CN104853698A - 在假体心脏瓣膜瓣叶的平面部分中的垂直合紧区 - Google Patents
在假体心脏瓣膜瓣叶的平面部分中的垂直合紧区 Download PDFInfo
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2415—Manufacturing methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
- A61F2230/0017—Angular shapes
- A61F2230/0026—Angular shapes trapezoidal
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2240/00—Manufacturing or designing of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2240/001—Designing or manufacturing processes
Abstract
本文所描述的实施例针对于特定形状的假体心脏瓣膜瓣叶,当每个瓣叶中存在平面区段时,其允许瓣叶中冗余的合紧高度。
Description
技术领域
本公开大体而言涉及假体瓣膜并且更具体而言涉及合成柔性瓣叶的几何形状。
背景技术
用于打开和闭合的重复负荷下的心脏瓣膜的合成材料的耐用性部分地取决于在瓣叶与框架之间的负荷分布。另外,当处于闭合位置时在瓣叶上出现显著负荷。叶的机械损毁可能例如在安装边缘处发生,在那里,柔性瓣叶由相对刚性的框架支承。部分地取决于瓣叶材料,瓣叶打开和闭合的反复负荷由于疲劳、蠕变或其它机制而导致材料损毁。在安装边缘处的机械损毁是合成瓣叶特别常见的。
瓣膜瓣叶的耐用性也部分地取决于打开-闭合循环期间瓣叶的弯曲特性。小直径弯曲、褶皱和相交褶皱会在瓣叶中产生高应力区。这些高应力区可能在重复荷载下形成孔和撕裂。
可以使用外科手术或经导管技术来递送假体瓣膜。使用开放心脏外科手术技术来将外科手术瓣膜植入于患者中。外科手术瓣膜通常被制造成具有固定直径,这与需要实现一定直径范围来接近和递送的经导管瓣膜不同。外科手术瓣膜通常在瓣膜的周界周围设有缝套,以允许缝入到自体组织口内。
除了上文所论述的瓣膜耐用性问题之外,经导管瓣膜必须也能耐受与压缩和扩张相关联的处置和部署应力。
合成假体心脏瓣膜瓣叶的“优选”形状已经展开多次讨论,但每一个都与其它不同。各种瞬态三维形状的范围从球形或圆柱形到与球和“非球面(alpharabola)”的截头圆锥相交。最通常被描述为“优选”的形状是模仿自体人主动脉瓣膜。尽管自然决定了自体组织形成心脏瓣膜的最佳形状,我们发现对于假体材料却并非如此。
发明内容
所描述的实施例针对于一种用于瓣膜置换、诸如脏瓣膜置换的设备、系统和方法。更具体而言,所描述的实施例针对于柔性瓣叶瓣膜装置,其中,瓣叶具有平面中央区。当瓣膜不在压力下时,可以确定平面区的存在。平面区以限定截断顶部的截断等腰三角形或等腰梯形的形式存在。将在瓣叶的瓣叶自由边缘处的截断顶部的宽度选择成:在闭合和完全加压条件下,实现了瓣叶的完全合紧。
本发明提供一种具有瓣叶框架和多个瓣叶的假体瓣膜。瓣叶联接到瓣叶框架上。每个瓣叶包括瓣叶自由边缘和瓣叶基部。每个瓣叶具有位于中央区域中的平面区,其中平面区基本上是平面的,其中平面区限定具有如下面积的形状。该面积在基部附近比在瓣叶自由边缘附近更大。平面区延伸到瓣叶自由边缘,限定具有如下顶部宽度的截断顶部,该顶部宽度沿瓣叶自由边缘测量为大于零。每个瓣叶具有合紧区,该合紧区由当瓣叶处于闭合位置时与相邻瓣叶接触的邻近瓣叶自由边缘的区域限定。合紧高度被定义为在平行于瓣膜轴线X的轴向方向上测量的合紧区(也被称作垂直合紧区)的长度,其中合紧高度大于零。如本文所用的术语“垂直”指平行于瓣膜轴线X的方向,如在图1A中所示。
一种形成假体心脏瓣膜的方法,包括:提供瓣叶框架,其具有大体上管状形状,瓣叶框架限定多个瓣叶窗口,其中瓣叶窗口中的每一个包括两个瓣叶窗口侧部、一瓣叶窗口基部和一瓣叶窗口顶部;提供膜;使膜绕瓣叶框架缠绕,使多于一层膜与额外各膜接触,限定从瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的至少一个瓣叶;以及将膜层结合到自身和瓣叶框架上,其中每个瓣叶具有基本上等腰三角形的形状,等腰三角形具有两个瓣叶侧部、一瓣叶基部和与瓣叶基部相对的瓣叶自由边缘,其中,两个瓣叶侧部从瓣叶基部叉开,其中瓣叶基部基本上是平坦的,其中瓣叶基部联接到窗口基部,并且其中两个瓣叶侧部中的每一个联接到两个窗口侧部之一,提供大体上环形支承结构;每个瓣叶具有位于中央区域中的平面区,其中平面区基本上是平面的,其中平面区限定具有如下面积的形状,其中该面积在基部附近比在瓣叶自由边缘附近更大,其中平面区延伸到瓣叶自由边缘,限定截断顶部,截断顶部具有沿着瓣叶自由边缘测量的、大于零的顶部宽度,每个瓣叶具有合紧区,该合紧区由当瓣叶处于闭合位置时与相邻瓣叶接触的、邻近瓣叶自由边缘的区域限定,将合紧高度定义为在轴向方向上测量的合紧区(也被称作垂直合紧区)的高度,其中,合紧高度大于零。
附图说明
包括附图以提供对本公开的进一步理解并且附图合并于本说明书中并且构成本说明书的部分,示出本文所描述的实施例,并且与描述一起用于解释在本公开中所讨论的原理。
图1A是根据一实施例的假体瓣膜的侧视图;以及
图1B为图1A的瓣膜的实施例的立体图;
图1C为图2A的瓣膜的实施例的处于打开配置的轴向视图;
图1D为图2A的瓣膜的实施例的处于闭合配置的轴向视图;
图2是展开为平坦取向的瓣叶框架的实施例的视图;
图3A是在解剖结构内经导管递送系统的实施例的侧视图;
图3B是在解剖结构内外科手术瓣膜的实施例的侧视图;
图4是展开为平坦取向的瓣叶框架的实施例的视图;
图5是根据另一实施例的瓣叶的透视图;
图6是根据一实施例在组装心轴上的瓣叶框架的侧视图;
图7A是根据一实施例在切割心轴上的瓣叶框架的侧视图;以及
图7B是在图7A的组装心轴上的瓣叶框架的透视图。
具体实施方式
本领域技术人员将易于认识到本公开的各个方面可以由被配置成执行预期功能的多种方法和设备来实现。换言之,其它方法和设备可以合并于本发明中以执行预期的功能。还应当指出的是本文中参考的附图未必按照比例绘制,而是可能夸大以示出本公开的各种方面,并且就此而言,附图不应认为具有限制意义。
尽管本文的实施例可以结合各种原理和益处展开描述,所描述的实施例不应认为受特定理论限制。例如,关于假体瓣膜,更具体而言心假体瓣膜来描述实施例。然而,在本公开的范围内的实施例可以适用于具有类似结构和/或功能的任何瓣膜或机构。而且,在本公开的范围内的实施例可以应用于非心脏应用中。
如在本文中在假体瓣膜的上下文中使用的术语瓣叶是单向瓣膜的部件,其中,瓣叶可操作成在压差的影响下在打开位置与闭合位置之间移动。在打开位置,瓣叶允许血液通过假体瓣膜流动。在闭合位置,瓣叶基本上阻挡通过瓣膜的逆向流动。在包括多个瓣叶的实施例中,每个瓣叶与至少一个相邻瓣叶协作,以阻挡血液逆行流动。例如,由于心室或心房收缩造成血液中的压差,这种压差通常是由于瓣叶闭合时在瓣叶一侧上流体压力积聚造成。在瓣膜流入侧上的压力升高到高于在瓣膜流出侧上的压力时,瓣叶打开并且血液穿过瓣叶流动。在血液通过瓣膜流入到相邻腔室或血管中时,在流入侧上的压力与流出侧上的压力均衡。在瓣膜流出侧上的压力升高到高于瓣膜流入侧上的血压时,瓣叶返回到闭合位置,以通常防止血液逆行流经瓣膜。
如本文所用的术语隔膜指包括单组分的材料薄片,诸如(但不限于)膨胀型含氟聚合物。
如本文所用的术语复合材料指隔膜、诸如(但不限于)膨胀型含氟聚合物和弹性体、诸如(但不限于)含氟弹性体的组合。弹性体可以吸入到隔膜的多孔性结构中,涂布到隔膜的一侧或两侧上,或者涂布到隔膜上和吸入到隔膜内的组合。
如本文所用的术语层合件指隔膜、复合材料或其它材料诸如弹性体和其组合的多个层。
如本文所用的术语膜通常指隔膜、复合材料或层合件中的一种或多种。
如本文所用的生物相容性材料通常指膜或生物材料,诸如(但不限于)牛心包。
术语瓣叶窗口被定义为框架所限定的空间,瓣叶从框架延伸。瓣叶可以从框架元件延伸或者邻近框架元件并且与框架元件间隔开。
术语自体心脏瓣膜口和组织口指其内可放置有假体瓣膜的解剖结构。这种解剖结构包括(但不限于)心瓣膜可以或可以不通过外科手术移除的部位。应了解能接纳假体瓣膜的其它解剖结构包括(但不限于)静脉、动脉、管和分路。但在本文中参考利用假体瓣膜置换自体心脏瓣膜,还应了解瓣膜口或植入位点也可以指在为了特定目的而可接纳瓣膜的合成或生物管道中的部位,并且因此本文所提供的实施例的范围并不限于瓣膜置换。
如本文所用的术语“联接”表示连结、连接、附连、粘附、固结或结合,无论是直接的还是间接的,无论是永久的还是暂时的。
本文的实施例包括用于适合于外科手术和经导管放置的假体瓣膜的各种设备、系统和方法,诸如(但不限于)心瓣膜置换。瓣膜可用作单向瓣膜,其中,瓣膜限定瓣膜口,响应于流体差压,瓣叶打开以允许向瓣膜口流入和闭合以便阻塞瓣膜口并且防止流动。
本文所提出的实施例涉及受控制的瓣叶打开。瓣膜瓣叶的耐用性主要受到打开-闭合循环期间瓣叶表现出的弯曲特性控制。小半径弯曲、褶皱和特别是相交褶皱可能在瓣叶中产生高应力区。高应力区可能在重复负荷下造成孔和撕裂的形成。
在本公开中规定的设计替代地计划将合成材料放置于比基于自体瓣膜的复制件的那些更小的应力条件下。这部分地通过瓣叶材料中减小的折曲而实现。发现瓣叶形状的两种特点对于最小化折曲和褶皱形成特别重要。在薄高模量瓣叶中受控制的弯曲是特别重要的,因为在这些材料中的弯曲倾向于类似于赛璐酚(cellophane,玻璃纸)那样。如果不对瓣叶弯曲特性进行控制,不仅形成褶皱,而且褶皱相交导致形成较大三维结构,其抵抗弯曲并且减缓瓣叶打开和闭合时的运动。根据本发明的实施例,为了避免这种情况,在瓣膜瓣叶中设置允许瓣叶中冗余合紧区的特点。
瓣膜
图1A是根据一实施例的瓣膜100的侧视图。图1B是图1A的瓣膜100的透视图。图1C和图1D是分别处于打开配置和闭合配置的图1A的瓣膜100的轴向视图。瓣膜100包括瓣叶框架130和限定瓣叶140的膜160。图2是图1A的瓣膜100的瓣叶框架130的侧视图,其中,瓣叶框架130在纵向切割并且摊开以更好地示出大体上管状瓣膜100的元件。在图1A、图1B和图1D以及图5和图6中,瓣叶140被示出略微打开以更好地示出各特征,但应了解完全闭合的瓣膜100使瓣叶140的瓣叶自由边缘142靠拢在一起以在下游流体压力下合紧,这导致瓣膜闭合以防止下游流体通过瓣膜逆向流动。
瓣叶框架
参考图1A至图1D,根据一实施例,瓣叶框架130大体上为管状构件。根据经导管的实施例,瓣叶框架130可操作成允许它在不同直径之间压缩和扩张。瓣叶框架130包括瓣叶框架第一端121a和与瓣叶框架第一端121a相对的瓣叶框架第二端121b。瓣叶框架130包括瓣叶框架外表面126a和与瓣叶框架外表面126a相对的瓣叶框架内表面126b,如图1A所示。瓣叶框架130限定连合柱136,连合柱136联接到瓣叶自由边缘142。
图4是根据一实施例的瓣膜100的瓣叶框架130a的侧视图,其中瓣叶框架130a被纵向切割并且摊开以更好地示出大体上管形瓣叶框架130a的元件。瓣叶框架130a包括成框架元件,其适合于影响压缩和扩张,如血管内放置所需要的那样。如本文所用的术语“框架元件”指瓣叶框架130的任何部分,诸如但不限于限定瓣叶窗口137的那些各个部分。瓣叶框架第一端121a还包括连合柱136,这些连合柱从瓣叶框架元件的顶点延伸,从而限定基本上三角形。连合柱136的长度可能会影响瓣叶自由边缘142的高度,以在相邻瓣叶自由边缘142之间形成更大或更宽的合紧区域146。
瓣叶140以虚线示出以表示瓣叶140位于瓣叶窗口137内的位置。瓣叶窗口137由瓣叶窗口侧部133和瓣叶窗口基部134限定。瓣叶侧部141联接到瓣叶窗口侧部133,并且瓣叶基部143联接到瓣叶窗口基部134。
瓣叶框架130可以限定任何数目的特征,可重复的或其它特征,诸如几何形状和/或线性或曲折的正弦曲线系列。几何形状可以包括便于基本上均匀周向压缩和扩张的任何形状,诸如瓣叶框架130a。瓣叶框架130可以包括切割管或适合于特定目的的任何其它元件。瓣叶框架120可以被蚀刻、切割、激光切割或冲压成管或材料片,然后该材料片被形成为基本上圆柱形结构。替代地,细长材料,诸如线、可弯曲的条带或其系列可以弯曲或编结和形成为基本上圆柱形结构其中圆柱壁包括开放构架,开放构架能以大体上均匀和周向方式压缩成更小直径并且可扩张到较大直径。
瓣叶框架130可包括任何金属或聚合生物相容性材料。例如,瓣叶框架130可包括诸如(但不限于)下列材料:镍钛诺、钴-镍合金、不锈钢或聚丙烯、乙酰均聚物、乙酰共聚物、ePTFE、其它合金或聚合物,或者具有充分物理和机械性质以如本文所描述起作用的任何其它生物相容性材料。
已知各种设计的支架可弹性变形以便在弹簧负荷下自行扩张。还已知各种设计的支架可以塑性变形以便机械地扩张,诸如借助囊体。还已知各种设计的支架可以塑性变形以及弹性变形。本文提出的外部框架120的实施例并不限于具体支架设计或扩张模式。
根据各种实施例,瓣叶框架130可以被配置成提供与植入位点的形状配合地接合(positive engagement)以将瓣膜100牢固地锚固到位点,如图3A所示,表示瓣膜100的经导管部署。根据一实施例,瓣叶框架130可以包括充分刚性的框架,其具有小弹性反冲,以维持抵靠于组织口150的充分并置以维持位置。根据另一实施例,瓣叶框架130可以被配置成扩张到大于组织口150的直径,以使得当瓣膜100扩张到组织口150内时,其能牢固地安放于其中。根据另一实施例,瓣叶框架130可以包括一个或多个锚固件(未图示),锚固件被配置成接合植入位点,诸如组织口150,以将瓣膜100固定到植入位点。
应意识到预想到将瓣膜100联接到植入位点的其它元件或器件。举例而言,但并无限制意义,其它器件,诸如机械和粘合性器件可以用于将瓣膜100联接到合成或生物管道上。
如在下文中所讨论,外科手术瓣膜100的实施例可以或可以不具有之字形配置,因为外科手术瓣膜100可以具有固定直径并且无需操作以压缩和再扩张。
参考图2,瓣叶框架130包括:多个间隔开的框架元件139,其限定由基部元件138互连的基本上等腰梯形,瓣叶框架限定瓣叶窗口137。每个瓣叶窗口侧部133由一个梯形的一个侧边和相邻梯形的一个侧边来限定,并且其中瓣叶窗口基部134由基部元件138限定。如本文所用的术语“框架元件”指瓣叶框架130的任何部分,诸如,但不限于,限定瓣叶窗口137的那些各个部分。
再次参考图1A和图2,瓣叶框架第一端121a还包括连合柱136,这些连合柱从限定基本上等腰梯形的瓣叶框架元件的顶点延伸。连合柱136可以影响瓣叶自由边缘142,以便在相邻瓣叶自由边缘142之间形成较大或较宽的合紧区域146。
根据一实施例,瓣叶框架130具有至少部分地通过将二维等腰梯形图案缠绕到管状形状上而确定的形状,等腰梯形图案具有瓣叶窗口基部134和从瓣叶窗口基部134叉开的两个瓣叶窗口侧部133,并且来自相邻等腰梯形的瓣叶窗口侧部133在瓣叶框架第一端121a处会合,如图2所示。瓣叶140以虚线示出以表示瓣叶140在瓣叶窗口137内的位置,瓣叶窗口137由瓣叶窗口侧部133和瓣叶窗口基部134限定。
膜
根据实施例,膜160大体上呈现任何片状材料,其是生物相容的并且被配置成将瓣叶联接到瓣叶框架。应了解术语“膜”通用于适合于特定目的的一种或多种生物相容性材料。瓣叶140也包括膜160。
根据一实施例,生物相容性材料是膜160,其并非生物源并且对于特定目的是充分柔性和牢固的,诸如生物相容性聚合物。在一实施例中,膜160包括生物相容性聚合物,其与弹性体组合,被称作复合物。
在下文中讨论各种类型膜160的细节。在一实施例中,膜160可以由大体上管状材料形成,以至少部分地覆盖瓣叶框架130。膜160可以包括隔膜、复合材料或层合件中的一种或多种。在下文中讨论各种类型膜160的细节。
在一实施例中,膜160包括与弹性体组合的生物相容性聚合物,被称作复合物。根据一实施例的材料包括复合材料,复合材料包括膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜(其在原纤维基质内包括多个空间)和弹性体材料。应意识到多种类型的含氟聚合物隔膜和多种类型的弹性体材料可以组合以形成层合件,同时仍在本公开的范围内。还应认识到弹性体材料可以包括多种弹性体、多种类型的非弹性体组分,诸如无机填料、治疗剂、不透辐射的标记和类似物,仍在本公开的范围内。
根据一实施例,复合材料包括由多孔性ePTFE隔膜制成的膨胀型含氟聚合物材料,例如,如在授予Bacino的美国专利7,306,729中总体上描述。
用于形成所描述的膨胀型含氟聚合物材料的可膨胀的含氟聚合物可以包括PTFE均聚物。在替代实施例中,可以使用PTFE、可膨胀的改性PTFE和/或膨胀的PTFE共聚物的掺混物。合适含氟聚合物材料的非限制性示例描述于例如授予Branca的美国专利5,708,044、授予Baillie的美国专利6,541,589,授予Sabol等人的美国专利7,531,611,授予Ford的美国专利申请11/906,877以及授予Xu等人的美国专利申请12/410,050中。
膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜可以包括用于实现所希望的瓣叶性能的任何合适微结构。根据一实施例,膨胀型含氟聚合物包括由原纤维互连的节点的微结构,诸如授予Gore的美国专利3,953,566所描述。原纤维从节点在多个方向上延伸,并且隔膜具有大体上同质结构。具有这种微结构的隔膜通常在两个正交方向上表现出小于2并且可能小于1.5的基质抗拉强度比。
在另一实施例中,膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜具有基本上仅原纤维的微结构,诸如由授予Bacino的美国专利7,306,729大体上教导。具有基本上仅原纤维的膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜可以具有高表面积,诸如大于20m2/g,或者大于25m2/g,并且在某些实施例中,可以提供高度平衡的强度材料,在两个正交方向上具有至少1.5×105MPa2的基质抗拉强度乘积,和/或在两个正交方向上具有小于4并且可能小于1.5的基质抗拉强度比。
膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜可以被定制成具有适合于实现所希望的瓣叶性能的任何合适厚度和质量。举例而言,但并无限制意义,瓣叶140包括具有约0.1μm厚度的膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜。膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜能具有大约1.15g/m2的单位面积质量。根据本发明的一实施例的隔膜可以在纵向方向上具有约411MPa的基质抗拉强度并且在横向方向上具有约315MPa的基质抗拉强度。
额外材料可包含到隔膜的孔隙内或者隔膜材料内或者各层隔膜之间,以增强所希望的瓣叶性质。本文所描述的复合材料可以被定制成具有适合于实现所希望的瓣叶性能的任何厚度和质量。根据实施例的复合材料可以包括含氟聚合物隔膜并且具有约1.9μm的厚度和约4.1g/m2的单位面积质量。
膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜与弹性体组合以形成复合材料,其以各种方式向本公开的元件提供用于高循环挠曲植入物应用诸如心瓣膜瓣叶所需的性能属性。例如,添加弹性体能通过排除或减小观察到的仅ePTFE材料的刚硬度而改进了瓣叶140的疲劳性质。此外,其能减小材料将经历永久定型变形、诸如起皱或皱折的可能性,这类永久定型变形可能导致受损的性能。在一实施例中,弹性体占据膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的多孔性结构内的基本上所有孔隙体积或空间。在另一实施例中,弹性体存在于至少一个含氟聚合物层的基本上所有孔隙内。利用弹性体来填充孔隙体积或者使弹性体存在于基本上所有孔隙中减小了异物可能不合需要地包含到复合材料内的空间。这种异物的示例可以是钙,能通过与血液接触将钙抽吸到隔膜内。如果钙变得包含于如在心瓣膜瓣叶中所用的复合材料内,例如,在循环打开和闭合期间可能发生机械损坏,因此导致瓣叶中形成孔和血液动力学降级。
在一实施例中,与ePTFE组合的弹性体是四氟乙烯(TFE)和全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的热塑性共聚物,诸如在授予Chang等人的美国专利7,462,675中所描述。如上文所讨论,弹性体与膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜组合使得弹性体基本上占据膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜内的基本上所有空隙空间或孔隙以形成复合材料。这种利用弹性体对膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙进行填充可以以多种方式执行。在一实施例中,填充膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙的方法包括以下步骤:将弹性体溶解在如下溶剂中,即该溶剂适合于形成具有一种粘度和表面张力的溶液,这种溶液适于部分地或完全流入到膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙内并且允许溶剂蒸发,从而留下填料。
在一实施例中,复合材料包括三层:两个ePTFE外层和安置在它们之间的含氟弹性体内层。额外含氟弹性体可能是合适的并且描述于授予Chang等人的美国公告2004/0024448中,该公告以全文引用的方式并入到本文中。
在另一实施例中,填充膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的方法包括以下步骤:经由分散体递送填料以部分地或完全地填充膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙。
在另一实施例中,填充膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙的方法包括以下步骤:在允许弹性体流入到膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙内的热和/或压力条件下使多孔性膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜与弹性体片接触。
在另一实施例中,填充膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙的方法包括以下步骤:通过首先向孔隙填充弹性体的预聚物并且然后使弹性体至少部分地固化来在膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的孔隙内使弹性体聚合。
在到达弹性体的最低重量百分比后,由含氟聚合物材料或ePTFE构成的瓣叶一般随着弹性体百分比增加而更好地表现,导致显著延长的循环寿命。在一实施例中,与ePTFE组合的弹性体是四氟乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚的热塑性共聚物,诸如描述于授予Chang等人的美国专利7,462,675和本领域技术人员已知的其它参考。适合用于瓣叶140的其它生物相容性聚合物包括(但不限于)聚氨酯、硅酮(有机聚硅氧烷)、硅-聚氨酯的共聚物、苯乙烯/异丁烯共聚物、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯共聚物(乙酸乙烯酯)、聚酯共聚物、尼龙共聚物、氟化烃聚合物和前述每一个的共聚物或混合物。
瓣叶
在本文提供的实施例中,提供合紧特征196,其允许这样的较宽的合紧区198,当瓣叶处于闭合位置时,合紧区198由邻近瓣叶自由边缘142的各瓣叶限定。参考闭合瓣膜100的图1A,瓣叶由瓣叶基部143、瓣叶自由边缘142和从瓣叶基部143延伸到瓣叶自由边缘142的两个瓣叶侧部141限定。合紧区198是与相邻瓣叶140接触的、瓣叶140的区域。合紧高度Hc被定义为在与相邻瓣叶140接触的瓣叶的瓣膜轴线X平行的轴向方向上测量的长度。一般而言,合紧高度Hc从瓣叶自由边缘142测量到远离瓣叶自由边缘142(其中相邻瓣叶140不再接触)的位置。应了解到合紧高度Hc可以在瓣叶自由边缘142上变化。“垂直合紧区”指从瓣叶自由边缘142向远离瓣叶自由边缘142(其中相邻瓣叶140不再接触)的位置在平行于瓣叶轴线X的方向上测量的合紧高度Hc。术语“垂直”指平行于瓣膜轴线X的方向,如在图1A中所示。
较宽的合紧区198适合于在经导管瓣膜100放置于不圆的自体瓣口位置(一旦扩张后这就会导致不圆的瓣叶框架130)的情况下主要确保瓣叶140完全合紧。在不圆状态,瓣叶自由边缘142可能并未与相邻瓣叶自由边缘142适当接触。如果并未实现完全合紧,在未合紧位置处,将造成通过瓣叶自由边缘142的反流。
也需要较宽的合紧区来防止瓣叶140脱垂。
尽管其它瓣叶几何因素也是成因,当不存在合紧高度Hc时,会出现脱垂,其中当瓣膜100闭合时,在相邻各瓣叶之间接触。在此情况下,在完全背压期间,在瓣叶140之间发生很小的负荷分担,并且瓣叶140可能脱垂并且不密封。
图5是瓣叶140的立体图,其包括垂直部分197,垂直部分197邻近瓣叶自由边缘142模制,并由折叠线199和瓣叶自由边缘142限定。与本文提出的实施例相比,中央区域182并不包括截断顶部;即,中央区域182限定三角形平面部分,三角形平面部分具有零宽度的顶点195,垂直部分197从顶点195延伸。然而,在薄高模量材料中,这种配置导致永久折叠,永久折叠造成弯曲阻力和因此导致的较差的血液动力学。
参考图1A、图1B和图2,每个瓣叶窗口137设有生物相容性材料,诸如膜160,该膜联接到瓣叶窗口侧部133的一部分,其中膜160限定瓣叶140。根据一实施例,每个瓣叶140限定瓣叶自由边缘142和瓣叶基部143。如下文所描述,预期可以提供瓣叶基部配置的多个实施例。根据一实施例,膜160联接到瓣叶窗口侧部133的一部分和瓣叶窗口基部134,其中瓣叶140由瓣叶窗口侧部133的该部分和瓣叶窗口基部134限定)。瓣叶侧部141联接到瓣叶窗口侧部133,并且瓣叶基部143联接到瓣叶窗口基部134。根据另一实施例,膜160联接到瓣叶窗口侧部的一部分。
当瓣叶140处于完全打开位置时,瓣膜100呈现基本上圆形瓣膜口102,如在图1C中所示。当瓣叶140处于打开位置时,允许流体流经瓣膜口102。
当瓣叶140在打开位置与闭合位置之间循环时,瓣叶140通常绕瓣叶基部143和与瓣叶联接的瓣叶窗口侧部133的部分挠曲。当瓣膜100闭合时,每个瓣叶自由边缘142的通常大约一半抵接于相邻瓣叶140的瓣叶自由边缘142的相邻一半,如在图1D中所示。图1D的实施例的三个瓣叶140在三重点148处会合。当瓣叶140处于闭合位置时瓣膜口102被闭塞,从而阻挡流体流动。
参看图1D,根据一实施例,每个瓣叶140包括中央区域182和在中央区域182相对两侧上的两个侧部区域182。中央区域182基本上由两个中央区域侧部183、瓣叶基部143和瓣叶自由边缘142限定的三角形限定。两个中央区域侧部183从瓣叶基部143向瓣叶自由边缘142会聚。
根据一实施例,当瓣膜100处于闭合位置并且不在流体压力下时,中央区域182基本上是平面的,从而限定平面区192。平面区192具有基本上等腰三角形的形状,其顶点147向瓣叶框架130延伸。参考图1D,顶点线La被指示连接瓣叶140的顶点142。顶点线La将瓣叶140分成邻近瓣叶框架130的第一区域149a和邻近瓣叶自由边缘的第二区域149b。第一区域149a包含比第二区域149b更大比例的平面区192。在其它实施例中,每个瓣叶140的大部分平面区192位于连结两个相邻连合柱136的顶点的顶点线La之下和之外。发现与平面区192的面积在第二区域149b中的分布大于在第一区域149a中的情况相比,在第一区域149a和第二区域149b中分布的平面区192的面积比得到更好的瓣叶打开动力学。
如图1A所示,根据一实施例,平面区192具有基本上等腰三角形的形状,顶点147延伸到瓣叶框架130。平面区192延伸到瓣叶140的自由边缘142,限定具有宽度Hp的等腰三角形的截断顶部193。如图所示,因此平面区192具有截断顶部193,截断顶部的宽度Hp大于零。
瓣叶140可以被配置成由血液中的压差促动,例如由于心室或心房收缩而造成血液中的压差,这种压差通常是由于在瓣膜100闭合时在瓣膜100一侧上的流体压力积聚造成。在瓣膜100流入侧上的压力升高到高于在瓣膜100流出侧上的压力时,瓣叶140打开并且血液穿过瓣叶流动。在血液通过瓣膜100流入到相邻的腔室或血管内时,压力均衡。在瓣膜100流出侧上的压力升高到高于瓣膜100流入侧上的血压时,瓣叶140返回到闭合位置,通常防止血液通过瓣膜100的流入侧逆向流动。
应了解根据实施例,瓣叶框架130可以包括适合于特定目的的任何数量瓣叶窗口137和因此瓣叶140。设想到包括一个、两个、三个或更多个瓣叶窗口137和相对应瓣叶140的瓣叶框架130。
根据适合于经导管放置的瓣膜100的一实施例,瓣膜100可以被压缩到具有较小直径的收拢配置并且扩张到扩张配置,以使得瓣膜100能经由导管以收拢配置递送并且在部署于组织口150内时扩张,如在图3A中所示。瓣膜框架130可以操作成在从收拢配置转变到扩张配置时恢复周向均匀性。
瓣膜100可以安装到适合于特定目的的递送导管内。处于收拢配置的瓣膜100的直径部分地由瓣叶框架的厚度和瓣叶厚度来决定。
其它考虑
根据一实施例,瓣膜100可以被配置成当植入时通过不覆盖左心室中的束支而防止干涉心脏传导系统,诸如主动脉瓣置换手术中遇到的情况。例如,瓣膜100可以包括小于约25mm或小于约18mm的长度。瓣膜100还可包括小于一的长径比,其中该长径比描述了瓣膜100的长度与扩张的作用直径之间的关系。然而,瓣膜100可以被构造成任何长度并且更通常地,任何所希望的尺寸。
在经导管实施例中,在收拢状态,瓣膜100可以具有小于约35%扩张轮廓的收拢轮廓。例如,包括26mm扩张直径的瓣膜100可以具有小于约8mm或小于约6mm的收拢直径。直径的百分比差异取决于瓣膜100的尺寸和材料和其各种应用,并且因此,实际百分比差异并不受本公开限制。
瓣膜100还可包括生物活性试剂。生物活性试剂可以被涂布到膜160的一部分上或整个膜160上以一旦植入瓣膜100时就控制试剂释放。生物活性试剂可包括(但不限于)血管舒张药、阻凝剂、抗血小板剂、抗血栓形成剂,诸如(但不限于)肝素。其它生物活性剂还可包括(但不限于)抗增生/抗有丝分裂试剂,其包括天然产物例如长春花属生物碱(即长春花碱、长春新碱、和长春瑞滨)、紫杉醇、表鬼臼毒素(即足叶乙甙、替尼泊甙)、抗生素(更生霉素(放线菌素D)红比霉素、阿霉素和黄胆素)、对氨茴环霉素、米托蒽醌、博来霉素、普卡霉素(光神霉素)和丝裂霉素、酶类(左旋天门冬酰胺酶,其通过内吸收使左旋天门冬素新陈代谢,并夺去不具备合成其自身天门冬素能力的细胞);抗血小板剂例如G(GP)IIb/IIIa抑制剂和外连素受体拮抗剂;抗增生/抗有丝分裂烷化剂例如氮芥(二氯甲二乙胺、环磷酰胺和类似物、美法仑、瘤可宁)、乙撑亚胺和甲基蜜胺类(六甲蜜胺和硫替派)、烷基磺酸盐白消安、亚硝基脲(卡氮芥(BCNU)和类似物、链脲霉素)、氮烯咪胺(DTIC);抗增生/抗有丝分裂抗代谢物例如叶酸类似物(甲氨蝶呤)、嘧啶类似物(氟脲嘧啶、氟尿苷和阿糖胞苷)、嘌呤类似物和相关的抑制剂(巯基嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、喷司他丁和2-氯脱氧腺苷{克拉屈滨});铂配位络合物(顺氯氨铂、卡波铂)、甲基下肼、羟基脲、米托坦、氨鲁米特;激素(即雌激素);抗凝血剂(肝磷脂、合成肝磷脂盐和其它凝血酶抑制剂);纤维蛋白溶解剂(例如组织血纤维蛋白酶原激活药、链激酶和尿激酶)、阿斯匹林、潘生丁、噻氯匹定、氯吡格需、阿昔单抗;抗迁移剂;抗分泌激素(布雷非德);抗炎药:例如肾上腺皮质类固醇类(皮质酮、可的松、氟氢可的松、泼尼松、泼尼龙、6α-甲泼尼龙、曲安西龙、倍他米松、和甲氟烯索)、非类固醇试剂(水杨酸盐衍生物即阿斯匹林;帕拉胶-氨基苯酚衍生物即醋胺酚;吲哚和茚醋酸(消炎痛、舒林酸和依托度酸)、杂芳基乙酸(托美汀、双氯芬酸、和酮洛来克)、芳基丙酸(布洛芬和衍生物)、邻氨基苯酸(甲灭酸和甲氯灭酸)、烯醇酸(吡罗昔康、替诺昔康、苯基丁氮酮和羟基保泰松)、萘丁美酮、金化合物(金诺芬、金硫葡萄糖、硫代苹果酸金钠);免疫抑制剂:(环孢霉素、血流谱(FK-506)、西罗莫司(雷帕霉素)、硫唑嘌呤、霉酚酸酯);抗血管新生药物:血管内皮生成因子(VEGF);成纤细胞生长因子(FGF);血管紧张素受体拮抗剂;一氧化氮供体;反义寡核苷酸和其组合;细胞周期抑制剂,mTOR抑制剂,以及生长因子受体信号转导激酶抑制剂;类视黄醇;细胞周期蛋白/CDK抑制剂;HMG辅酶还原酶抑制剂(他汀类药物);以及蛋白酶抑制剂。
经导管递送系统
在一实施例中,现参看图3A,瓣膜递送系统500包括:瓣膜100,脏瓣膜100具有如先前所描述的收拢配置和扩张配置;以及,细长柔性导管480,诸如囊体导管,其被配置成经由导管来部署瓣膜100。导管480可以包括囊体以使瓣膜100扩张,和/或若需要,以触摸瓣膜100以确保适当安放。瓣膜100可以安装到导管480的远端部段以通过脉管系统递送。为了保持瓣膜处于在导管480上的收拢配置,瓣膜递送系统还可以包括可移除的护套(未图示)以紧密地装配于经导管瓣膜100上。
递送方法可包括以下步骤:将瓣膜在径向压缩到其收拢配置并径向压缩到细长柔性导管的远端上,细长柔性导管具有近端和远端;经由经股或经心尖途径,将瓣膜递送到组织口内,诸如自体大动脉瓣膜口,并且将瓣膜扩张到组织口。可通过使囊体充胀来使瓣膜扩张。
递送方法可包括以下步骤:将瓣膜径向压缩到其收拢配置,并径向压缩到细长柔性导管的远侧部段上,细长柔性导管具有近端和远端。约束件装配于瓣膜的柱周围,约束件能连接到栓系件,栓系件穿过瓣膜口和导管管腔。瓣膜然后经由递送路线而递送到自体瓣膜口,诸如自体大动脉瓣膜口,并且扩张到自体瓣口。递送路线可以包括经股或经心尖路线。可通过使囊体充胀来使瓣膜扩张。
外科手术实施例
预期瓣膜100的实施例可以通过外科手术植入,而不是使用经导管技术。根据一实施例,外科手术植入的瓣膜100的实施例可以与上文所描述的那些基本上相同,绕瓣瓣膜100添加了缝套170,在图3B中示出。本领域中熟知的缝套170可操作成提供接纳缝合线的结构,缝合线用于将瓣膜100联接到植入位点,诸如组织口150。缝套170可包括任何合适材料,诸如(但不限于)双丝绒聚酯。缝套190可沿周向位于瓣叶框架130周围或从瓣叶框架130悬置的血管周围。
制造方法
本文所描述的实施例涉及如本文所描述的制造瓣膜100实施例的方法。为了做出各种实施例,可以使用圆柱形心轴710。参考图6,心轴710包括可操作成在其上接纳瓣叶框架130的结构形式。
本文所描述的实施例涉及制造如本文所描述的瓣膜100实施例的方法。为了做出各种实施例,可以使用圆柱形心轴710。参考图6,心轴710包括可操作成在其上接纳瓣叶框架130的结构形式。制造瓣膜100的方法的实施例包括以下步骤:将第一层膜160、例如本文所描述的复合物绕心轴710缠绕为管状形式;将瓣叶框架130放置于第一层膜160上,如在图6中所示;在瓣叶框架130上形成第二层膜160;使组件热定型;在切割心轴172上接纳组件,如图8A和图8B所示;跨瓣叶窗口137内的瓣叶窗口顶部切割膜160,得到图1B的瓣膜100。在图1B中,瓣叶140被示出略微打开,如由切割心轴712所保持。应了解完全闭合的瓣膜100将使瓣叶140的瓣叶自由边缘142在下游流体压力的影响下靠在一起以合紧,这导致瓣膜闭合以防止下游血液逆行流经瓣膜。
示例
在示例性实施例中,根据以下过程来构造心脏瓣膜,心脏瓣膜具有复合材料形成的聚合瓣叶,其具有膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜和弹性体材料并且连结到半刚性、不可收拢的金属框架上,并且还具有应变消除:
从一段MP35N钴镍管机械加工瓣叶框架130,MP35N钴镍管的形状被硬调制为26.0mm的外径和0.6mm的壁厚。对瓣叶框架进行电抛光,导致从每个表面移除0.0127mm材料并且使边缘倒圆。瓣叶框架经历表面粗糙化步骤,以改进瓣叶到框架的粘附。瓣叶框架通过浸没于丙酮超声浴中持续大约五分钟而清洁。然后使用本领域普通技术人员通常已知的器械(例如,加利福尼亚州的科洛纳PVA TePLa美国公司的等离子体笔)和方法使整个金属瓣叶框架表面经受等离子体处理。这种处理也用于改进氟化乙丙烯(FEP)粘合剂的湿润。
FEP粉末(纽约州奥兰治堡大金美国公司(Daikin America))然后被施加到瓣叶框架上。更具体而言,FEP粉末被搅拌以在封闭的掺混设备、诸如标准厨房型掺混器中形成气载“浮云状团”,而瓣叶框架悬浮于浮云状团中。瓣叶框架暴露于FEP浮云状团,直到一层粉末粘附到框架的整个表面上。然后通过将框架放置于强制通风炉(设置为320℃)中持续大约三分钟来使瓣叶框架经受热处理。这造成粉末熔化并且粘附为整个框架上的薄涂层。从烤箱移除瓣叶框架,并且将瓣叶框架冷却到大约室温。
应变消除层以如下方式附连到瓣叶框架上。通过在锥形心轴上沿径向拉伸,带薄(122μm)壁的烧结15mm直径的ePTFE管安置于24.5nn通风金属心轴上。带有连续的FEP涂层的两层基本上非多孔性ePTFE隔膜沿周向缠绕到心轴上,其中FEP侧朝向心轴。缠绕的心轴放置在设置为320℃的对流炉中并且加热持续20分钟。ePTFE和基本上非多孔性ePTFE隔膜组合,以用作内部释放内衬,并且使用解剖刀片穿孔,以在心轴中的通风孔之间使压力连通。这整个释放内衬在随后的步骤中移除。
5cm长度的带厚(990μ)壁部分地烧结22mm内径ePTFE管(密度=0.3g/cm3)安置到带有释放内衬的24.5通风金属心轴上。通过在锥形心轴上拉伸ePTFE管内径而使之内径扩大从而适应较大心轴直径。
使用熔体挤压和拉伸来构造1型FEP薄(4μm)膜(ASTM D3368)。一层FEP缠绕到5cm长的ePTFE管上。
涂布了FEP粉末的瓣叶框架安置于通风金属心轴上、大体上在ePTFE管和FEP膜的5cm跨距的中间。
一层FEP缠绕于瓣叶框架上和5cm长度的ePTFE管上。
通过在锥形心轴上拉伸ePTFE管的半径以适应较大构造直径,将第二5cm长度的990μm厚/22mm内径ePTFE管安置于组件上,组件在24.5mm通风金属心轴上分层。
基本上非多孔性ePTFE隔膜被配置为直径大于该构造的圆筒,并且放置于组件上,被称作牺牲管。烧结ePTFE纤维(例如,缝合线,零件号#S024T2,特拉华州纽瓦克(Newark DE))用于抵靠心轴来密封牺牲管的两端。
包括心轴在内的组件在对流炉中加热(温度设置点390℃),其能在上文所描述的牺牲管外部施加100磅/平方英寸(psi)的气动压力,同时维持心轴内部的真空。组件被热加工40分钟,以使得心轴温度到达大约360℃(如通过与心轴内径直接接触的热电偶所测量那样)。从炉移除该组件并且允许冷却到大约室温,同时仍在100磅/平方英寸(psi)压力和真空下。
然后移除牺牲管。约30磅/平方英寸(psi)的压力被施加到心轴的内径上以辅助移除组件。通过使内衬倒置并且沿轴向拉开它而使内释放内衬从组件内径剥离。
然后制备瓣叶材料。根据在美国专利7,306,729中描述的一般教导内容来制造ePTFE的隔膜。EPTFE隔膜具有0.452g/m2的单位面积质量,约508nm的厚度,在纵向方向上705MPa的基质拉伸强度和在横向方向上385MPa的基质拉伸强度。这个隔膜吸入了含氟弹性体。共聚物基本上包括在约65重量%与70重量%之间的全氟甲基乙烯基醚和互补地约35重量%与30重量%的四氟乙烯。
这些含氟弹性体以2.5%浓度溶解于Novec HFE7500(明尼苏达州圣保罗的3M公司)中。使用麦勒棒(mayer bar)将溶液涂布到ePTFE隔膜(同时由聚丙烯释放膜支承)上并且在设置为145℃的对流炉中干燥持续30秒。在两次涂布步骤之后,最终ePTFE/含氟弹性体或复合物具有1.75g/m2的单位面积质量,29.3重量%的含氟聚合物、大约8.6KPa的穹顶爆裂强度和0.81μm的厚度。
然后以如下方式将瓣叶框架以圆柱形或管状形状附连到瓣膜框架,该瓣膜框架封装有聚合材料,聚合材料以如下方式限定应变消除。释放内衬安置于24.5mm通风心轴上,并且使用解剖刀片穿孔,以连通在心轴中通风孔之间的压力。
带有聚合应变消除的瓣叶框架安置于释放内衬上,释放内衬在心轴的100cm跨距中部覆盖通风金属心轴。
六十二层瓣叶材料缠绕于框架和100cm长度的心轴上。利用解剖刀邻近通风孔从心轴修剪过量的瓣叶材料。
牺牲管放置于组件上并且纤维用来抵靠心轴密封牺牲管的两端。
包括心轴在内的组件在对流炉中加热(温度设置点390℃),其能在上文所描述的牺牲管外部施加100磅/平方英寸(psi)的气动压力,同时维持心轴内部的真空。组件被热加工23分钟,以使得心轴温度到达大约285℃(如通过与心轴内径直接接触的热电偶所测量)。从炉移除该组件并且允许冷却到大约室温,同时仍在100磅/平方英寸(psi)压力和真空下。
然后移除纤维和牺牲管。大约30磅/平方英寸(psi)的压力被施加到心轴内部,以辅助移除组件。通过使释放内衬倒置并且沿轴向拉开它而使内释放内衬从组件内径剥离。
然后,将框架和瓣叶组件的圆柱形状以如下方式模制成最终闭合瓣叶几何形状。将组件放置于24.5毫米的通风心轴上,通风心轴具有限定瓣叶闭合几何形状的腔。
纤维用于抵靠心轴中的周向凹槽来密封瓣叶的两端。
包括心轴在内的组件在对流炉中加热(温度设置点390℃),其能在上文所描述的牺牲管外部施加100磅/平方英寸(psi)的气动压力,同时维持心轴内部的真空。组件被热加工23分钟,以使得心轴温度到达大约285℃(如通过与心轴内径直接接触的热电偶而测量)。从炉移除该组件,并且允许冷却到大约室温同时仍在100磅/平方英寸压力和真空下。然后移除纤维,并且向心轴的内径施加大约10磅/平方英寸压力,以辅助移除该组件。
通常沿着图7A和图7B中示出的切割心轴712的腔模714中描绘的自由边缘线来修剪过量瓣叶材料。最终瓣叶材料包括28.22重量%的含氟聚合物,厚度为50.3μm。每个瓣叶具有62层复合物和0.81微米的厚度/层数比。
所得到的瓣膜组件包括由复合材料形成的瓣叶,复合材料具有带多个孔隙的多于一个含氟聚合物层和基本上存在于多于一个含氟聚合物层的基本上所有孔隙内的弹性体。每个瓣叶能在图1D所示的闭合位置与图1C所示的打开位置之间运动,在闭合位置,基本上防止血液通过瓣膜组件,在打开位置,允许血液通过瓣膜组件。
瓣膜瓣叶的性能利用实时脉冲复制机来表征,实时脉冲复制机测量典型的解剖结构压力和跨瓣膜的流量。流动性能由以下过程来表征:
瓣膜组件被封装到硅酮环形圈(支承结构)内,以允许随后在实时脉冲复制机中评估瓣膜组件。根据脉冲复制机制造商(加拿大维多利亚市(Victoria BC,Canada)的维维托实验室公司(ViVitro Laboratories Inc.))的建议来执行封装过程。
封装的瓣膜组件然后放置于实时左心流动脉冲复制机系统中。流动脉冲复制机系统包括由加拿大维多利亚市的VSI维维托系统公司(VSI VivitroSystems Inc.,Victoria BC,Canada)供应的以下部件:超级泵,伺服功率放大器零件编号SPA 3891;超级泵头,零件编号SPH 5891B,38.320cm2缸面积;瓣膜工位/固定件;波形生成器,TriPack零件编号TP 2001;传感器接口,零件编号VB 2004;传感器放大器部件,零件编号AM 9991;以及,方波电磁流量计(美国北卡罗来纳伊斯特本的卡罗来纳医疗电子公司(Carolina Medical Electronics Inc.,East Bend,NC,USA))。
一般而言,流动脉冲复制机系统使用固定排量活塞泵来产生流过被测试的瓣膜的所希望的流体流动。
心脏流动脉冲复制机系统被调整为产生所希望的流量(5L/分钟)、平均压力(15毫米汞柱)和模拟脉冲速率(70bpm(拍/分钟))。被测试的瓣膜然后循环大约5至20分钟。
在测试期间测量并且收集压力和流量数据,包括右心室压、肺动脉压、流率和泵活塞位置。用来表征瓣膜的参数为有效瓣口面积和反流分数。有效瓣口面积(EOA)可以如下计算:EOA(cm2)=Qrms/(51.6*(ΔP)1/2),其中Qrms是收缩/舒张流率(cm3/s)的均方根,而ΔP是平均收缩/舒张压降(毫米汞柱)。
瓣膜的流体动力学性能的另一量度是反流分数,其是通过瓣膜反流的流体或血液量除以心搏量。
在加速的磨损试验之前,流体动力学性能测量为EOA=2.4cm2,并且反流分数为=11.94%。
如本文所使用,单位质量的表面积(以m2/g为单位表达)是在购自美国加利福尼亚州富勒顿贝克曼库尔特公司的库尔特SA3100气体吸附分析仪(CoulterSA3IOOGas Adsorption Analyzer,Beckman Coulter Inc)上通过布鲁诺一埃梅特-特勒(BET,Brunauer-Emmett-Te11er)方法测量的。为了进行该测试,从膨胀型含氟聚合物隔膜的中心切下一块样品,然后放入小样品管中。样品的质量为约0.1至0.2克。将管放入购自美国加利福尼亚州富勒顿贝克曼库尔特公司(Beckman Coulter)的库尔特SA-Prep表面积脱气仪(型号为SA-Prep、零件号为5102014),然后在约110℃下鼓入约两小时的氦气。将样品管从SA-Prep脱气仪取出并称重。然后,将样品管放入SA3100气体吸附分析仪,根据仪器说明书进行BET表面积分析,利用氦气计算自由体积以及氮气作为吸附气体。
将隔膜放置于购自德国菲林根-施文宁根的甲壳虫钟表有限公司(KSferMessuhrenfabrikGmbH)的FZ1000/30卡规的两块平板之间对隔膜厚度进行测量。取三次测量的平均值。
本领域所属技术人员可用多种已知方法确定弹性体存在于孔中,如表面和/或截面观察,或其它分析。这些分析可在把弹性体从瓣叶除去之前或之后进行。
将隔膜样品冲切形成约2.54厘米×约15.24厘米的矩形部分,以测量其质量(使用梅特勒-托伦脱分析天平(Mettler-Toledo analytical balance),型号AG204)和厚度(使用FZ1000/30卡规)。使用这些数据,按照下式计算密度:ρ=m/w*l*t,其中:ρ=密度(克/立方厘米)、m=质量(克)、w=宽度(厘米)、1=长度(厘米)、以及t=厚度(厘米)。取三次测量的平均值。
使用组装有平面夹具(flat-faced grip)和0.445千牛的测力计的INSTR0N122拉伸测试仪测量拉伸断裂负荷。量规长度为约5.08厘米,十字头速度为约50.8厘米/分钟。样品尺寸为约2.54厘米乘约15.24厘米。纵向测试时,样品中更长的维度沿最高强度方向取向。正交MTS测试时,样品中更长的维度与最高强度方向垂直取向。使用梅特勒-托伦脱AG204型号天平(Mettler Toledo Scale Model AG204)对各样品称重,再使用FZ1000/30卡规测量样品的厚度。然后将样品在抗张测试仪上分别进行测试。分别测量每个样品的三个不同部分。取测得的三次最大负荷(即,峰值力)的平均值。采用下式计算纵向和横向的基质抗张强度MTS:MTS=(最大负荷/横截面积)*(PTFE的体密度)/(多孔隔膜的密度),其中PTFE的体密度为约2.2克/立方厘米。根据美国材料与测试协会标准D790(ASTM D790)所列的一般步骤测量抗弯刚度。除非有可用的大测试样品,否则测试样品必须缩小。测试条件如下所述。瓣叶样品是在三点弯曲测试仪上测试的,该测试仪使用了尖端杆,尖端杆水平方向相互间距为约5.08毫米。用一根直径约为1.34毫米、重约80毫克的钢棒产生y(向下)方向的变形,但样品的X方向没有任何约束。将钢棒缓慢的置于隔膜样品的中心点上。等待约5分钟后,测量y偏移量。按上述支撑的弹性梁的偏移量可用下式表示:d=F*L3/48*EI,式中F(N)为施加在梁长度中心处的负荷、长度L(m),因此L=l/2悬挂杆之间的距离,以及EI为弯曲硬度(Nm)。可根据这个关系计算EI的值。当截面为长方形时:I=t3*w/12,式中I=截面转动惯量、t=样品厚度(m)、w=样品宽度(米)。根据这个关系,可以计算所测弯曲偏移量范围内的平均弹性模量。
上对于本领域技术人员显而易见,它不偏离本实施例的精神或范围的情况下可做出各种修改和变型。因此,预期本公开涵盖属于所附权利要求书和其等效物内的这些修改和变型。
Claims (33)
1.一种假体心脏瓣膜,包括:
多个瓣叶,每个瓣叶包括瓣叶自由边缘和与所述瓣叶自由边缘相对的瓣叶基部,每个瓣叶具有位于中央区域中的平面区,其中所述平面区基本上是平面的,其中所述平面区限定具有如下面积的形状,其中所述面积在所述瓣叶基部附近比在所述瓣叶自由边缘附近更大,其中所述平面区延伸到所述瓣叶自由边缘,限定截断顶部,所述截断顶部具有沿着所述瓣叶自由边缘测量的、大于零的顶部宽度,每个瓣叶具有垂直合紧区,所述垂直合紧区将合紧高度定义为在轴向方向上测量的所述合紧区的高度,其中,所述合紧高度大于零。
2.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于还包括:瓣叶框架,多个瓣叶联接到所述瓣叶框架上,所述瓣叶框架具有大体上管状形状,所述瓣叶框架限定多个瓣叶窗口,其中所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个包括两个瓣叶窗口侧部和一瓣叶窗口基部,两个相邻窗口侧部止于连合柱处,每个瓣叶的大部分平面区位于连结两个相邻连合柱的顶点的线之下和之外。
3.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述中央区域基本上是平面的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述平面区具有基本上三角形的形状。
5.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述平面区具有基本上等腰三角形的形状。
6.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述平面区具有基本上等腰梯形的形状。
7.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,每个瓣叶具有基本上等腰梯形的形状,所述等腰梯形具有两个瓣叶侧部、一瓣叶基部和与所述基部相对的一瓣叶自由边缘,其中所述平面区延伸到所述瓣叶的自由边缘。
8.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架具有大体上管状形状,所述瓣叶框架限定多个瓣叶窗口,其中所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个包括两个瓣叶窗口侧部和一瓣叶窗口基部,其中所述瓣叶基部联接到所述窗口基部,并且所述两个瓣叶侧部中的每一个联接到所述两个窗口侧部之一,其中所述平面区延伸到所述瓣叶基部。
9.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架具有大体上管状形状,所述瓣叶框架限定多个瓣叶窗口,其中所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个包括两个瓣叶窗口侧部、一瓣叶窗口基部和一瓣叶窗口顶部;以及
膜,所述膜联接到所述瓣叶框架并且限定从所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的瓣叶中的至少一个,其中每个瓣叶具有基本上等腰梯形的形状,所述等腰梯形具有两个瓣叶侧部、一瓣叶基部和与所述基部相对的一瓣叶自由边缘,两个瓣叶侧部从瓣叶基部叉开,其中所述瓣叶基部基本上是平坦的,其中所述瓣叶基部联接到所述窗口基部,并且其中所述两个瓣叶侧部中的每一个联接到所述两个窗口侧部之一。
10.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶由两个瓣叶侧部、所述瓣叶基部和所述瓣叶自由边缘限定,其中每个瓣叶包括中央区域和在所述中央区域的相对两侧上的两个侧部区域,其中所述中央区域基本上由所述两个中央区域侧部、所述瓣叶基部和所述瓣叶自由边缘限定的等腰三角形的形状限定,其中所述两个中央区域侧部从所述瓣叶基部会聚,并且其中所述侧部区域中的每一个具有基本上三角形的形状并且由所述中央区域侧部之一、所述瓣叶侧部之一以及所述瓣叶自由边缘限定,其中所述中央区域是平面的。
11.根据权利要求10所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述假体瓣膜在不承压条件下处于闭合位置时,所述中央区域和所述两个侧部区域中的每一个基本上是平面的。
12.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架包括瓣叶框架第一端和与所述瓣叶框架第一端相对的瓣叶框架第二端,所述瓣叶窗口具有至少部分地通过将二维等腰梯形缠绕到所述瓣叶框架的管状形状上而确定的形状,所述等腰梯形具有基部和从所述基部叉开的两个侧部,且来自相邻等腰梯形的侧部在瓣叶框架第二端处会合。
13.根据权利要求12所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于还包括:垂直元件,其从相邻等腰梯形会合处延伸,所述垂直元件具有延伸到所述瓣叶框架第二端的长度。
14.根据权利要求9所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述膜联接到所述瓣叶框架的外表面,其中所述膜限定从所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的瓣叶。
15.根据权利要求9所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述膜联接到所述瓣叶框架的内表面,其中所述膜限定从所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的瓣叶。
16.根据权利要求9所述的假体心脏瓣膜,所述瓣叶框架包括瓣叶框架内表面和与所述瓣叶框架内表面相对的瓣叶框架外表面,所述膜联接到所述瓣叶框架的内表面和外表面,其中所述膜限定从所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的瓣叶。
17.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架限定具有基本上三角形状的三个互连的瓣叶窗口。
18.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,一个瓣叶窗口的瓣叶窗口侧部与一相邻瓣叶窗口的瓣叶窗口侧部互连。
19.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架包括多个间隔开的瓣叶窗口,每个瓣叶窗口限定由它们之间的基部元件互连的基本上等腰三角形,其中每个瓣叶窗口侧部由一个三角形的一个侧边和相邻三角形的一个侧边限定,并且其中每个瓣叶窗口基部由所述基部元件限定。
20.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶框架包括多个间隔开的互连的瓣叶窗口,每个瓣叶窗口限定基本上等腰梯形,其中每个瓣叶窗口侧部由所述等腰梯形的窗口侧部限定,并且其中每个瓣叶窗口基部由所述基部元件限定。
21.根据权利要求2所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述假体瓣膜包括用于经导管递送的收拢配置和扩张配置。
22.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶包括聚合材料。
23.根据权利要求22所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶包括层合件。
24.根据权利要求23所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述层合件具有多于一层含氟聚合物隔膜。
25.根据权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣叶包括:膜,所述膜具有带有多个孔隙的至少一个含氟聚合物隔膜层以及存在于至少一个含氟聚合物隔膜层的基本上所有孔隙中的弹性体。
26.根据权利要求25所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述膜包括小于约80重量%的含氟聚合物隔膜。
27.根据权利要求25所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述弹性体包括(全)氟烷基乙烯基醚(PAVE)。
28.根据权利要求25所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述弹性体包括四氟乙烯和全氟甲基乙烯基醚的共聚物。
29.根据权利要求25所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述含氟聚合物隔膜包括ePTFE。
30.一种形成假体心脏瓣膜的方法,包括:
提供瓣叶框架,所述瓣叶框架具有大体上管状形状,所述瓣叶框架限定多个瓣叶窗口,其中所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个包括两个瓣叶窗口侧部、一瓣叶窗口基部和一瓣叶窗口顶部;以及
提供膜;
使所述膜绕所述瓣叶框架缠绕,使多于一层膜与额外各层膜接触,限定从所述瓣叶窗口中的每一个延伸的至少一个瓣叶;以及
将所述膜层结合到自身和所述瓣叶框架上,其中每个瓣叶具有基本上等腰梯形的形状,等腰梯形具有两个瓣叶侧部、一瓣叶基部和与所述瓣叶基部相对的瓣叶自由边缘,两个瓣叶侧部从瓣叶基部叉开,其中所述瓣叶基部基本上是平坦的,其中所述瓣叶基部联接到所述窗口基部,并且其中所述两个瓣叶侧部中的每一个联接到所述两个窗口侧部之一,从而提供大体上环形支承结构;每个瓣叶具有位于中央区域中的平面区,其中所述平面区基本上是平面的,其中所述平面区限定具有如下面积的形状,其中所述面积在所述基部附近比在所述瓣叶自由边缘附近更大,其中所述平面区延伸到所述瓣叶自由边缘,限定截断顶部,所述截断顶部具有沿着所述瓣叶自由边缘测量的、大于零的顶部宽度,每个瓣叶具有合紧区,所述合紧区由当所述瓣叶处于闭合位置时与相邻瓣叶接触的邻近所述瓣叶自由边缘的区域限定,将合紧高度定义为在轴向方向上测量的所述合紧区的高度,其中,所述合紧高度大于零。
31.根据权利要求30所述的形成假体心脏瓣膜的方法,其特征在于:提供瓣叶框架包括:提供具有多个间隔开的瓣叶窗口的瓣叶框架,每个瓣叶窗口限定由它们之间的基部元件互连的基本上等腰三角形,其中每个瓣叶窗口侧部由一个三角形的一个侧边和相邻三角形的一个侧边限定,并且其中每个瓣叶窗口基部由所述基部元件限定。
32.根据权利要求30所述的形成假体心脏瓣膜的方法,其特征在于:提供瓣叶框架包括:提供具有多个间隔开的互连的瓣叶窗口的瓣叶框架,每个瓣叶窗口限定基本上等腰梯形,其中每个瓣叶窗口侧部由所述等腰梯形的窗口侧部限定,并且其中每个瓣叶窗口基部由所述基部元件限定。
33.根据权利要求30所述的形成假体心脏瓣膜的方法,其特征在于:使所述膜绕所述瓣叶框架缠绕包括使第一膜绕所述瓣叶框架的内表面和使第二膜绕所述瓣叶框架的外表面缠绕,其中所述瓣叶由在所述瓣叶窗口中结合在一起的所述第一膜和所述第二膜限定。
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WO2014099774A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
CN107198594B (zh) | 2021-04-16 |
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CN107198594A (zh) | 2017-09-26 |
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JP7048708B2 (ja) | 2022-04-05 |
CA2892247C (en) | 2017-08-22 |
AU2017201165A1 (en) | 2017-03-16 |
KR20150100793A (ko) | 2015-09-02 |
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CA2974879C (en) | 2020-03-31 |
US10639144B2 (en) | 2020-05-05 |
AU2013363132A1 (en) | 2015-06-11 |
AU2017201165B2 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
JP2019088818A (ja) | 2019-06-13 |
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EP2934390B1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
HK1215370A1 (zh) | 2016-08-26 |
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