CN1082354C - 羟基柠檬酸浓缩物及制备方法 - Google Patents

羟基柠檬酸浓缩物及制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1082354C
CN1082354C CN95195577A CN95195577A CN1082354C CN 1082354 C CN1082354 C CN 1082354C CN 95195577 A CN95195577 A CN 95195577A CN 95195577 A CN95195577 A CN 95195577A CN 1082354 C CN1082354 C CN 1082354C
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S·A·莫菲特
A·K·博翰达里
B·拉文卓纳思
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Renaissance Herbs Inc
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Abstract

一种从藤黄皮中制备的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物,包括23-54%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,6-20%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,0.001-8%重量柠檬酸,和32-70%重量的水,其中的游离羟基柠檬酸、羟基柠檬酸内酯和柠檬酸构成溶于水中的溶质总重量的94-99%。还公开了一种从藤黄皮中制备这种浓缩物的方法,以及含有羟基柠檬酸的食品。

Description

羟基柠檬酸浓缩物及制备方法
游离的和内酯形式的羟基柠檬酸在藤黄种植物(例如,藤黄、atroviridis藤黄和indica藤黄)的果皮中均有存在,这些果皮可以从印度商购到。
作为脂肪和胆固醇合成作用的抑制剂,羟基柠檬酸显示出显著减低鼠的体重和降低鼠的脂类积累的作用。参见,例如Sergio,W.,“药物假说”(Medical Hypothesis)27:39(1988);和Sullivan,A.C.等人的“脂类”(Lipids)9:121(1973);和Sullivan,A.C.等人的“脂类”(Lipids)9:129(1973)。羟基柠檬酸还是已经发现的唯一作为人类食物中的天然组分的减食欲物质。
从藤黄皮中提取和纯化羟基柠檬酸的方法可以从Lewis,Y.S.,“酶学方法”(Methods in Enzymology)13:613(1967);和印度专利160753号中找到。
本发明的一个方面涉及一种从藤黄种植物(例如,cambogia藤黄、atroviridis藤黄和indica藤黄)的果皮中制备的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物。该浓缩物中包括23-54%(优选32-48%;特别优选36-45%)重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,6-20%(优选10-18%;特别优选13-16%)重量的羟基柠檬酸的内酯,0.001-8%(优选0.001-6%;特别优选0.001-3%)重量的柠檬酸,和32-70%(优选35-55%;特别优选38-50%)重量的水,其中的游离羟基柠檬酸、羟基柠檬酸内酯和柠檬酸构成溶于水中的溶质总重量的94-99%(优选96-99%;特别优选98-99%)。
本发明的另一个方面涉及从藤黄皮中浓缩羟基柠檬酸的方法。该方法包括:(1)获得一种藤黄皮的无盐水提取物,(2)将提取物装载在阴离子交换柱上以使羟基柠檬酸被吸附在阴离子交换柱上,(3)用IA族金属的氢氧化物(即LiOH,NaOH,KOH,RbOH,CsOH或FrOH)从阴离子交换柱中将羟基柠檬酸洗脱出来,从而把羟基柠檬酸以金属盐的形式释放于第一溶液中;和(4)将第一溶液装载在阳离子交换柱上,从而在第二溶液中收集游离酸形式的羟基柠檬酸。
上述方法所用的无盐水提取物可以如下制备:首先提取含盐的藤黄皮随后用可与水混溶的有机溶剂(例如,丙酮或乙醇)除去盐。在离子交换步骤中,优选水提取物以阴离子交换柱的100-125%(更优选105-115%)容量装载,第一溶液以阳离子交换柱的50-90%(更优选60-75%)容量装载。该方法还可以在步骤(4)后进一步包括缩小第二溶液的体积从而形成浓缩物,并将该浓缩物加入到食品(例如,饮料或小吃)中。
在本发明范围中的还有:包括0.17-23%(优选0.35-12%)重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,0.08-7%(优选0.15-4%)重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,和至少0.0002%(至合适含量,例如2%重量)重量的柠檬酸的食品,如饮料或小吃。优选地,羟基柠檬酸及其内酯来自于藤黄皮。在实施方案中,食品中还进一步包括0.04-0.4%(优选0.04-0.08%)重量的维生素C和/或0.8-22%重量的纤维。应当注意0.0002%重量表示的是至少存在有痕量的柠檬酸,该量也许不能用本文描述的方法测定出来。
用下文实施例4的方法或等效方法可以测定出游离羟基柠檬酸、羟基柠檬酸内酯、柠檬酸和非酸溶质的含量。
本发明的其他特征和优点将从下面对优选实施方案的描述及所附的权利要求中显现出来。
本发明从藤黄皮中浓缩羟基柠檬酸的优选方法包括:制备藤黄皮的无盐水提取物;将提取物装载在阴离子交换树脂柱上,从而将羟基柠檬酸根离子吸附在阴离子交换柱上,并去除提取物中的非离子、非酸性杂质,如糖、果胶、胶和色素(通过而不吸附);用水洗涤阴离子交换柱以纯化羟基柠檬酸根离子;向阴离子交换树脂柱加入氢氧化钠溶液,将羟基柠檬酸根离子以羟基柠檬酸钠盐的形式释放在溶液中;让溶液通过阳离子交换树脂柱,把羟基柠檬酸钠盐的溶液转化为游离羟基柠檬酸;用活性炭给羟基柠檬酸溶液脱色;最后,将羟基柠檬酸溶液浓缩至预定的浓度。
无盐水提取物可以用逆流或对流法从无盐藤黄皮制备。还可以从含盐的藤黄皮中制备:用水提取藤黄皮,优选多步提取(用逆流或对流法),用丙酮处理提取物以沉淀果胶、盐和其他不溶物质,并蒸发除去丙酮。或者,可以用氢氧化钙溶液处理从逆流或对流法中得到的含盐藤黄的水提取物以沉淀不溶的羟基柠檬酸钙,用冷水稀释该沉淀物,过滤除去盐和其它的杂质,用硫酸处理沉淀从而将羟基柠檬酸钙转化为硫酸钙和羟基柠檬酸,最后将硫酸钙沉淀过滤掉。无盐水提取物可选择性地如下制备:让从逆流或对流法得到的含盐藤黄皮的水提取物通过一个阴离子交换柱,将氯离子吸附在柱上。
然后,让如此制备的无盐水提取物经历离子交换提纯的过程,即,如上所述先进行阴离子交换再进行阳离子交换。
优选地,阴离子交换柱以100-125%(更优选105-115%)容量装载,阳离子交换柱以50-90%(更优选60-75%)容量装载。装载容量(以百分数表示)定义为装于离子交换柱的溶液中的酸或盐的含量与交换柱结合酸或交换盐的理论容量的比,可以用装于柱的酸或盐的量来控制。
例如,参见下文的实施例2,按生产者所指明的,阴离子交换树脂具有1.5meq/ml树脂的容量。这样,500ml阴离子树脂理论上的容量为:
500ml×1.5 meq/ml×208g/3eq=52g
(注:羟基柠檬酸的分子重量为208道尔顿,具有3当量酸根基团)
实际的酸装载量为65g。这样,装载容量为65g/52g,或125%。
类似地,计算出下文实施例2中的阳离子交换树脂的装载容量为52.7%。
从阳离子交换柱上收集的溶液通常进一步用活性炭处理并真空蒸发浓缩至含约55%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸。本发明方法得到的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物通常为羟基柠檬酸的水溶液,含有55-56%重量的总酸,总酸中98-99%为全部的羟基柠檬酸(游离酸形式或内酯形式),1-2%主要为柠檬酸。该浓缩物中还含有痕量的其他可溶性固体。
无需进一步详细说明,可以确信本领域技术人员能够在本文的基础上最大限度地利用本发明。因此,下面的具体实施例仅仅作为说明而不对公开内容的其他部分有任何的限制。
实施例1和2中使用的阴离子交换树脂得自Ion Exchange India Ltd,商品名称为Indion 850,为粒径0.3-1.2mm,总的交换容量1.5meq/ml的大孔交联聚苯乙烯基质。实施例1和2中使用的阳离子交换树脂是从同一生产者处购得,商品名称为Indion 225H,为粒径相同、总的交换容量为2.0meq/ml的聚苯乙烯DVB基质。
实施例1
用通常被称为逆流提取的方法对含盐藤黄皮的水提取是在标明为容器1-容器3的3个容器中进行的。操作的第一个循环中,将2-5mm大小的藤黄皮放入每个容器中,每容器用1.25195℃的水与藤黄皮接触1小时,然后排出液体。在操作的第二循环和随后的循环中,新鲜的热水只加入到容器1中,新鲜的藤黄皮只加入到容器3中。在操作的第二循环和随后的循环中,容器2和1分别接受经前一循环提取的容器3和2中的藤黄皮。将容器1用完的藤黄皮丢掉。
在第二和随后的循环中,容器1和2中的提取物在下一循环的容器2和3中进一步提取。容器3植物的提取物是最终的产物。四次循环之后,所有提取物达到稳定组成。第五次循环后,对于750g放入的藤黄皮,所得产物为850ml液体。
从容器3得到的终产物为850ml含有158.16g酸和存在于藤黄皮中的全部盐的液体。总的可溶性固体为41%。提取率为95.85%。用真空蒸发将此提取物进一步浓缩至含60%可溶性固体,使其可以进行丙酮精制。
在装有搅拌器的3升烧瓶中进行丙酮精制。提取的每一步由混合水相和丙酮15分钟、静置15分钟、收集上层组成。下层经过第二次和第三次提取后丢弃。更具体地说,在提取烧瓶中装入0.5升、可溶性固体约为60%、含149g总酸的藤黄皮水提取物。用1升纯丙酮提取,将第一次提取物与含有果胶、胶质和一些未提取的羟基柠檬酸的下层水相分离。用750ml含有16.7%水的丙酮水混合物第二次提取该下层水相。取得顶层作为第二次提取物,再用450ml含有16.7%水的丙酮-水混合物第三次提取底层。分出第三次提取物与其他提取物倒在一起。全部提取物的体积为2286ml,含有140.36g酸。酸的回收率为84.9%。在真空下蒸发提取物除去全部的丙酮和部分水。
在两个内径10.5cm高92.5cm的PVC柱中进行离子交换操作。在柱底的两个凸缘之间放置一个100目不锈钢栅给柱中树脂提供支持。在阴离子交换柱和阳离子交换柱中分别装入4.4升Indion 850和5.5升Indion 225H树脂。在容量为458g的阴离子交换柱中装入507g羟基柠檬酸使装载容量达到111%。另一方面,在容量为762.6g的阴离子交换柱中装入由493g羟基柠檬酸制得的钠盐,使装载容量达到65%。
更具体地说,1.6升丙酮精制的藤黄皮提取物稀释至6.4升(含有507g)酸中,通过阴离子交换柱。然后用水洗涤阴离子交换树脂,除去色素和水不溶性物质如果胶、胶质等。随后,6升含有292g氢氧化钠的氢氧化钠溶液通过阴离子交换柱。碱将阴离子交换柱上的酸转化成水溶性盐,羟基柠檬酸钠,该盐从柱上脱离下来。随后用5升水洗涤阴离子交换柱,洗去任何留在床中的盐。
然后,羟基柠檬酸钠溶液通过阳离子交换柱,在此,盐被转化成游离的羟基柠檬酸。从阳离子交换柱上出来的物质是11升含有479g酸的终产品。让1升水通过阳离子交换柱,收集留在床中的酸。
从丙酮粗提取物中的507g酸中回收的酸为479g,酸回收率为94.4%。
实施例2
从Sirsi District,South Karnataka的森林地区以无盐状态得到藤黄皮。该藤黄皮中有14%水分和19.2%的羟基柠檬酸。通过三步分批法进行提取。更具体地说,将1kg藤黄皮与3升软化水一起装入不锈钢容器中并加热。煮制15分钟后静置15分钟,倒掉液体。类似地,在第二步和第三步提取中,用1.5升新鲜软化水提取用过的藤黄皮,每步提取中煮制15分钟,静置15分钟,收集提取的液体。
含有65g羟基柠檬酸的1500ml无盐提取物缓慢地通过500ml的阴离子交换树脂柱。杂质穿透出来。用2-5柱体积的水洗涤树脂并与穿透物一起收集。穿透物中存在的酸量为6.53g。换句话说,58.47g羟基柠檬酸被留在500ml阴离子交换柱上。用10柱体积的水洗涤阴离子树脂。
随后1500ml水中的70g氢氧化钠通过阴离子树脂。所形成的羟基柠檬酸钠盐将羟基柠檬酸根离子从树脂上释放下来。用2-5柱体积的水洗涤树脂。从阴离子交换树脂流出的液体随后通过800ml阳离子交换树脂柱。在此,Na+离子被吸附,H+离子从树脂上释放下来形成游离的羟基柠檬酸,将其收集得到的体积为2000ml。回收了56.55g羟基柠檬酸,回收率为96.6%。
实施例3
在这个实施例中使用不同于丙酮精制的去盐方法。
用33.4gCaOH将200ml含有61.4g有机酸的藤黄水提取物沉淀,得到羟基柠檬酸钙。然后用300ml冷水将沉淀物稀释,并在真空下过滤。所得的湿润沉淀在60℃下干燥16小时,得到83.5g干燥的羟基柠檬酸钙。加入369ml 2.5N的硫酸将羟基柠檬酸钙转化为羟基柠檬酸和硫酸钙。8000rpm离心分离15分钟除去硫酸钙沉淀。
355ml上清液中有53g羟基柠檬酸,回收率为87.6%。
含有22.4g羟基柠檬酸的150ml溶液通过200ml阴离子交换树脂使树脂饱和。用软化水洗涤交换柱,使240ml5%的氢氧化钠溶液通过交换柱,得到800ml羟基柠檬酸钠溶液。上述800ml溶液通过400ml阳离子交换树脂。得到含有18.84g羟基柠檬酸的1240ml溶液。从阳离子交换柱中回收的全部18.84g羟基柠檬酸所示的回收率为90.5%。
上述溶液经活性炭处理后在72℃下真空浓缩至含55%重量的羟基柠檬酸,得到可稳定数月的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物。
实施例4
用本发明方法从藤黄皮制备的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物的组成如下:
            总酸的%           浓缩物的%游离HCA(“FA”) 68.58              37.53HCA的内酯       25.38              13.89(“LA”)柠檬酸(“CA”)  5.90               3.23总计            99.86              54.65
注意到浓缩物的总酸的含量为54.72%重量(表中未列出),是以酚酞作为指示剂直接用标准氢氧化钠(0.1N)滴定测出的。之所以需要测定总酸的含量是因为,需要用它与从HPLC得出的FA、LA和CA数据一起得到浓缩物的组成。
在上表中,“HCA”是羟基柠檬酸的缩写,“%”指“重量%”。FA、LA和CA是用下面的HPLC系统测定的:
C18 Supelcosil柱;waters HPLC系统,包括waters 510 HPLC泵,waters 484可调吸光检测仪和Maxima 820色谱软件。仪器条件如下:
柱:带有防护柱的C18 Supelcosil柱
流动相:PH2.5水中的0.5%THF;用H2SO4调整PH值
流速:1.0ml/min
运行时间:10min
注射体积:10μl
检测仪λ:210nm
试样的浓度保持在1mg/ml。
浓缩物中的非酸溶质(即,除了FA、LA和CA的溶质)的含量可以从滴定和HPLC法定量得出的白利度(重量%)和总酸含量(重量%)获得。例如,上表所列组成的浓缩物所具有的白利度为57。这样,非酸溶质的量为2.35%重量。
Brix-(FA+LA+CA)=57-54.65=2.35
在传统上,白利度被定义为糖溶液的密度或浓度单位,白利度等于蔗糖在溶液(17.5℃)中的百分重量。用折射计或比重计(溶液必须经过脱气)可以测定白利度。参见“食品和食物制作大全”(Foods and FoodProduction Encyclopedia),Ed.Considine,D.M.等人,418页(1982)。本发明使用从Thomas Scientific,Swedesboro,NJ购得的折射计(National手持折射计No.A-0818)。
应当指出,随着水逐渐从阳离子交换柱收集的含游离HCA的溶液中被除去,LA含量增高,这是不理想的。
实施例5
用本发明羟基柠檬酸浓缩物制作含纤维小吃和天然饮料,包括以下步骤:在水中稀释该浓缩物,加入添加物,混合,加热和定时搅拌。
对于小吃和饮料,较理想的是先对用纯水高度稀释的浓缩物进行巴氏消毒。例如,可以将约10ml浓缩物加入到12盎司液体中。这些数字依食品的类型而变化,饮料为1%-25%,小吃为1%-40%。在制作饮料时,混合步骤之后用蒸汽对进行了前面步骤的容器频繁加热,在制作小吃时则为低热。在开始加热(例如,195°F)之前可以加入营养物质、抗氧化剂、维生素和矿物质等。
制作饮料时,在加入所需的添加剂并使其达到均匀后,在装罐车间的数百米不锈钢管线中泵送液体。从外侧对管道施以高温蒸汽,使液体在流动时保持温度。管线在液体装瓶设备上方巧妙地设置,象阀门似的开启和关闭。液体在泵送的同时还在装瓶时被搅拌。
对于以纤维为基质的小吃,预处理与制作饮料时相同。此外,生产这种产品的环境是使用大型蒸煮罐的工业化厨房。将羟基柠檬酸的稀释液与水混合,撒布并加热,煮制约15分钟。煮制时产生的气泡对物料形成了搅拌。
向小吃中加入各种成分的顺序以它们在水中的溶解性而定。再一次在经预处理杀菌后冷却下来的相的平均温度下进行。被加入的第一种成分是最容易与液体溶液混合的物质。当配方中的全部成分在一个时间一次性加入后,用Hobart工业混合机或在一个混合容器中将混合物混合20-30分钟。然后将混合物放入挤压机,挤压机将各种尺寸和形状的小吃挤出在输送带上以备进一步的加工,如果需要的话。
根据上面的说明,本领域技术人员能容易地确定本发明的基本特征,并能够在不离开本发明的精神和范围的情况下,对其进行各种变化和改进使其适应各种用途和条件。故,其他的实施方案也在权利要求的范围之内。
例如,本发明的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物可以与姜提取物或甘草浸膏配制成浓缩液形式。类似地,可以用它和羟基柠檬酸、药草浸液或各种营养物质及风味剂一起制作药片。

Claims (27)

1、一种从藤黄皮制备的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物,所述的浓缩物包括23-54%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,6-20%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,0.001-8%重量柠檬酸,和32-70%重量的水,其中所述的游离羟基柠檬酸、所述的羟基柠檬酸内酯和所述的柠檬酸构成溶于所述水中的溶质总重量的94-99%。
2、权利要求1的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物,包括32-48%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,10-18%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,0.001-6%重量柠檬酸,和35-55%重量的水,其中所述的游离羟基柠檬酸、所述的羟基柠檬酸内酯和所述的柠檬酸构成溶于所述水中的溶质总重量的96-99%。
3、权利要求2的羟基柠檬酸浓缩物,包括36-45%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,13-16%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,0.001-3%重量柠檬酸,和38-50%重量的水,其中所述的游离羟基柠檬酸、所述的羟基柠檬酸内酯和所述的柠檬酸构成溶于所述水中的溶质总重量的98-99%。
4、一种从藤黄皮中浓缩羟基柠檬酸的方法,包括:
(1)获得所述藤黄皮的无盐水提取物,
(2)将所述提取物装载在阴离子交换柱上以使所述羟基柠檬酸被吸附在阴离子交换柱上,
(3)用IA族金属的氢氧化物从所述阴离子交换柱上将所述羟基柠檬酸洗提出来,从而把所述羟基柠檬酸以金属盐的形式释放于第一溶液中;和
(4)将所述第一溶液装载在阳离子交换柱上,从而在第二溶液中收集游离酸形式的所述羟基柠檬酸;其中所述的提取物以所述阴离子交换柱的100-125%容量装载,所述第一溶液以所述阳离子交换柱的50-90%容量装载。
5、权利要求4的方法,其中所述的水提取物以所述阴离子交换柱的105-115%容量装载。
6、权利要求4的方法,其中所述的第一溶液以所述阳离子交换柱的60-75%容量装载。
7、权利要求5的方法,其中所述的第一溶液以所述阳离子交换柱的60-75%容量装载。
8、权利要求4的方法,其中所述的IA族金属氢氧化物为NaOH或KOH。
9、权利要求4的方法,其中所述的无盐水提取物如下制备:首先提取含盐的藤黄皮随后用可与水混溶的有机溶剂除去盐。
10、权利要求9的方法,其中所述的溶剂是丙酮或乙醇。
11、权利要求4的方法,在步骤(4)后进一步包括缩小所述第二溶液的体积从而形成羟基柠檬酸浓缩物,并将所述浓缩物加入到食品中。
12、权利要求11的方法,其中所述的食品是饮料。
13、权利要求11的方法,其中所述的食品是小吃。
14、一种食品,包括0.17-23%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,0.08-7%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,和至少0.0002%重量的柠檬酸。
15、权利要求14的食品,包括0.35-12%重量的游离羟基柠檬酸,0.15-4%重量羟基柠檬酸的内酯,和至少0.0002%重量的柠檬酸。
16、权利要求14的食品,进一步包括0.04-0.4%重量的维生素C。
17、权利要求15的食品,进一步包括0.04-0.4%重量的维生素C。
18、权利要求16的食品,进一步包括0.04-0.08%重量的维生素C。
19、权利要求17的食品,进一步包括0.04-0.08%重量的维生素C。
20、权利要求14的食品,进一步包括0.8-22%重量的纤维。
21、权利要求15的食品,进一步包括0.8-22%重量的纤维。
22、权利要求15的食品,其中所述的食品是饮料。
23、权利要求17的食品,其中所述的食品是饮料。
24、权利要求21的食品,其中所述的食品是饮料。
25、权利要求15的食品,其中所述的食品是小吃。
26、权利要求17的食品,其中所述的食品是小吃。
27、权利要求21的食品,其中所述的食品是小吃。
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