CN108925338A - A kind of breeding of plum kind and cultural method - Google Patents
A kind of breeding of plum kind and cultural method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of breeding of plum kind and cultural method, are related to field of fruit tree cultivation, solve at present that the winter resistance present in the cultivation of Japanese plum, anti-phytotoxicity, disease resistance, insect resistace are general, and the problem that tree body aging phenomenon is serious.The present invention includes applying soil conditioner after selection of land and site preparation, site preparation；It applies fertilizers scientifically, including spends preceding top dressing, spends rear top dressing, Fruit and flower bud differentiation period top dressing, fruit growth manuring late；Transplanting；Management trimming, including treelet phase, the best fruiting period, declining period；The prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, including the prevention and treatment of plum red spot disease, the prevention and treatment of plum bleeding disease, the prevention and treatment of Lee's Grapholita spp, prevention and control of aphids, red spider prevention and treatment；Harvesting in real time and etc..The Japanese plum cultivated through the invention, cold tolerance is extremely strong, anti-red spot disease, anti-phytotoxicity, encounters and does not have no harvest in the case of phytotoxicity, anti-fall cold spell in spring, and Ji victory Lee's branch is hard, as a result more, few to tear a phenomenon open, and the tree service life, which is grown 30 years, does not occur tree body aging phenomenon.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fruit tree cultivation technical fields, and in particular to a kind of breeding of plum kind and cultural method.
Background technique
Plum is rosaceae cherry, alias Jiaqing, cloth continuous heavy rain, plum, Jade Emperor Lee, mountain plum.Its 6~August of fruit
Between it is mature, full mellow and full, exquisitely carved, form is pretty and dazzling, and it is one of favorite fruit of people that taste is sweet.It is wide all over the world
General cultivation.Plum is sour, and the nutrition of plum is slightly below peach, containing sugar, trace protein, fat, carrotene, vitamin (B1,
B2, C), the ingredients such as niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, proline, threonine, alanine.
It is 8.8 grams sugared containing 116.2~221.9 kilojoule of energy in the edible part of every 100 grams of plums, 0.6 gram of protein, fat 0.25
Gram, vitamin A (carrotene) 100-360 microgram, 0.3 milligram of niacin, 6 milligrams of calcium or more, 12 milligrams of phosphorus, 0.3 milligram of iron, potassium
130 milligrams, 2~6 milligrams of vitamin C, in addition containing energy such as other minerals, a variety of amino acid, asparagine and celluloses
Promote the secretion of gastric acid and gastric juice, and gastrointestinal peristalsis can be promoted, thus have improvement appetite, promotes the effect of digestion, especially
To glutted after gastric anacidity, food, constipation person is effective.Serine, glycine, proline, glutamine etc. in fresh Lee's meat
Amino acid plays the role of inducing diuresis to remove edema, has adjuvant treatment effect to cirrhosis.Contain multiple nutritional components in plum, there is beauty treatment
Beauty, the effect to lubricate the skin and muscle, high surprising of oxidation preventive content, is rated as " the super water of anti-aging, anti-disease in plum
Fruit ".To the adaptable of weather, as long as deeper to soil soil layer, there is certain fertility, no matter which kind of soil property can plant.
More demanding to air and soil moisture, pole often causes rotten, undergrowth or easily generation intolerant to ponding, orchard impeded drainage
Various diseases.Preferably select that the soil is porous, Soil ventilation and draining are good, soil layer is deep and the lower local orchard establishment of level of ground water.
In the cultivation of current plum, winter is overwintering, and that be for cultivation of fruit tree be is fatal, while dry core plum
Late variety is single, and winter resistance, anti-phytotoxicity, disease resistance, insect resistace are general, and tree body aging phenomenon is serious.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the winter resistance present in the cultivation of Japanese plum, anti-phytotoxicity, disease resistance, insect resistace one at present
As, and the problem that tree body aging phenomenon is serious, the present invention provides breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind.
A kind of breeding of plum kind of the invention and cultural method, include the following steps：
Step 1: selection of land and site preparation
Select sandy loam, black loam or light clay, it is desirable that soil is that neutral or subacidity, soil property are loose；
Site preparation is carried out using horizontal band-like, contour bench, horizontal ditch, reversed terrace or moat mode of raising, applies soil after site preparation
Regulator, applied amount are 1200~2000 kilograms/hectare；
Step 2: fertilising
(1) preceding top dressing is spent：Before Japanese plum rudiment, apply quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, dose is 0.5~1 kilogram/plant, or is applied
Add decomposed night soil, dose is 25 kilograms/plant；
(2) rear top dressing is spent：Imposing within 40~80 days before spending after top dressing quick-acting nitrogen potash fertilizer, dose is 0.5 kilogram/
Strain, to reduce physiological fallen fruit；
(3) Fruit and flower bud differentiation period top dressing：Before entering expanding stage to fruit after physiological fallen fruit, available nitrogen is imposed
Phosphorus potassium complex fertilizer, dose are 0.5~1 kilogram/plant；
(4) fruit growth manuring late：Start coloring in fruit and imposes phosphorus potash fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus to during harvesting
Potassium Fertilizer Application amount is 0.2~0.5 kilogram/plant, quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer is diluted to the solution that concentration is 0.2~0.3%, using blade face
Mode is sprayed, dose is 0.2~0.6 kilogram/plant；
Step 3: transplanting
It is transplanted when Japanese plum grows to the treelet phase, when transplanting, seeding row spacing is 2 meters × 3 meters, pruning, 60 lis
Meter Ding Gan, 45 centimeters of base portion major branch extension, which is beaten, cuts, and other sparse branchings, slow put promotes earlier results, defeated fruit；
Step 4: management trimming
(1) the treelet phase
1. natural open centre shape is tree-like：Field planting current year is done surely cutting apart from 40~60 centimetres of ground, and the first bud is met under clip
Wind direction, clip be in inclined-plane, bud point is higher than above inclined-plane, higher than bastem portion below or inclined-plane equal with bastem portion below inclined-plane；
The next spring selects 3 or 4 branches being distributed around as master in the branch that surely dry current year newly issues
Branch, removes overstocked branch, and not close branch gives over to auxiliary support branch, carries out cutting back according to the growing state of each major branch, cuts off the 1/4 of major branch
~1/3；
Spring in third year, the branch for selecting 1 angle to open a business respectively in each major branch are carried out as branch is extended to branch is extended
Cutting back cuts off and extends the 1/2 of branch, and selects 1~2 branch to outgrowth as side shoot, cutting back 1/3 in each major branch lower part；
By on major branch raw 5 centimetres of sprigs below be trained fruit spur or bouquet shape fruit branch, after tree-like determination, every year
It is trimmed according to extension branch of the pruning method identical with upper one year to major branch and side shoot；
2. it is tree-like that bilayer evacuates happy shape：40~60 centimetres of current year heading height of field planting；
The next spring selects the vertical branch on top dry for central authorities leader, then selects 3 or 4 branches on central authorities leader is dry
As first layer major branch, cutting back 1/3, each major branch and central authorities leader it is dry between angle be 50~60 °, remove other vertical branch,
Brachyplast branch as a result in reservation；
In spring in third year, the branch that degree of selecting the role is opened a business on the first layer major branch that last year selects and remain is as side shoot and extends branch,
The spacing of 2 or 3 branches as second layer major branch, between second layer major branch and first layer major branch is selected on central authorities leader is dry again
It is 50~60 centimetres, while dry to fall head happy by central authorities leader；
By on major branch raw 5 centimetres of sprigs below be trained fruit spur or bouquet shape fruit branch, after tree-like determination, every year
It is trimmed according to extension branch of the pruning method identical with upper one year to major branch and side shoot；
(2) best fruiting period
Using skeleton branch swap method control Japanese plum tree body size, to upper layer branch and peripheral branch should carry out it is unrestrained, return
Contracting processing；To fruitful branch should carry out dredging it is weak stay strong, go to stay always new, by stages, bounce back rejuvenation in batches, controls its density and length；
Overstocked branch, crossing branch, sick branch and thin and weak branch are removed, to save nutrient, ventilation and penetrating light；
(3) declining period
Retraction rejuvenation processing is carried out to major branch and side shoot, new skeleton branch and branch group is cultivated after retraction, constitutes new tree crown；
Step 5: the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
(1) plum red spot disease is prevented and treated：1 is sprayed when being unfolded in Japanese plum non-florescence and leaf bud:2:200 Bordeaux mixture；It removes
Sick leaf, disease fruit are concentrated and are destroyed；
(2) plum bleeding disease prevents and treats：Gummosis position is struck off, 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume are then smeared, finally smears zinc powder oil
Protective agent；
(3) Lee's Grapholita spp is prevented and treated：Autumn or spring turn over tree disk, larva hibernacle are destroyed, in Lee Grapholita spp larva
It is spraying with athomin 1000 times of liquid of dilution to hatch peak period；
(4) prevention and control of aphids：Before spring is killed the non-leaf roll of blade, it is spraying that sprinkling athomin dilutes 600~800 times of liquid；
It is spraying that Growing season athomin dilutes 400~600 times of liquid；
(5) red spider prevents and treats：Dormant period strikes off bark from old tress, and the surface soil rooted out around trunk is buried；5 degree of Baume are sprayed before rudiment
Lime sulfur；Growth period sprays 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume, or dilutes 800 times of liquid with athomin and be sprayed, and is spaced spray in 10 days 1 time, continuously
Spray 3 times.
It further include Step 6: harvesting in real time as preferred embodiment：Fresh-keeping edible variety is 1~2 before the complete ripe phase
Its harvesting；The fruit of processing is harvested in hardripe stage；Crisp Lee harvests in hardripe stage；It harvests within water honey Lee 3~4 days before the complete ripe phase；
Before being exported to or storing, fruit is pre-chilled to 4~5 DEG C in such a way that 0.5~1 DEG C of cold water cools down, vanning amount is 6~
10 kilograms/case.
It further include Step 7: storage as preferred embodiment：
(1) Storage in cold bank：Reserve temperature is 0~1 DEG C, is disappeared into before library using formaldehyde or sec-butylamine fumigant are stifling in plum
Poison；
(2) plastic bag packaging low temperature air conditioned storage：Fruit is filled with the polyethylene film of 0.025 millimeters thick, 5 kilograms every bag, is filled
After fasten sack, stored under the conditions of 0~1 DEG C, energy under conditions of oxygen concentration is 1~3%, gas concentration lwevel is 5%
Enough store 10~15 weeks.
As preferred embodiment, the soil conditioner is made of the following components according to parts by weight：
30~40 parts of corn stover, 25~30 parts of rice husk, 15~20 parts of soya-bean cake, Edible Fungi waste material slag 10~15
Part, 10~15 parts of humic acid, 12~16 parts of sweet wormwood grass, 0.5~1 part of zinc molybdate, 1~2 part of ferrous sulfate, black false hellebore grass 10~15
Part, 3~4 parts of urea, 100~200 parts of water.
As preferred embodiment, the preparation method of the soil conditioner is as follows：
Step 1: corn stover, soya-bean cake, Edible Fungi waste material slag, sweet wormwood grass, black false hellebore grass are dried, through pulverizer powder
It is broken, 80 mesh sieve are crossed, are given over to spare；
It stirs evenly, stays Step 2: rice husk, humic acid, zinc molybdate, ferrous sulfate are added into step 1 products therefrom
Make spare；
It is stirred evenly Step 3: urea is added into step 2 products therefrom；
Step 4: water is added into step 3 products therefrom, after mixing evenly up to soil conditioner.
As preferred embodiment, in step 3, the standard for choosing transplanting Japanese plum is as follows：
Japanese plum, tree vigo(u)r moderate, treelet is upright, as a result half-open of tree performance, is in natural open centre shape, and annotinous branch is greyish white
Color, internode length 2.65cm, hole skin white, branch bud position protuberance, blade figure is open and flat, and leaf is green to see pure tooth, and base portion wedge shape is long
10.5cm, width 6.4cm, have nectary 2 right, petiole is short and thick, and grey color is smaller, and Pistil And Stamen is contour, and white flower is solid.
As preferred embodiment, in step 4, further include：(4) summer pruning：
1. pinching：The growing point of branch is plucked in growth period；
2. turning round the tip：The apex of young sprout is sprained, sprains position at semi-lignified；
3. band girdle：Girding is done to trunk or bough when young sprout stops growing, peeling width is by stripping twig diameter
1/10；
4. taking branch：Branch middle and lower part is held with hand, pinches and holds repeatedly, keeps shoot tissue impaired, in horizontally or obliquely growing；Summer
The branch of excessive growth, coppice shoot and deadwood are removed when cutting.
As preferred embodiment, in step 5, using supercritical CO2Fluids extraction extracts athomin, extraction
Athomin concentration is 20%.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
It is female parent with plum kind " flesh and blood " in the present invention, is that male parent carries out selection cross Lee Cheng Jisheng with " Jilin evening "
Sub- kind, the kind are suitble to planting culture, are suitble to spermaduct, late variety optimal selection.The hybrid new breed, tree vigo(u)r is stronger, knot
Fruit tree gesture half is opened a business, and is in natural open centre shape, tree body winter resistance is strong, and based on fruit spur and flowers shape fruit branch result, middle long fruit branch is equal
Can result wood woods, self-flowering fruiting rate is high, and fruit setting, 65~60g of Mean Fruit Weight, maximum single fruit weight 103g, fruit size is uniform,
Pericarp background color is yellowish green, when mature comprehensively purple, pulp yellow-white, fiber is few, sweet and sour palatability, capacitive solids 14%, dimension
The extremely upper pure freestone of raw element C quality, edible rate are up to 91%, and not shedding before adopting has preferable mouthfeel storage tolerance in the coloring phase.
Present system elaborates each step of lucky victory plum breeding, high-yield planting, more than traditional implantation methods
Add specific practical and specification.The lucky victory plum plantation of standardization, improves the quality and yield of lucky victory plum output, production green
Ji victory plum improves planting benefit, proper scaleization plantation.The Japanese plum cultivated by means of the present invention, cold-resistant energy
Power is extremely strong, anti-red spot disease, anti-phytotoxicity, encounters and does not have no harvest in the case of phytotoxicity, anti-fall cold spell in spring, and Ji victory Lee's branch is hard, as a result more, seldom
It tears a phenomenon open, did not occurred tree body aging phenomenon within the tree service life long 30 years.
Specific embodiment
A kind of breeding of plum kind of the invention and cultural method, mainly include the following steps that：
1, selection of land and site preparation
Ji victory plum requires soil not being very strictly, mainly preferably sandy loam, black loam or light clay, it is desirable that soil
For neutral or subacidity, soil property is loose, soft, and salt-soda soil should not plant.Various regions will consider whether heat resources are sufficient when planting.
Method of soil preparation：It is to turn over the land preparation mode for cultivating reproducing area part soil, strip tillage is in long strip for partial soil preparation
The soil for cultivating reproducing area is turned over, using modes site preparations such as horizontal band-like, contour bench, horizontal ditch, reversed terrace or moats of raising.
Apply soil conditioner after site preparation, applied amount is 1200~2000 kilograms/hectare.
Described soil conditioner is made of the following components according to parts by weight：
30~40 parts of corn stover, 25~30 parts of rice husk, 15~20 parts of soya-bean cake, Edible Fungi waste material slag 10~15
Part, 10~15 parts of humic acid, 12~16 parts of sweet wormwood grass, 0.5~1 part of zinc molybdate, 1~2 part of ferrous sulfate, black false hellebore grass 10~15
Part, 3~4 parts of urea, 100~200 parts of water.
The preparation process of described soil conditioner is as follows：
Step 1: corn stover, soya-bean cake, Edible Fungi waste material slag, sweet wormwood grass, black false hellebore grass are dried, through pulverizer powder
It is broken, 80 mesh sieve are crossed, are given over to spare；
It stirs evenly, stays Step 2: rice husk, humic acid, zinc molybdate, ferrous sulfate are added into step 1 products therefrom
Make spare；
It is stirred evenly Step 3: urea is added into step 2 products therefrom；
Step 4: water is added into step 3 products therefrom, after mixing evenly up to soil conditioner.
Selected soil conditioner be by agricultural water-loss reducer and rich in organic matter, humic acid natural peat or other have
Machine object is primary raw material, and being aided with bioactive ingredients and nutrient composition, the product being process through scientific technology has extremely
Significantly " water conservation, is breathed freely at getting fat " three big soil conditioning performances, can break soil hardening, chesson, improve Soil ventilation
Property, reduce the soil weight, promote soil microbial activities, enhancing soil rich water penetration；With improvement soil, desert is administered,
It is retained drought resisting, enhances disease-resistant crops ability, improves crop yield, improves quality of agricultural product, restores crops original ecological etc.
Function increases substantially survival rate of planting and agricultural output；Improve agriculture and forestry product quality, restores the natural wind of agriculture and forestry product
Looks.Complete nuisanceless, pollution-free, inanimate object hormone is different from various chemical fertilizer, pesticide, foliar fertilizer and biology on international market and swashs
Element is the novel green means of production of world's agriculture and forestry plantation.
2, it applies fertilizers scientifically
2.1 spend preceding top dressing：0.5~1 kilogram of quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer or strain are applied in 10 days (early April) before Japanese plum rudiment, strain
Apply 25 kilograms of decomposed night soils.
2.2 spend rear top dressing：Quick-acting nitrogen potash fertilizer should be imposed in time, to reduce physiological fallen fruit, in late May to mid-June,
Strain applies 0.5 kilogram.
2.3 Fruits and flower bud differentiation period top dressing：(6 below the moon before entering rapid expanding stage to fruit after physiological fallen fruit
Ten days to mid-August), Available N-P K composite fertilizer is imposed, strain applies 0.5~1 kilogram.
2.4 fruit growth manuring lates：Start coloring to top dressing during harvesting, this time based on phosphorus potash fertilizer, phosphorus in fruit
Potassium Fertilizer Application amount is 0.2~0.5 kilogram/plant, and for instant nitrogenousfertilizer preferably foliage-spray, concentration is 0.2~0.3%, and dose is
0.2~0.6 kilogram/plant is carried out in conjunction with spray.
3, it transplants
Ji victory plum tree vigo(u)r moderate, it is in natural open centre shape that treelet is upright, as a result half-open of tree performance, and annotinous branch is greyish white
Color, sturdy, internode length 2.65cm, hole skin is white and close, and branch bud position protuberance, bud is more modest, and blade figure is open and flat, Ye Lv
See that pure tooth, the long 10.5cm of base portion wedge shape, width 6.4cm have nectary 2 right, petiole is short and thick, and grey color is smaller, and Pistil And Stamen is contour, white flower
It is solid.
It is transplanted when Japanese plum grows to the treelet phase.It is suitable for 2 meters × 3 meters of seeding row spacing, pruning is with happy shape
Main, 60 centimetres fixed dry, and based on 3 scaffold limb of base portion, 45 centimeters of base portion major branch extension, which is beaten, is cut, and other sparse branchings, slow put promotes early stage to tie
Fruit, the prosperous light pruning of growing way, the weak heavy pruning of growing way, defeated fruit.
4, orchard management is trimmed
(1) the treelet phase
1. natural open centre shape is tree-like：Field planting current year is done surely cutting apart from 40~60 centimetres of ground, and the first bud is wanted under clip
In face of wind direction (southwest), clip will be in inclined-plane, and bud point is slightly above above inclined-plane, and inclined-plane lower section is equal or slightly higher with bastem portion.
The next spring selects 3~4 branches being distributed around to make major branch (as not enough in the branch that surely dry current year newly issues
It can select next year).If branch angle is unreasonable, it can be used and branch or the method for hanging branch is drawn to correct.Remove overstocked branch, not close branch
Give over to auxiliary support branch.According to the appropriate cutting back of the growing state of each major branch, the 1/4~1/3 of major branch is cut off.
When spring in third year trims, selects 1 angle to open a business respectively in each major branch, grow strong branch as major branch
Extension branch, carry out cutting back, cut off and extend 1/2 or so of branch, and select 1~2 branch to outgrowth in each major branch lower part
As side shoot, cutting back 1/3 or so.
On major branch raw 5 centimetres of sprigs below as far as possible more stays, be trained fruit spur or bouquet shape fruit branch, in, long fruit branch
Appropriate cutting back.In this way, later annual master, the extension branch pruning method of side shoot and upper one year tree-like substantially determining through 3~4 years
It is identical.
2. it is tree-like that bilayer evacuates happy shape：Such tree-like kind strong suitable for growth potential, tree vigo(u)r is more upright.Field planting current year
40~60 centimetres of heading height.
The next spring, the vertical branch for selecting apical growth gesture strong is dry as central authorities leader, then select on central authorities leader is dry 3~
4 good branches of angle make first layer major branch, cutting back 1/3 or so, each major branch and central authorities leader it is dry between angle be 50~
60°.Other to dredge compared with vertical branch, middle brachyplast should retain, as a result branch.
When spring in third year trims, the branch that degree of selecting the role is opened a business on the major branch that last year selects and remain makees side shoot and extends branch, then
Select 2~3 major branches as the second layer on center is dry, and first layer major branch is straggly opens, two 50~60 centimetres of interlamellar spacings, simultaneously general
Center is dry happily to fall head.The pruning method of other branches is identical with natural open centre shape.It is i.e. formable through 3~4 years.
(2) best fruiting period
The method that head is often changed using skeleton branch, controls tree body size, and upper layer branch should mutually be tied with peripheral branch with unrestrained, retraction
Close, i.e., density stays dilute, go it is prosperous stay strong, slow put of the branch of reservation is not cut, and next year bounces back then at suitable bifurcation, reduces peripheral branch
Leaf, improve in thorax and lower layer illumination condition, mitigate the growth potential on tree crown top and periphery, to fruit-bearing shoot cluster should dredge it is weak stay it is strong,
Go to stay always it is new, in a planned way by stages, bounce back rejuvenation in batches, control its density and length.Remove overstocked branch, crossing branch, disease pest
Branch and thin and weak branch etc., to save nutrient, ventilation and penetrating light.
(3) declining period
Main side branch is subjected to retraction rejuvenation in time, too long, excessively old branch group also should suitably bounce back.After retraction, can generally it sprout
The vigorous branches for sending out more cultivates new skeleton branch and branch group, constitutes new tree crown.
(4) summer pruning
Summer pruning refers to the trimming in the season of growth, generally carries out, can be used following in mid-June to early July
Several method.
1. pinching：Pluck the growing point of branch in growth period, the specific time should according to kind, cultivation condition and purpose and
It is fixed.
2. turning round the tip：The apex of young sprout is sprained, but is not twisted off, generally there is the available the method suppression of the branch of excessive growth of utility value
System growth.Turning round the tip should carry out in young sprout growth length enough used times, and spraining position will be at semi-lignified.
3. band girdle：In young sprout close to the when progress that stops growing, girding is done to prosperous tree trunk or bough, peeling width is
By 1/10 or so of stripping twig diameter, it is obvious to promote flower effect.
4. taking branch：Branch middle and lower part is held with hand, pinches and holds repeatedly, keeps shoot tissue impaired, in horizontally or obliquely growing.Summer
The application for cutting each single item measure will grasp correct time and objective for implementation (treelet or fruitless Wang Shu), remove when the summer cuts
Remove the branch of excessive growth, coppice shoot, deadwood.
5, the prevention and treatment of pest and disease damage
5.1 plum red spot disease control measures：
(1) 1 is sprayed when being unfolded in Japanese plum non-florescence and leaf bud:2:200 Bordeaux mixture.
(2) sick leaf, disease fruit in Li Yuan are removed, concentrates and destroys.
5.2 plum bleeding disease control measures：
(1) orchard draining should be reinforced centered on enhancing tree vigo(u)r, applying organic manure improves tree body disease resistance.
(2) limb diseases and pests are prevented and treated in time, reduce disease pest wound.
(3) gummosis position is struck off, 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume is then smeared, finally whitewashes lead oil protective agent, there is preferable effect
Fruit.
5.3 Lee's Grapholita spp control measures：
(1) autumn or spring turn over tree disk, destroy larva hibernacle, reduce overwintering worm amount.
(2) 1000 times of liquid are diluted in Lee's Grapholita spp larvae hatch peak period athomin to be sprayed.
5.4 prevention and control of aphids measures：
(1) 600~800 times of liquid of sprinkling athomin dilution are sprayed times liquid before spring is killed the non-leaf roll of blade.
(2) Growing season dilutes 400~600 times of liquid with athomin in 5.2 with 7 parts and is sprayed.
5.5 red spider control measures：
(1) dormant period strikes off bark from old tress, and the surface soil rooted out around trunk is buried.
(2) 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume are sprayed before rudiment.
(3) growth period sprays 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume, or diluting 800 times of liquid with athomin by spraying should be every spray in 10 days 1 time, even
Spray 3 times.
Athomin refers to a kind of secondary metabolite extracted from the crucifers such as horseradish, in chemical structure
On compound all containing N=C=S active group, liquid of can the volatilize at normal temperature, appearance like oily.Faced using super
Boundary CO2Fluids extraction extracts athomin, and extraction time is short, extracts that expense is low, and low energy consumption, and due to operating at normal temperature, mentions
The organoleptic quality for the athomin produced is excellent, and the horseradish cellulose content of extraction is 20%, with with matching.
6, it harvests
6.1 harvestings in real time.The mature characteristic of Ji victory plum is that green is faded, and shows the intrinsic color of kind (big portion
There is fruit powder on point lucky victory plum surface, and meat slightly softens).Red cultivar is hard when fruit color area is the nearly half of full fruit
The ripe phase, 90% was colored as half soft-ripe stage；Yellow cultivars pericarp by green turn it is green white when be hardripe stage, and pericarp in it is yellowish green when
As half soft-ripe stage.Ji victory plum harvesting must in due course, usually in prematuration period picking harvesting too early, have a poor flavour, excessively at
Ripe, fruit has softened, not storage tolerance.Under normal conditions, general fresh-keeping edible variety is in the close completely ripe phase harvesting of fruit；Add
The fruit of work is advisable in hardripe stage harvesting；Crisp Lee harvests in hardripe stage；Water honey Lee picks for 3~4 days before complete ripeness.
6.2 collecting method.Before being exported to or storing, fruit is pre-chilled to 4~5 DEG C.To prevent mechanical damage, packing container is unsuitable
Excessive, every case fills 6~10 kilograms, and lucky victory plum should be pre-chilled as early as possible before packing, and Pre-cooling Mode with 0.5~1 DEG C of cold water to be cooled down
Effect it is preferable.
7, it stores
7.1 Storage in cold bank：Reserve temperature is 0~1 DEG C, humidity 90% or so.Plum is stored at -1 DEG C 45~60 days can
There is brown stain caused by low temperature, it should be noted that avoid this temperature.In plum into stifling using formaldehyde or sec-butylamine fumigant before library
It carries out disinfection.
7.2 plastic bag packaging low temperature air conditioned storages：Fruit is filled with the polyethylene film of 0.025 millimeters thick, per packed 5 kilograms,
Sack is fastened after dress, is stored under the conditions of 0~1 DEG C.Under conditions of oxygen concentration is 1~3%, gas concentration lwevel is 5%
It can store 10~15 weeks.
The plum fruit born through the invention has the following advantages that：
1, fruit size is uniform, and pericarp background color is yellowish green, when mature comprehensively purple, pulp yellow-white, fiber is few, and sweet tea acid is suitable
Mouthful, the extremely upper pure freestone of quality, edible rate 91% adopts preceding not shedding, has preferable mouthfeel storage tolerance in the coloring phase.
2, the kind is suitble to dense planting, is suitble to spermaduct, while being late variety optimal selection, and extremely suitable cold district is planted
Training.
3, kind cold tolerance is extremely strong, and disease resistance is strong, anti-phytotoxicity, anti-fall cold spell in spring, and Ji victory Lee's branch is hard, as a result more, seldom
It tears a phenomenon open, did not occurred tree body aging phenomenon within the tree service life long 30 years.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, various improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, these improvements and modifications are also answered
It is considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
Step 1: selection of land and site preparation
Select sandy loam, black loam or light clay, it is desirable that soil is that neutral or subacidity, soil property are loose；
Site preparation is carried out using horizontal band-like, contour bench, horizontal ditch, reversed terrace or moat mode of raising, applies soil after site preparation and adjusts
Agent, applied amount are 1200~2000 kilograms/hectare；
Step 2: fertilising
(1) preceding top dressing is spent：Before Japanese plum rudiment, apply quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, dose is 0.5~1 kilogram/plant, or is applied rotten
Acquaintance's fecaluria, dose are 25 kilograms/plant；
(2) rear top dressing is spent：Quick-acting nitrogen potash fertilizer is imposed within 40~80 days before spending after top dressing, dose is 0.5 kilogram/plant, with
Reduce physiological fallen fruit；
(3) Fruit and flower bud differentiation period top dressing：Before entering expanding stage to fruit after physiological fallen fruit, Available N-P-K is imposed
Compound fertilizer, dose are 0.5~1 kilogram/plant；
(4) fruit growth manuring late：Start coloring in fruit and imposes phosphorus potash fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus potash fertilizer to during harvesting
Dose is 0.2~0.5 kilogram/plant, quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer is diluted to the solution that concentration is 0.2~0.3%, using foliage-spray
Mode, dose are 0.2~0.6 kilogram/plant；
Step 3: transplanting
It is transplanted when Japanese plum grows to the treelet phase, when transplanting, seeding row spacing is 2 meters × 3 meters, pruning, and 60 centimetres fixed
Dry, 45 centimeters of base portion major branch extension, which is beaten, cuts, and other sparse branchings, slow put promotes earlier results, defeated fruit；
Step 4: management trimming
(1) the treelet phase
1. natural open centre shape is tree-like：Field planting current year is done surely cutting apart from 40~60 centimetres of ground, and the first bud is in face of wind under clip
To clip is in inclined-plane, and bud point is higher than above inclined-plane, is higher than bastem portion below or inclined-plane equal with bastem portion below inclined-plane；
The next spring selects 3 or 4 branches being distributed around as major branch in the branch that surely dry current year newly issues, thin
Except overstocked branch, not close branch gives over to auxiliary support branch, carries out cutting back according to the growing state of each major branch, cuts off the 1/4~1/ of major branch
3；
In spring in third year, the branch for selecting 1 angle to open a business respectively in each major branch is as branch is extended, and to extending, branch progress is short
It cuts, cuts off and extend the 1/2 of branch, and select 1~2 branch to outgrowth as side shoot, cutting back 1/3 in each major branch lower part；
By on major branch raw 5 centimetres of sprigs below be trained fruit spur or bouquet shape fruit branch, after tree-like determination, every year according to
Identical pruning method trimmed the extension branch of major branch and side shoot with upper one year；
2. it is tree-like that bilayer evacuates happy shape：40~60 centimetres of current year heading height of field planting；
The next spring selects the vertical branch on top dry for central authorities leader, then selects 3 or 4 branch conducts on central authorities leader is dry
Angle between first layer major branch, cutting back 1/3, each major branch and central authorities leader are dry is 50~60 °, removes other vertical branch, is retained
Middle brachyplast branch as a result；
In spring in third year, the branch that degree of selecting the role is opened a business on the first layer major branch that last year selects and remain is as side shoot and extends branch, then
2 or 3 branches are selected on central authorities leader is dry, and as second layer major branch, the spacing between second layer major branch and first layer major branch is 50
~60 centimetres, while dry to fall head happy by central authorities leader；
By on major branch raw 5 centimetres of sprigs below be trained fruit spur or bouquet shape fruit branch, after tree-like determination, every year according to
Identical pruning method trimmed the extension branch of major branch and side shoot with upper one year；
(2) best fruiting period
Using the size of skeleton branch swap method control Japanese plum tree body, upper layer branch and peripheral branch should be carried out at unrestrained, retraction
Reason；To fruitful branch should carry out dredging it is weak stay strong, go to stay always new, by stages, bounce back rejuvenation in batches, controls its density and length；It removes
Overstocked branch, crossing branch, sick branch and thin and weak branch, to save nutrient, ventilation and penetrating light；
(3) declining period
Retraction rejuvenation processing is carried out to major branch and side shoot, new skeleton branch and branch group is cultivated after retraction, constitutes new tree crown；
Step 5: the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
(1) plum red spot disease is prevented and treated：1 is sprayed when being unfolded in Japanese plum non-florescence and leaf bud:2:200 Bordeaux mixture；The sick leaf of removing,
Disease fruit is concentrated and is destroyed；
(2) plum bleeding disease prevents and treats：Gummosis position is struck off, 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume are then smeared, finally smears zinc powder oil guard
Agent；
(3) Lee's Grapholita spp is prevented and treated：Autumn or spring turn over tree disk, larva hibernacle are destroyed, in Lee's Grapholita spp larvae hatch
It is spraying that peak period athomin dilutes 1000 times of liquid；
(4) prevention and control of aphids：Before spring is killed the non-leaf roll of blade, it is spraying that sprinkling athomin dilutes 600~800 times of liquid；Growth
400~600 times of liquid are diluted with athomin in season to be sprayed；
(5) red spider prevents and treats：Dormant period strikes off bark from old tress, and the surface soil rooted out around trunk is buried；5 degree of stone sulphur of Baume are sprayed before rudiment
Mixture；Growth period sprays 5 degree of lime sulfurs of Baume, or dilutes 800 times of liquid with athomin and be sprayed, and is spaced 10 days and sprays 1 time, continuously sprays 3
It is secondary.
2. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include step
Six, harvesting in real time：It harvests within fresh-keeping edible variety 1~2 day before the complete ripe phase；The fruit of processing is harvested in hardripe stage；Crisp Lee exists
Hardripe stage harvesting；It harvests within water honey Lee 3~4 days before the complete ripe phase；
Before being exported to or storing, fruit is pre-chilled to 4~5 DEG C in such a way that 0.5~1 DEG C of cold water cools down, vanning amount is 6~10 public
Jin/case.
3. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 2, which is characterized in that further include step
Seven, it stores：
(1) Storage in cold bank：Reserve temperature is 0~1 DEG C, in plum into using formaldehyde or sec-butylamine fumigant fumigation before library；
(2) plastic bag packaging low temperature air conditioned storage：Fruit is filled with the polyethylene film of 0.025 millimeters thick, 5 kilograms every bag, is buckled after dress
Tight sack is stored under the conditions of 0~1 DEG C, can be store under conditions of oxygen concentration is 1~3%, gas concentration lwevel is 5%
10~15 weeks, hiding.
4. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the soil is adjusted
Agent is made of the following components according to parts by weight：
30~40 parts of corn stover, 25~30 parts of rice husk, 15~20 parts of soya-bean cake, 10~15 parts of Edible Fungi waste material slag, corruption
Grow sour 10~15 parts, 12~16 parts of sweet wormwood grass, 0.5~1 part of zinc molybdate, 1~2 part of ferrous sulfate, 10~15 parts of black false hellebore grass, urea
3~4 parts, 100~200 parts of water.
5. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the soil is adjusted
The preparation method of agent is as follows：
Step 1: corn stover, soya-bean cake, Edible Fungi waste material slag, sweet wormwood grass, black false hellebore grass are dried, crushed through pulverizer, mistake
80 mesh sieve give over to spare；
It stirs evenly, gives over to standby Step 2: rice husk, humic acid, zinc molybdate, ferrous sulfate are added into step 1 products therefrom
With；
It is stirred evenly Step 3: urea is added into step 2 products therefrom；
Step 4: water is added into step 3 products therefrom, after mixing evenly up to soil conditioner.
6. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step 3, choosing
Take the standard of transplanting Japanese plum as follows：
Japanese plum, tree vigo(u)r moderate, treelet is upright, as a result half-open of tree performance, is in natural open centre shape, annotinous branch canescence, section
Between long 2.65cm, hole skin white, branch bud position protuberance, blade figure is open and flat, and leaf is green to see pure tooth, the long 10.5cm of base portion wedge shape,
Wide 6.4cm has nectary 2 right, and petiole is short and thick, and grey color is smaller, and Pistil And Stamen is contour, and white flower is solid.
7. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step 4, also
Including：(4) summer pruning：
1. pinching：The growing point of branch is plucked in growth period；
2. turning round the tip：The apex of young sprout is sprained, sprains position at semi-lignified；
3. band girdle：Girding is done to trunk or bough when young sprout stops growing, peeling width is by the 1/ of stripping twig diameter
10；
4. taking branch：Branch middle and lower part is held with hand, pinches and holds repeatedly, keeps shoot tissue impaired, in horizontally or obliquely growing；When summer cuts
Remove the branch of excessive growth, coppice shoot and deadwood.
8. breeding and the cultural method of a kind of plum kind according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step 5, adopt
Use supercritical CO2Fluids extraction extracts athomin, and the athomin concentration of extraction is 20%.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110558143A (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2019-12-13 | 安徽农业大学 | Cyclocarya paliurus cultivation method for improving content of secondary metabolites in cyclocarya paliurus leaves |
| CN114946503A (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2022-08-30 | 重庆德孝农业科技有限公司 | Regulation and control planting method of high-quality plums |
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