CN107857746B - 一种呋喃基二酸单体及可溶性芳香聚酰胺与可重复加工的交联聚酰胺及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种呋喃基二酸单体及可溶性芳香聚酰胺与可重复加工的交联聚酰胺及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明属于聚酰胺领域,特别涉及一种呋喃基二酸单体及可溶性芳香聚酰胺与可重复加工的交联聚酰胺及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
现代工业比如航空航天、汽车工业、特种设备防护装备、体育运动产品、精密电子设备等对材料的要求越来越高。在这种背景下,全芳香聚酰胺(尤其是PPTA)由于特殊的刚性结构及高密度氢键而具有超高强度、高模量和耐高温、耐酸耐碱、重量轻、绝缘、抗老化、生命周期长等优良性能受到广泛的关注。
然而,传统芳香聚酰胺由于结构的规整性,分子链刚性大和极强的氢键使其只能溶解在有限的溶剂(浓硫酸)中,而且具有很高的玻璃化温度和熔融温度,这在很大程度上限制了其加工过程和应用领域的扩大。
通常改善芳香聚酰胺溶解性能的方法包括引入大侧基、引入非共平面基团和引入杂环等,但是这些改性方法没有保留芳香聚酰胺的优异性能;而传统的增强方法是热固性交联,这种不可逆的交联不仅造成了严重的环境污染还加剧了能源危机。在节能环保理念深入人心的当今社会,发展可循环利用的高性能聚合物材料显得尤为重要。
呋喃基聚酰胺分子上的呋喃环在一定程度上破坏了聚酰胺分子的规整性促进了其在常规溶剂中的溶解性,双马来酰亚胺基团与呋喃环基于D-A反应的可逆共价交联是一种理想的增强聚酰胺的方法,而且其热可逆的特性相对于传统的热固性交联有质的飞跃。根据文献报道,呋喃与马来酰亚胺的可逆共价交联,已经成功的应用到了弹性体、聚酯等的自修复领域,同时基于呋喃与碳纳米粒子的D-A反应,在不破坏碳纳米材料的基础上有效改善了其分散性,成功地把碳材料的优异性能引入到复合材料中。气凝胶孔隙率高、比表面积大、密度小、绝热性能好等优异性能,传统气凝胶比如二氧化硅等脆性很大。聚酰胺具有优异的力学性能,结合与双马来酰亚胺的D-A交联反应,使其在气凝胶的制备上有很大的应用潜力。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种呋喃基二酸单体及可溶性芳香聚酰胺与可重复加工的交联聚酰胺及其制备方法和应用,该聚酰胺原料来源丰富、产品性能优异;交联改性的复合材料性能突出、可循环加工利用,对环境污染小,工艺流程简单,相比传统的热固性交联,这种呋喃聚合物与双马来酰亚胺之间的D-A可逆交联在高性能聚酰胺材料的循环利用和聚酰胺气凝胶方面有着巨大的潜力。
本发明提供了一种呋喃基二酸单体,所述单体的结构式为:
本发明还提供了一种可溶性芳香聚酰胺,所述聚酰胺由二酸单体和二胺单体共聚而得;
其中,二酸单体为:呋喃基二酸单体或其衍生物,呋喃基二酸单体或其衍生物与芳香二酸的混合物或者二酸共聚单体或者呋喃基二酸单体或其衍生物与脂肪族二酸的混合物或者二酸共聚单体;
二胺单体为:含对苯二胺结构的芳香二胺或其衍生物或者含对苯二胺结构的芳香二胺或其衍生物与脂肪族二胺的混合物或者二胺共聚单体。
所述芳香二酸包括对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、呋喃二甲酸、1,3,5-三嗪芳香二酸中的一种或几种;脂肪族二酸包括马来酸、月桂酸、富马酸、草酸、柠康酸中的一种或几种。
所述芳香二胺包括间苯二胺、4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷、4,4-二氨基二苯砜、4,4-二氨基二苯醚、3,4-二氨基二苯醚、2,3-二氨基甲苯、3,3-二氯-4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷、3,3′-二甲基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷、3,3′-二甲基联苯胺、联苯胺、2,4-二氨基甲苯中的一种或几种;脂肪族二胺包括乙二胺、己二胺、1,3-丙二胺、N,N-二甲基乙二胺、1,4-丁二胺、1,2-环己二胺、癸二胺中的一种或几种。
可溶性芳香聚酰胺的结构式为:
n的范围为10~200。
本发明还提供了一种可重复加工的交联聚酰胺,所述聚酰胺的结构式如下:
n的范围为10~200。
本发明还提供了一种呋喃基二酸单体的制备方法,包括:
冰水浴条件下,在溶剂(300ml)中加入5-氨基间苯二甲酸(30mmol)、吸水剂(质量分数37%,2g)和冰乙酸(5~10滴),溶解均匀后加入糠醛(与5-氨基间苯二甲酸等摩尔)磁力搅拌3-5小时,再加入硼氢化钠(4.8g)反应3-5小时,反应结束后减压除去溶剂,去离子水溶解所得固体,调节pH,析出,最后水洗3-5次、80℃烘干,即得。
所述溶剂为甲醇或乙醇。
所述吸水剂为无水乙酸钠、硫酸钠或硫酸镁。
本发明还提供了一种可溶性芳香聚酰胺的制备方法,包括:
(1)在90-95℃惰性气体保护下,将金属盐加入到极性溶剂中,然后加入二酸单体,得到二酸溶液;
(2)将二胺单体加入到步骤(1)中的二酸溶液中,混合后加入催化剂,110-120℃反应0.5-1h,然后升温至130-140℃反应4-5h,丙酮中析出,得到可溶性芳香聚酰胺。
所述步骤(1)中的惰性气体为氮气、氩气或氦气。
所述步骤(1)中的金属盐为碱金属盐或碱土金属盐。所述碱金属盐为LiCl;碱土金属盐为CaCl2。金属盐的加入量为3.3mol/mol二酸单体。
所述步骤(1)中的极性溶剂为NMP、DMAC、DMF或DMSO。
所述步骤(1)中的催化剂为吡啶和亚磷酸三苯酯的混合物;其中,溶剂与吡啶的体积比为5:1;亚磷酸三苯酯与二酸或二胺的摩尔比为2.2:1。
本发明还提供了一种可重复加工的交联聚酰胺的制备方法,包括:
(1)将可溶性芳香聚酰胺溶解在极性溶剂中,形成均匀的聚合物溶液;
(2)向(1)中的聚合物溶液中加入官能度大于等于2的马来酰亚胺交联剂,均匀混合15-20min,得到复合溶液;
(3)将(2)中所得的复合溶液采用涂膜或脱模得到可重复加工的交联聚酰胺。
所述步骤(1)中的极性溶剂为NMP、DMAC、DMF或DMSO,可溶性芳香聚酰胺与极性溶剂的质量体积比为0.8g:10ml。
所述呋喃基二酸单体应用于含呋喃官能团聚合物材料的合成。
所述可溶性聚酰胺应用于制备高强度膜材料、可修复膜材料、耐高温工程材料、聚合物/纳米粒子复合材料或聚酰胺气凝胶。
所述可重复加工的交联聚酰胺应用于增强材料、耐溶剂材料或可回收高性能材料。
本发明中的呋喃基二酸单体可以与各种二胺单体聚合得到呋喃基聚酰胺,也可以与各种的二元醇聚合得到呋喃基聚酯。这些呋喃功能化的聚合物可以与二烯体如马来酰亚胺、碳纳米粒子等通过D-A反应形成可逆交联。
将本发明中的聚合物溶解在溶剂中,得到均匀的聚合物溶液;采用流延成膜、质子交换成膜等常用成膜方法,制备得到聚合物膜材料。
本发明的聚合物溶液中加入马来酰亚胺可得到可修复膜、可重复加工高性能聚酰胺;聚合物溶液中加入纳米粒子可制备得到纳米粒子复合材料。
本发明的聚合物的薄膜制品被用来制备可循环加工材料。所述聚合物由于结构上有呋喃基团,利用呋喃基团与马来酰亚胺基团的可逆D-A环化加成反应制备可循环加工材料,这种材料在低温下交联成网状结构,高温下解交联成单体。这种理念解决了资源短缺和环境污染问题,为可循环利用高性能聚合物提供个可能。
有益效果
(1)本发明的呋喃基二酸单体可以与二胺、二醇聚合制备呋喃功能化的聚酰胺、聚酯等材料;维持自身优异性能的同时为后续的改性提供反应位点。
(2)本发明的可溶性芳香聚酰胺可以制备成薄膜材料、增强工程材料、纤维材料、织物等;
(3)本发明涉及的可逆共价交联可使交联聚酰胺在加工环节具有良好的溶解性,而作为产品具有增强的性能(如力学性能、耐溶剂性能等),最重要的是,这种可逆交联的材料可使高性能聚酰胺材料能够重复加工利用,减少了环境的影响和资源的浪费,对高性能聚酰胺材料的回收利用等具有重要的作用。
(4)本发明的可溶性芳香聚酰胺与碳纳米粒子形成的复合材料及其纤维复合材料同时具备高性能聚酰胺及碳纳米粒子的优异性能;
(5)本发明的可溶性芳香聚酰胺具有环状聚合物的优异性能,而且可以溶解在常见的极性溶剂中,扩宽了其加工和应用范围;
(6)本发明所得产品具有原料来源丰富且可循环、产物性能优异且可循环加工利用、环境污染小且工艺流程简单等优点,可以作为一种高性能聚酰胺材料应用在各种工程材料领域。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中呋喃基二酸单体的核磁谱图;
图2为实施例2中呋喃基可溶性聚酰胺的核磁谱图;
图3为交联聚酰胺耐溶剂性及其溶胶-凝胶转变过程;
图4为交联聚酰胺循环加工过程示意图;
图5交联聚酰胺膜的力学增强效果及其重复加工膜的力学性能图;
图6为呋喃聚酰胺与马来酰亚胺的可逆交联机理示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
在冰水浴中,将30mmol的5-氨基间苯二甲酸加入到醇溶剂(甲醇,300ml)中,然后加入质量分数37%(2g)的无水乙酸钠、5~10滴冰乙酸,搅拌均匀;将等摩尔的糠醛(2.5ml)分两次加入,反应4h;分四次加入4倍当量的硼氢化钠,继续反应4h。减压除去溶剂得到白色固体,调节pH,析出产物,去离子水洗3-5次,80℃烘干,即得呋喃基二酸单体,核磁谱图,如图1所示(产率为68%)。
实施例2
在90℃的惰性气体(N2)保护下,将金属盐二酸(1.4g)加入到极性溶剂(NMP,30ml)中,然后加入呋喃基二酸单体(2.6123g),得到二酸溶液;将等摩尔的二胺单体(对苯二胺,1.0814g)加入到二酸溶液中混合均匀;加入催化剂(吡啶6ml;亚磷酸三苯酯5.6ml),升温至110℃反应半小时,然后升温至130℃反应4h,得到淡黄色的粘稠聚合物溶液,聚合物溶液倒入丙酮中分离,在水中交换24h,再在乙醇中浸泡24h,然后在烘箱80℃烘干,得到呋喃基可溶性芳香聚酰胺,核磁谱图如图2所示(产率为89%)。
实施例3
将呋喃聚酰胺和交联复合膜放在极性溶剂NMP中,测试其抗溶剂性。可见纯聚合物在室温下是可溶的,而交联聚酰胺薄膜表现了很强的耐溶剂性;将温度升高到130°,则交联聚合物也有很好的溶解性(图3A-1),溶解的聚酰胺溶液在60°下经过12h又能形成凝胶(图3A-2);这种凝胶-溶胶转化过程可以循环至少三次。这种在低温下的交联赋予材料优异的性能(如耐溶剂性、高强度等),高温下的解交联使材料具有很好的加工性能和可回收重复利用性能,节约了资源,减少了环境污染,为可循环利用高性能聚合物提供了可能。其重复加工过程如图4所示。
实施例4
将0.8g实施例2中得到的聚酰胺溶解在10ml NMP中,磁力搅拌12h得到均匀聚合物溶液。加入不同含量的双马来酰亚胺(与呋喃官能团比0%、5%、10%、20%、30%、40%、60%、80%、100%),所得溶液均匀涂覆在玻璃板上,在80℃烘箱中烘干。置于水中脱落,即得到高强聚酰胺膜。这种高强聚酰胺膜可以通过图4所示的过程进行重复循环加工。其中含量30%马来酰亚胺的交联聚酰胺薄膜及其重复加工膜的力学性能如图5所示(furanicpolyamide、polyamide+30%M、reshaped polyamide+30%M)。
Claims (7)
2.一种可溶性芳香聚酰胺,其特征在于:所述聚酰胺由如权利要求1所述的呋喃基二酸和对苯二胺共聚而得。
3.一种可重复加工的交联聚酰胺,其特征在于:将如权利要求2所述的可溶性芳香聚酰胺和交联复合膜合成的交联聚酰胺薄膜。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的呋喃基二酸单体的制备方法,包括:
冰水浴条件下,在溶剂中加入5-氨基间苯二甲酸、吸水剂和冰乙酸,溶解均匀后加入糠醛磁力搅拌3-5小时,再加入硼氢化钠反应3-5小时,反应结束后减压除去溶剂,去离子水溶解所得固体,调节pH,析出,最后水洗、烘干,即得;其中,所述吸水剂为无水乙酸钠、硫酸钠或硫酸镁。
5.一种如权利要求2所述的可溶性芳香聚酰胺的制备方法,包括:
(1)在90-95℃惰性气体保护下,将金属盐加入到极性溶剂中,然后加入二酸单体,得到二酸溶液;其中,金属盐为碱金属盐或碱土金属盐;
(2)将二胺单体加入到步骤(1)中的二酸溶液中,混合后加入催化剂,110-120℃反应0.5-1h,然后升温至130-140℃反应4-5h,丙酮中析出,得到可溶性芳香聚酰胺;其中,催化剂为吡啶和亚磷酸三苯酯的混合物。
6.一种如权利要求3所述的可重复加工的交联聚酰胺的制备方法,包括:
(1)将如权利要求2所述的可溶性芳香聚酰胺溶解在极性溶剂中,形成均匀的聚合物溶液;
(2)向(1)中的聚合物溶液中加入官能度大于等于2的马来酰亚胺交联剂,均匀混合15-20min,得到复合溶液;
(3)将(2)中所得的复合溶液采用涂膜或脱模得到可重复加工的交联聚酰胺。
7.一种如权利要求1所述的呋喃基二酸单体、如权利要求2所述的可溶性芳香聚酰胺或者如权利要求5所述的可重复加工的交联聚酰胺的应用,其特征在于:所述呋喃基二酸单体应用于含呋喃官能团聚合物材料的合成;所述可溶性聚酰胺应用于制备高强度膜材料、可修复膜材料、耐高温工程材料、聚合物/纳米粒子复合材料或聚酰胺气凝胶;所述可重复加工的交联聚酰胺应用于增强材料、耐溶剂材料或可回收高性能材料。
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