fruits into a seedbed, germinating and unearthing after one month, transplanting seedlings into a nursery after the seedlings grow to be 5-8 cm high, and selecting the seedlings as stocks when the main stems of the seedlings grow to be 1cm after cultivation for 1 year;
(2) grafting
Selecting annual strong olive branches as scions for grafting, continuously cultivating for 2 years in a nursery, and then outplanting and planting;
(3) excavation planting pit
Selecting a land block with a slope and an underground water level lower than 1.2m, and excavating a circular planting pit with the diameter of 1m and the depth of 1 m;
(4) soil backfilling
Uniformly mixing the soil dug out of the planting pit with a proper amount of organic fertilizer, lime and crushed stones to obtain improved soil, controlling the addition amount of the lime to ensure that the pH value of the soil is 6-8, adding crushed stones to ensure that the volume of the crushed stones accounts for 50% -80% of the total volume of the backfilled soil, and backfilling the improved soil into the planting pit to ensure that the upper part of the backfilled soil is flush with the ground;
(5) transplanting
Positioning the olive tree seedling on the backfilled soil in the planting pit, enabling the neck of the olive tree to be 10-30 cm higher than the ground, enabling the planting distance to be 4-6 m, backfilling a small amount of improved soil, treading, and thoroughly watering root fixing water;
(6) managing
And paying attention to water and fertilizer management, pruning and pest and disease damage management in the later period.
The rootstock in the step (1) is a seedling of a Cumlar variety.
In the step (2), the scion is selected from a No. 8 olive variety which is Frou, a bean fruit, Luxing, City firming 32, Koraty or Hubei and has stronger high-humidity climate resistance, and the grafted seedling is cultivated in a nursery for 2 years and then is out of the nursery for planting.
Compared with the prior olive planting technology, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the seedlings of the Chemlar variety are selected as the stocks, the roots of the seedlings are developed, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, barren resistance, disease and insect resistance and good affinity are achieved, sufficient water and nutrients can be provided for the growth of the olive trees, and the method can be well suitable for the high-temperature humid climate and the acidic heavy soil of the southeast coast of China. Compared with the common technology of using trifolium acutangum and feo seedlings as stocks, the seedling growth speed is higher, and the affinity between the stocks and the scions and the capability of resisting diseases and insect pests of roots are stronger.
2. The olive seedlings with the age of more than 3 years are selected for planting, but small seedlings with the age of 1-2 are not selected for field planting, the nutrition storage is sufficient, and when the olive seedlings are damaged by pests, the olive seedlings have strong self-repairing capability and higher survival rate.
3. More than 50% of broken stones are added into the backfilled soil. The method has the advantages of improving the air permeability of the soil, preventing the soil from hardening, providing sufficient oxygen for the roots of the olive, and providing necessary mineral elements for the growth of the olive trees. In mountainous areas, the broken stones are easier to obtain than loose materials such as sand and organic fertilizer, and the effect of preventing soil hardening is better. The mixing proportion of the broken stones is far higher than that of the prior art, and the problem of soil hardening is thoroughly solved.
4. When the seedlings are planted, the neck of the tree is higher than the ground by more than 10 cm, so that root rot caused by surface water accumulation after long-time rainfall can be prevented. Compared with the prior art, the method can save complex procedures such as ridging cultivation and the like.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
(1) Seed propagation
Harvesting green and mature cymbal olive fruits, putting the green and mature cymbal olive fruits into a sieve for rubbing, then washing the fruits with water to remove pulp, drying in the shade, immediately sowing the fruits into a seedbed, germinating and unearthing after one month, transplanting seedlings into a nursery garden after the seedlings grow to be 5 cm high, and selecting the seedlings as stocks when the main stems of the seedlings grow to be 1cm after 1 year of cultivation;
(2) grafting
The annual strong olive branch is selected as a scion for grafting, and the scion variety is a bean fruit. After the grafting is successful, continuously culturing for 2 years in a nursery, and then outplanting and planting;
(3) excavation planting pit
Selecting a land block with a certain gradient and the underground water level lower than 1.2m, and excavating a circular planting pit with the diameter of 1m and the depth of 1 m;
(4) soil backfilling
Uniformly mixing the soil dug out of the planting pit with a proper amount of organic fertilizer, lime and crushed stones to obtain improved soil, controlling the addition amount of the lime to enable the pH value of the soil to be about 6, enabling the volume of the added crushed stones to be 50% of the total volume of the backfilled soil, backfilling the improved soil into the planting pit, and enabling the upper part of the backfilled soil to be flush with the ground.
(5) Transplanting
Positioning the olive tree seedling on the backfilled soil in the planting pit, making the neck of the tree higher than the ground by 10 cm and the plant spacing of 5m, backfilling a small amount of improved soil, treading, and watering thoroughly to fix the root;
(6) managing
Attention is paid to water and fertilizer management, pruning and pest and disease management, and specific reference can be made to DB510800/T010-2010 olive high yield cultivation technical regulation of regional local standard in Sichuan province.
Before the method is adopted, the control bean fruits are planted in the Fujian high mountain area for 2 years, only 10 percent of the seedlings survive after one year, the growth is weak, the leaves are sparse, the average ground diameter is only 1cm, and the crown width is 0.5 m; after the method is adopted, the survival rate of the transplanted trees is 100 percent, the trees are strong, the leaves are dense, the average ground diameter is 2 cm, and the crown width is 1 meter.
Example 2
(1) Seed propagation
Harvesting green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits, putting the green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits into a sieve for rubbing, then washing the fruits with water to remove pulp, drying in the shade, immediately sowing the fruits into a seedbed, germinating and unearthing after one month, transplanting seedlings into a nursery garden after the seedlings grow to 8 cm high, and selecting the seedlings as stocks when the main stems of the seedlings grow to 1cm after cultivation for 1 year;
(2) grafting
The annual strong olive branch is selected as a scion for grafting, and the scion variety is the kola base. After the grafting is successful, the seedlings are continuously cultured in a nursery garden for 2 years and then are transplanted out of the nursery garden.
(3) Excavation planting pit
A land block with a certain gradient and the underground water level lower than 1.2m is selected, and a circular planting pit is excavated, wherein the diameter of the planting pit is 1m, and the depth of the planting pit is 1 m.
(4) Soil backfilling
Uniformly mixing the soil dug out of the planting pit with a proper amount of organic fertilizer, lime and crushed stones to obtain improved soil, controlling the addition amount of the lime to ensure that the pH value of the soil is about 7, adding crushed stones to ensure that the volume of the crushed stones accounts for 60 percent of the total volume of the backfilled soil, and backfilling the improved soil into the planting pit to ensure that the upper part of the backfilled soil is flush with the ground.
(5) Transplanting
Positioning the olive tree seedling on the backfilled soil in the planting pit, enabling the neck of the olive tree to be 15 cm higher than the ground, enabling the plant spacing to be 6m, backfilling a small amount of improved soil, treading, and thoroughly watering for rooting;
(6) managing
Attention is paid to water and fertilizer management, pruning and pest and disease management, and specific reference can be made to DB510800/T010-2010 olive high yield cultivation technical regulation of regional local standard in Sichuan province.
Before the method is adopted, 3-year seedlings of the contrast Kelati are planted in the alpine region of Fujian Minhou county, 30 percent of the seedlings survive after one year, the growth vigor is weak, young shoots are few, the average ground diameter is 2 cm, and the crown width is 0.6 m; after the method is adopted, the survival rate of the transplanted tree reaches 100 percent, the tree is strong, more shoots exist, the average ground diameter is 3 cm, and the crown width is 0.8 m.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A planting method for improving the survival rate of olea europaea comprises the steps of seed propagation, grafting, transplanting and management, and is characterized by further comprising the steps of digging a planting pit and backfilling soil; the specific operation of each step is as follows:
(1) seed propagation
Harvesting green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits, putting the green and semi-ripe chemlar olive fruits into a sieve for rubbing, then washing the fruits with water to remove pulp, drying in the shade, immediately sowing the fruits into a seedbed, germinating and unearthing after one month, transplanting seedlings into a nursery after the seedlings grow to be 5-8 cm high, and selecting the seedlings as stocks when the main stems of the seedlings grow to be 1cm after cultivation for 1 year;
(2) grafting
Selecting annual strong olive branches as scions for grafting, continuously cultivating for 2 years in a nursery, and then outplanting and planting;
(3) excavation planting pit
Selecting a land block with a slope and an underground water level lower than 1.2m, and excavating a circular planting pit with the diameter of 1m and the depth of 1 m;
(4) soil backfilling
Uniformly mixing the soil dug out of the planting pit with a proper amount of organic fertilizer, lime and crushed stones to obtain improved soil, controlling the addition amount of the lime to ensure that the pH value of the soil is 6-8, adding crushed stones to ensure that the volume of the crushed stones accounts for 50% -80% of the total volume of the backfilled soil, and backfilling the improved soil into the planting pit to ensure that the upper part of the backfilled soil is flush with the ground;
(5) transplanting
Positioning the olive tree seedling on the backfilled soil in the planting pit, enabling the neck of the olive tree to be 10-30 cm higher than the ground, enabling the planting distance to be 4-6 m, backfilling a small amount of improved soil, treading, and thoroughly watering root fixing water;
(6) managing
And paying attention to water and fertilizer management, pruning and pest and disease damage management in the later period.
2. The planting method for improving the survival rate of the olea europaea according to the claim 1, wherein: the rootstock in the step (1) is a seedling of a Cumlar variety.
3. The planting method for improving the survival rate of the olea europaea according to the claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), the scion is selected from a No. 8 olive variety which is Frou, a bean fruit, Luxing, City firming 32, Koraty or Hubei and has stronger high-humidity climate resistance, and the grafted seedling is cultivated in a nursery for 2 years and then is out of the nursery for planting.
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| CN105145126A (en) * | 2015-09-09 | 2015-12-16 | 甘肃省林业科学研究院 | Wedge-shaped scion grafting propagation method for olea europaea L. |
| CN106258734A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2017-01-04 | 砚山南亚源油橄榄种植有限责任公司 | A kind of Ke Ladi and the domestication mating system of bean fruit |
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