CN108718955B - High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in double cropping area - Google Patents
High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in double cropping area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in a double cropping area, which comprises the steps of sowing wheat, fertilizing and managing diseases, pests and weeds, wherein the sowing is carried out in 9-11 months, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer are applied to the bottom before sowing, the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is estimated according to the rainfall of 9-11 months, and the rainfall is the sum of the actual rainfall from 9 months to sowing days and the forecast rainfall from sowing days to 11 months in weather forecast; the invention provides winter wheat substitute plants for seasonal fallow areas, avoids the condition of unfavorable soil moisture conservation caused by bare soil in winter, and provides covering vegetation for soil protection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in a double cropping area.
Background
Wheat originates from the western Asia region with extremely arid climate, compared with crops such as rice, corn and the like, the dry land wheat has extremely strong cold resistance and drought tolerance, and the dry land wheat can be developed according to local conditions by filling the wheat pressure reduction region in the North Hebei and combining the rainfall years, so that the natural resources such as land, season, sunshine, moisture, temperature and the like can be more fully utilized. But because the rainfall years are uncertain, the annual fluctuation of the wheat yield of the dry land in the pressure mining area in the north of the river is large, and the enthusiasm of farmers for planting is seriously stricken. According to the rainfall years in autumn, whether wheat is sown or not is determined according to the soil moisture content, and water is used for fertilizing, so that stable yield and high efficiency are realized. With the increasing sharpness of the contradiction between the supply and the demand of water resources and the reduction of the pressure of the area for irrigating the wheat, the dry farming and rain farming of the wheat becomes the most ideal alternative planting mode in the area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention makes up the defects of the prior art, provides a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for sowing and fertilizing wheat in dry land in accordance with the soil moisture in a double cropping area, provides a water-saving and high-efficiency cultivation method for dry farming wheat for an arid fallow area, has stable yield of the dry farming wheat, provides covering vegetation for the fallow area in winter, and avoids the condition that the soil is not beneficial to soil moisture conservation.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to moisture content in two cropping areas comprises wheat sowing, fertilizing and pest and weed management, wherein the wheat is sown in 9-11 months, the wheat fertilizing is to apply nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to the bottom before sowing, and the key point is that the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is estimated according to the rainfall of 9-11 months, the rainfall is the sum of the actual rainfall of 9-9 months to sowing days and the forecast rainfall of sowing days to 11 months bottoms in weather forecast, and the estimation of the fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is performed according to the following method:
when the rainfall is less than 89.7mm, no fertilizer or little fertilizer is applied;
when the rainfall is more than 122.0mm and is more than or equal to 89.7mm, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 0.6517 multiplied by the rainfall-41.95 mm;
when the rainfall is larger than or equal to 122.0mm, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 0.4741 multiplied by the rainfall-30.909, wherein the unit of the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is kg, and the unit of the rainfall is mm;
and the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is calculated according to the proportion of N: P to 3: 2.
The wheat seeding date is 9-11 months, the sowing is determined according to the soil moisture content before the seeding and the rainfall capacity in 9-11 months, and the seeding is carried out as early as possible when the water content of the plough layer soil is 10% -15%; when the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent, sowing seeds as early as possible if rainfall is more than 15mm in 9-11 months, and sowing seeds in the middle and late days of 11 months if rainfall is not more than 15mm in 9-11 months.
The seeding amount during wheat seeding is estimated according to the rainfall of 9-11 months and is not more than 15 kg/mu at most, the seeding amount is 0.0486 multiplied by the rainfall amount +7.7893, the unit of the seeding amount is kg/mu, and the unit of the rainfall amount is mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method judges the sowing date and the sowing amount due to the soil moisture and rain, provides technical support for cultivating strong seedlings and improving the rate of emergence and the survival rate of wheat sowed in dry land in arid areas, and estimates the application amount of bottom application nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer by combining the actual rainfall amount in 9-11 months with the weather forecast rainfall amount at the same time, so as to provide corresponding nutrients for the growth of the dry land wheat under the same condition; the technical scheme of the invention can be used for planting the dry land wheat in the seasonal fallow area in combination with rainfall, fully utilizes natural resources such as land, sunlight, moisture, temperature and rainwater on the basis of not increasing the consumption of underground water, and realizes stable yield and high efficiency of the dry land wheat due to rain sowing and rain fertilizer adjustment of soil moisture.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a simulation diagram of the relationship between the rainfall capacity in the 9-11 months of the area of Heilonggang harbor and the yield in the next year in the specific embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a simulation diagram showing the relationship between rainfall capacity and fertilizing amount when the yield is high in the open water year in the area of Heilonggang in the specific embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a simulation diagram showing the relationship between rainfall capacity and fertilizing amount when the annual yield of high water in the area of Heilonggang is high in the embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a simulation diagram of the relationship between rainfall and seeding rate when the yield is high in the Black Longgang region in the embodiment.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing in accordance with soil moisture in a double cropping area, which comprises the steps of dividing rainfall years according to rainfall capacity of years and wheat yield, determining wheat sowing and irrigation, fertilization and pest and weed management according to the rainfall capacity, sowing the wheat in 9-11 months, applying nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to the bottom before sowing, estimating the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer according to the actual rainfall capacity in 9-11 months and the weather forecast rainfall capacity, applying the phosphate fertilizer according to the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer in proportion, determining the specific sowing date according to the soil moisture and the rainfall capacity in 9-11 months, ensuring the formation of strong seedlings, and elaborating the specific details of the cultivation method through specific embodiments.
In the specific embodiment, the rainfall years are first divided and determined, and table 1 shows the relationship between the rainfall and the yield of wheat in each period in black longgang region:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from Table 1, the rainfall in 9-11 months is obviously related to the yield, the relevance in other periods does not reach an obvious level, and the rainfall in the growing period is also not obviously related to the yield, so that the rainfall in 9-11 months is used as a main basis to determine whether the dry farming wheat is sown and the management after sowing;
from Table 1, Table 2 can be derived:
| year of year | 9-11 months | Yield of the product |
| 2016-2017 | 142 | 194.9 |
| 2015-2016 | 122.9 | 131.7 |
| 2014-2015 | 93.8 | 107.6 |
| 2013-2014 | 47.2 | 33.6 |
| 2012-2013 | 149.8 | 195.3 |
| 2011-2012 | 83.4 | 89.0 |
| 2010-2011 | 61.8 | 37.2 |
| 2009-2010 | 107.6 | 110.66 |
| 2008-2009 | 90.1 | 112.8 |
| 2007-2008 | 102.9 | 116.1 |
According to the data in tables 1 and 2, the rainfall in 9-11 months and the yield in the next year are simulated, as shown in fig. 1, y is 1.636x-50.82, R20.9546 where y is yield (in kg/acre) and x is rainfall (in mm);
from the equation:
(1) the rainfall is more than or equal to 122.0mm, the yield is more than or equal to 150 kg/mu, and the year is considered as a water-rich year;
(2) the rainfall is more than 122.0mm and more than 89.7mm, the yield is more than 150 kg/mu and more than 100 kg/mu, and the year is considered as open water;
(3) the rainfall is less than 89.7mm, the yield is less than 100kg, and the year is considered as water shortage.
Summarizing the above, it can be seen that: the water shortage years are 2010-2011, 2013-2014 and 2011-2012, the water shortage years are 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2014-2015, and the water abundance years are 2012-2013, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017;
after harvesting the previous corn, immediately crushing the straws, uniformly spreading the straws on the ground in the field to prevent water from evaporating from the ground, improving the storage capacity of rainwater in soil when raining, additionally applying organic fertilizer before land preparation, and additionally applying decomposed organic fertilizer 3m per mu3In addition, the bottom application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is also needed, and the potassium fertilizer is K2And O, the application amount is 10-15 kg/mu, and the estimation of the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer is carried out by combining rainfall information provided by weather forecast:
TABLE 3 statistics of the maximum amount of fertilizer applied in the year of under water
| Year of year | Yield of the product | Amount of rainfall | Amount of fertilizer applied |
| 2010-2011 | 54 | 61.8 | 0 |
| 2011-2012 | 95.5 | 83.4 | 0 |
| 2013-2014 | 42.4 | 47.2 | 0 |
When the rainfall is less than 89.7mm, the yield is higher without fertilization, so that no fertilization or less fertilization is performed, and the less fertilization is less than the fertilization amount in the open water year, so that the cost can be saved, and the yield is not reduced;
TABLE 4 statistics of maximum or higher yield in horizontal year of fertilization
| Year of year | Yield (kg/mu) | Rainfall (mm) | Fertilizing amount (kg/mu) |
| 2007-2008 | 124.7 | 102.9 | 12 |
| 2007-2008 | 125.1 | 102.9 | 36 |
| 2008-2009 | 136.2 | 90.1 | 12 |
| 2009-2010 | 124.6 | 107.6 | 48 |
| 2009-1010 | 122.7 | 107.6 | 36 |
| 2014-2015 | 130.9 | 93.8 | 12 |
Making a simulation equation of rainfall and fertilizing amount: obtaining the relation between the rainfall amount x and the fertilization amount y, namely y is 0.6517x-41.95, and as shown in figure 2, when the rainfall amount is more than 122.0mm and more than or equal to 89.7mm, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 0.6517x the rainfall amount-41.95;
TABLE 5 statistics of maximum annual yield of fertigation
| Year of year | Yield of the product | Amount of rainfall | Amount of fertilizer applied |
| 2011-2013 | 249.4 | 149.8 | 48 |
| 2015-2016 | 158 | 122.9 | 24 |
| 2016-2017 | 260 | 142 | 48 |
Making a simulation equation of rainfall and fertilizing amount: obtaining the relation between the rainfall amount x and the fertilization amount y, namely y is 0.4741x-30.909, as shown in figure 3, when the rainfall amount is larger than or equal to 122.0mm, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 0.4741 multiplied by the rainfall amount-30.909, wherein the unit of the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is kg, and the unit of the rainfall amount is mm;
in addition, considering the low benefit of the wheat in dry land, the application amount of the fertilizer is not recommended to be adjusted to achieve high yield, and in the water-rich year, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is about 36 kg/mu; the nitrogen fertilizer is pure nitrogen, and the phosphate fertilizer is P2O5The amount of phosphate fertilizer is in the ratio of N to P to 3 to 2Example, calculation is carried out;
all fertilizers are applied at the bottom, no additional fertilizer is applied in the later period, rotary tillage and soil preparation are carried out in time twice after the fertilizers are applied, soil is deeply loosened every other year, the soil preparation is finished, when the surface soil is yellowed, and then the soil is compacted according to the compaction strength requirement (unit:%) of straw returning wheat fields shown in the table 6;
TABLE 6
The dry land wheat variety is water saving variety with outstanding drought resisting and water saving, high natural resource utilization rate, several kinds of stress resistance and suitable for dry land plantation, and may be mixed with humic acid in 50kg of water 5kg of humic acid 200g, and through mixing, drying and seeding, the water absorbing capacity of seed coat may be raised, the physiological activity of seed coat may be accelerated and the growth of young root may be promoted.
Table 7 shows the relationship between the number of wheat ears per acre and the fertilizer in black longhong harbour area:
TABLE 7
As can be seen from Table 7, the average ear number per mu of wheat for many years varies: 20.72-32.65 ten thousand ears/mu, according to the theory of ten thousand seeds and ten thousand seedlings, in combination with the poor tillering capability of the dry land wheat, the main ear is a single-stalk seedling, so that the sowing amount of the wheat can be determined to be 10-15kg, the sowing amount can be properly increased when the rainfall is sufficient according to the water and fertilizer conditions, but the maximum sowing amount is not more than 15 kg/mu, in addition, if the sowing period is late and is 11 middle and late months, the sowing amount is also properly increased, particularly, the dry land wheat which is covered in soil and emerges in the second year can be directly sowed for 15 kg/mu, which mainly considers that the germination vigor of the wheat seeds which is caused late in the sowing period is weak, and the emergence rate is reduced.
TABLE 8 statistical table of rainfall and seeding amount when yield is highest
The rainfall and the seeding rate are used as a simulation equation, as shown in fig. 4, the simulation equation is that y is 0.0486x +7.7893, R20.9972, as shown in fig. 4, the seeding rate of wheat seeding is estimated according to the rainfall of weather forecast 9-11 months and is not more than 15 kg/mu at most, the seeding rate is 0.0486 × rainfall +7.7893mm, the unit of the seeding rate is kg/mu, and the unit of the rainfall is mm;
the specific sowing date of wheat is determined according to the soil moisture content and rainfall in 9-11 months, the determination of the sowing time of the wheat in dry land is subject to the soil moisture content, the wheat is sowed in the optimal sowing time under the condition that the moisture content is not a limiting factor, the significance for cultivating strong seedlings is determined, and the seedling emergence is preferably carried out 6 days after sowing at the daily average temperature of 16-18 ℃; soil moisture content must be considered during sowing, and when soil is in danger of losing moisture, moisture-saving sowing is required, and the specific operation method comprises the following steps:
when the water content of the plough layer soil is 10% -15%, active measures can be taken, and multi-harrow soil moisture lifting and soil moisture robbing are adopted to perform early sowing according to the principle of unequal soil moisture, so that the sowing can be performed as early as possible; when the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent, if rainfall is more than 15mm in 9-11 months, the seeds are planted according to the principle of different soil moisture, if the rainfall is not more than 15mm in 9-11 months, the seeds are sowed in the middle and late ten days of 11 months, the wheat before winter after sowing is in a state of not sprouting but covering in the soil, the state of seedling emergence damage before winter is not easy to occur, and the survival rate can be improved;
TABLE 9
Table 9 shows the relationship between the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer and the amount of applied phosphorus fertilizer and the yield in black longgang harbor area, and it can be known from table 3: in the water shortage year, the fertilizer has extremely limited regulation and control on the wheat yield, and the yield is the highest with 0N 0P; in the horizontal year, the yield is stable and higher with 24N16P and 36N 24P; in the full water year, the yield is stable and higher with 36N24P and 48N 32P. From the average yield level: in water shortage, the average is 53.3 kg/mu; in open water, the average is 111.8 kg/mu; in the full water year, the average is 174.0 kg/mu.
In conclusion, the yield of the wheat in the dry land is mainly influenced by rainfall in autumn, and the influence of the rainfall after the wheat seedlings grow on the yield is very limited, so that whether the wheat is sowed or not can be determined according to the rainfall in autumn, the required fertilizer amount is increased along with the increase of the rainfall in 9-11 months, and the fertilizer is applied at the bottom before land preparation.
Table 10 shows the statistics of the water consumption at different depths of wheat in 2011-
As can be seen from Table 10, the drought control management of the wheat in the late stage of growth is very important in the late stage of growth when the wheat in the dry land is mainly used for water consumption. The fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaf surfaces of 0.1 percent calcium chloride solution in the jointing stage and the filling stage of the wheat, and the yield can be increased by more than 5 percent; in the jointing stage and the booting stage, 50g of drought-resistant agent 1 is used per mu, 10kg of water is added for dissolving, and then the leaf surface is sprayed for 2 times, so that the opening angle of leaf pores can be effectively reduced, transpiration is reduced, the root activity is improved, and the drought resistance and yield increase are realized.
In addition, the field cultivation management also comprises: 1) the sowing depth is 3-5cm, and the row spacing is 20-22 cm; 2) after emergence of seedlings, the seedlings pay attention to control pennisetum hydridum, cricket and laodelphax striatellus, and control grassy weeds such as broad-field weeds and brome grass; 3) the grazing of wheat fields is forbidden in winter; 4) comprehensively preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds in spring: on the basis of normal control of diseases, pests and weeds, the control of sucking pests and gibberellic disease should be enhanced. Mixing isosalix methyl or chlorpyrifos granules with the toxic soil for broadcasting in the booting stage, and spraying insecticide in the heading and flowering stage to remove residues for prevention and control; spraying bactericide such as diniconazole or carbendazim and the like before wheat blossom to prevent and treat the occurrence of gibberellic disease; 5) the later stage dry-hot air preventing technology of the wheat field: in the wheat filling period, a dry hot air resistant preparation is sprayed, so that the aging is slowed down, the filling is promoted, and the harm of dry hot air is relieved; 6) harvesting the wheat early at the late stage of wheat wax ripening.
Claims (4)
1. A high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in a double cropping area comprises wheat sowing, fertilizing and disease, insect and weed management, wherein the wheat is sowed in 9-11 months, and nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied to the bottom of the wheat before sowing, and is characterized in that: the fertilizer application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is estimated according to the rainfall of 9-11 months, the rainfall is the sum of the actual rainfall from 9 months to the sowing day and the forecast rainfall from the sowing day to the bottom of 11 months in weather forecast, and the estimation of the fertilizer application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is carried out according to the following method:
when the rainfall is less than 89.7mm, no fertilizer or little fertilizer is applied;
when the rainfall is more than 122.0mm and is more than or equal to 89.7mm, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 0.6517 multiplied by the rainfall-41.95;
when the rainfall is larger than or equal to 122.0mm, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 0.4741 multiplied by the rainfall-30.909, wherein the unit of the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is kg, and the unit of the rainfall is mm.
2. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in the double cropping area by sowing and fertilizing according to the soil moisture and the dry land, which is characterized in that: and the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is calculated according to the proportion of N: P to 3: 2.
3. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in the double cropping area by sowing and fertilizing according to the soil moisture and the dry land, which is characterized in that: the wheat seeding date is 9-11 months, the sowing is determined according to the soil moisture content before the seeding and the rainfall capacity in 9-11 months, and the seeding is carried out as early as possible when the water content of the plough layer soil is 10% -15%; when the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent, sowing seeds as early as possible if rainfall is more than 15mm in 9-11 months, and sowing seeds in the middle and late days of 11 months if rainfall is not more than 15mm in 9-11 months.
4. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in the double cropping area by sowing and fertilizing according to the soil moisture and the dry land, which is characterized in that: the seeding amount during wheat seeding is estimated according to the rainfall of 9-11 months and is not more than 15 kg/mu at most, the seeding amount is 0.0486 multiplied by the rainfall amount +7.7893, the unit of the seeding amount is kg/mu, and the unit of the rainfall amount is mm.
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