CN109155204B - 用于超级电容器的电极构造体 - Google Patents
用于超级电容器的电极构造体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109155204B CN109155204B CN201780030837.2A CN201780030837A CN109155204B CN 109155204 B CN109155204 B CN 109155204B CN 201780030837 A CN201780030837 A CN 201780030837A CN 109155204 B CN109155204 B CN 109155204B
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Abstract
提供一种超级电容器,其包括第一电极、第二电极、隔板、非水电解质和壳体。第一电极包括电连接到第一碳质涂层的第一集流体且第二电极包括电连接到第二碳质涂层的第二集流体。第一集流体和第二集流体各自包含包括导电金属的基底,其中多个纤维状触须从第一集流体的基底、第二集流体的基底、或两者向外伸出。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2016年5月20日提交的序列号62/339,147的美国临时申请的优先权,通过参考该美国临时申请以其整体并入本文中。
背景技术
电能蓄电池被广泛地用来向电子的、电机械的、电化学的、和其它可用的装置提供动力(功率)。例如,电双层超级电容器通常采用包含浸渍有液体电解质的碳粒子(例如活性碳)的一对可极化电极。由于所述粒子的有效表面积和在所述电极之间小的间隔,可实现大的电容值。尽管如此,问题仍然存在。例如,很多电极材料要求粘合剂(例如聚四氟乙烯)的使用,该粘合剂可导致污染和所述电极的界面电阻的增大。常规的超级电容器的某些组件还对于高温是敏感的,高温可导致电解质从所述电容器泄漏,并且继而导致电容的下降和等效串联电阻(“ESR”)的增大。因此,目前存在对于改善的超级电容器的需要。
发明内容
按照本发明的一个实施方式,公开了超级电容器,其包括第一电极、第二电极、隔板、非水电解质和包含金属容器的壳体。第一电极包括电连接到第一碳质涂层的第一集流体并且第二电极包括电连接到第二碳质涂层的第二集流体。第一集流体和第二集流体各自包含包括导电金属的基底,其中多个纤维状触须(whisker)从第一集流体的基底、第二集流体的基底、或两者向外伸出。隔板位于第一电极和第二电极之间。非水电解质与第一电极和第二电极离子接触。第一电极、第二电极、隔板和电解质保持在壳体内。
下面更加详细地阐述本发明的其它特征和方面。
附图说明
在说明书的余下部分中参考附图更具体地阐述本发明的针对本领域技术人员的完整且能够实现的公开内容(包括其最佳方式),在图中:
图1是在本发明的超级电容器中可采用的集流体的一个实施方式的示意图;
图2是在本发明的超级电容器中可采用的集流体/碳质涂层的构造体的一个实施方式的示意图;
图3是说明用于形成在本发明的超级电容器中可使用的电极组装体的一个实施方式的示意图;和
图4是本发明的超级电容器的一个实施方式的示意图。
在本说明书和图中参考符号的重复使用旨在表示本发明的相同或相似特征或元件。
具体实施方式
本领域普通技术人员应理解,本论述只是示例性实施方式的描述、并且不意图限制本发明的更宽的方面,所述更宽的方面体现在示例性的解释(construction)中。
总的来说,本发明涉及包括如下的超级电容器:包含电连接到第一集流体的第一碳质涂层(例如活性碳粒子)的第一电极,和包含电连接到第二集流体的第二碳质涂层(例如活性碳粒子)的第二电极。隔板还位于第一电极和第二电极之间,并且电解质与第一电极和第二电极离子接触。第一电极、第二电极、隔板和电解质保持在由金属容器(例如圆筒形罐)形成的壳体内。
本发明人已经发现,通过对用于形成集流体和电极的材料的特性、以及形成它们的方式进行选择性控制,可实现多种有益性质。更具体地,第一集流体和/或第二集流体包含包括导电金属的基底(例如铝)和从所述基底向外伸出的多个纤维状触须。在不受理论限制的情况下,据信,这些触须可有效地增大所述集流体的表面积并且也改善所述集流体对相应电极的粘附。这可容许在第一电极和/或第二电极中使用相对低的粘合剂含量,其可改善电荷转移且使界面电阻降低,并且结果,导致非常低的ESR值。例如,粘合剂可按碳质涂层中100份活性碳粒子计以约60份或更少、在一些实施方式中以40份或更少、和在一些实施方式中以约1-约25份的量存在。粘合剂,例如,可构成所述涂层的总重量的约15重量%或更少、在一些实施方式中约10重量%或更少、和在一些实施方式中约0.5重量%-约5重量%。实际上,在某些实施方式中,所述涂层甚至可不含粘合剂。
I.集流体
如上所指出的,本发明的超级电容器包含第一集流体和第二集流体。应该理解的是,如果期望的话、特别地如果超级电容器包括多个蓄能电池,则还可使用另外的集流体。集流体可由相同或不同的材料形成。不管怎样,各集电体典型地由含有导电金属(例如铝、不锈钢、镍、银、钯等以及它们的合金)的基底形成。铝和铝合金尤其适用于本发明中。基底可为箔、片、板、网等的形式。基底还可具有相对小的厚度,例如约200微米或更小、在一些实施方式中约1-约100微米、在一些实施方式中约5-约80微米、和在一些实施方式中约10-约50微米。尽管决不强制,但是任选地可例如通过洗涤、蚀刻、喷砂(blast)等使所述基底的表面粗糙化。
第一和第二集流体的至少一个、和优选地两者还包含从所述基底向外伸出的多个纤维状触须。所述触须典型地由这样的材料形成:其包括碳和/或碳与所述导电金属的反应产物。例如,在一个实施方式中,所述材料包括所述导电金属的碳化物、例如碳化铝(Al4C3)。例如,参考图1,示出集流体的一个实施方式,其包含从基底1向外伸出的多个触须21。如果期望的话,所述触须21可任选地从嵌入在所述基底1内的种子(籽源,seed)部分3伸出。与所述触须21类似,所述种子部分3也可由这样的材料形成:其包括碳和/或碳与所述导电金属的反应产物,例如所述导电金属的碳化物(例如碳化铝)。
在基底上形成所述触须的方式可合意地改变。例如,在一个实施方式中,使基底的导电金属与烃化合物进行反应。这样的烃化合物的实例可包括,例如,烷烃化合物,例如甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷、戊烷等;烯烃化合物,例如乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丁二烯等;炔烃化合物,例如乙炔;以及前述物质的衍生物或任意组合。如下通常是合意的:所述烃化合物在所述反应期间为气态形式的。因此,使用在加热时为气态形式的烃化合物例如甲烷、乙烷和丙烷可为合意的。尽管不是必须的,但是所述烃化合物典型地以约0.1份至约50重量份、和在一些实施方式中约0.5重量份至约30重量份的范围被使用,基于100重量份的所述基底。为了引发通过所述烃和导电金属的反应,通常将所述基底在于约300℃或更高、在一些实施方式中约400℃或更高、和在一些实施方式中约500℃-约650℃的温度下的气氛中加热。加热时间取决于所选择的确切温度,但是典型地在约1小时至约100小时的范围内。所述气氛典型地包含相对低的氧气量以使介电膜在基底表面上的形成最小化。例如,所述气氛的氧气含量可为约1体积%或更小。
II.碳质涂层
本发明的超级电容器还包括分别电连接到第一和第二集流体的第一和第二碳质涂层。尽管它们可由相同或不同类型的材料形成并且可包括一个或多个层,但是所述碳质涂层各自通常包含包括活化粒子的至少一个层。例如,在某些实施方式中,活性碳层可直接位于集流体上面并且任选地可为碳质涂层的唯一层。合适的活性碳粒子的实例可包括,例如,基于椰子壳的活性碳,基于石油焦炭的活性碳,基于沥青的活性碳,基于聚偏二氯乙烯的活性碳,基于酚醛树脂的活性碳,基于聚丙烯腈的活性碳,和来自天然来源例如煤、木炭(charcoal)或其它天然有机来源的活性碳。
在某些实施方式中,为了帮助改善某些类型的电解质在经历一个或多个充电-放电循环之后的离子迁移率,选择性地控制活性碳粒子的某些方面例如它们的粒度分布、表面积和孔尺寸分布可为合意的。例如,所述粒子的至少50体积%(D50尺寸)可具有范围在约0.01-约30微米、在一些实施方式中约0.1-约20微米、和在一些实施方式中约0.5-约10微米之内的尺寸。所述粒子的至少90体积%(D90尺寸)可同样地具有范围在约2-约40微米、在一些实施方式中约5-约30微米、和在一些实施方式中约6-约15微米之内的尺寸。BET表面还可在约900m2/g至约3,000m2/g、在一些实施方式中约1,000m2/g至约2,500m2/g、和在一些实施方式中约1,100m2/g至约1,800m2/g的范围内。
活性碳粒子除了具有一定的尺寸和表面积之外还可包含具有一定的尺寸分布的孔。例如,尺寸小于约2纳米的孔(即“微孔”)的量可提供总孔体积的约50体积%或更小、在一些实施方式中约30体积%或更小、和在一些实施方式中0.1体积%-15体积%的孔体积。同样地,尺寸在约2纳米和约50纳米之间的孔(即“介孔”)的量可为约20体积%至约80体积%、在一些实施方式中约25体积%至约75体积%、和在一些实施方式中约35体积%至约65体积%。最后,尺寸大于约50纳米的孔(即“大孔”)的量可为约1体积%至约50体积%、在一些实施方式中约5体积%至约40体积%、和在一些实施方式中约10体积%至约35体积%。所述碳粒子的总孔体积可在约0.2cm3/g至约1.5cm3/g、和在一些实施方式中约0.4cm3/g至约1.0cm3/g的范围内,并且中值孔宽度可为约8纳米或更小、在一些实施方式中约1-约5纳米、和在一些实施方式中约2-约4纳米。所述孔尺寸和总孔体积可使用氮吸附测量并且通过Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(“BJH”)技术分析,如本领域中所公知的。
如上所讨论的,本发明的一个独特方面在于,电极不需要包含在超级电容器的电极中常规使用的大量粘合剂。即,粘合剂可以按100份碳计约60份或更小、在一些实施方式中40份或更小、和在一些实施方式中约1-约25份的量存在于第一和/或第二碳质涂层中。粘合剂可例如构成碳质涂层的总重量的约15重量%或更少、在一些实施方式中约10重量%或更少、和在一些实施方式中约0.5重量%至约5重量%。尽管如此,当使用时,在所述电极中可使用多种合适的粘合剂的任一种。例如,在某些实施方式中可使用不溶于水的有机粘合剂,例如苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、聚乙酸乙烯酯均聚物、乙酸乙烯酯乙烯共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯丙烯酸类(acrylic)共聚物、乙烯-氯乙烯共聚物、乙烯-氯乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯三元共聚物、丙烯酸类聚氯乙烯聚合物、丙烯酸类聚合物、腈聚合物、氟聚合物例如聚四氟乙烯或聚偏二氟乙烯、聚烯烃等,以及它们的混合物。还可使用水溶性有机粘合剂,例如多糖及其衍生物。在一个具体实施方式中,多糖可为非离子纤维素醚,例如烷基纤维素醚(例如甲基纤维素和乙基纤维素);羟烷基纤维素醚(例如羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基羟丁基纤维素、羟乙基羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基羟丁基纤维素、羟乙基羟丙基羟丁基纤维素等);烷基羟烷基纤维素醚(例如甲基羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟丙基纤维素、乙基羟乙基纤维素、乙基羟丙基纤维素、甲基乙基羟乙基纤维素和甲基乙基羟丙基纤维素);羧烷基纤维素醚(例如羧甲基纤维素);等,以及前述物质的任一种的质子化盐,例如羧甲基纤维素钠。
如果期望的话,在第一和/或第二碳质涂层的活性碳层内、和/或在第一和/或第二碳质涂层的其它层内还可使用其它材料。例如,在某些实施方式中,可使用传导性提升剂以进一步增大电导率。示例性的传导性提升剂可包括,例如,炭黑、石墨(天然或人造的)、石墨、碳纳米管、纳米线或纳米管、金属纤维、石墨烯等,以及它们的混合物。炭黑是尤为合适的。传导性提升剂在使用时在碳质涂层中典型地构成按100份活性碳粒子计约60份或更少、在一些实施方式中40份或更少、和在一些实施方式中约1-约25份。传导性提升剂可例如,构成碳质涂层的总重量的约15重量%或更小、在一些实施方式中约10重量%或更小、和在一些实施方式中约0.5重量%至约5重量%。同样活性碳粒子典型地构成碳质涂层的85重量%或更大、在一些实施方式中约90重量%或更大、和在一些实施方式中约95重量%至约99.5重量%。
如本领域技术人员所公知的,向集流体施加碳质涂层的具体方式可不同,例如印刷(例如凹版印刷)、喷雾、缝-模涂布(slot-die coating)、滴涂、浸涂等。无论施加其的方式如何,为了从涂层除去湿气,典型地将所得电极例如在约100℃或更大、在一些实施方式中约200℃或更大、和在一些实施方式中约300℃至约500℃的温度下进行干燥。还可将电极压制(例如压延)以优化超级电容器的体积效率。在任何任选的压制之后,各碳质涂层的厚度通常可基于超级电容器的期望的电性能和操作范围而变化。然而,典型地,涂层的厚度为约20-约200微米、30-约150微米、和在一些实施方式中约40-约100微米。涂层可存在于集流体的一面或两面上。不管怎样,整个电极(包括在任选的压制之后的集流体和碳质涂层)的厚度典型地在约20-约350微米、在一些实施方式中约30-约300微米、和在一些实施方式中约50-约250微米的范围内。
III.非水电解质
在超级电容器中使用的电解质通常在性质上是非水的,并且因此包含至少一种非水溶剂。为了帮助拓宽超级电容器的操作温度范围,如下典型地是合意的:所述非水溶剂具有相对高的沸腾温度,例如约150℃或更高、在一些实施方式中约200℃或更高、和在一些实施方式中约220℃至约300℃。尤为合适的高沸点溶剂可包括,例如,环状碳酸酯溶剂,例如碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯等。碳酸亚丙酯由于其高的电导率和分解电压以及其在宽的温度范围下使用的能力而是尤为合适的。当然,还可单独地或与环状碳酸酯溶剂组合地使用其它非水溶剂。这样的溶剂的实例可包括,例如,开链碳酸酯(例如碳酸二甲酯、碳酸乙甲酯、碳酸二乙酯等),脂族单羧酸酯(例如乙酸甲酯、丙酸甲酯等),内酯溶剂(例如丁内酯戊内酯等),腈(例如乙腈、戊二腈、己二腈、甲氧基乙腈、3-甲氧基丙腈等),酰胺(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二乙基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮),烷烃(例如硝基甲烷、硝基乙烷等),硫化合物(例如环丁砜、二甲亚砜等);等。
电解质还包含至少一种离子液体,其在所述非水溶剂中溶解。尽管所述离子液体的浓度可不同,但是通常合意的是,所述离子液体以相对高的浓度存在。例如,所述离子液体可以每升电解质约0.8摩尔(M)或更大、在一些实施方式中约1.0M或更大、在一些实施方式中约1.2M或更大、和在一些实施方式中约1.3-约1.8M的量存在。
所述离子液体通常为具有相对低的熔融温度例如约400℃或更小、在一些实施方式中约350℃或更小、在一些实施方式中约1℃-约100℃、和在一些实施方式中约5℃-约50℃的盐。所述盐包含阳离子物种和反荷离子。阳离子物种包括具有至少一个杂原子(例如氮或磷)作为“阳离子中心”的化合物。这样的杂原子化合物的实例包括,例如,未取代或取代的有机季铵化合物例如铵(例如三甲基铵、四乙基铵等),吡啶,哒嗪,嘧啶(pyramidinium),吡嗪,咪唑,吡唑,唑,三唑,噻唑,喹啉,哌啶,吡咯烷,其中两个或更多个环通过螺原子(例如碳、杂原子等)连接在一起的季铵螺环化合物,季铵稠合的环结构(例如喹啉、异喹啉等),等。例如,在一个具体实施方式中,阳离子物种可为N-螺双环化合物,例如具有循环环的对称或不对称的N-螺双环化合物。这样的化合物的一个实例具有以下结构:
对于阳离子物种合适的反荷离子可同样包括卤素离子(例如氯离子、溴离子、碘离子等);硫酸根或磺酸根(例如甲基硫酸根、乙基硫酸根、丁基硫酸根、己基硫酸根、辛基硫酸根、硫酸氢根、甲烷磺酸根、十二烷基苯磺酸根、十二烷基硫酸根、三氟甲烷磺酸根、十七氟辛烷磺酸根、十二烷基乙氧基硫酸钠等);磺基琥珀酸根;酰胺(例如二氰基酰胺);酰亚胺(例如二(五氟乙基-磺酰基)酰亚胺、二(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺、二(三氟甲基)酰亚胺等);硼酸根(例如四氟硼酸根、四氰基硼酸根、二[草酸根合]硼酸根、二[水杨酸根合]硼酸根等);磷酸根或亚磷酸根(例如六氟磷酸根、二乙基磷酸根、二(五氟乙基)亚磷酸根、三(五氟乙基)-三氟磷酸根、三(九氟丁基)三氟磷酸根等);锑酸根(例如六氟锑酸根);铝酸根(例如四氯铝酸根);脂肪酸羧酸根(例如油酸根、异硬脂酸根、十五氟辛酸根等);氰酸根;乙酸根;等,以及前述物质的任意组合。
合适的离子液体的若干种实例可包括,例如,螺-(1,1')-二吡咯烷四氟硼酸盐、三乙基甲基铵四氟硼酸盐、四乙基铵四氟硼酸盐、螺-(1,1')-二吡咯烷碘化物、三乙基甲基铵碘化物、四乙基铵碘化物、甲基三乙基铵四氟硼酸盐、四丁基铵四氟硼酸盐、四乙基铵六氟磷酸盐等。
IV.隔板
如上所指出的,本发明的超级电容器还包含位于第一和第二电极之间的隔板。如果期望的话,在本发明的超级电容器中还可使用其它隔板。例如,一个或多个隔板可位于第一电极、第二电极、或两者的上面。隔板使得一个电极能够与另一个电极电绝缘以帮助防止电短路但是仍然容许离子在这两个电极之间的输送。例如,在某些实施方式中,可使用这样的隔板:其包括纤维素纤维材料(例如气流铺置纸网、湿法铺置纸网等),无纺纤维材料(例如聚烯烃无纺网),纺织织物、膜(例如聚烯烃膜)等。对于在超级电容器中的使用,尤为合适的是纤维素纤维材料,例如包括天然纤维、合成纤维等的那些。适用于隔板中的纤维素纤维的具体实例可包括,例如,阔叶木浆纤维、针叶木浆纤维、人造丝纤维、再生的纤维素纤维等。与使用的具体材料无关,隔板典型地具有约5-约150微米、在一些实施方式中约10-约100微米、和在一些实施方式中约20-约80微米的厚度。
V.壳体
本发明的超级电容器使用这样的壳体:电极、电解质和隔板保持在其内部并且任选地不透气地封闭。为了增强不透气封闭的程度,壳体通常包含金属容器(“罐”),例如由钽、铌、铝、镍、铪、钛、铜、银、钢(例如不锈钢)、它们的合金、它们的复合物(例如涂覆有导电性氧化物的金属)、等形成的那些。铝在本发明中是尤其适用的。金属容器可具有多种不同形状(例如圆筒形、D字形等)的任一种。圆筒形容器是尤为合适的。
将这些组件插入到壳体中的方式可不同,如本领域中所知晓的。例如,电极和隔板可首先折叠,卷绕或以其它方式接触在一起,以形成电极组装体。电解质可任选地浸渍到所述组装体的电极中。在一个具体实施方式中,可将电极、隔板和任选的电解质卷绕成具有“卷筒(jelly-roll)”构型的电极组装体。例如,参考图3,示出了这样的卷筒电极组装体1100的一个实施方式,其包括第一电极1102、第二电极1104、以及位于所述电极1102和1104之间的隔板1106。在该特定的实施方式中,电极组装体1100还包括位于第二电极1104上面的另外隔板1108。通过该方式,电极的两个涂覆表面上的每一个均由隔板分离,从而使电容和每单位体积的表面积最大化。尽管决非必要,但是在该实施方式中将电极1102和1104偏移以留出这样的它们各自的接触边缘:其分别延伸超出第一和第二隔板1106和1108的第一和第二边缘。尤其,这可有助于防止由于在所述电极之间的电流流动引起的“短路”。
可使用多种不同技术将电极组装体封闭在圆筒形壳体内。参考图4,示出了包括这样的电极组装体2108的超级电容器的一个实施方式:其包括以卷筒构型卷绕在一起的层2106,如上所讨论的。在该特定的实施方式中,超级电容器包括这样的第一集电体圆盘2114:其包括圆盘形部分2134、嵌钉部分2136和紧固件2138(例如螺钉)。集电体圆盘2114与在电极组装体的中心处形成的中空芯2160的第一端对准,并且然后将嵌钉部分2136插入到所述芯的开口中使得圆盘形部分2134在第一接触边缘2110处抵接电极组装体2108的第一端。将盖子2118焊接(例如激光焊接)到第一接线柱(terminal post)2116,并且将可例如带螺纹的插口连接到紧固件2138。超级电容器还包括这样的第二集电体圆盘2120:其包括圆盘形部分2142、嵌钉部分2140和第二接线柱2144。第二集电体圆盘2120与中空芯2160的第二端对准,并且然后将嵌钉部分2140插入到所述芯的开口使得集电体圆盘部分2142抵接电极组装体2108的第二端。
之后,金属容器2122(例如圆筒形罐)在电极组装体2108上方滑落使得第二集电体圆盘2120首先进入容器2122、穿过第一绝缘垫圈2124、穿过在容器2122末端处的轴向孔、和然后穿过第二绝缘垫圈2126。第二集电体圆盘2120还穿过平垫圈2128和弹簧垫圈2130。防松螺母2132紧固在弹簧垫圈2130上方,其使弹簧垫圈2130压接平垫圈2128,其继而压接第二绝缘垫圈2126。第二绝缘垫圈2126压接金属容器2122中的轴向孔的外周,并且由于第二集电体圆盘2120被该压缩力拉向所述轴向孔,第一绝缘垫圈2124在第二集电体圆盘2120和容器2122中的轴向孔的内周之间压缩。第一绝缘垫圈2124上的法兰阻止在第二集电体圆盘2120和轴向孔的轮缘之间的电接触。同时,将盖子2118拉到容器2122的开口使得盖子2118的轮缘刚好坐落在容器2122开口的唇部内。然后将盖子2118的轮缘焊接到容器2122开口的唇部。
一旦将防松螺母2132紧固对接弹簧垫圈2130,就在轴向孔、第一绝缘垫圈2124、第二绝缘垫圈2126和第二集电体圆盘2120之间可形成不透气封闭。类似地,将盖子2118焊接到容器2122的唇部、和将盖子2118焊接到第一接线柱2116可形成另外的不透气封闭。盖子2118中的孔2146可保持开放以充当用于上述电解质的填充端口。一旦电解质在罐中(即在真空下抽吸到罐中,如上所述的),就将衬套(补芯)2148插入到孔2146中并且在孔2146的内边缘处抵接法兰2150。衬套2148可例如,在形状上为中空圆筒,定制为接收塞子2152。将形状上为圆筒形的塞子2152按压到衬套2148的中心中,从而使衬套2148压接孔2146的内部并且在孔2146、衬套2148和塞子2152之间形成不透气封闭。当在超级电容器内达到指定的压力水平时可选择将塞子2152和衬套2148取出,从而形成过压保险机构。
上述实施方式通常指的是在所述电容器中使用单个电化学电池。然而,当然应认识到,本发明的电容器也可包括两个或更多个电化学电池。例如,在一个这样的实施方式中,所述电容器可包括两个或更多个电化学电池(其可为相同或不同的)的堆叠体。
所得的超级电容器可展现优异的电性质。例如,超级电容器可展现约6法拉/立方厘米(“F/cm3”)或更大、在一些实施方式中约8F/cm3或更大、在一些实施方式中约9-约100F/cm3、和在一些实施方式中约10-约80F/cm3的在23℃温度、120Hz频率下且在不施加电压的情况下测量的电容。超级电容器还可具有在23℃温度、100kHz频率下且在不施加电压的情况下测定的低的等效串联电阻(“ESR”),例如约150毫欧姆或更小、在一些实施方式中小于约125毫欧姆、在一些实施方式中约0.01-约100毫欧姆、和在一些实施方式中约0.05-约70毫欧姆。
值得注意的是,超级电容器甚至当暴露到高温时也可展现优异的电性质。例如,可将超级电容器放置成与具有约80℃或更大、在一些实施方式中约100℃-约150℃、和在一些实施方式中约105℃-约130℃(例如85℃或105℃)的温度的气氛接触。电容和ESR值在这样的温度下可稳定地保持相当长的时期,例如约100小时或更长、在一些实施方式中约300小时至约5000小时、和在一些实施方式中约600小时至约4500小时(例如168、336、504、672、840、1008、1512、2040、3024或4032小时)。
例如,在一个实施方式中,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)1008小时之后的电容值对超级电容器在初始暴露到热气氛时的电容值的比率为约0.75或更大、在一些实施方式中为约0.8-1.0、和在一些实施方式中为约0.85-1.0。如此高的电容值在各种极端条件下(例如在施加有电压时和/或在潮湿气氛中)也可维持。例如,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)和施加的电压之后的电容值对超级电容器在暴露于热气氛但是在施加有所述电压之前的初始电容值的比率可为约0.60或更大、在一些实施方式中约0.65-1.0、和在一些实施方式中约0.7-1.0。所述电压可为,例如,约1伏特或更大、在一些实施方式中约1.5伏特或更大、和在一些实施方式中约2-约10伏特(例如2.1伏特)。例如,在一个实施方式中,以上所述的比率可保持1008小时或更长。超级电容器当暴露于高湿度水平时、例如当放置成与具有约40%或更大、在一些实施方式中约45%或更大、在一些实施方式中约50%或更大、和在一些实施方式中约70%或更大(例如约85%-100%)相对湿度的气氛接触时也可保持以上所述的电容值。相对湿度可例如按照ASTM E337-02的A方法(2007)测定。例如,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)和高湿度(例如85%)之后的电容值对超级电容器当暴露于热气氛时但是在暴露于高湿度之前的初始电容值的比率可为约0.7或更大、在一些实施方式中约0.75-1.0、和在一些实施方式中约0.80-1.0。例如,在一个实施方式中,该比率可保持1008小时或更长。
ESR也可在这样的温度下稳定地保持相当长的时期、例如以上所述的。例如,在一个实施方式中,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)1008小时之后的ESR对超级电容器在初始暴露于热气氛时的ESR的比率为约1.5或更小、在一些实施方式中约1.2或更小、和在一些实施方式中约0.2-约1。值得注意的是,如此低的ESR值在各种极端条件下(例如当施加有高电压时和/或在潮湿气氛中,如上所述的)也可保持。例如,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)和施加的电压之后的ESR对超级电容器在暴露于热气氛时但是在施加有所述电压之前的初始ESR的比率可为约1.8或更小、在一些实施方式中约1.7或更小、和在一些实施方式中约0.2-约1.6。例如,在一个实施方式中,以上所述的比率可保持1008小时或更大。超级电容器当暴露于高的湿度水平时也可保持以上所述的ESR值。例如,超级电容器在暴露于热气氛(例如85℃或105℃)和高湿度(例如85%)之后的ESR对超级电容器在暴露于热气氛时但是在暴露于高湿度之前的初始电容值的比率可为约1.5或更小、在一些实施方式中约1.4或更小、和在一些实施方式中约0.2-约1.2。例如,在一个实施方式中,该比率可保持1008小时或更长。
参考以下实施例可更好地理解本发明。
测试方法
等效串联电阻(ESR)
等效串联电阻可使用Keithley 3330 Precision LCZ仪在0.0伏特、1.1伏特、或2.1伏特的DC偏压(0.5伏特的峰间正弦信号)的情况下测量。操作频率为1kHz。可测试多个温度和相对湿度的水平。例如,温度可为85℃或105℃,并且相对湿度可为25%或85%。
电容
电容可使用Keithley 3330 Precision LCZ仪在0.0伏特、1.1伏特、或2.1伏特的DC偏压(0.5伏特的峰间正弦信号)的情况下测量。操作频率为120Hz。可测试多个温度和相对湿度的水平。例如,温度可为85℃或105℃,且相对湿度可为25%或85%。
实施例
证明了按照本发明形成电化学电池的能力。最初,用10-40重量%活性碳粒子、2-10重量%苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、和5-40重量%羧甲基纤维素钠的混合物涂覆包含碳化铝触须的两个铝集流体(12-50μm的厚度)的每个面。所述活性碳粒子具有约5-20μm的D50尺寸和约1300-2200m2/g的BET表面积。活性碳粒子包含以小于10体积%量的尺寸小于2纳米的孔、以约40-70体积%量的尺寸为2-50纳米的孔、和以约20-50体积%量的尺寸大于50nm的孔。所得涂层的厚度均为约12-200μm。然后将电极压延并且将其在真空下在70℃-150℃温度下进行干燥。所述两个电极一旦形成,就与电解质和隔板(具有25μm厚度的纤维素材料)进行组装。电解质在碳酸亚丙酯中以1.05-2.5M的浓度包含5-氮螺[4,4]-壬烷四氟硼酸根。将所得的带状物(strip)切割成单个电极并且通过将电极在其间有隔板情况下交替地堆叠进行组装。一旦电极堆叠体完成,就将所有的电极端子焊接到单个铝端子。然后将该组装体放到塑料/铝/塑料叠层的包装材料中并且将除了一个之外的所有边缘热封闭在一起。接着,将电解质通过开口边缘注射到包装体中。然后将电解质填充的包装体放置在真空下并且将最后边缘进行热封闭以完成最终包装体。所得的电池形成并且对于ESR、电容和体积效率进行测试。结果如下在表1-6中列出:
表1:24个样品在0.0伏特偏压下的平均ESR(毫欧姆)
时间(小时) | 0 | 168 | 336 | 504 | 672 | 840 | 1008 | 1512 | 2040 | 3024 | 4032 |
85℃ | 65 | 61 | 59 | 62 | 64 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 64 |
105℃ | 62 | 54 | 52 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 58 |
表2:24个样品在0.0伏特偏压下的平均电容
表3:16个样品在0.0伏特偏压下的平均ESR(毫欧姆)
时间(小时) | 0 | 168 | 336 | 504 | 672 | 840 | 1008 |
85℃,85%相对湿度 | 121 | 133 | 144 | 152 | 166 | 177 | 187 |
表4:16个样品在0.0伏特偏压下的平均电容
表5:10个样品在2.1伏特偏压下的平均ESR(毫欧姆)
时间(小时) | 0 | 168 | 336 | 504 | 672 | 840 | 1008 |
85℃ | 146 | 163 | 167 | 169 | 171 | 173 | 175 |
表6:16个样品在2.1伏特偏压下的平均电容
本发明的这些和其它变更和改变可由本领域普通技术人员实践,而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。另外,应该理解的是,多个实施方式的各方面可整体或部分地互换。此外,本领域普通技术人员将认识到,前述描述仅作为示例并且不希望构成对在所附权利要求中所述的发明的进一步限制。
Claims (24)
1.超级电容器,其包括:
包括电连接到第一碳质涂层的第一集流体的第一电极;
包括电连接到第二碳质涂层的第二集流体的第二电极,其中第一集流体和第二集流体各自包含包括导电金属的基底,其中多个纤维状触须从第一集流体的基底、第二集流体的基底、或两者向外伸出;
位于第一电极和第二电极之间的隔板;
与第一电极和第二电极离子接触的非水电解质;和
将第一电极、第二电极、隔板和电解质保持在其内部的壳体,其中壳体包括金属容器,
其中所述第一碳质涂层、所述第二碳质涂层、或两者包含活性碳粒子,且所述活性碳粒子具有约900m2/g至约3,000m2/g的BET表面积和尺寸大于50纳米的大孔,其中所述大孔的量为总孔体积的20体积%至50体积%,并且
其中所述第一碳质涂层、所述第二碳质涂层、或两者进一步包含15重量%或更少量的传导性提升剂,基于所述涂层的总重量。
2.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述导电金属为铝或其合金。
3.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一集流体的基底、所述第二集流体的基底、或两者具有约200微米或更小的厚度。
4.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中多个纤维状触须从所述第一集流体的基底和所述第二集流体的基底向外伸出。
5.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述触须包含所述导电金属的碳化物。
6.如权利要求5所述的超级电容器,其中所述触须包含碳化铝。
7.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述触须从嵌入在所述基底内的种子部分伸出。
8.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一碳质涂层和所述第二碳质涂层两者均包含活性碳粒子。
9.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述活性碳粒子的至少50体积%具有约0.01-约30微米的尺寸。
10.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述活性碳粒子具有约1,000m2/g至约2,500m2/g的BET表面积。
11.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述活性碳粒子包含多个孔,其中具有约2纳米或更小尺寸的孔的量为总孔体积的约50体积%或更少、和具有约2纳米至约50纳米尺寸的孔的量为总孔体积的约20体积%至约80体积%。
12.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一碳质涂层、所述第二碳质涂层、或两者包含约15重量%或更少量的粘合剂。
13.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一电极、所述第二电极、或两者具有约20微米至约350微米的厚度。
14.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述非水电解质包含溶解在非水溶剂中的离子液体,其中所述离子液体包含阳离子物种和反荷离子。
15.如权利要求14所述的超级电容器,其中所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯。
16.如权利要求15所述的超级电容器,其中所述溶剂包括碳酸亚丙酯。
17.如权利要求14所述的超级电容器,其中所述阳离子物种包括有机季铵化合物。
20.如权利要求14所述的超级电容器,其中所述离子液体以约1.0M或更大的浓度存在。
21.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述隔板包括纤维素纤维材料。
22.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述金属容器具有圆筒形形状。
23.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一电极、所述第二电极、所述电解质和所述隔板不透气地封闭在所述壳体内。
24.如权利要求1所述的超级电容器,其中所述第一电极、所述第二电极和所述隔板卷绕成具有卷筒构型的电极组装体。
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KR102495794B1 (ko) | 2023-02-06 |
EP3459096B1 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
WO2017201167A1 (en) | 2017-11-23 |
EP3459096A4 (en) | 2020-05-27 |
US20170338061A1 (en) | 2017-11-23 |
KR20220025184A (ko) | 2022-03-03 |
US10679798B2 (en) | 2020-06-09 |
KR20190003793A (ko) | 2019-01-09 |
CN109155204A (zh) | 2019-01-04 |
EP3459096A1 (en) | 2019-03-27 |
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