CN105028077A - Novel three-dimensional planting method adopted in rice field - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/30—Rearing or breeding invertebrates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明属于水稻种植领域,尤其涉及一种新型稻田立体种植方法。 The invention belongs to the field of rice planting, and in particular relates to a novel three-dimensional planting method in a rice field.
背景技术 Background technique
水稻原产亚洲热带,在中国广为栽种后,逐渐传播到世界各地。水稻所结子实即稻谷,稻谷(粒)去壳后称大米、香米、稻米。世界上近一半人口,都以大米为食。大米的食用方法多种多样,有米饭、米粥、米饼、米糕,米酒等。水稻除可食用外,还可以酿酒、制糖作为工业原料,稻壳、稻秆,可以作为饲料。我国水稻主产区主要是东北地区、长江流域,珠江流域。属于直接经济作物,也是世界上三分之一人类的主食。 Rice is native to tropical Asia, and after being widely planted in China, it gradually spread to all parts of the world. The fruit of rice is paddy, and paddy (grain) is called rice, fragrant rice, and rice after shelling. Nearly half of the world's population feeds on rice. There are various ways to eat rice, such as rice, rice porridge, rice cakes, rice cakes, rice wine and so on. In addition to being edible, rice can also be used as industrial raw materials for wine making and sugar refining, and rice husk and rice straw can be used as feed. The main rice producing areas in my country are mainly the Northeast region, the Yangtze River Basin, and the Pearl River Basin. It belongs to direct economic crops and is also the staple food of one-third of the world's human beings.
随着水稻需求量的增加,其种植环境也逐渐恶化,病害、虫害、草害发生日趋严重。传统生产中,化肥、农药被普遍使用,这不仅给稻米的食用带来隐患,同时,大量施肥打药造成环境污染。 With the increase of demand for rice, its planting environment is gradually deteriorating, and the occurrence of diseases, insect damage and weed damage is becoming more and more serious. In traditional production, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are widely used, which not only brings hidden dangers to the consumption of rice, but also causes environmental pollution due to large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides.
生态种植养殖是农业产业化发展的必然趋势,其特点是根据种养殖动植物间的共生互补原理,利用自然界的物质循环系统,通过相应的种养殖技术和管理措施,使动植物在一定的养殖空间和区域内共同生长,实现保持生态平衡、提高养殖效益的目的。本发明正是基于上述背景而进行的开发研究。 Ecological planting and breeding is an inevitable trend in the development of agricultural industrialization. Its characteristics are based on the principle of symbiosis and complementarity between planting and breeding animals and plants, using the material circulation system in nature, and through corresponding planting and breeding techniques and management measures, animals and plants can be cultivated in a certain way. Space and area grow together to achieve the purpose of maintaining ecological balance and improving breeding efficiency. The present invention is exactly the development research that carries out based on above-mentioned background.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明旨在提供一种稻田立体种植方法,在稻田里饲养鱼类,并将水蕹菜和水稻间种的方式来提高水稻的产量和品质,具有生态环保、经济效益好的特点。 The present invention aims to provide a three-dimensional planting method in a paddy field. Fish are raised in the paddy field, and water spinach and rice are interplanted to improve the yield and quality of paddy rice, which has the characteristics of ecological protection and good economic benefits.
本发明通过如下技术方案来实现: The present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:
一种新型稻田立体种植方法,包括如下步骤: A novel paddy field three-dimensional planting method, comprising the steps of:
A:稻田修整:每年五月上旬对稻田进行修整,具体为: A: Paddy field trimming: The paddy field is trimmed in the first ten days of May every year, specifically:
(1)挖饲养沟渠:在稻田四周和种植田垄内挖出“日”字形或“田”字形饲养沟渠,饲养沟渠的宽度为65~85cm、深度为75~90cm,其横截面为上宽下窄的梯形结构; (1) Digging feeding ditches: Dig "day" or "field"-shaped feeding ditches around the paddy fields and in the ridges of the planting fields. narrow trapezoidal structure;
(2)田梗构建:在稻田四周的饲养沟渠外侧添土筑起田埂,田埂宽度为60~80cm、高度为60~75cm,其横截面为上窄下宽的梯形结构; (2) Field stalk construction: add soil to the outside of the feeding ditch around the paddy field to build a field ridge with a width of 60-80cm and a height of 60-75cm, and its cross-section is a trapezoidal structure with a narrow top and a wide bottom;
(3)土地整理:对饲养沟渠的沟底和田埂的梗堤表面进行夯实处理; (3) Land consolidation: ramming the bottom of the feeding ditch and the surface of the stalk embankment of the field ridge;
(4)防护设置:在田埂四周每隔1.5m搭建一根水泥柱,柱高1.8~2.2m,并在水泥柱上覆盖搭建形成围绕四周的铁丝网,并在田埂四角设有四个稻草人; (4) Protective settings: build a cement column every 1.5m around the field ridge, the column height is 1.8~2.2m, and cover the cement column to form a barbed wire around the surrounding, and set four scarecrows at the four corners of the field ridge;
(5)进排水系统:在田埂一角设置进水口,在其对角的沟渠底部设置一排水口,进排水口均设有尼龙防逃网; (5) Inlet and drainage system: set up a water inlet at one corner of the field ridge, and set up a drainage outlet at the bottom of the ditches at the opposite corner, and both inlet and outlet outlets are equipped with nylon anti-escape nets;
B:水生动植物饲养:当年五月中旬进行水生动植物的移栽养殖操作,具体为: B: Breeding of aquatic animals and plants: transplanting and breeding operations of aquatic animals and plants will be carried out in mid-May of that year, specifically:
(1)稻田消毒:用石灰粉对饲养沟渠和种植田垄进行消毒处理; (1) Disinfection of paddy fields: use lime powder to disinfect feeding ditches and planting field ridges;
(2)基肥土施加:消毒一周后,将腐熟农家粪、植物秸秆和腐熟河底淤泥混合后施加于种植田垄和饲养沟渠上,施加高度为8~15cm; (2) Application of basal fertilizer: After one week of disinfection, mix decomposed farm manure, plant straw and decomposed river bottom mud and apply it on the planting field ridges and feeding ditches at a height of 8-15cm;
(3)水产动植物培养:在饲养沟渠内种植轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和花叶水葱,同时在基肥土上接种水蚯蚓; (3) Cultivation of aquatic animals and plants: plant Hydra verticillium, Elodea and Mosaic water onion in the feeding ditch, and at the same time inoculate water earthworms on the basal soil;
C:水稻及作物种植:当年六月上旬开始在种植田垄上种植水稻并套种水蕹菜,每种植三行水稻套种一行水蕹菜; C: Planting of rice and crops: In the first ten days of June of that year, rice was planted on the ridge of the planting field and water spinach was interplanted, and three rows of rice were interplanted with one row of water spinach;
D:鱼类放养:在水稻种植8~10天后,将罗非鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼和黄颡鱼的鱼苗消毒后放养于饲养沟渠内; D: fish stocking: after paddy rice is planted 8~10 days, the fry of tilapia, grass carp, carp and yellow catfish are disinfected and stocked in a breeding ditch;
E:日常管理:在水稻成长期间,保证水位高于种植田垄8~12cm,期间做好给水排水工作,每天对鱼类喂食两次,分别于早晚进行; E: Daily management: During the rice growth period, ensure that the water level is 8-12cm higher than the planting field ridge, and do a good job of water supply and drainage during the period, and feed the fish twice a day, respectively in the morning and evening;
F:作物和鱼类的采收:六月底到十月底期间,每当水蕹菜嫩茎长到23~25cm时进行采收一次,十月上旬对鱼类进行捕捞出售,十月中旬即可对水稻收割。 F: Harvesting of crops and fish: From the end of June to the end of October, harvest once when the tender stems of water spinach grow to 23~25cm, fish are caught and sold in early October, and can be harvested in mid-October Harvesting of rice.
进一步的,步骤A中(1)挖饲养沟渠所述的饲养沟渠的面积为稻田总面积的5~10%。 Further, in step A (1) digging the feeding ditch, the area of the feeding ditch is 5-10% of the total area of the paddy field.
进一步的,步骤A中(4)防护设置所述的铁丝网的网孔为6x8cm的矩形,稻草人高度为1.6~1.8m。 Further, in step A (4) protective setting, the mesh of the wire mesh is a rectangle of 6x8cm, and the height of the scarecrow is 1.6-1.8m.
进一步的,步骤A中(5)进排水系统所述的尼龙防逃网的孔径为20~30目,丝径为0.3~0.4mm。 Further, in step A (5) the nylon escape-proof net described in the water inlet and drainage system has a pore size of 20-30 mesh and a wire diameter of 0.3-0.4 mm.
进一步的,步骤B中(1)稻田消毒所述的石灰粉用量为每亩25~35公斤。 Further, in step B (1) the amount of lime powder used in paddy field disinfection is 25-35 kg per mu.
进一步的,步骤B中(2)基肥土施加所述的农家粪、植物秸秆和腐熟河底淤泥的重量比为5:2:3,其中植物秸秆为小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆的一种或多种粉碎过40目混合而得。 Further, in step B (2) the weight ratio of farm manure, plant straw and decomposed river bottom sludge is 5:2:3, wherein the plant straw is one of wheat straw, corn straw and rice straw Or a variety of crushed through 40 mesh mixed.
进一步的,步骤B中(3)水产动植物培养所述的轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和花叶水葱的种植面积为饲养沟渠的45~55%,水蚯蚓接种量为每平方250~350g。 Further, in step B (3) cultivating aquatic animals and plants, the planting area of Hydra verticillium, Elodea and Mosaic water onion is 45-55% of the breeding ditch, and the inoculum amount of water worms is 250-350 g per square meter.
进一步的,步骤C所述水稻行株距为20×15cm,水蕹菜的株距为15cm,水稻与水蕹菜的行距为25cm。 Further, the row-to-plant distance of rice in step C is 20×15 cm, the row-to-plant distance of water spinach is 15 cm, and the row distance between rice and water spinach is 25 cm.
进一步的,步骤D所述罗非鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼和黄颡鱼的数量比为4:7:2:3,且鱼苗均长为3~4cm,每亩投放900~1200尾,消毒是用4~6%的食盐溶液进行消毒。 Further, the quantity ratio of tilapia, grass carp, carp and yellow catfish described in step D is 4:7:2:3, and the average length of the fry is 3-4cm, and 900-1200 tails are put in per mu, and the disinfection is with 4~6% salt solution for disinfection.
进一步的,步骤F所述喂食鱼类的饲料为粉碎的虾壳、豆粕和玉米粒的混合物,并分别于早上10.00和下午5.00进行定点喂食。 Further, the feed for feeding the fish described in step F is a mixture of crushed shrimp shells, soybean meal and corn kernels, and fixed-point feeding is carried out at 10.00 am and 5.00 pm respectively.
本发明具有如下有益效果:稻田中接种的水蚯蚓在生长活动时酥松了土壤,提高了土壤的养分含量,促进了水稻产量的提升,且繁殖能力强,是鱼类很好的食物;合理搭配的四种鱼类不仅可互相促进生长,且可以吃掉稻田中的多数杂草和孑孓等害虫,降低了水稻发病率,其排出的粪便是水稻很好的养料,此外鱼类生长觅食活动会翻动泥土并促进肥料的分解,为水稻生长创造了较好生长的条件;种植的水藻类植物不仅可以作为鱼类的食物,且可以提高水中氧气含量、净化水质,改善了水稻生长的环境,降低发病率;将水蕹菜和水稻间作,可充分利用种植土壤和空间,并且提高了水稻叶片与周围环境进行气体和水分交换的能力,增强了净光合速率和有效分蘖数,进而提高了产量。本立体养殖方法通过合理搭配动植物混合养殖,提高了水稻的产量和质量,降低了病虫害发生率,减少了化学农药的使用,极大的利用了自然资源又保护了环境,且收入方式多样化,大大提升了亩产效益。 The invention has the following beneficial effects: the water earthworm inoculated in the paddy field loosens the soil during growth and activity, improves the nutrient content of the soil, promotes the increase of rice yield, and has strong reproductive ability, and is a good food for fish; reasonable collocation The four kinds of fish can not only promote the growth of each other, but also can eat most of the weeds and larvae and other pests in the rice field, reducing the incidence of rice disease, and the feces discharged by them are good nutrients for rice. It will turn the soil and promote the decomposition of fertilizers, creating better growth conditions for rice growth; the planted algae plants can not only be used as food for fish, but also can increase the oxygen content in water, purify water quality, and improve the environment for rice growth. Reduce the incidence of disease; intercropping water spinach and rice can make full use of the planting soil and space, and improve the ability of rice leaves to exchange gas and water with the surrounding environment, enhance the net photosynthetic rate and effective tiller number, thereby increasing the yield . This three-dimensional breeding method improves the yield and quality of rice through reasonable matching of animals and plants, reduces the incidence of diseases and insect pests, reduces the use of chemical pesticides, greatly utilizes natural resources and protects the environment, and diversifies the income , greatly improving the benefit per mu.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
实施例1 Example 1
一种新型稻田立体种植方法,包括如下步骤: A novel paddy field three-dimensional planting method, comprising the steps of:
A:稻田修整:每年五月上旬对稻田进行修整,具体为: A: Paddy field trimming: The paddy field is trimmed in the first ten days of May every year, specifically:
(1)挖饲养沟渠:在稻田四周和种植田垄内挖出“日”字形或“田”字形饲养沟渠,饲养沟渠的宽度为70~85cm、深度为80~90cm,其横截面为上宽下窄的梯形结构; (1) Digging feeding ditches: Dig a "day" or "field"-shaped feeding ditch around the paddy field and in the ridge of the planting field. The width of the feeding ditch is 70~85cm, and the depth is 80~90cm. narrow trapezoidal structure;
(2)田梗构建:在稻田四周的饲养沟渠外侧添土筑起田埂,田埂宽度为70~80cm、高度为60~70cm,其横截面为上窄下宽的梯形结构; (2) Field stalk construction: add soil to the outside of the feeding ditch around the paddy field to build a field ridge with a width of 70-80cm and a height of 60-70cm, and its cross-section is a trapezoidal structure with a narrow top and a wide bottom;
(3)土地整理:对饲养沟渠的沟底和田埂的梗堤表面进行夯实处理; (3) Land consolidation: ramming the bottom of the feeding ditch and the surface of the stalk embankment of the field ridge;
(4)防护设置:在田埂四周每隔1.5m搭建一根水泥柱,柱高2.2m,并在水泥柱上覆盖搭建形成围绕四周的铁丝网,并在田埂四角设有四个稻草人; (4) Protection settings: build a cement column every 1.5m around the field ridge, the column height is 2.2m, and cover the cement column to form a barbed wire around the surrounding, and set four scarecrows at the four corners of the field ridge;
(5)进排水系统:在田埂一角设置进水口,在其对角的沟渠底部设置一排水口,进排水口均设有尼龙防逃网; (5) Inlet and drainage system: set up a water inlet at one corner of the field ridge, and set up a drainage outlet at the bottom of the ditches at the opposite corner, and both inlet and outlet outlets are equipped with nylon anti-escape nets;
B:水生动植物饲养:当年五月中旬进行水生动植物的移栽养殖操作,具体为: B: Breeding of aquatic animals and plants: transplanting and breeding operations of aquatic animals and plants will be carried out in mid-May of that year, specifically:
(1)稻田消毒:用石灰粉对饲养沟渠和种植田垄进行消毒处理; (1) Disinfection of paddy fields: use lime powder to disinfect feeding ditches and planting field ridges;
(2)基肥土施加:消毒一周后,将腐熟农家粪、植物秸秆和腐熟河底淤泥混合后施加于种植田垄和饲养沟渠上,施加高度为12cm; (2) Application of basal fertilizer: After one week of disinfection, mix decomposed farm manure, plant straw and decomposed river bottom mud and apply it on the planting field ridge and feeding ditch at a height of 12cm;
(3)水产动植物培养:在饲养沟渠内种植轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和花叶水葱,同时在基肥土上接种水蚯蚓; (3) Cultivation of aquatic animals and plants: plant Hydra verticillium, Elodea and Mosaic water onion in the feeding ditch, and at the same time inoculate water earthworms on the basal soil;
C:水稻及作物种植:当年六月上旬开始在种植田垄上种植水稻并套种水蕹菜,每种植三行水稻套种一行水蕹菜; C: Planting of rice and crops: In the first ten days of June of that year, rice was planted on the ridge of the planting field and water spinach was interplanted, and three rows of rice were interplanted with one row of water spinach;
D:鱼类放养:在水稻种植9天后,将罗非鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼和黄颡鱼的鱼苗消毒后放养于饲养沟渠内; D: Fish stocking: after rice planting 9 days, the fry of tilapia, grass carp, carp and yellow catfish are disinfected and stocked in the feeding ditch;
E:日常管理:在水稻成长期间,保证水位高于种植田垄8~10cm,期间做好给水排水工作,每天对鱼类喂食两次,分别于早晚进行; E: Daily management: During the rice growth period, ensure that the water level is 8-10cm higher than the planting field ridge, do a good job of water supply and drainage during the period, and feed the fish twice a day, respectively in the morning and evening;
F:作物和鱼类的采收:六月底到十月底期间,每当水蕹菜嫩茎长到23~25cm时进行采收一次,十月上旬对鱼类进行捕捞出售,十月中旬即可对水稻收割。 F: Harvesting of crops and fish: From the end of June to the end of October, harvest once when the tender stems of water spinach grow to 23~25cm, fish are caught and sold in early October, and can be harvested in mid-October Harvesting of rice.
进一步的,步骤A中(1)挖饲养沟渠所述的饲养沟渠的面积为稻田总面积的8~10%。 Further, in step A (1) digging the feeding ditch, the area of the feeding ditch is 8-10% of the total area of the paddy field.
进一步的,步骤A中(4)防护设置所述的铁丝网的网孔为6x8cm的矩形,稻草人高度为1.7m。 Further, in step A (4) protective setting, the mesh of the barbed wire is a rectangle of 6x8cm, and the height of the scarecrow is 1.7m.
进一步的,步骤A中(5)进排水系统所述的尼龙防逃网的孔径为25目,丝径为0.35mm。 Further, in step A (5) the nylon escape-proof net described in the water inlet and drainage system has a pore size of 25 mesh and a wire diameter of 0.35 mm.
进一步的,步骤B中(1)稻田消毒所述的石灰粉用量为每亩35公斤。 Further, in step B (1) the amount of lime powder used for disinfection of paddy fields is 35 kg per mu.
进一步的,步骤B中(2)基肥土施加所述的农家粪、植物秸秆和腐熟河底淤泥的重量比为5:2:3,其中植物秸秆为小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆的一种或多种粉碎过40目混合而得。 Further, in step B (2) the weight ratio of farm manure, plant straw and decomposed river bottom sludge is 5:2:3, wherein the plant straw is one of wheat straw, corn straw and rice straw Or a variety of crushed through 40 mesh mixed.
进一步的,步骤B中(3)水产动植物培养所述的轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和花叶水葱的种植面积为饲养沟渠的50~55%,水蚯蚓接种量为每平方350g。 Further, in step B (3) cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, the planting area of Hydra verticillium, Elodea and Mosaic water onion is 50-55% of the feeding ditch, and the inoculation amount of water earthworms is 350g per square meter.
进一步的,步骤C所述水稻行株距为20×15cm,水蕹菜的株距为15cm,水稻与水蕹菜的行距为25cm。 Further, the row-to-plant distance of rice in step C is 20×15 cm, the row-to-plant distance of water spinach is 15 cm, and the row distance between rice and water spinach is 25 cm.
进一步的,步骤D所述罗非鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼和黄颡鱼的数量比为4:7:2:3,且鱼苗均长为3~4cm,每亩投放1100尾,消毒是用6%的食盐溶液进行消毒。 Further, the quantity ratio of tilapia, grass carp, carp and yellow catfish described in step D is 4:7:2:3, and the average length of the fry is 3-4cm, and 1100 fish are put in per mu, and the disinfection method is 6% saline solution for disinfection.
进一步的,步骤F所述喂食鱼类的饲料为粉碎的虾壳、豆粕和玉米粒的混合物,并分别于早上10.00和下午5.00进行定点喂食。 Further, the feed for feeding the fish described in step F is a mixture of crushed shrimp shells, soybean meal and corn kernels, and fixed-point feeding is carried out at 10.00 am and 5.00 pm respectively.
为了对比本发明效果,选取两块面积相同、临近的试验田,水稻选择丰两优9号水稻,一块用实施例1所述的方法进行水稻种植,另一块以普通水稻单作的方式种植作为对照组,下表为对比数据: In order to compare the effects of the present invention, two experimental fields with the same area and close proximity were selected, and the rice was selected as Fengliangyou No. 9 rice, and one piece was planted with the method described in Example 1, and the other piece was planted as a contrast in the mode of ordinary rice monoculture group, the following table is the comparative data:
注:本表发病率以水稻黄壳糯叶瘟病、穗瘟病、白叶枯病、稻飞虱、稻苞虫等病虫害计。 Note: The incidence rate in this table is based on rice yellow husk glutinous leaf blast, panicle blast, bacterial blight, rice planthopper, rice bract worm and other diseases and insect pests.
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