CN109153224A - 一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法和由所述方法制造的产品 - Google Patents
一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法和由所述方法制造的产品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109153224A CN109153224A CN201780027285.XA CN201780027285A CN109153224A CN 109153224 A CN109153224 A CN 109153224A CN 201780027285 A CN201780027285 A CN 201780027285A CN 109153224 A CN109153224 A CN 109153224A
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- Prior art keywords
- adhesive
- hydrocolloid
- gelatin
- gum
- product
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明设计一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:‑提供两个或更多个元件,‑在将要粘结在一起的所述表面相互接触之前、期间或之后,将粘合剂施加到要粘结在一起的所述表面中的一个或多个表面,‑固化所述粘合剂,其中所述粘合剂包含至少一种水胶体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法,并涉及用所述方法制造的产品。
背景技术
在WO 2005/068574中,公开了一种使用热熔粘合剂制造面板以将矿棉纤维元件粘结在一起的方法。当所述元件粘结在一起时,通过将粘结的结构加热至大约150至185℃的温度来固化热熔粘合剂。
EP1714780公开了一种用于隔离板或用作隔离板的层合结构,包括:a)第一层,其包含柔性材料;和b)第二层,其包含隔热材料;其中包含任选地接枝到聚合物上的有机官能甲硅烷氧基化合物的粘合剂设置在第一层和第二层之间。
WO 2012/098040公开了一种隔离建筑物墙壁,其包括复合隔热系统和外部建筑物墙壁。复合隔热系统包括至少两层隔热包层,其具有至少两层,其中这些层通过无机粘结剂彼此连接。
通过将任何种类材料的两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起来制造多种产品。
这些产品种类繁多,例如用于建筑构造内和建筑物内部以及用于许多不同目的。仅以举例的方式并且非常笼统地说,此类用于建筑构造的产品可用于结构和/或非结构目的,用于外部或内部使用。此外,在建筑物内部使用的那些可用于所有类型的包层、覆盖物、科学表面或例如建造家具。
许多所述产品通过将两个或更多个元件或相同类型产品的层的表面粘结在一起,或通过将不同类型的产品和产品类别的层彼此粘结在一起来实现。由于大多数这些产品通常以层或面板形形式使用,因此通常称为层合产品,或者也称为复合产品。然而,在其他情况下,它也可以是成形产品,或没有规则或限定的规则形状的松散产品。
将元件粘结或层压在一起分别用于不同的目的,以实现改善的隔离性(热和/或声音)、强度、稳定性、外观或其他特性。
例如,现成的面板的隔离特征除了别的之外取决于各个面板在施工现场安装和/或粘结在一起的方式。形成所请求的表面所需的小面板数目越大,面板相互接触所在的边缘数目越大。面板之间的接触边缘的数目越大,由于不准确的铺设、各面板的不正确调整以及由于污物接触表面的增加风险而将在保温表面上形成的热桥的数目越大。
常见的工厂制造的隔离材料是本领域已知的,例如,矿棉、发泡聚苯乙烯、挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫等。
以举例的方式,在过去,可以经济地生产的苯酚甲醛树脂已被用作用于将矿棉元件粘结在一起的粘合剂组合物。
然而,这些粘合剂受如下缺点的影响:它们包含甲醛并且它们因此处理起来可能有害从而在现场处理它们时需要保护措施。
可用作粘合剂的非苯酚甲醛粘结剂是基于糖的粘结剂,例如在EP2990494A1、PCT/EP2015/080758、WO2007/014236、WO2011/138458和WO2009/080938中公开的组合物。
然而,所有这些粘结剂,当用作用于将例如矿棉元件的表面粘结在一起的粘合剂时,受如下缺点的影响:它们需要高温用于固化,这使得有必要长时间将热施加到要粘结在一起的元件。这不仅需要额外的设备,而且还可能造成火灾危险,例如当将隔离元件粘结在一起以用于现场的屋顶隔离时。此外,这些已知粘合剂的高温固化可引起有害或刺激性烟雾的排放,这可能需要用于处理此物质的保护措施。
已用于将例如矿棉元件彼此胶合在一起或与其他元件诸如玻璃羊毛状物或金属板胶合的另一种类型的粘合剂是聚氨酯基粘合剂。这可以是单组分或双组分粘合剂。此类粘合剂不一定必须在高温下固化。然而,这些粘合剂在处理时也可能有害,并且不基于天然存在的成分。
其他粘合剂基于PVA、沥青、无机粘结剂PUR和/或聚丙烯酸酯。
如上所述的其他材料或元件尤其包括用于建筑构造和建筑物内部的产品。对于那些类似或相同类型的粘合剂中的一些用于将元件胶合在一起。因此,现有技术的类似缺点适用于所述粘结和相应的粘合剂。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法,该方法使用不需要高温进行固化的粘合剂,由此在粘合剂的处理、施加和固化期间,减少了有害物质的暴露,并且不需要防护措施。
此外,本发明的目的是提出一种使用可再生材料作为起始材料的粘合剂组合物。
该目的通过将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法来实现,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-提供两个或更多个元件,
-在将要粘结在一起的所述表面相互接触之前、期间或之后,将粘合剂施加到要粘结在一起的所述表面中的一个或多个表面,
-固化粘合剂,其中所述粘合剂包含至少一种水胶体。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了一种通过所述方法制造的产品。
通过本发明发现有利的是使用特定类型的粘合剂,特别是当其具有所述优选特征时,因为可以为各种元件提供特别耐用的连接。
令人惊讶地发现,通过使用所述方法,不仅可以将矿棉元件的表面彼此粘结在一起,而且可以将各种所有其他类型的元件粘结在一起。进一步有利的是,所使用的粘合剂可在相对较低的温度下固化。此外,由于一些实施方式中的方法所用的粘合剂通常不包含任何有害物质,并且在固化期间通常不会释放任何有害物质,该方法可由任何人原地使用来实施,不用任何保护性措施且不需要专门培训实施该方法的人。
在一个优选的实施方式中,所述元件是建筑元件类型,诸如用于建筑构造和建筑物内部。
在另一个实施方式中,两个或更多个元件中的至少一个是用于建筑隔离的隔离元件,诸如具有等于或大于0.25m2·K/W的热阻或者等于或小于0.060W/(m·K)的热导率的元件。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,至少一个元件是隔离元件,特别是矿棉元件,其由对应于粘合剂的矿棉粘结剂粘结。
优选地,固化步骤在5至95℃的温度下进行,诸如10至80℃,诸如20至60℃,诸如40至50℃。更具体地讲,固化步骤包括干燥过程可能是有利的,所述干燥过程涉及吹空气或气体越过/穿过元件并且/或者通过升高温度。因此,可在有或没有干燥步骤的情况下进行固化的步骤可在建筑场地上进行,其中元件包含在建筑结构中。
固化过程可在将粘合剂施用到元件之后立即开始。固化被定义为粘合剂经受物理和/或化学反应,通常直到粘合剂达到固态的过程,其中,化学反应的情况通常增大粘合剂中化合物的分子量并由此增加粘合剂的粘度。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括交联和/或水作为结晶水的加入(inclusion)。
在一个实施方式中,固化的粘合剂含有含量取决于主导的温度、压力和湿度条件可能会降低并升高的结晶水。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括干燥过程。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括压力干燥。可通过吹空气或气体越过/穿过元件和粘合剂来施加压力。吹塑方法可伴随加热或冷却,或其可处于环境温度下。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程在潮湿环境中进行。
潮湿环境可具有60至99%,诸如70至95%、诸如80至92%相对湿度RH。在潮湿环境下的固化可跟随有固化或干燥,以获得普遍的湿度状态。
在一个实施方式中,在贫氧环境中进行固化。
不想受任何特定理论的束缚,申请人相信当粘合剂包含酶时,在贫氧环境中进行固化是尤其有益的,因为它增加了酶组分,尤其是转谷氨酰胺酶在一些实施方式中的稳定性,从而提高了交联效率。在一个实施方式中,固化过程因此在惰性气氛中,尤其是在惰性气体(如氮气)的气氛中进行。
在一些实施方式中,特别是在其中粘合剂包括酚类,特别是丹宁的实施方式,可以加入氧化剂。氧化剂作为添加剂可用于增加酚类,特别是单宁的氧化速率。一个例子是酪氨酸酶,将苯酚氧化成羟基酚/醌,因此加速粘合剂形成反应。
在另一个实施方式中,氧化剂为提供给粘合剂的氧气。
在一个实施方式中,固化在富氧环境中进行。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂是不交联的。
在一个替代的实施方式中,粘合剂是交联的。
在一个实施方式中,固化步骤在环境温度下进行。
在一个实施方式中,使粘合剂组合物在环境温度下固化,即在建筑场地处存在的温度下固化,而不使用热源。环境温度可以是10℃至40℃。
具体实施方式
元件
根据本发明的方法尤其适合于将任何种类材料的两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起。其可例如用于粘结材料,如将它们例如用于建筑构造,用于结构和/或非结构目的,用于外部或内部使用,以及用于隔绝热和/或声音。此外,该方法可用于为建筑物内部提供产品,例如用于包层、覆盖物、科学表面或例如建造家具。
在一个实施方式中,它可以用于将两个或更多个矿棉元件例如隔离面板粘结在一起,以及将一个或多个矿棉元件与一个或多个不是矿棉元件的元件粘结在一起。
在一个实施方式中,待粘结在一起的两个或更多个元件为两个或更多个矿棉元件。
在另一个实施方式中,待粘结在一起的两个或更多个元件包括不是矿棉元件的至少一个元件。
令人惊讶地发现,在根据本发明的方法中使用的粘合剂不仅可用于将矿棉元件粘结在一起,而且可用于将一个或多个矿棉元件粘结到不是矿棉元件的产品上,或用于粘结一个或多个元件以形成不是矿棉元件的产品。
在一个优选的实施方式中,不是矿棉元件的至少一个元件选自羊毛状物(诸如玻璃纤维羊毛状物)、建筑物结构(诸如墙壁、天花板、屋顶)和木制品(诸如木纤维板)。
在另一个实施方式中,将要粘结在一起的元件都不是矿棉元件。
在一个实施方式中,元件可选自隔离元件,例如发泡聚苯乙烯、挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫等。
在一个实施方式中,元件可包括结构复合材料,其通常包括工程木材产品,但也包括纤维水泥墙板等。
其他此类元件(不是矿棉元件)可选自功能类型,例如玻璃纤维增强网、蒸汽膜、防潮层、防水膜、沥青膜、防火层、气凝胶毯、箔、铝箔、铝板、金属板、塑料复合材料、塑料箔、石膏纤维板、纸材、卡板、蜂窝结构等。
矿棉元件
矿棉元件通常包括人造玻璃质纤维(MMVF),例如玻璃纤维、陶瓷纤维、玄武岩纤维、渣棉、矿棉和石棉,其通过固化的矿棉粘合剂诸如热固性聚合物粘合剂材料粘结在一起。用作隔热或隔音产品的粘结矿物纤维垫通常是以常规方式,例如通过纺杯法或级联转子法,将适当原材料制得的熔体转换为纤维来生产。将纤维吹入成形室,气载的纤维趁热用粘结剂溶液喷涂,并在行进输送机上随机沉积为垫或网。然后将纤维垫转移到固化炉中,其中将加热的空气吹入垫以固化粘结剂并将矿物纤维牢固地粘结在一起。
如果需要,可在固化之前对幅材进行成形过程。粘结的矿物纤维元件可切割成所需的形式,例如以棉絮的形式。因此,矿棉元件例如具有织造和非织造织物、垫、毡、平板、片、压板、条、卷、颗粒和其他成形制品的形式,其可用作例如隔热或隔音材料、减振、构造材料、外墙隔离、屋顶或地板应用的增强材料、过滤材料、园艺栽培介质和其他应用。
矿棉粘结剂
矿棉粘结剂通常是酚醛树脂,其可以经济地生产,并且可在用作粘结剂之前用尿素扩展。然而,针对降低或消除甲醛排放的现有和拟议立法已引起对无甲醛粘结剂的开发。
一组非苯酚甲醛粘结剂为脂族和/或芳族酸酐与链烷醇胺的加成/消除反应产物,例如,如WO 99/36368、WO 01/05725、WO 01/96460、WO 02/06178、WO 2004/007615和WO2006/061249所公开的。这些粘结剂组合物是水溶性的,并且在固化速度和固化密度方面显示出优异的粘结特性。WO 2008/023032公开了该类型的脲改性粘结剂,其提供吸湿性降低的矿棉制品。
另一组非苯酚甲醛粘结剂是基于糖的粘结剂,例如在EP2990494A1、PCT/EP2015/080758、WO2007/014236、WO2011/138458和WO2009/080938中公开的。
另一组粘结剂是包含至少一种水胶体的粘结剂。
另一组粘结剂是包含至少一种蛋白质和至少一种酶的粘结剂。
另一组粘结剂是包含至少一种含酚和/或醌的化合物和至少一种蛋白质的粘结剂。
其他类型的元件
上文提及本发明的实用性,其中至少一个元件是矿棉元件(优选根据EN 13162的工厂制造的矿棉(MW)产品)。根据本发明,认识到所述元件可选自其他工厂制造的例如以下类型的隔离材料:
-根据EN 13163的发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)
-根据EN 13164的挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫(XPS)
-根据EN 13165的刚性聚氨酯泡沫(PU)
-根据EN 13166的酚醛泡沫(PF)
-根据EN 13167的蜂窝玻璃(CG)
-根据EN 13168的木棉(WW)
-根据EN 13169的膨胀珍珠岩板(EPB)
-根据EN 13170的膨胀软木(ICB)产品
-根据EN 13171的木质纤维(WF)
其他合适的隔离元件可选自例如结合纤维材料的元件,诸如天然纤维、合成纤维、或天然纤维和合成纤维的组合。它们还可包括添加剂,例如,颗粒材料,诸如气凝胶、珍珠岩、蛭石、相变材料或阻燃剂。
合适的天然纤维可选自动物纤维(诸如绵羊毛)和植物纤维(诸如棉纤维、稻草、大麻、亚麻。天然纤维优选不包括石棉。
合适的合成纤维可以是无机纤维、有机纤维或有机纤维和无机纤维的混合物。它们可选自芳族聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维、碳纤维、聚酯纤维和聚酰胺纤维。
在一个实施方式中,组成根据本发明的产品的元件可有利地包括结构复合材料,其提供优异的强度和稳定性,并且其中通常包括工程木材产品,但也包括纤维水泥墙板等。
工程木材包括一系列衍生木材产品,这些木材产品通过将股线、颗粒、纤维或胶合板或木材元件与粘合剂粘结在一起而制成。
此类工程木材产品例如是在EN 13986“Wood-based panels for use inconstruction”中定义的,是指许多待提及的产品,例如:OSB(EN 300)、刨花板(EN 312)、水泥刨花板(EN 633)、纤维板(EN 622)、胶合板(EN 313)、LVL或实木面板。
层合单板木材(LVL)是一种工程木材产品,它使用多层薄木板单板,并用粘合剂(通常是树脂)组装。它用于集管、横梁、边缘板和边缘成型材料。
作为一个具体实施方式,根据本发明的粘合剂甚至可代替用于粘结各个元件(例如形成LVL板的单板层)的树脂。使用根据本发明的粘合剂、上文例举的工程木材产品,还获得了在固化过程中避免释放任何有害物质的优点。
产品类型
本发明还涉及通过上述方法制备的产品,诸如通过将两种或更多种相同种类或不同种类的元件的表面粘结在一起而获得的产品。
在一个实施方式中,可将两个或三个(并且在一些情况下更多个)元件结合在一起以形成隔离面板。元件在其最大表面处粘结在一起。例如,将第一元件的底表面粘结到第二元件的顶表面,将第二元件的底表面粘结到第三元件的顶表面。另选地,在另一个实施方式中,主表面可粘结在一起,而不管是顶表面还是底表面。所提供的产品是有用的,例如用于隔离各种表面,包括屋顶、建筑物的外墙和天花板。它们可用作隔音、隔热或隔火。
在一个实施方式中,平坦屋顶结构用矿棉隔离元件隔离,其中元件以两层平铺在平坦屋顶上,顶层和底层以及来自顶层的元件用粘合剂粘结到底层的元件上。
在一个实施方式中,外壁或内壁用矿棉隔离元件隔离,其中元件以两层放置在外壁或内壁上,面向壁的层和面向外的层以及面向壁的层的元件用粘合剂粘结到面向外的层。以这种方式隔离的外壁可形成ETICS(外部隔热复合系统)的一部分。
在根据本发明的另一个实施方式中,矿棉产品或元件包含羊毛状物。矿棉产品或元件可用粘合剂施加到一个或两个表面诸如主表面上,然后将羊毛状物与所述表面接触并使粘合剂固化。另选地或除此之外,羊毛状物可在接触之前用粘合剂施加。
除了羊毛状物之外的其他物品可通过根据本发明的方法步骤粘附到矿棉产品或元件上。
此类其他物品可由墙壁、石膏板、金属、塑料制成。
在另一个实施方式中,此类元件或物品可选自功能类型,例如玻璃纤维增强网、蒸汽膜、防潮层、防水膜、沥青膜、防火层、气凝胶毯、箔、铝箔、铝板、金属板、塑料复合材料、塑料箔、石膏纤维板、纸材、卡板、蜂窝结构等。
它们可用于加固、防风雨、蒸气控制、作为保护措施、表面覆盖等,或简单地进一步增加通过本发明方法实现的最终产品的特性。
在一个替代的实施方式中,刚性聚氨酯泡沫(PU)的元件在至少一个主表面上层合有羊毛状物,尤其是矿物羊毛状物。PU元件可使用根据本发明的粘合剂施加到其一个或两个主表面上。然后将羊毛状物与所述表面接触并使粘合剂固化。另选地或除此之外,羊毛状物可在接触之前用粘合剂施加。
此类产品尤其适用于隔离平坦屋顶或平坦倾斜屋顶或作为相应屋顶系统的一部分。矿物羊毛状物将用作粘合/粘结防水膜的表面。所述防水膜可使用冷胶合施加,即,通过例如使用基于PU的粘合剂,或通过煅烧由于矿物羊毛状物而可能在此类泡沫元件上布置的沥青屋顶膜。
在一个实施方式中,组成根据本发明的产品的元件可有利地包括结构复合材料,其提供优异的强度和稳定性,并且其中通常包括如上文所述的工程木材产品。
在一个优选的实施方式中,通过使用根据本发明的粘合剂实现包含3层中密度纤维板(MDF)的层合产品。提供了根据欧洲标准EN 622(第5部分)规定的中密度纤维板(MDF)的元件,并且将粘合剂施加到将要粘结在一起的一个或多个元件主表面上。然后使元件与它们各自的表面接触,并使粘合剂固化。
中密度纤维板(MDF)是一种具有优异强度特性的工程木材产品。它比刨花板更坚固、更致密,并且可用作与胶合板类似的建筑材料。通过层合MDF层,甚至可增加其强度特性,从而为建筑构造提供结构强度。它主要用于内部使用应用,并且可以通过使用根据本发明的粘合剂另外提供装饰性木材单板表面层,因此构成本发明的另一个优选实施方式。
根据本发明的另一个实施方式,用于美学或装饰目的的产品(即所谓的装饰性层合物)在下文中提及。所述产品尤其是本领域已知的。此类层合物是主要用作家具表面材料的层合产品,或用于外部和内部使用的墙壁覆盖物。它们可以制成高压(HPL)或低压层合物,除了压制过程中施加的压力外,两种工艺彼此之间没有太大差别。根据欧洲标准EN 438进一步规定高压装饰层合物(HPL)。
HPL通常由树脂浸渍的纤维素层制成,所述纤维素层在热和压力下固结。常用的树脂为脲醛树脂。各种层包括用于改善耐磨性、耐刮擦性和耐热性的覆盖纸,用于限定设计并由彩色纸或印刷纸构成的装饰纸,以及用于限定产品厚度的芯材料的牛皮纸。在用树脂浸渍纸之后,将三层纸/树脂放入压机中,同时施加热(120℃)和压力。
在一个实施方式中,用于前述HPL的粘结剂被根据本发明的粘合剂取代。因此,在压机中用于将层固结成产品的热量可以基本上降低到95℃以下,因此节省了大量的能量。此外,在固化期间,有害物质的暴露被最小化,并且不需要保护措施。
已知基本上用于内部使用的替代的基于木材的面板或层合物包括三聚氰胺饰面板,尤其是基于纤维板。参考欧洲标准EN 14322“Wood-based panels-Melamine facedboards for interior uses”。
已知其他装饰层合板包括复合面板,例如,具有不同的芯材料的铝复合面板(ACP),例如用于雨幕包层、外部包层或建筑物外墙。它是一种由两块粘结到非铝芯的薄铝板组成的平坦面板。芯通常是低密度聚乙烯,或低密度聚乙烯和矿物材料的混合物,以呈现阻燃特性。以举例的方式,参考可购自3A Composites GmbH的名为or的产品。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,通过提供元件诸如每个0.5mm厚的两个薄铝板和5.0mm厚的低密度聚乙烯芯层来生产铝复合面板。将粘合剂施加到将要粘结在一起的一个或多个元件主表面上。然后使元件与它们各自的表面接触,并使粘合剂固化。
用于本发明方法中的粘合剂
在一个实施方式中,该粘合剂包含至少一种水胶体。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔豆胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体为聚电解水胶体。
在一个实施方式中,所述至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且所述至少一种其他水胶体选自果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔豆胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
水胶体
水胶体为植物、动物、微生物或合成来源的亲水性聚合物,通常包含许多羟基,并且可为聚电解质。水胶体广泛用于控制含水食品的功能特性。
水胶体可以是蛋白质或多糖,完全或部分地溶于水,并且主要用于增加连续相(水相)的粘度,即作为胶凝剂或增稠剂。水胶体还可用作乳化剂,这是因为其对乳液的稳定效应源自于水相的粘度增加。
水胶体通常由相似的但不相同的分子构成,这些分子由不同来源和制备方法产生。热处理以及例如盐含量、pH和温度均影响其展现的物理特性。水胶体的描述通常呈现理想化结构,但由于其是具有例如由随机酶作用确定,而不是由遗传密码精确制定(laydown)的结构的天然产物(或衍生物),因此结构可与理想结构不同。
许多水胶体为聚电解质(例如藻酸盐、明胶、羧甲基纤维素和黄原胶)。
聚电解质是其中大量重复单元具有电解质基团的聚合物。聚阳离子和聚阴离子为聚电解质。这些基团在水溶液(水)中解离,使聚合物带电。从而,聚电解质性质类似于电解质(盐)和聚合物(高分子量化合物),有时被称为聚盐。
带电基团确保尤其是每分子基础上的强力水合。反离子和共离子(与聚电解质具有相同电荷的离子)的存在引入离子特异性这一复杂性能。
反离子的比例与被捕集在其静电场中的聚电解质保持紧密关联,从而减少了反离子的活性和移动率。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含选自Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+的一种或多种反离子。
聚电解质的另一个特性是高线性电荷密度(每单位长度的带电基团数)。
通常,中性水胶体较不可溶,而聚电解质更可溶。
许多水胶体也凝胶。凝胶是显示类固体行为的含液态水的网络,其特征强度视其浓度而定,其硬度和脆度视所存在的一种或多种水胶体的结构而定。
水凝胶是能够溶胀以吸收和保持大量水的亲水性交联聚合物。水凝胶在卫生产品中的用途尤其已知。常用的材料使用聚丙烯酸酯,但水凝胶可通过交联可溶性水胶体,以制备不溶的但弹性的亲水性聚合物而制成。
水胶体的例子包括:琼脂、藻酸盐、阿拉伯木聚糖、卡拉胶、羧甲基纤维素、纤维素、凝胶多糖、明胶、胶凝糖、β-葡聚糖、瓜尔豆胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、淀粉、黄原胶。在一个实施方式中,所述至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔豆胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
聚电解水胶体的例子包括:明胶、果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体为聚电解水胶体。
在一个实施方式中,所述至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素。
在一个实施方式中,所述至少一种水胶体为凝胶形成剂。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体是以盐,诸如Na+、K+、NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+盐的形式使用。
明胶
明胶来源于胶原的化学降解。明胶为水溶性的,并且具有10.000至500.000g/mol,诸如30.000至300.000g/mol的分子量,分子量大小取决于水解等级。明胶是一种广泛使用的食物产品,因此人们普遍认为该化合物是完全无毒的,因此在处理明胶时不需要采取预防措施。
明胶是单链或多链多肽的异质混合物,通常显示螺旋结构。具体地讲,从作为明胶来源的皮肤和骨骼提取的I型胶原的三螺旋由两种α1(I)和一种α2(I)链组成。
明胶溶液可经历线圈螺旋转变。
A型明胶通过酸性处理制备。B型明胶通过碱性处理产生。
可将化学交联引入明胶。在一个实施方式中,转谷氨酰胺酶用于将赖氨酸残基与谷氨酰胺残基连接;在一个实施方式中,戊二醛用于将赖氨酸与赖氨酸连接,在一个实施方式中,单宁用于连接赖氨酸残基。
明胶还可进一步水解成低至3000g/mol的较小片段。
在冷却明胶溶液时,可形成胶原样螺旋。
其他水胶体也可包含螺旋结构,诸如胶原样螺旋。明胶可形成螺旋结构。
在一个实施方式中,包含水胶体的固化粘合剂包括螺旋结构。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种水胶体为低强度明胶,诸如具有30至125布卢姆(Bloom)凝胶强度的明胶。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种水胶体为中等强度明胶,诸如具有125至180布卢姆凝胶强度的明胶。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种水胶体为高强度明胶,诸如具有180至300布卢姆凝胶强度的明胶。
在一个优选的实施方式中,明胶优选来来自哺乳动物、鸟类,诸如来自牛、猪、马、家禽和/或来自鱼鳞、鱼皮的一种或多种来源。
在一个实施方式中,尿素可以加入到根据本发明的粘合剂。本发明人已发现,即使是少量尿素的添加,也会导致明胶变性,这会减缓胶凝,这在一些实施方式中可能是合意的。尿素的添加也会导致产品的软化。
发明人已发现,明胶中的羧酸基团与三价离子和四价离子(例如,铝盐)强烈地相互作用。对于比A型明胶包含更多羧酸基团的B型明胶而言,尤其如此。
本发明人已发现,在一些实施方式中,根据本发明的包含明胶的粘合剂的固化/干燥不应在非常高的温度下开始。
本发明人已发现,在低温下开始固化可导致更强的产品。不受任何特定理论的束缚,本发明人假设在高温下开始固化可能造成粘合剂外壳不可渗透,阻碍水从底部出来。
令人惊奇的是,根据本发明的包含明胶的粘合剂是非常耐热的。本发明人已发现,在一些实施方式中,固化粘合剂可维持高达300℃的温度而不降解。
果胶
果胶是酸性结构多糖的异质分组,其存在于形成酸稳定凝胶的水果和蔬菜中。
通常,果胶不具有精确的结构,而是可包含多达17种不同单糖和超过20种不同类型的连接(linkage)。
D半乳糖醛酸残基形成大多数分子。
凝胶强度随着Ca2+浓度的增加而增加,但随着温度和酸度增加(pH<3)而降低。
果胶可形成螺旋结构。
双阳离子的胶凝能力与藻酸盐发现的胶凝能力相似(Mg2+远小于Ca2+,Sr2+小于Ba2+)。
藻酸盐
藻酸盐是由褐色海藻产生的支架式多糖。
藻酸盐是包含β-(1,4)-连接的D-甘露糖醛酸(M)和α-(1,4)-连接的L-古洛糖醛酸(G)残基的直链非支链聚合物。藻酸盐也可以是细菌藻酸盐,另外诸如是O-乙酰化的。藻酸盐不是无规共聚物,但根据源藻类,由相似且严格交替的残基(即MMMMMM、GGGGGG和GMGMGMGM)的嵌段组成,每个残基具有不同的构象偏好和行为。藻酸盐可以用宽范围的平均分子重量(50至100000个残基)制备。游离羧酸具有牢固地氢键键合至羧酸根的水分子H3O+。Ca2+离子可置换这种氢键键合,拉动(zipping)古洛糖醛酸,而不是甘露糖醛酸,在所谓的蛋盒状构象中以化学计量地链接到一起。具有不同特异性的重组差向异构酶可用于产生设计的(designer)藻酸盐。
藻酸盐可形成螺旋结构。
卡拉胶
卡拉胶是从红色海藻碱性提取(和改性)制备的支架式多糖的统称。
卡拉胶是约25,000个半乳糖衍生物的线性聚合物,取决于来源和提取条件,具有规则但不确切的结构。
κ-卡拉胶(卡帕型卡拉胶)通过主要从热带海藻长心卡帕藻(也称为耳突麒麟菜)分离的μ-卡拉胶的碱性消除来制备。
Ι-卡拉胶(约塔型卡拉胶)通过主要从菲律宾海藻齿麒麟菜(也称为刺麒麟菜)分离的ν-卡拉胶的碱性消除来制备。
λ-卡拉胶(拉姆达型卡拉胶)(主要从皱波角叉菜(Gigartina pistillata)或爱尔兰海藻(Chondrus crispus)分离)通过碱性消除转化成θ-卡拉胶(西塔型卡拉胶),但比Ι-卡拉胶和κ-卡拉胶产量要慢得多。
κ-卡拉胶的最强凝胶由K+而非Li+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+或Sr2+形成。
所有卡拉胶可形成螺旋结构。
阿拉伯树胶
阿拉伯树胶是阿拉伯半乳糖寡糖、多聚糖和糖蛋白的复杂可变的混合物。阿拉伯树胶由较低相对分子质量的多糖和较高分子量的富含较宽可变性羟基脯氨酸的糖蛋白的混合物组成。
阿拉伯树胶同时存在亲水性碳水化合物和疏水性蛋白质。
黄原胶
黄原胶是由例如野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris)的有氧深层发酵制备的微生物耐干燥(desiccation-resistant)聚合物。
黄原胶是具有β-(1,4)-D-吡喃葡萄糖葡聚糖(作为纤维素)主链与-(3,1)-α-连接的D-吡喃甘露糖-(2,1)-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸-(4,1)-β-D-吡喃甘露糖侧链在交替残基上的阴离子聚电解质。
已经提出了黄原胶天然状态为双分子反平行双螺旋。有序双螺旋构象和更灵活的单伸展链之间的转换可能发生在40℃至80℃之间。黄原胶可形成螺旋结构。
黄原胶可包含纤维素。
纤维素衍生物
纤维素衍生物的一个实例是羧甲基纤维素。
羧甲基纤维素(CMC)是由纤维素与碱和氯乙酸反应形成的纤维素的化学改性衍生物。
CMC结构基于纤维素的β-(1,4)-D-吡喃葡萄糖聚合物。不同制剂可具有不同的取代程度,但通常在每个单体单元0.6至0.95个的衍生物的范围内。
琼脂
琼脂是由同科红色海藻(Rhodophycae)作为卡拉胶制备的支架式多糖。琼脂可从石花菜和江蓠菜(Gracilariae)的物种商购获得。
琼脂由琼脂糖和琼脂胶的混合物组成。琼脂糖是基于-(1,3)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1,4)-3,6-内醚-α-L-吡喃半乳糖单元的相对分子质量(分子量)约120,000的线性聚合物。
琼脂胶是较少量的较小分子的异质混合物。
琼脂可形成螺旋结构。
阿拉伯木聚糖
阿拉伯木聚糖天然存在于草的麸皮(Graminiae)中。
阿拉伯木聚糖由连接到β-(1,4)-连接的D-吡喃木糖聚合物主链作为分支点的α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖残基组成。
阿拉伯木聚糖可形成螺旋结构。
纤维素
纤维素是在植物中作为微纤维(2-20nm的直径和100-40 000nm长)发现的支架式多糖。纤维素主要是由木浆制备。纤维素也由一些细菌(例如,木醋杆菌)以高度水合形式生成。
纤维素是β-(1,4)-D-吡喃葡萄糖单元在4C1构象中的线性聚合物。存在四种结晶形式:Iα、Iβ、II和III。
纤维素衍生物可为甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素。
凝胶多糖
凝胶多糖(Curdlan)是从粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis var.myxogenes)的突变菌株商业上制备的聚合物。凝胶多糖(可得然胶)是中等相对分子质量,直链非支链的1,3β-D葡聚糖,且不具有侧链。
凝胶多糖可形成螺旋结构。
可得然胶不溶于冷水中,但含水悬浮液在加热至约55℃产生可逆凝胶之前增塑并短暂溶解。在较高温度下加热产生更有回弹力的不可逆凝胶,不可逆凝胶随后保持冷却。
硬葡聚糖也是1,3β-D葡聚糖,但具有在环境条件下赋予可溶性的额外的1,6β-连接。
结冷胶
结冷胶是直链四糖4)-L-鼠李糖基-(α-1,3)-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(β-1,4)-D-吡喃葡糖醛酸基-(β-1,4)-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(β-1,其中在3-连接的葡萄糖上具有O(2)L-甘油基和O(6)乙酰基取代基。
结冷胶可形成螺旋结构。
β-葡聚糖
β-葡聚糖存在于草的麸皮(禾本科(Gramineae))中。
β-葡聚糖由连接的β-(1,3)-和β-(1,4)-D-吡喃葡萄糖单元的直链非支链多糖以非重复但非随机顺序组成。
瓜尔胶
瓜尔胶(也称为瓜拉那)是从豆科灌木瓜尔豆的种子提取的储备多糖(种子粉)。
瓜尔胶是与刺槐豆胶类似的半乳甘露聚糖,由(1,4)-连接的β-D-吡喃甘露糖主链组成,其6位分支点连接至α-D-半乳糖(即,1,6-连接的α-D-吡喃半乳糖)。
瓜尔胶由非离子型多分散棒状聚合物形成。
与刺槐豆胶不同,瓜尔胶不形成凝胶。
刺槐豆胶
刺槐豆胶(也称为角豆胶和卡如宾)是从角豆树(Ceratonia siliqua)的种子(内核)提取的储备多糖(种子粉)。
刺槐豆胶是与瓜尔胶类似的半乳甘露聚糖,由(1,4)-连接的β-D-葡萄糖醛酸主链组成,其6位分支点连接至α-D-半乳糖(即1,6-连接的-α-D-吡喃半乳糖)。
刺槐豆胶是由非离子分子组成的多分散体。
淀粉
淀粉由两种类型的分子,直链淀粉(通常20-30%)和支链淀粉(通常70-80%)组成。这两者均由4C1构象中α-D-葡萄糖单元的聚合物组成。在直链淀粉中,其连接方式为-(1,4)-,其环氧原子都在同一侧,而在支链淀粉中,大概每二十个单元约一个残基也连接有-(1,6)-,形成了分支点。直链淀粉对支链淀粉和-(1,6)-分支点的相对比例均取决于淀粉来源。淀粉可来源于谷物(玉米)、小麦、马铃薯、木薯和大米。支链淀粉(不含直链淀粉)可从‘蜡质’玉米淀粉分离出来,在用支链淀粉酶特异性水解支链淀粉后,最佳分离出直链淀粉(不含支链淀粉)。
直链淀粉可形成螺旋结构。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体为淀粉的功能性衍生物,诸如交联,氧化,乙酰化,羟丙基化和部分水解的淀粉。
在一个优选的实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且所述至少一种其他水胶体选自果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔豆胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且至少其他水胶体为果胶。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且至少其他水胶体为藻酸盐。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且至少其他水胶体为羧甲基纤维素。
在一个优选的实施方式中,根据本发明的粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且其中明胶基于水胶体的重量计,以10重量%至95重量%,诸如20重量%至80重量%、诸如30重量%至70重量%、诸如40重量%至60重量%的量存在于该含水粘合剂中。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体和至少其他水胶体具有互补的电荷。
在一个实施方式中,一种水胶体为明胶或阿拉伯树胶中的一种或多种,其与选自果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、黄原胶或羧甲基纤维素的一种或多种水胶体具有互补的电荷。
在一个优选的实施方式中,根据本发明的粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且其中明胶基于水胶体的重量计,以10重量%至95重量%,诸如20重量%至80重量%、诸如30重量%至70重量%、诸如40重量%至60重量%的量存在于该含水粘合剂中。在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体和至少其他水胶体具有互补的电荷。
在一个实施方式中,一种水胶体为明胶或阿拉伯树胶中的一种或多种,其与选自果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、黄原胶或羧甲基纤维素的一种或多种水胶体具有互补的电荷。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂能够在不超过95℃,诸如5至95℃、诸如10至80℃、诸如20至60℃、诸如40至50℃的温度下固化。
固化过程可在将粘合剂施用到纤维之后立即开始。固化被定义为粘合剂经受物理和/或化学反应,通常直到粘合剂达到固态的过程,其中,化学反应的情况通常增大粘合剂中化合物的分子量并由此增加粘合剂的粘度。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括交联和/或水作为结晶水的加入(inclusion)。
在一个实施方式中,固化的粘合剂含有含量取决于主导的温度、压力和湿度条件可能会降低并升高的结晶水。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括干燥过程。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程包括压力干燥。可通过吹空气或气体越过/穿过矿物纤维和粘合剂的混合物来施加压力。吹塑方法可伴随加热或冷却,或其可处于环境温度下。
在一个实施方式中,固化过程在潮湿环境中进行。
潮湿环境可具有60至99%,诸如70至95%、诸如80至92%相对湿度RH。在潮湿环境下的固化可跟随有固化或干燥,以获得普遍的湿度状态。
在一个实施方式中,在贫氧环境中进行固化。
不想受任何特定理论的束缚,申请人相信当粘合剂包含酶时,在贫氧环境中进行固化是尤其有益的,因为它增加了酶组分,尤其是转谷氨酰胺酶在一些实施方式中的稳定性,从而提高了交联效率。在一个实施方式中,固化过程因此在惰性气氛中,尤其是在惰性气体(如氮气)的气氛中进行。
在一些实施方式中,特别是在其中粘合剂包括酚类,特别是丹宁的实施方式,可以加入氧化剂。氧化剂作为添加剂可用于增加酚类,特别是单宁的氧化速率。
一个例子是酪氨酸酶,将苯酚氧化成羟基酚/醌,因此加速粘合剂形成反应。
在另一个实施方式中,氧化剂为提供给粘合剂的氧气。在一个实施方式中,固化在富氧环境中进行。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂是不交联的。
在一个替代的实施方式中,粘合剂是交联的。
在一个实施方式中,根据本发明的含水粘合剂不是热固性粘合剂。
热固性组合物处于软固体或粘稠液体状态,优选包含预聚物,优选包含通过固化不可逆地转变为不可熔的、不溶性聚合物网络的树脂。固化通常由热作用引起,由此通常需要高于95℃的温度。
固化的热固性树脂被称为热固性或热固性塑料/聚合物—当用作聚合物复合材料中的主体材料时,其被称为热固性聚合物基质。
在一个实施方式中,根据本发明的含水粘合剂不包含聚(甲基)丙烯酸,聚(甲基)丙烯酸盐或聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体为生物聚合物或改性的生物聚合物。
生物聚合物是由活生物体产生的聚合物。生物聚合物可包含共价键合以形成较大结构的单体单元。
根据所用单体单元和形成的生物聚合物的结构,生物聚合物被划分成三种主要类别:多核苷酸(RNA和DNA),其是由13个或更多个核苷酸单体组成的长聚合物;多肽(诸如蛋白质),其为氨基酸的聚合物;多糖,诸如线性键合的聚合碳水化合物结构。
多糖可以是线性或支化的;多糖通常与糖苷键连接。另外,许多糖单元可经过各种化学改性,形成其他分子,诸如糖蛋白的部分。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种水胶体为生物聚合物或改性的生物聚合物,其具有1,诸如0.9至1的分子量分布的多分散性指数。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含动物来源的蛋白质,包括胶原、明胶和水解明胶,并且粘合剂还包含至少一种含酚和/或醌的化合物,诸如选自单宁酸、缩合单宁(原花青素)、可水解单宁、没食子单宁、鞣花单宁、复合单宁中的一种或多种组分的单宁,和/或源自橡树、栗树、火炬树和大穗杯花中的一种或多种的单宁。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂包含动物来源的蛋白质,包括胶原、明胶和水解明胶,并且其中粘合剂还包含至少一种酶,所述至少一种酶选自转谷氨酰胺酶(EC 2.3.2.13)、蛋白质二硫键异构酶(EC 5.3.4.1)、硫醇氧化酶(EC 1.8.3.2)、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.14.18.1),特别是儿茶酚氧化酶、酪氨酸氧化酶和酚氧化酶、赖氨酰氧化酶(EC 1.4.3.13)和过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)。
在一个优选的实施方式中,根据本发明的粘合剂是无甲醛的。
为了本专利申请的目的,术语“无甲醛”被定义为表征矿棉制品,其中甲醛的排放低于矿棉制品的5μg/m2/h,优选低于3μg/m2/h。优选地,根据用于测试甲醛排放的ISO 16000进行测试。
根据本发明矿棉制品的实施方式,令人惊奇的优点是其表现出自我修复特性。在暴露于非常恶劣的条件下,矿棉制品松动其一部分强度之后,根据本发明的矿棉制品可重新获得初始强度的一部分或全部或甚至超过初始强度。在一个实施方式中,老化强度是未老化强度的至少80%,诸如至少90%、诸如至少100%、诸如至少130%、诸如至少150%。这与常规的矿棉制品形成对比,其中暴露于恶劣环境条件之后的强度损失是不可逆的。虽然不想受任何特定理论的束缚,但本发明人认为,根据本发明的矿棉产品中的这种令人惊奇的特性是由于形成于固化粘合剂的网络中键的复杂本性,该固化粘合剂诸如是由含酚和/或醌的化合物所交联的蛋白质,或者是由酶交联的蛋白质,其还包括四级结构和氢键,允许在回到正常环境条件之后建立网络中的键。对于隔热产品,例如,当用作屋顶隔热时,其在夏季可暴露于非常高的温度,这对于产品的长期稳定性来说,是重要的优点。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂基本上由下述物质组成:至少一种水胶体;
任选地至少一种油;
任选地至少一种pH调节剂;
任选地至少一种交联剂;
任选地至少一种防污剂;
任选地至少一种抗溶胀剂;
水。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种油为非乳化的烃油。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种油为乳化的烃油。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种油为基于植物的油。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种交联剂选自单宁酸、缩合单宁(原花青素)、可水解单宁、没食子单宁、鞣花单宁、复合单宁中的一种或多种组分的单宁,和/或源自橡树、栗树、火炬树和大穗杯花中的一种或多种的单宁。
在一个实施方式中,该至少一种交联剂是选自转谷氨酰胺酶(EC 2.3.2.13)、蛋白质二硫键异构酶(EC 5.3.4.1)、硫醇氧化酶(EC 1.8.3.2)、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.14.18.1),特别是儿茶酚氧化酶、酪氨酸氧化酶和酚氧化酶、赖氨酰氧化酶(EC 1.4.3.13)和过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)的酶。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种抗溶胀剂是单宁酸和/或单宁。
在一个实施方式中,至少一种防污剂是一种抗微生物剂。
抗微生物剂可为苯甲酸、丙酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸和山梨酸钾,以抑制细菌和真菌细胞的生长。然而,可以使用天然生物防腐剂。壳聚糖被认为是抗真菌和抗菌的。最频繁使用的抗微生物的生物防腐剂是溶菌酶和乳酸链球菌肽。可使用的常见其他生物防腐剂为细菌素,诸如乳链球菌素和片球菌素和抗微生物酶,诸如几丁质酶和葡萄糖氧化酶。另外,乳过氧化物酶(LPS)的使用呈现抗真菌和抗病毒活性。也可使用不同浓度的天然抗微生物剂,诸如单宁、迷迭香和大蒜精油、牛至油、柠檬草或肉桂油。
在本发明的一个方面,提供了包含多个薄片的矿棉产品,诸如夹心面板芯,所述产品包括从矿棉幅材切割下来并且通过在两个相邻薄片的表面上施加粘合剂而粘结在一起以形成幅材状产品的多个薄片,其中该粘合剂包含至少一种水胶体。
在本发明的该方面中,可应用上文关于该粘合剂讨论的任何特征。
粘合方法
在一个实施方式中,在施加粘合剂之后,在粘结期间使元件经受压力,并且优选地,施加粘合剂和经受压力的总时间不超过120秒,诸如60秒、诸如30秒、诸如20秒。
在一个实施方式中,元件可沿静止的喷嘴移动,或者静止的面板可使用可移动的喷嘴喷涂或使用辊施加。喷涂时间和粘合剂粘结时间为最大120秒。将喷涂有粘合剂的元件压在一起。
在一个实施方式中,粘合剂可施加到将要粘结表面中的仅一个表面,但也可施加到两个表面。
在一个实施方式中,该粘合剂的蛋白质组分可施加到将要粘结的第一表面,并且含酚和/或醌的化合物和/或至少一种酶可施加到将要粘结的第二表面,然后第一表面和第二表面彼此接触。
在一个实施方式中,固化粘合剂的量为10-1000g/m2的表面,诸如50-500g/m2的表面,诸如100-400g/m2的表面。
有利的是实现粘合剂平衡渗透到元件的更深层中;这种连接将比通过另一种方法所制成的连接更耐用。通常粘合剂不会穿透到元件中超过2mm。
在一个实施方式中,通过喷涂、滚压、刷涂、幕式淋涂、海绵或软海绵辊来施加粘合剂。
实例
在下列实施例中,制备落入本发明定义的几种粘合剂,并且与根据现有技术的粘合剂进行比较。
根据现有技术的粘合剂
测定根据现有技术的粘合剂的以下特性。
试剂
硅烷(Momentive VS-142)由迈图(Momentive)公司提供,并且为了简化,以100%计算。所有其他组分由西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich)以高纯度提供,并且为了简化,假定为无水的,除非另外说明。
粘合剂组分固体含量—定义
固化前,给定粘合剂溶液中每种组分的含量基于组分的无水质量。可使用以下公式:
粘结剂组分固体含量(%)=粘结剂组分A固体(g)+粘结剂组分B固体(g)+……/混合物总重量(g)×100%(%)
粘合剂固体—定义和过程
固化后粘合剂的含量被称为“粘合剂固体”。
圆盘形石棉样品(直径:5cm;高度1cm)从石棉切割出来,并且在580℃下热处理至少30分钟以除去所有有机物。通过将粘合剂混合物(约2g)的样品分配到锡箔容器中的经热处理的石棉盘上测量粘合剂混合物的固体(参见下文用于混合的实施例)。在直接加入粘合剂混合物之前和之后,称取包含石棉盘的锡箔容器的重量。制备在锡箔容器中石棉盘装入的两种此类粘合剂混合物,然后将它们在200℃下加热1小时。在冷却并在室温下储存10分钟后,将样品称重,并且将粘合剂固体计算为两个结果的平均值。然后,通过用需要的水量和10%的硅烷水溶液(Momentive VS-142)来制备具有所需粘合剂固体的粘合剂。
反应损失—定义
反应损失被定义为粘合剂组分固体含量和粘合剂固体之间的差值。
机械强度研究(条测试)—过程
在圆条测温法中测试粘合剂的机械强度。对于每种粘合剂,由粘合剂和来自石棉纺丝生产的石棉丸的混合物制造16个条。所述丸是与石棉纤维具有相同熔融组合物的颗粒,并且通常被认为是来自纺丝工艺的废产物。用于条状组合物的丸的尺寸为0.25至0.50毫米。
如上文“粘合剂固体”所述,获得包含0.5%硅烷(Momentive VS-142)的15%粘合剂固体的粘合剂溶液。将该粘合剂溶液的样品(16.0g)与丸(80.0g)混合。所得混合物然后被均分到耐热硅氧烷形式的四个插槽中以用于制造小条(每种形式4×5个插槽;插槽顶部尺寸:长度=5.6cm,宽度=2.5cm;插槽底部尺寸:长度=5.3cm,宽度=2.2cm;插槽高度=1.1cm)。然后将放置在插槽中的混合物用适当尺寸的平坦金属条压硬以产生均匀条表面。以此方式制得来自每个粘合剂的16个条。然后将所得的条在200℃下固化1h。冷却至室温后,将条小心地取出容器。在高压釜内老化16个条中的八个(15分钟1120℃/1.2巴)。
干燥1至2天后,所有的条在3点弯曲测试中发生断裂(测试速度:10.0mm/min;破裂水平:50%;标称强度:30N/mm2;支持距离:40mm;最大挠曲20mm;标称e模块10000N/mm2)在弯曲电车站(Bent Tram machine)上,研究其机械强度。将条放置在机器中的“顶面”(即尺寸长度=5.6cm,宽度=2.5cm的面)上。
条的烧失量(LOI)
条的烧失量(LOI)是通过在小锡箔容器580℃处理来测量的。对于每次测量,首先将锡箔容器在580℃下热处理15分钟以除去所有有机物。使锡箔容器冷却至环境温度,然后称重。四个条(通常在3点弯曲测试中发生断裂之后)被放入锡箔容器并且整体被称重。然后,包含这些条的锡箔容器在580℃下热处理30分钟,使其冷却至环境温度,最后再次称重。然后使用下式计算LOI:
LOI(%)=热处理前条的重量(g)-热处理后的条的重量(g)/热处理之前的条的重量(g)×100%
作为比较例的用先前技术制备的参考粘合剂
粘合剂示例,参考粘合剂A(用尿素改性的酚醛树脂,PUF甲阶酚醛树脂)
通过在46%氢氧化钾(25.5g)水溶液的存在下,使37%的甲醛(606g)水溶液和苯酚(189g)水溶液以大约1℃/分钟的加热速率在84℃的反应温度下反应来制备酚醛树脂。在84℃下继续反应,直到树脂的酸耐受性为4,并且大部分苯酚被转化。然后加入尿素(241g)并将混合物冷却。
酸耐受性(AT)表示可以用酸稀释给定体积的粘合剂的次数,而不使混合物变浑浊(粘合剂沉淀)。硫酸用于确定在粘合剂生产中的停止标准,酸耐受性低于4表示粘合剂反应结束。为了测量AT,用1L离子交换水稀释2.5mL浓硫酸(>99%)来制备滴定剂。然后在室温下用该滴定剂滴定5mL待研究的粘合剂,同时通过手动摇动保持粘合剂;如果优选的话,使用磁力搅拌器和磁力棒。继续滴定,直到在粘合剂中出现轻微的云状物时,当摇动粘合剂时,该云状物不消失。
酸耐受性(AT)通过将用于滴定(mL)的酸的量除以样品的量(mL)来计算。
AT=(使用滴定体积(mL))/(样品体积(mL))
使用获得的尿素改性酚醛树脂,通过加入25%的氨(90mL)水溶液和硫酸铵(13.2g)水溶液,随后是水(1.30kg)来制备粘合剂。然后如上所述测量粘合剂固体,并且用所需量的水和硅烷(Momentive VS-142)稀释混合物以用于机械强度研究(15%粘合剂固体溶液,0.5%的粘合剂固体硅烷)。
根据本发明的粘合剂
测定根据本发明的粘合剂的以下特性。
试剂
明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120和180布卢姆;Imagel LB,B型,122布卢姆)是从Gelita AG公司获得。Tannorouge栗树单宁得自布罗兰bvba公司(Brouwland bvba)。琼脂(05039),结冷胶(P8169),来自柑橘皮的果胶(P9135),来自褐藻的海藻酸钠(A0682),羧甲基纤维素钠(419303),可溶性淀粉(S9765),和氢氧化钠购自西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich)。为简单起见,这些试剂被认为是完全纯净和无水的。
粘合剂组分固体含量—定义
固化前,给定粘合剂溶液中每种组分的含量基于组分的无水质量。可使用以下公式:
粘结剂组分固体含量(%)=粘结剂组分A固体(g)+粘结剂组分B固体(g)+……/混合物总重量(g)×100%(%)
机械强度研究(条测试)—过程
在圆条测温法中测试粘合剂的机械强度。对于每种粘合剂,由粘合剂和来自石棉纺丝生产的石棉丸的混合物制造8至16个条。所述丸是与石棉纤维具有相同熔融组合物的颗粒,并且通常被认为是来自纺丝工艺的废产物。用于条状组合物的丸的尺寸为0.25至0.50毫米。
如以下实施例中所述获得粘合剂溶液。对于凝结相对较慢的粘合剂,将粘合剂溶液的样品(16.0g用于具有10至15%粘合剂组分固体的粘合剂;32.0g用于具有5%粘合剂组分固体的粘合剂)与丸(80.0g)混合。所得混合物然后被均分到耐热硅树脂形式的四个插槽中以用于制造小条(每种形式4×5个插槽;插槽顶部尺寸:长度=5.6cm,宽度=2.5cm;插槽底部尺寸:长度=5.3cm,宽度=2.2cm;插槽高度=1.1cm)。对于凝结相对较快的粘合剂,粘合剂溶液的样品(8.0g用于具有10至15%粘合剂组分固体的粘合剂和16.0g用于具有5%粘合剂组分固体的粘合剂)与丸(40.0g,使用前预加热到35至40℃)充分混合,所得的混合物然后仅被均分到两个插槽。在每个条的制造过程中,根据需要压制放置在槽中的混合物,然后用塑料刮刀整平以产生均匀的条表面。以此方式制得来自每个粘合剂的8至16个条。然后将所得的条在室温下固化1至2天,或者,首先以表格中列出的温度在炉中固化15小时,随后在室温下固化1至2天。如果在该时间之后仍未充分固化,则在35℃下将条固化1天。然后小心地从容器中取出条,将其倒置,并在室温下保持一天以便完全固化。在高压釜内老化8-16个条中的一半(15分钟/120℃/1.2巴)。
干燥1至2天后,所有的条在3点弯曲测试中发生断裂(测试速度:10.0mm/min;破裂水平:50%;标称强度:30N/mm2;支持距离:40mm;最大挠曲20mm;标称e模块10000N/mm2)在弯曲电车站(Bent Tram machine)上,研究其机械强度。将条放置在机器中的“顶面”(即尺寸长度=5.6cm,宽度=2.5cm的面)上。
条的烧失量(LOI)
条的烧失量(LOI)是通过在小锡箔容器580℃处理来测量的。对于每次测量,首先将锡箔容器在580℃下热处理15分钟以除去所有有机物。使锡箔容器冷却至环境温度,然后称重。四个条(通常在3点弯曲测试中发生断裂之后)被放入锡箔容器并且整体被称重。然后,包含这些条的锡箔容器在580℃下热处理30分钟,使其冷却至环境温度,最后再次称重。然后使用下式计算LOI:
LOI(%)=热处理前条的重量(g)-热处理后的条的重量(g)/热处理之前的条的重量(g)×100%
根据本发明的粘合剂
粘合剂实施例,条目1
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,7.5g)在水(42.5g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 5.1)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目3
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,180布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 5.2)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目5
在50℃下将明胶(Imagel LB,B型,122布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 5.1)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目7
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入羧甲基纤维素钠(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液(pH 8.4)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目8
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入可溶性淀粉(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液(pH 6.4)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目9
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入琼脂(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液。然后加入上述琼脂溶液的一部分(19.6g,从而有效0.98g琼脂和18.6g水),并且在50℃下继续搅拌5分钟(pH 5.3)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目10
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入结冷胶(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液。然后加入上述结冷胶溶液的一部分(19.6g,从而有效0.98g结冷胶和18.6g水),并且在50℃下继续搅拌5分钟(pH 5.3)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目11
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入果胶(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液。然后加入上述果胶溶液的一部分(19.6g,从而有效0.98g果胶和18.6g水),并且在50℃下继续搅拌5分钟(pH 4.8)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目12
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入海藻酸钠(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,8.82g)在水(50.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液。然后加入上述海藻酸钠溶液的一部分(19.6g,从而有效0.98g海藻酸钠和18.6g水),并且在50℃下继续搅拌5分钟(pH 5.3)。然后所生成的溶液用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目13
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,8.00g)在水(72.0g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.8)。然后加入1M NaOH(3.50g)(pH9.3),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(3.60g;从而有效地0.80g栗树单宁)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 9.2)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目14
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15-30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.9)。然后加入1M NaOH(4.00g)(pH 9.1),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;因此有效量为1.00g栗树单宁)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 9.1)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目17
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,180布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.8)。然后加入1M NaOH(3.50g)(pH9.2),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;因此有效量为1.00g栗树单宁)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 9.2)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目19
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Imagel LB,B型,122布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.7)。然后加入1M NaOH(3.50g)(pH 9.2),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;因此有效量为1.00g栗树单宁)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 9.2)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目21
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入琼脂(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.6)。然后加入1M NaOH(4.00g)(pH9.1),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;从而有效地1.00g栗树单宁),然后加入一部分上述琼脂溶液(20.0g;从而有效地1.00g琼脂)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH8.8)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目22
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入果胶(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.6)。然后加入1M NaOH(4.50g)(pH9.6),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;从而有效地1.00g栗树单宁),然后加入一部分上述果胶溶液(20.0g;从而有效地1.00g果胶)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 8.9)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目23
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入海藻酸钠(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.6)。然后加入1M NaOH(4.00g)(pH9.2),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;从而有效地1.00g栗树单宁),然后加入一部分上述海藻酸钠溶液(20.0g;从而有效地1.00g海藻酸钠)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 9.0)用于后续实验。
粘合剂实施例,条目24
向85℃下剧烈搅拌的水(50.0g)中经大约15分钟分批加入可溶性淀粉(2.63g)。在85℃下继续搅拌0.5至1h,直到获得澄清溶液。
在室温下搅拌1M NaOH(15.75g),加入栗树单宁(4.50g)。在室温下继续搅拌5至10分钟,得到深红色的棕色溶液。
在50℃下将明胶(Speisegelatine,A型,猪,120布卢姆,10.0g)在水(56.7g)中的混合物搅拌约15至30分钟直至获得澄清溶液(pH 4.8)。然后加入1M NaOH(4.00g)(pH9.1),然后加入上述栗树单宁溶液的一部分(4.50g;从而有效地1.00g栗树单宁),然后加入一部分上述可溶性淀粉溶液(20.0g;从而有效地1.00g可溶性淀粉)。在50℃下进一步搅拌1至2分钟后,将所得的褐色混合物(pH 8.8)用于后续实验。
表1-1:参考粘合剂
实例 | A |
粘合剂特性 | |
粘合剂固体(%) | 15.0 |
反应损失(%) | 28.5 |
pH值 | 9.6 |
条固化条件 | |
温度(℃/1h) | 200 |
条特性 | |
机械强度,未老化(kN) | 0.39 |
机械强度,老化(kN) | 0.28 |
LOI,未老化(%) | 2.8 |
表1-2:各种水胶体
[a]水胶体。[b]水胶体+交联剂。
表1-3:各种水胶体和交联剂
[a]水胶体。[b]水胶体+交联剂
如从比较表1.1中的结果与表1.2和表1.3中的结果可以看出,用于本发明的粘合剂需要较低的固化温度。参考粘合剂需要200℃的固化温度,而粘合剂1至24在55℃和更低的温度下固化,通常在环境温度下固化。这意味着本发明的粘合剂能够在现场固化或在制造或加工阶段固化。
Claims (26)
1.一种将两个或更多个元件的表面粘结在一起的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-提供两个或更多个元件,
-在将要粘结在一起的所述表面相互接触之前、期间或之后,将粘合剂施加到要粘结在一起的所述表面中的一个或多个表面,
-固化所述粘合剂,其中所述粘合剂包含至少一种水胶体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述两个或更多个元件中的至少一个是用于建筑构造和/或所述建筑物内部的结构或非结构部件的建筑元件。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述两个或更多个元件中的至少一个是用于建筑隔离的隔离元件,诸如具有等于或大于0.25m2·K/W的热阻或者在10℃时等于或小于0.060W/(m·K)的热导率的元件。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述至少一个隔离元件为矿棉元件。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述矿棉元件由对应于所述粘合剂的矿棉粘结剂粘结。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述元件均不是矿棉元件。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中至少一个所述元件选自羊毛状物诸如玻璃纤维羊毛状物、建筑结构诸如墙壁、天花板、屋顶和木制品诸如木纤维板。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述固化步骤在5℃至95℃,诸如10℃至80℃、诸如20℃至60℃、诸如40℃至50℃的温度下进行。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述固化步骤包括干燥过程,涉及吹空气或气体越过/穿过所述元件和/或通过升高温度。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,可在有或没有所述干燥步骤的情况下进行的所述固化步骤可在建筑场地上进行,其中所述元件包括在建筑结构中。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述固化步骤在环境温度下进行。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述至少一种水胶体为聚电解水胶体。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述至少一种水胶体选自明胶、果胶、藻酸盐、卡拉胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂包含至少两种水胶体,其中一种水胶体为明胶,并且所述至少一种其他水胶体选自果胶、淀粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、卡拉胶、结冷胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯树胶、刺槐豆胶、黄原胶、纤维素衍生物诸如羧甲基纤维素、阿拉伯木聚糖、纤维素、凝胶多糖、β-葡聚糖。
16.根据权利要求12至15中任一项所述的方法,其中所述明胶基于所述水胶体的重量计,以10重量%至95重量%,诸如20重量%至80重量%、诸如30重量%至70重量%、诸如40重量%至60重量%的量存在于所述粘合剂中。
17.根据权利要求15或16中任一项所述的方法,其中所述一种水胶体和所述至少其他水胶体具有互补的电荷。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂不是热固性粘合剂。
19.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂不包含聚(甲基)丙烯酸、聚(甲基)丙烯酸的盐或聚(甲基)丙烯酸的酯。
20.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述至少一种水胶体为生物聚合物或改性的生物聚合物。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂包含动物来源的蛋白质,包括胶原、明胶和水解明胶,并且所述粘合剂还包含至少一种含酚和/或醌的化合物,诸如选自单宁酸、缩合单宁(原花青素)、可水解单宁、没食子单宁、鞣花单宁、复合单宁中的一种或多种组分的单宁,和/或源自橡树、栗树、火炬树和大穗杯花中的一种或多种的单宁。
22.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂包含动物来源的蛋白质,包括胶原、明胶和水解明胶,并且其中所述粘合剂还包含至少一种酶,所述至少一种酶选自转谷氨酰胺酶(EC 2.3.2.13)、蛋白质二硫键异构酶(EC 5.3.4.1)、硫醇氧化酶(EC1.8.3.2)、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.14.18.1),特别是儿茶酚氧化酶、酪氨酸氧化酶和酚氧化酶、赖氨酰氧化酶(EC 1.4.3.13)和过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)。
23.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂是无甲醛的。
24.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂基本上由下述物质组成:
至少一种水胶体;
任选地至少一种油;
任选地至少一种pH调节剂;
任选地至少一种交联剂;
任选地至少一种防污剂;
任选地至少一种抗溶胀剂;
水。
25.一种通过执行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法制造的用于建筑构造和/或所述建筑物内部的结构或非结构部件的产品,其中所述产品是包括粘结在一起的两个或更多个元件的层合产品。
26.一种用于建筑隔离的隔离产品,所述产品通过执行根据权利要求1至24中任一项所述的方法制造,其中所述产品提供等于或大于0.25m2·K/W的热阻或在10℃时等于或小于0.060W/(m·K)的热导率。
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