CN108633424B - Winter wheat fertilizing method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a winter wheat fertilization method, which comprises the following steps: collecting soil data, meteorological data and management measure data of a target area; inputting the collected data into a suitability process model for simulation, and rating and verifying the model by using the actually measured yield; determining the maximum potential target yield of winter wheat in the target area by using the calibrated model; further determining the target yield of the recommended fertilization of the target area; calculating the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of the winter wheat crop in the target area according to the target yield; then, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage of the target area is estimated according to the nitrogen agronomic efficiency; determining the use amounts and the types of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the target area according to the use amount of the nitrogen fertilizers in the target area; and determining the proportion distribution of the base nitrogen fertilizer and the dressing nitrogen fertilizer and the type of the nitrogen fertilizer according to the nutrient absorption curve of the winter wheat simulated by the applicability process model and the fertilizer distribution result. The invention gives consideration to the agronomic effect, the yield benefit and the environmental benefit, and improves the soil quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a winter wheat fertilization method capable of reducing environmental risks.
Background
Wheat is one of the important grain crops in China, and the vast residents also have favor for the wheat. The data show that the seeding area of the wheat in the whole country in 2010 reaches 2350 ten thousand hectares, which accounts for about 10.6% of the seeding area of the wheat in the world (yearbook in Chinese agriculture, 2010), and plays a very important role in guaranteeing the global grain safety.
In order to obtain high yield and benefit, farmers apply chemical fertilizers in large quantities, blind excess and unbalanced fertilization are almost common, and the phenomenon is common particularly in some economically developed areas. Comprehensive investigation of nearly ten thousand farmers in the wheat main production area in 2000-2002 shows that the average application amount of nitrogen fertilizers of wheat and corn respectively reaches 210kg/ha (Chen et al, 2014, Nature), and the data is far higher than the level of 150-180 kg/ha of the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application amount of main food crops in China, which is proposed by Zhumegagood and the like. At present, the phenomenon of excessive fertilizer input still exists, the nitrogen and phosphorus application is seriously excessive, and the input amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is seriously unbalanced, for example, the input amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a wheat-corn rotation system in Shandong is 673, 244 and 98kg/ha respectively, and obviously, the result is improved by a higher level than the fertilizing amount in 90 years of the 20 th century. The excessive and unreasonable application of the fertilizer can not further improve the yield, but also cause the waste of fertilizer resources and influence the safety of ecological environment.
The traditional wheat recommended fertilization method is mostly considered from the perspective of target yield, the target yield recommended fertilization method also comprises a nutrient balance method and a soil fertility subtraction method, the nutrient balance method has the defect that the soil fertility supply can not be directly calculated, usually, a correction coefficient is obtained through experiments to adjust, the yield of a blank field in the soil fertility subtraction method can not be obtained in advance, and difficulty is brought to popularization. However, with the progress of information technology and model technology, a series of crop models are continuously applied to agricultural research, and by providing corresponding meteorological, soil and crop parameters, applicable process models (such as APSIM, EPIC and the like) can simulate and predict crop growth processes, soil fertilizer supply capacity and crop nutrient absorption capacity under different farmland management modes on point positions or areas, so that lag or deviation of fertilizer application guided by nutrient absorption data obtained by a single or a small number of data points is avoided. However, limited by the data source and the applicability of the model, the current method for optimizing rational fertilization of crops in the whole growth period by using the model simulation technology is still not common.
Therefore, how to scientifically and reasonably distribute nitrogen fertilizer according to different growth periods of wheat by using a model simulation technology is a practical problem which is expected to be solved in the field at present, and a reasonable fertilization mode is urgently needed to be provided according to model-based estimation, considering soil and meteorological conditions and considering both agricultural benefits and environmental benefits.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a reasonable fertilization method for winter wheat. The method considers the soil and meteorological conditions, considers the agronomic effect, the yield benefit and the environmental benefit, combines an APSIM model to simulate crop nutrient absorption parameters, estimates the maximum potential yield, and is matched with the application of chemical fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer and organic fertilizer and straw returning, thereby not only ensuring the high yield of winter wheat, but also reducing the nutrient leaching risk, reducing the emission of greenhouse gas, improving the soil quality and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a winter wheat fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
1) and collecting soil, weather and management measure data of the target area. The soil data mainly comprises saturated water content, withered water content, nitrate nitrogen ammonium nitrogen, organic carbon, quick-acting phosphorus and pH value of soil of different soil levels, meteorological data requires day-by-day rainfall, highest temperature, lowest temperature and solar radiation data of nearly 10 years, and management measure data comprises sowing harvest information, fertilization information and the like of wheat.
2) And inputting the collected data into an APSIM model for simulation, and carrying out calibration and verification on the model by using the measured yield of wheat in 5 years to obtain model parameters.
3) And on the basis of the previous step, performing scene simulation, determining the maximum potential target yield, and taking 80% of the maximum potential target yield as the target yield of the recommended fertilization of the target area. If the soil and meteorological information of the target area cannot be acquired, field test data can be adopted, and the highest yield in the test, which is usually the NPK total fertilization plot yield, is taken as the target yield.
4) Calculating the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of the winter wheat crops in the target area according to the target yield of the target area determined by the model in the last step; then, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage of the target area is estimated according to the nitrogen agronomic efficiency;
5) determining the use amounts and the types of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the target area according to the use amount of the nitrogen fertilizers in the target area;
6) according to the situation simulation result of the step 3), namely an APSIM model simulation result under the condition of ensuring sufficient water and nutrient supply, drawing a nitrogen absorption curve of the wheat in the whole growth period according to the crop nitrogen absorption amount day by day, calculating the nitrogen demand of different growth periods by combining the growth periods of the wheat, and performing situation simulation by adopting an APSIM model by setting different base additional fertilizer proportions according to the distribution result of the step 5) to determine the optimal ratio distribution of the base application nitrogen fertilizer and the additional application nitrogen fertilizer and the type of the nitrogen fertilizer.
Further, the method for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer dosage in the target area comprises the following steps: the nitrogen agronomic efficiency is (target yield-nitrogen reduction cell yield)/nitrogen application amount; then by the formula Yt ═ 0.0117X2+0.0652X-0.492 to calculate the nitrogen fertilizer yield reaction Yt, X is the nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and then calculating the nitrogen fertilizer dosage per unit area Fert of the target area through the formula Fert 77.012X ln (Yt) + 122.94; and then, estimating the nitrogen fertilizer dosage in the target area according to the nitrogen fertilizer dosage per unit area Fert in the target area.
Further, in the step 5), the determined amounts and types of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer in the target area are as follows: the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is distributed according to 50 percent of quick-acting nitrogen, 20 percent of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and 30 percent of organic fertilizer nitrogen; the range of the proportional fluctuation is not more than +/-5.
Further, the basal nitrogen fertilizer and the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer are distributed according to the proportion of 70 percent and 30 percent.
Further, the basal application nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30 percent of organic fertilizer nitrogen, 20 percent of slow release fertilizer basal application and 20 percent of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in proportion of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer.
Further, according to the crop fertilizer requirement rule simulated by the APSIM model, the optimal topdressing and fertilizing period is determined, and the topdressing and fertilizing of the nitrogen fertilizer are respectively carried out in the green returning period and the booting period, wherein the ratio of the topdressing and fertilizing is 1: 1.
Further, in the step 5), the proportion of the organic fertilizer nitrogen in the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 30%.
Furthermore, the phosphate fertilizer is supplemented to the target area by the following method: and obtaining the potential yield of the winter wheat in the target area by adopting an APSIM model, obtaining the fertilizer application amount corresponding to the target area reaching the target yield according to the APSIM model, determining the phosphate fertilizer required to be supplemented in the target area, and applying the phosphate fertilizer as a base fertilizer at one time.
Further, a potassium fertilizer is supplemented to the target area, and the method comprises the following steps: and determining the potassium fertilizer to be supplemented in the target area according to the potassium fertilizer application amount corresponding to the target yield calculated by the APSIM model, and applying the potassium fertilizer serving as the base fertilizer at one time.
Further, 50% of corn straws in the target area are cut up, straw decomposing inoculant is added and returned to the field, and the field is buried by 10-20 cm.
Further, before the base fertilizer is sowed, the base fertilizer is turned into soil in a rotary tillage mode.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following positive effects:
1) in combination with a crop model. The method applies a crop model, considers soil and meteorological conditions, considers agronomic effect, yield benefit and environmental benefit, determines target yield by using the APSIM, and determines the proportion of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer and the optimal additional fertilizer period according to a nutrient absorption curve;
2) the application of the nitrogen fertilizer takes the agricultural utilization efficiency and the yield reaction into consideration, and provides a calculation formula according to a large number of field tests;
3) the slow-release fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are applied, so that the nutrients are released according to the nutrient absorption rule of the wheat, the high yield of the winter wheat is ensured, the nutrient leaching risk is reduced, the greenhouse gas emission is reduced, the soil quality is improved, and the microbial activity is improved;
4) in order to facilitate the operation, a five-grade recommended fertilization method is recommended for phosphate fertilizers and potash fertilizers.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be further illustrated by the following specific examples, without thereby restricting the scope of protection of the invention.
The specific method provided by the invention is shown in figure 1, and comprises the following steps:
1) and collecting soil, weather, crop variety and management measure data of the target area. The soil data mainly comprises saturated water content, withered water content, nitrate nitrogen ammonium nitrogen, organic carbon, quick-acting phosphorus and pH value of soil of different soil levels, meteorological data requires day-by-day rainfall, highest temperature, lowest temperature and solar radiation data of nearly 10 years, and management measure data comprises sowing harvest information, fertilization information and the like of wheat.
2) And inputting the collected data into an APSIM model for simulation, and carrying out calibration and model verification by using the actual yield to obtain model parameters.
3) And on the basis of the previous step, performing scene simulation, determining the maximum potential target yield, and taking 80% of the maximum potential target yield as the target yield of the recommended fertilization of the target area. If the soil and meteorological information of the target area cannot be acquired, field test data can be adopted, and the highest yield in the test, which is usually the NPK total fertilization plot yield, is taken as the target yield.
4) And on the basis of considering yield response and agricultural efficiency principle, presuming the nitrogen fertilizer usage amount of the target area. Firstly, calculating the agronomic efficiency of the winter wheat crops in the target area, wherein the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N) is (target yield-nitrogen reduction cell yield)/nitrogen application amount, and the agronomic efficiency is from field test data; secondly, estimating the nitrogen fertilizer yield response of the target area according to the agronomic efficiency; and finally estimating the nitrogen fertilizer usage based on the yield response. A formula for deriving nitrogen fertilizer yield response and agronomic efficiency based on a large number of experimental data is as follows:
Yt＝0.0117*X2+0.0652X-0.492 (formula 1)
Wherein Yt is nitrogen fertilizer yield reaction (unit: t/ha), X is nitrogen agronomic efficiency (unit: kg/kg), and the agronomic efficiency is increment of crop yield absorbed by unit nutrient;
on the basis of nitrogen yield reaction, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is presumed, and the formula is as follows:
fert ═ 77.012 × ln (yt) +122.94 (formula 2)
Wherein Fert is the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer per unit area (unit: kg/hectare), and Yt is the yield reaction of nitrogen fertilizer.
For example: the agronomic efficiency of the winter wheat under the target yield of 10000kg/ha is determined to be 16kg/kg, the yield reaction is calculated to be 3.5464 through a formula 1, the yield reaction is substituted into a formula 2, and the recommended nitrogen fertilizer amount is estimated to be 220 kg/ha.
5) Under the condition of determining the recommended nutrient dosage, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage is distributed according to the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer.
The test results based on the influence of a large amount of organic fertilizer substituted chemical nitrogen on the crop yield are shown in table 1, and the optimal proportion of the organic fertilizer substituted chemical fertilizer is 30%, namely 30% of organic fertilizer nitrogen and 70% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen. For the types of organic fertilizers, in order to avoid secondary pollution caused by antibiotics and heavy metals, qualified commercial organic fertilizers are adopted without using livestock manure as much as possible; if the livestock manure is adopted, the fertilizer can be applied after the qualified detection. The organic substitution is beneficial to increasing the activity of microorganisms, improving the physical structure of the soil and improving the fertility level of the soil.
By adopting the organic substitution technology of nitrogen fertilizer, the yield is increased by 16.7 percent compared with the conventional fertilization, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by 44 percent, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is improved by 26.2 percent.
TABLE 1 North China winter wheat nitrogenous fertilizer organic substitution technical effect
Such as: the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer estimated in the first step is 220kg/ha, the organic fertilizer nitrogen is 66kg/ha of pure nitrogen, and the chemical fertilizer nitrogen is 154kg/ha of pure nitrogen.
6) Nitrogen fertilizer type and its base additional fertilizer proportion distribution
The total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is distributed according to 50 percent of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, 20 percent of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (90d) and 30 percent of organic fertilizer, the base-applied nitrogen fertilizer and the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer are distributed according to the proportion of 70 percent to 30 percent, and the base fertilizer is broadcast and applied before sowing and rotary tillage is carried out.
Basal application of nitrogen fertilizer: 30 percent of organic fertilizer nitrogen, 20 percent of slow controlled release fertilizer (90d) base application and 20 percent of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer application, wherein the total proportion is 70 percent.
Dressing nitrogen fertilizer: 30% quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is used as additional fertilizer, and the additional fertilizer is respectively applied in the green returning period and the booting period, wherein the ratio of the additional fertilizer to the fertilizer is 1: 1.
The slow-release nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the activity of soil urease, promote the increase of the number of microorganisms in soil, improve the activity of soil microorganisms and promote the increase of population number. The slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatment soil bacteria shannon index is obviously greater than that of urea fertilization treatment. As shown in Table 2, based on the test results, the yield of winter wheat is increased by 17.2% compared with the conventional fertilization by adopting the root zone controlled-release fertilizer technology, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by 30%, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is improved by 8%.
TABLE 2 root zone nitrogen/controlled release fertilizer application test results
For example: the total nitrogen fertilizer dosage calculated according to the previous step is 220kg/ha, wherein the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer dosage is 110kg/ha, the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer dosage is 44kg/ha, and the organic fertilizer dosage is 66 kg/ha. The amount of the base applied nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: the dosage of the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is 44kg/ha, the dosage of the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is 44kg/ha, and the dosage of the organic fertilizer is 66 kg/ha; the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is as follows: the dosage of the two quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers is 33kg/ha respectively, and topdressing is carried out at the seedling stage and the jointing stage respectively.
7) Phosphate fertilizer supplement
For convenience of operation, the soil is quickly available in terms of phosphorus (P)2O5) The content of the soil fertility is divided into 5 grades, and the grades are respectively high fertility (>40mg/kg), higher fertility (20-40mg/kg), medium fertility (10-20mg/kg), lower fertility (5-10mg/kg), low fertility ((ii) ((iii))<5 mg/kg). If the soil test value is not available, the soil can be divided according to the reaction coefficient of the phosphorus yield, and the results are respectively high fertility>0.065), high fertility (0.065-0.089), medium fertility (0.089-0.113), low fertility (0.113-0.141mg/kg), low fertility (<0.141). The user selects the proper phosphorus application amount of the winter wheat according to different target yields under different phosphorus levels. See table 3 for details:
TABLE 3 recommended phosphorus application for different target yields for different fertility levels
For example: the fertility water of the recommended place is at a high fertility level, the target yield is 10t/ha, the dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is 79-87kg/ha, and 83kg/ha can be selected as the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer. Wherein the organic fertilizer contains 50 percent of phosphorus, the fertilizer contains 50 percent of phosphorus, and the phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time.
8) Supplementary potash fertilizer
For convenience of operation, the soil quick-acting potassium (K) is used2The content of O) is divided into 5 soil potassium fertility levels which are respectively high fertility (C)>200mg/kg), higher fertility (150-<50 mg/kg). If the soil test value is not available, the soil fertility level can be divided according to the potassium yield reaction coefficient, and the soil fertility level is respectively high fertility>0.051), higher fertility (0.051-0.070), medium fertility (0.070-0.089), lower fertility (0.089-0.117mg/kg), low fertility (<0.144). The user selects the potassium application amount of the winter wheat according to different target yields under different potassium fertility levels. The potash fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time. The amount of fertilizer applied is detailed in table 4:
TABLE 4 recommended potassium application for different target yields at different fertility levels
For example: the target yield is 10t/ha, and under the condition of higher fertility level and straw returning amount of more than 60%, the consumption of the potash fertilizer is not more than 53 kg/ha. The potash fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time.
9) Straw returning to field
The using method comprises the following steps: 50 percent of corn straws are cut up, and then the corn straws are returned to the field by adding straw decomposing microbial inoculum and buried by 10 to 20 cm.
Based on test results, the yield of winter wheat is increased by 22.4% compared with the conventional fertilization by adopting a straw returning nitrogen regulation technology, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by 20%, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is improved by 10% (shown in a table 5).
TABLE 5 demonstration of straw returning to field and nitrogen adjustment
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and a person skilled in the art can make modifications or equivalent substitutions to the technical solution of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention should be determined by the claims.
Claims (6)
1. A winter wheat fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
1) collecting soil data, meteorological data and management measure data of a target area; the management measure data comprises sowing and harvesting information and fertilizing information of winter wheat;
2) inputting the data collected in the step 1) into an applicability process model for simulation, and calibrating and verifying the applicability process model by using the actually measured yield;
3) determining the maximum potential target yield of winter wheat in the target area by using the calibrated applicability process model; then determining the target yield of the recommended fertilization of the target area according to the maximum potential target yield;
4) calculating the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of the winter wheat crop in the target area according to the target yield; then, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage of the target area is estimated according to the nitrogen agronomic efficiency; the method for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer dosage in the target area comprises the following steps: the nitrogen agronomic efficiency = (target yield-nitrogen reduction cell yield)/nitrogen application amount; then by the formula Yt = 0.0117X 2+0.0652X-0.492 calculated as the nitrogenous fertilizer production responseYtAnd X is nitrogen agronomic efficiency; then by the formulaFert= 77.012*ln(Yt) +122.94 calculating the nitrogen fertilizer dosage per unit area Fert of the target area; then, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage of the target area is estimated according to the unit area nitrogen fertilizer dosage Fert of the target area;
5) determining the use amounts and the types of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the target area according to the use amount of the nitrogen fertilizers in the target area;
6) determining the proportion distribution of the basal nitrogen fertilizer and the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and the type of the nitrogen fertilizer according to the nutrient absorption curve of the winter wheat simulated by the applicability process model and the fertilizer distribution result of the step 5); the basal nitrogen fertilizer and the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer are distributed according to the proportion of 70 percent to 30 percent; the basal nitrogenous fertilizer accounts for the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizers and is divided into: 30% of organic fertilizer nitrogen, 20% of slow release fertilizer base application and 20% of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer; taking 30% of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, and respectively carrying out topdressing in the green returning period and the booting period of the winter wheat in a ratio of 1: 1;
7) and (3) supplementing phosphate fertilizer to the target area: determining phosphate fertilizers to be supplemented in the target area according to the phosphate fertilizer application amount in the table 1 and applying the phosphate fertilizers as base fertilizers at one time;
8) and (3) replenishing potassium fertilizer to the target area: determining the potassium fertilizer to be supplemented in the target area according to the application amount of the potassium fertilizer in the table 2, and applying the potassium fertilizer serving as a base fertilizer at one time;
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount and type of fertilizer and fertilizer used in the target area is: the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is distributed according to 50 percent of quick-acting nitrogen, 20 percent of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and 30 percent of organic fertilizer nitrogen.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said base fertilizer is rotary tilled into soil prior to planting.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the suitability process model is an APSIM model.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the target area is subject to 50% corn straw chopping and straw decomposition inoculant returning, and is buried 10-20cm in depth.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the soil data includes soil saturation water content, withered water content, nitrate nitrogen ammonium nitrogen, organic carbon, rapid-acting phosphorus, pH value at different soil levels; the meteorological data comprise day-to-day rainfall, highest air temperature, lowest air temperature and solar radiation data of a plurality of years.
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| CN108718955B (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2020-09-29 | 河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所 | High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for wheat in dry land by sowing and fertilizing according to soil moisture in double cropping area |
| CN109287232A (en) * | 2018-11-21 | 2019-02-01 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | A kind of recommendation method of administration of wheat potassium fertilizer |
| CN109804747A (en) * | 2019-03-28 | 2019-05-28 | 河北农业大学 | A kind of wheat slow-release fertilizer fertilizing method |
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| CN112598277B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2023-10-20 | 中国科学院大学 | Method for evaluating yield difference of trans-regional reduced winter wheat and improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency |
| CN113099811B (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2022-08-23 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Special fertilizer for regionalized wheat based on QUEFTS model and application method |
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| CN115316097A (en) * | 2022-08-02 | 2022-11-11 | 中联智慧农业股份有限公司 | Method and processor for determining nitrogen fertilizer application amount aiming at soil of planting area |
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