CN108568313A - 一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法 - Google Patents
一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108568313A CN108568313A CN201710129643.XA CN201710129643A CN108568313A CN 108568313 A CN108568313 A CN 108568313A CN 201710129643 A CN201710129643 A CN 201710129643A CN 108568313 A CN108568313 A CN 108568313A
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Classifications
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/08—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of gallium, indium or thallium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/30—Tungsten
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
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Abstract
本发明属于一氧化碳加氢直接制备低碳烯烃,具体涉及一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,其以合成气为反应原料,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应,该方法采用的催化剂由A组分和B组分复合而成,其A组分为金属氧化物,B组分为分子筛,金属氧化物和分子筛物理混合起催化作用。A组分与B组分之间的重量比范围0.1‑20,反应过程具有很高的产品收率和选择性,低碳烯烃的选择性可以达到65‑85%,其中丙烯选择性达到45‑66%,副产物甲烷选择性极低(<5%),具有很好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于一氧化碳加氢制备低碳烯烃,具体涉及一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法。
背景技术
低碳烯烃是指碳原子数小于或等于4的烯烃。以乙烯、丙烯为代表的低碳烯烃是非常重要的基本有机化工原料,随着我国经济的快速增长,长期以来,低碳烯烃市场供不应求。目前,低碳烯烃的生产主要采用轻烃(乙烷、石脑油、轻柴油)裂解的石油化工路线,由于全球石油资源的日渐缺乏和原油价格长期高位运行,发展低碳烯烃工业仅仅依靠石油轻烃为原料的管式裂解炉工艺会遇到越来越大的原料难题,低碳烯烃生产工艺和原料必须多元化。选用合成气制取烯烃工艺可拓宽原材料来源,将以原油、天然气、煤炭和可再生材料为原料生产合成气,为基于高成本原料如石脑油的蒸汽裂解技术方面提供替代方案。合成气一步法直接制取低碳烯烃就是一氧化碳和氢在催化剂作用下,通过费托合成反应直接制得碳原子数小于或等于4的低碳烯烃的过程,该工艺无需像间接法工艺那样从合成气经甲醇或二甲醚,进一步制备烯烃,简化工艺流程,大大减少投资。
合成气通过费托合成直接制取低碳烯烃,已成为费托合成催化剂开发的研究热点之一。中科院大连化学物理研究所公开的专利CN1083415A中,用MgO等IIA族碱金属氧化物或高硅沸石分子筛(或磷铝沸石)担载的铁-锰催化剂体系,以强碱K或Cs离子作助剂,在合成气制低碳烯烃反应压力为1.0~5.0MPa,反应温度300~400℃下,可获得较高的活性(CO转化率90%)和选择性(低碳烯烃选择性66%)。北京化工大学所申报的专利ZL031095852中,采用真空浸渍法制备锰、铜、锌硅、钾等为助剂的Fe/C催化剂用于合成气制低碳烯烃反应,在无原料气循环的条件下,CO转化率96%,低碳烯烃在碳氢化合物中的选择性68%。最近,荷兰Utrecht大学de Jong教授团队采用SiC,碳纳米纤维等惰性载体负载的Fe以及Na、S等助剂修饰的Fe催化剂,取得了很好进展获得了61%的低碳烯烃选择性,但是转化率升高时,选择性降低。上述报道的催化剂是采用金属铁或者碳化铁为活性组分,反应遵循金属表面的链增长反应机理,产物低碳烯烃的选择性较低,尤其单种产物如乙烯的选择性低于30%,同时,甲烷含量高于15%。
最近中国科学院大连化学物理研究所包信和院士和潘秀莲研究员报道了氧化铝负载的ZnCr2O4尖晶石氧化物与多级孔SAPO-34分子筛复合双功能催化剂,实现了CO转化率17%时,低碳烯烃80%的选择性,其中低碳烷烃选择性为14,烯烃与烷烃的比例(烯烷比)达到5.7。但是转化率升高到35%,烯烃的选择性下降到69%,而烷烃的选择性上升到20%,烯烷比降为3.5。且丙烯丁烯选择性为40-50%,由于所使用的分子筛酸量较大,根据NH3-TPD测试,中强酸酸量达到0.32mol/kg。在他们申请的专利(201610600945.6)中,他们通过控制骨架元素比例及中强酸酸量可以明显提高C3-C4烯烃的选择性,但是其中丙烯本身的选择性最高仅能达到最高40%。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供了一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,即有低碳烯烃在产物中的选择性可达65~85%,甲烷选择性低于5%,其中丙烯的选择性达到45-66%,明显提高了丙烯的选择性。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种催化剂,A组分和B组分以物理方式混合,A组分的活性成份为金属氧化物,其特点在于:金属氧化物为Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2中的一种或二种,B组分为分子筛。n是0.01-0.2之间。
所述催化剂A组分的活性金属氧化物中M为Bi、Ga、Zr、In、Cs、La、Sn、Pb、Ta、Ag、Sr、Ti、Ba、Ce、Ca、Fe、Co、Ni、Mg、V、W、Mo、Cu等金属,优选为Bi,Ga,Zr,In,Cs。
所述催化剂B组分为具有CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛。
所述催化剂A组分中的活性成份与B组分之间的重量比0.1-20范围之间,优选为0.3-5。
所述金属氧化物由大小为5-30nm的晶粒构成,从晶粒表面至晶粒内部方向深度为0.3nm的距离范围内,存在大量氧空穴,即氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量比60%以下,优选氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量比60%-10%,更优选为40-10%;表面氧空位定义为(氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量摩尔比含量),对应的氧空位摩尔比优选为40-90%,更优选为60-90%。
催化剂A的活性金属氧化物和催化剂B的颗粒的几何中心之间间距5μm-40mm之间,颗粒的轴心之间间距优选为100μm-5mm,更优选为500μm-4mm。
所述A组分中添加有分散剂,分散剂为Al2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、ZrO2、TiO2中的一种或二种,金属氧化物分散于分散剂中,分散剂于A组分中的含量在0.05-90wt.%,其余为活性金属氧化物。
所述CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛的骨架元素组成可以是Si-Al-O、Ga-Al-O、Ti-Si-O、Si-Al-P-O、Al-P-O、Ge-Al-O中的一种或二种以上;
骨架中H或Na;可以通过离子交换的方式被Ca、K、Mg、Ge、Zr、Zn、Cr、Ga、Sn、Fe、Co、Mo、Mn中的一种或两种以上全部或部分取代,取代后的总的金属与氧的摩尔比是0.0002-0.0833。
所述物理方式混合可采用机械搅拌、球磨、摇床混合、机械研磨中的一种或二种以上进行复合。
一种合成气直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,以合成气为原料气,采用上述催化剂,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应。
合成气为H2/CO混合气,H2/CO摩尔比为0.2-3.5,优选为0.3-2.5;所述合成气的压力为0.5-10MPa,反应温度为300-600℃,空速为300-10000h-1;合成气H2/CO摩尔比为0.2-3.5,优选为0.3-2.5。
金属氧化物的制备过程是:采用油酸、乌洛托品、乙二胺、氨水、水合肼等刻蚀剂中的一种或或二种以上,将金属氧化物浸泡于刻蚀剂溶液中;将上述悬浮物于100-150℃下加热30-90分钟,然后取出洗涤过滤,得到具有大量表面氧空穴的金属氧化物;将过滤物在气氛中干燥还原处理,气氛为惰性气体或者惰性气体与还原性气体混合气,惰性气体为N2、He和Ar中的一种或二种以上,还原性气氛为H2、CO的一种或二种以上,混合气中惰性气体与还原性气体的体积比为100/10-0/100,处理0.5-5小时,处理温度为20-350℃。
本发明与现有技术相比的优点如下:
(1)本发明与传统的甲醇制低碳烯烃技术(简称为MTO)不同,实现了一步法直接将合成气转化为低碳烯烃。
(2)产物中丙烯单一产物选择性高,可达到45-66%,有利于产物分离。
(3)本发明中的复合催化剂的制备过程简单、条件温和;且反应过程具有很高的产品收率和选择性,C2-C4低碳烯烃的选择性可以达到65-85%,其中丙烯选择性达到45-66%,相比现有技术丙烯最高40%的选择性有明显提高,同时副产物甲烷选择性极低(<5%),具有很好的应用前景。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明做进一步阐述,但是本发明的权利要求范围不受这些实施例的限制。同时,实施例只是给出了实现此目的的部分条件,但并不意味着必须满足这些条件才可以达到此目的。
实施例1
一、催化剂A组分的制备
(一)活性金属氧化物为Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2的制备
(1)采用硝酸锌、硝酸铝、硝酸铬、硝酸锰为前驱体,向其中再加入1-10%其它金属硝酸盐与尿素在室温下于水中相互混合;将上述混合液陈化,然后取出洗涤、过滤和干燥,所得的固体在空气气氛下焙烧,即得Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2金属氧化物。
(2)将上述样品采用油酸、乌洛托品、乙二胺、氨水、水合肼等刻蚀剂,在常温下与金属氧化物超声混匀,金属氧化物浸泡于刻蚀剂溶液中,刻蚀剂与金属氧化物形成络合或直接发生还原反应;
将上述悬浮物加热,然后取出洗涤过滤,得到具有大量表面氧空穴的纳米金属氧化物材料。
表1中:催化剂与刻蚀剂的质量比为1:3。油酸与乌洛托品的质量比为1:1,没有溶剂,油酸与5wt.%水合肼的质量比为95:5,没有溶剂;具体处理条件包括刻蚀剂、温度、处理时间和气氛种类如表1所示。
(3)干燥或干燥还原:
上述获得的产物经过离心或者过滤,用去离子水清洗以后,在气氛中进行干燥或干燥和还原处理,气氛为惰性气体或者惰性气体与还原性气的混合气,惰性气体为N2、He和Ar中的一种或二种以上,还原性气氛为H2、CO的一种或二种以上,干燥还原混合气中惰性气体与还原性气体的体积比为100/10~0/100,干燥和还原处理的温度为350℃,时间为4h。即得到表面富含氧空位的金属氧化物材料。具体样品及其制备条件如表1。其中表面氧空位定义为(氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量摩尔比含量)。
表1金属氧化物材料的制备及其性能参数
(二)采用硝酸锌、硝酸铝、硝酸铬、硝酸锰为前驱体,向其中再加入1-10%其它金属氯盐与尿素在室温下于水中相互混合;将上述混合液陈化,然后取出洗涤、过滤和干燥,所得的固体在空气气氛下焙烧,即得Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2金属氧化物。
样品也经过刻蚀法处理,合成具有大量表面氧空位的催化剂,刻蚀处理和后处理过程同上述(一)中(2)和(3)所述,该样品具有大比表面积、表面缺陷多,可应用于催化合成气转化。
具体样品及其制备条件如表2。同样,表面氧空位定义为(氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量摩尔比含量)。
表2金属氧化物材料的制备及其性能参数
(三)采用硝酸锌、硝酸铝、硝酸铬、硝酸锰为前驱体,与尿素在室温下于水中相互混合;将上述混合液陈化,然后取出洗涤、过滤和干燥,得到固体粉末,然后采用等体积浸渍的方法,将所得固体粉末加入配制的其它金属酸铵溶液,使得其它金属含量为1-10%,最后将干燥后的浸渍固体在空气气氛下焙烧,即得Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2金属氧化物。
样品也经过刻蚀法处理,合成具有大量表面氧空位的催化剂,刻蚀处理和后处理过程同上述(一)中(2)和(3)所述,该样品具有大比表面积、表面缺陷多,可应用于催化合成气转化。
具体样品及其制备条件如表3。同样,表面氧空位定义为(氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量摩尔比含量)。
表3金属氧化物材料的制备及其性能参数
(四)合成ZnCr2O4、ZnAl2O4、MnCr2O4、MnAl2O4金属氧化物做对比例
采用硝酸锌、硝酸铝、硝酸铬、硝酸锰为前驱体,与尿素在室温下于水中相互混合;将上述混合液陈化,然后取出洗涤、过滤和干燥,所得的固体在空气气氛下焙烧,获得金属氧化物。样品也经过刻蚀法处理,合成具有大量表面氧空位的催化剂,刻蚀处理和后处理过程同上述(一)中(2)和(3)所述,该样品具有大比表面积、表面缺陷多,可应用于催化合成气转化。
具体样品及其制备条件如表4。同样,表面氧空位定义为(氧原子摩尔量占理论化学计量摩尔比含量)。
表4金属氧化物的制备及其性能参数
二、催化剂B(CHA和AEL拓扑结构的分子筛)的制备
按照n(Al2O3)/n(P2O5)=1,n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=0.5,n(TEA)/n(Al2O3)=2,nH2O/n(Al2O3)=75。
将拟薄水铝石与去离子水混合,加入磷酸,搅拌1h得到均一相,然后加入三乙胺搅拌均匀,最后加入硅溶胶,陈化2h后得到初始凝胶,然后将其转移到高压合成釜中,180℃静态晶化24h后骤冷、洗涤、干燥后,然后在马弗炉中550度焙烧6h即得到CHA分子筛。对应产物依次定义为CHA1-4。
按照n(Al2O3)/n(P2O5)=1,n(TEAOH)/n(Al2O3)=1.4,nH2O/n(Al2O3)=50。
将拟薄水铝石与去离子水混合,加入磷酸,搅拌1h得到均一相,然后加入四乙基氢氧化铵搅拌均匀,陈化2h后得到初始凝胶,然后将其转移到高压合成釜中,150℃静态晶化72h后骤冷、洗涤、干燥后,然后在马弗炉中550度焙烧6h即得到AEI分子筛。对应产物依次定义为AEI1-3;
表5具有CHA或AEL拓扑结构的分子筛的制备及其性能参数
三、催化剂的制备
将所需比例的催化剂A和催化剂B加入容器中,利用这些物料和/或容器的高速运动产生的挤压力、撞击力、裁剪力、摩擦力等中的一种或两种以上作用实现分离、破碎、混匀等目的,通过调变温度与载气气氛实现机械能、热能与化学能的转换,进一步调节不同组分间的相互作用。
机械混合过程中,可以设置混合温度20-100℃,可以在气氛中或者直接在空气中进行,气氛为:a)氮气和/或惰性气体,b)氢气与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,其中氢气于混合气中的体积为5~50%,c)CO与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,其中CO于混合气中的体积为5~20%,d)O2与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,其中O2于混合气中的体积为5-20%,所述惰性气体为氦气、氩气、氖气中的一种或两种以上。
机械搅拌:在搅拌槽中,采用搅拌棒将催化剂A和B进行混合,通过控制搅拌时间(5min-120min)和速率(30-300r/min),可以调节催化剂A和B的混合程度和相对距离。
球磨:利用磨料与催化剂在研磨罐内高速翻滚,对催化剂产生强烈冲击、碾压,达到分散、混合催化剂A和B的作用。通过控制磨料(材质可以是不锈钢、玛瑙、石英。尺寸范围:5mm-15mm),与催化剂的比例(质量比范围:20-100:1),可以调节催化剂的粒度及相对距离。
摇床混合法:将催化剂A和B预混合,并装入容器中;通过控制摇床的往复振荡或圆周振荡,实现催化剂A和B的混合;通过调节振荡速度(范围:1-70r/min)和时间(范围:5min-120min),实现均匀混合并调节其相对距离。
机械研磨法:将催化剂A和B预混合,并装入容器中。在一定的压力(范围:5kg-20kg)下,通过例如机械/磁力搅拌器、球磨机、摇床、自动研磨机/研钵等研具与混合的催化剂进行相对运动(速率范围:30-300r/min),达到调节催化剂粒度、相对距离和实现均匀混合的作用。
具体的催化剂制备及其参数特征如表6所示。
表6催化剂的制备及其参数特征
催化反应实例
以固定床反应为例,但是催化剂也适用于移动床反应器。该装置配备气体质量流量计、在线产物分析色谱(反应器的尾气直接与色谱的定量阀连接,进行周期实时采样分析)。
将上述本发明的催化剂2g,置于固定床反应器中,使用Ar置换反应器中的空气,然后再在H2气氛中升温至200℃,切换合成气(H2/CO摩尔比=0.2-3.5),合成气的压力为0.5-10MPa,升温至反应温度300-600℃,调节反应原料气的空速至500-10000ml/g/h。产物由在线色谱检测分析。
改变温度、压力和空速,可以改变反应性能。低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯、丁烯的一种或二种以上)在产物中的选择性可达65~85%,原料转化率10-60%;由于催化剂金属复合物表面加氢活性不高,可避免了甲烷的大量生成,甲烷选择性低于5%,其中丙烯的选择性达到45-66%。
表7催化剂的具体应用及其效果数据
现有技术:催化剂同201610600945.6专利实施例中J,C3-C4烯烃选择性可以达到71.9,但是其中31.4%是由丁烯贡献的。所以丙烯选择性并不够高。
现有技术2:催化剂同201610600945.6专利实施例中Z1,C3-C4之和能达到72.8%,同样丁烯选择性达到34.5%,丙烯仅有38.3%。
通过实施例对比,可以发现,金属氧化物与分子筛比例应控制在合适的范围,比例不符合优选范围的性能较差。
通过实施例对比,可以发现,金属氧化物与分子筛的距离应控制在合适的范围,距离太近或太远都会对产物的选择性产生较大的影响。
助剂的添加能有效提高丙烯的选择性,而不增加助剂的则难以实现高选择性的丙烯。
提供以上实施例仅仅是为了描述本发明的目的,而并非要限制本发明的范围。本发明的范围由所附权利要求限定。不脱离本发明的精神和原理而做出的各种等同替换和修改,均应涵盖在本发明的范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂由A组分和B组分以物理方式混合,A组分的活性成份为金属氧化物,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物为Mn+MnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+MnAl2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnCr2O4+n/2、Mn+ZnAl2O4+n/2中的一种或二种,B组分为分子筛,n取值范围为0.01-0.2。
2.根据权利要求1所的述催化剂,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物中M为Bi、Ga、Zr、In、Cs、La、Sn、Pb、Ta、Ag、Sr、Ti、Ba、Ce、Ca、Fe、Co、Ni、Mg、V、W、Mo、Cu金属,优选为Bi,Ga,Zr,In,Cs,更优选为Bi,Ga,Zr,In,Cs。
3.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:B组分为具有CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛。
4.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:A组分中的活性成份与B组分之间的重量比范围为0.1-20,优选0.3-5。
5.根据权利要求1-4任意一项所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物从晶粒表面至晶粒内部方向深度为0.3nm的距离范围内,表面氧空位为40%以上,优选为40-90%,更优选为60-90%。
6.根据权利要求1-4任意一项所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述A组分中还添加有分散剂,分散剂为Al2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、ZrO2、TiO2中的一种或二种,金属氧化物分散于分散剂中,分散剂于A组分中的含量在0.05-90wt.%,其余为金属氧化物。
7.根据权利要求1-4任意一项所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛的骨架元素组成是Si-Al-O、Ga-Al-O、Ti-Si-O、Si-Al-P-O、Al-P-O、Ge-Al-O中的一种或二种以上。
8.根据权利要求4所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述机械混合可采用机械搅拌、球磨、摇床混合、机械研磨中的一种或二种以上进行复合。
9.一种一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,其特征在于:其以含有CO与H2的合成气为原料气,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应,所采用的催化剂为权利要求1-7任一种所述的催化剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于:所述合成气为H2/CO混合气,H2/CO摩尔比为0.2-3.5,优选为0.3-2.5;所述合成气的压力为0.5-10MPa,反应温度为300-600,℃空速为300-10000h-1;合成气H2/CO摩尔比为0.2-3.5,优选为0.3-2.5。
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